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1. Partial asynchrony of coniferous forest carbon sources and sinks at the intra-annual time scale

Author: Roberto Silvestro, Maurizio Mencuccini, Raúl García-Valdés, Serena Antonucci, Alberto Arzac, Franco Biondi, Valentina Buttò, J. Julio Camarero, Filipe Campelo, Hervé Cochard, Katarina Čufar, Henri E. Cuny, Martin de Luis, Annie Deslauriers, Guillaume Drolet, Marina V. Fonti, Patrick Fonti, Alessio Giovannelli, Jožica Gričar, Andreas Gruber, Vladimír Gryc, Rossella Guerrieri, Aylin Güney, Xiali Guo, Jian-Guo Huang, Tuula Jyske, Jakub Kašpar, Alexander V. Kirdyanov, Tamir Klein, Audrey Lemay, Xiaoxia Li, Eryuan Liang, Anna Lintunen, Feng Liu, Fabio Lombardi, Qianqian Ma, Harri Mäkinen, Rayees A. Malik, Edurne Martinez del Castillo, Jordi Martinez-Vilalta, Stefan Mayr, Hubert Morin, Cristina Nabais, Pekka Nöjd, Walter Oberhuber, José M. Olano, Andrew P. Ouimette, Teemu V. S. Paljakka, Mikko Peltoniemi, Richard L. Peters, Ping Ren, Peter Prislan, Cyrille B. K. Rathgeber, Anna Sala, Antonio Saracino, Luigi Saulino, Piia Schiestl-Aalto, Vladimir V. Shishov, Alexia Stokes, Raman Sukumar, Jean-Daniel Sylvain, Roberto Tognetti, Václav Treml, Josef Urban, Hanuš Vavrčík, Joana Vieira, Georg von Arx, Yan Wang, Bao Yang, Qiao Zeng, Shaokang Zhang, Emanuele Ziaco, and Sergio Rossi
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract As major terrestrial carbon sinks, forests play an important role in mitigating climate change. The relationship between the seasonal uptake of carbon and its allocation to woody biomass remains poorly understood, leaving a significant gap in our capacity to predict carbon sequestration by forests. Here, we compare the intra-annual dynamics of carbon fluxes and wood formation across the Northern hemisphere, from carbon assimilation and the formation of non-structural carbon compounds to their incorporation in woody tissues. We show temporally coupled seasonal peaks of carbon assimilation (GPP) and wood cell differentiation, while the two processes are substantially decoupled during off-peak periods. Peaks of cambial activity occur substantially earlier compared to GPP, suggesting the buffer role of non-structural carbohydrates between the processes of carbon assimilation and allocation to wood. Our findings suggest that high-resolution seasonal data of ecosystem carbon fluxes, wood formation and the associated physiological processes may reduce uncertainties in carbon source-sink relationships at different spatial scales, from stand to ecosystem levels.
Published: 2024
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2. Drivers of soil biophysical processes along an elevational gradient at Pico de Orizaba volcano, Mexico

Author: Guillermo Angeles, Marycruz Álvarez-Jiménez, Fabien Anthelme, Isabelle Barois, José Luis Chaparro Carrillo, Nereyda Cruz-Maldonado, Thibaud Decaens, Martín de los Santos-Bailón, Stéphane Fourtier, Emmanuel García-Gutiérrez, David García-Segura, Rodrigo Gómez-Aguilar, Antonio Gómez-Anaya, Eduardo Hernández, Daniel Hernández-Cáceres, Leonor Jiménez, Beatriz E. Marín-Castro, Luis Merino-Martín, Marco A. Morales-Martínez, Edwin U. Monfil-León, René A. Palestina, Carlos Pimentel-Reyes, Ricardo Quiroz Reyes, Frédérique Reverchon, Hervé Rey, Catherine Roumet, Christina D. Siebe-Grabach, Katrin Sieron, Víctor Vázques Reyes, Monique Weemstra, and Alexia Stokes
Subjects: Elevational gradient, Bulk soil and rhizosphere microbial communities, Carbon storage, High mountain ecosystem, Soil biodiversity, Soil hydrophysical properties, Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract: Abstract Elevational gradients are characterized by major shifts in environmental conditions, reflected through changes in climatic and soil variables. These shifts strongly impact the composition, community structure and specific functional traits of vegetation. Vegetation, in turn, influences soil properties through litter input, root growth and the release of root exudates, thereby influencing soil microbial and faunal communities. Here, we report and briefly describe data of soil and underlying bedrock physical and chemical properties, climatic variables, plant community composition and species abundance, soil microbial diversity and macro and mesofaunal abundance and diversity. Data are provided for 6 elevations (3400–4600 m) ranging from pine forest to alpine prairie. We focused on soil biophysical properties beneath several keystone or community-structuring plant species with different growth forms: (1) tree (Pinus hartwegii Lindl.); shrub (Oxylobus arbutifolius (Kunth) A. Gray and Chionolaena lavandulifolia (Kunth ex Kunth) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks.); and (3) herb (Lupinus montanus Kunth and Senecio roseus Sch.Bip.). These data are useful for understanding how shifts in abiotic conditions and vegetation communities along an elevational gradient affect soil ecosystem services such as water infiltration, soil aggregation and carbon (C) storage, and modify soil biodiversity. The collected data also provide useful information to understand how alpine vegetation, soil macro- and meso-fauna, and soil bacterial communities may shift under a climate change scenario.
Published: 2023
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3. Non-structural carbohydrates and morphological traits of leaves, stems and roots from tree species in different climates

Author: Guangqi Zhang, Pascale Maillard, Zhun Mao, Loic Brancheriau, Julien Engel, Bastien Gérard, Claire Fortunel, Jean-Luc Maeght, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Merlin Ramel, Sophie Nourissier-Mountou, Stéphane Fourtier, and Alexia Stokes
Subjects: Angiosperms, Non-structural carbohydrates, Fibers, Functional traits, Mediterranean, Parenchyma, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: Abstract Objectives Carbon fixed during photosynthesis is exported from leaves towards sink organs as non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), that are a key energy source for metabolic processes in trees. In xylem, NSC are mostly stored as soluble sugars and starch in radial and axial parenchyma. The multi-functional nature of xylem means that cells possess several functions, including water transport, storage and mechanical support. Little is known about how NSC impacts xylem multi-functionality, nor how NSC vary among species and climates. We collected leaves, stem and root xylem from tree species growing in three climates and estimated NSC in each organ. We also measured xylem traits linked to hydraulic and mechanical functioning. Data description The paper describes functional traits in leaves, stems and roots, including NSC, carbon, nitrogen, specific leaf area, stem and root wood density and xylem traits. Data are provided for up to 90 angiosperm species from temperate, Mediterranean and tropical climates. These data are useful for understanding the trade-offs in resource allocation from a whole-plant perspective, and to better quantify xylem structure and function related to water transportation, mechanical support and storage. Data will also give researchers keys to understanding the ability of trees to adjust to a changing climate.
Published: 2022
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4. Vers une démarche ontologique pour la capitalisation des données de l'agroforesterie.

Author: Raphaël Conde Salazar, Fabien Liagre, Isabelle Mougenot, Jérôme Perez, and Alexia Stokes
Published: 2020

5. A Software Application with Ontology-Based Reasoning for Agroforestry.

Author: Raphaël Conde Salazar, Fabien Liagre, Isabelle Mougenot, Jérôme Perez, and Alexia Stokes
Published: 2020
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6. Shifts in soil and plant functional diversity along an altitudinal gradient in the French Alps

Author: Alexia Stokes, Guillermo Angeles, Fabien Anthelme, Eduardo Aranda-Delgado, Isabelle Barois, Manon Bounous, Nereyda Cruz-Maldonado, Thibaud Decaëns, Stéphane Fourtier, Grégoire T. Freschet, Quentin Gabriac, Daniel Hernández-Cáceres, Leonor Jiménez, Jing Ma, Zhun Mao, Beatriz Eugenia Marín-Castro, Luis Merino-Martín, Awaz Mohamed, Christian Piedallu, Carlos Pimentel-Reyes, Hans Reijnen, Frédérique Reverchon, Hervé Rey, Lavinia Selli, Christina Desireé Siebe-Grabach, Katrin Sieron, Monique Weemstra, and Catherine Roumet
Subjects: Aggregate stability, Alpine ecosystems, Carbon, Community, Elevation, Environmental gradient, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: Abstract Objectives Altitude integrates changes in environmental conditions that determine shifts in vegetation, including temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and edaphogenetic processes. In turn, vegetation alters soil biophysical properties through litter input, root growth, microbial and macrofaunal interactions. The belowground traits of plant communities modify soil processes in different ways, but it is not known how root traits influence soil biota at the community level. We collected data to investigate how elevation affects belowground community traits and soil microbial and faunal communities. This dataset comprises data from a temperate climate in France and a twin study was performed in a tropical zone in Mexico. Data description The paper describes soil physical and chemical properties, climatic variables, plant community composition and species abundance, plant community traits, soil microbial functional diversity and macrofaunal abundance and diversity. Data are provided for six elevations (1400–2400 m) ranging from montane forest to alpine prairie. We focused on soil biophysical properties beneath three dominant plant species that structure local vegetation. These data are useful for understanding how shifts in vegetation communities affect belowground processes, such as water infiltration, soil aggregation and carbon storage. Data will also help researchers understand how plant communities adjust to a changing climate/environment.
Published: 2021
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7. Services provided by multifunctional agroecosystems : Questions, obstacles and solutions

Author: Alexia Stokes, Géraldine Bocquého, Pascal Carrere, Raphaël Conde Salazar, Marc Deconchat, Léo Garcia, Antoine Gardarin, Christian Gary, Cédric Gaucherel, Mamadou Gueye, Mickael Hedde, Françoise Lescourret, Zhun Mao, Nicolas Quérou, Gabrielle Rudi, Jean-Michel Salles, Raphael Soubeyran, Julie Subervie, Aude Vialatte, Fabrice Vinatier, Marielle Thomas, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée (BETA), AgroParisTech-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Agronomie, AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine (LEDa), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Géopolitique de l’Energie et des Matières Premières (LEDA-CGEMP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier (CEE-M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Unité de Recherches Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (URAFPA), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), We acknowledge the funding and support provided by the INRAE Metaprogram ‘Ecosystem Services’, (https://colloque.inrae.fr/metaprograms-workshops_eng/Metaprograms/EcoServ). In particular, we thank Dr Guy Richard (INRAE, France) for his dynamic leadership of this research program. AS, MZ and CG received funding from the EU Horizon Europe Programme under grant agreement number 101059498 (eco2adapt: Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Changemaking to Shape, Protect and Maintain the Resilience of Tomorrow’s Forests)., and European Project: 101059498 ,eco2adapt
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Social-ecological system, Economics, Ecosystem services, Biodiversity, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Farm, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Model, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Highlights: • We investigated multifunctionality and ecosystem services in agroecosystems. • 18 research questions, obstacles and solutions were identified. • Future research must integrate knowledge from different sectors and communities. • Biodiversity is a key factor to explore and incorporate into modelling approaches. • Promoting dialogue, standardization and data-sharing would enhance progress.Abstract:Agroecosystems are facing new challenges in the context of a growing and increasingly interconnected human population, and a paradigm shift is needed to successfully address the many complex questions that these challenges will generate. The transition to providing multiple services within an agroecosystem is a starting point for heightened multifunctionality, however, there is still hesitation among stakeholders about moving towards multi-service systems, largely because of the lack of knowledge linking productivity and multifunctionality. We reason that much of this reticence could be overcome through a better understanding of stakeholder requirements and innovative transdisciplinary research extended in the dimensions of time and space. We assembled experts in France to identify priority research questions for co-constructing projects with stakeholders. We identified 18 key questions, as well as the obstacles that hinder their resolution and propose potential solutions for tackling these obstacles. We illustrate that research into agroecosystem multifunctionality and service production must be a hugely collaborative effort and needs to integrate knowledge from different sectors and communities. Promoting dialogue, standardization and data-sharing would enhance transdisciplinary progress. Biodiversity is highlighted as a key factor to explore and incorporate into modelling approaches, but major advances must be made in the understanding of dynamic changes in the biodiversity-function-service nexus across landscapes. Resolving these research questions will allow us to translate knowledge into decision objectives, identify adaptation and tipping points in agroecosystems and develop social-ecological economic pathways that are adaptive over time.
Published: 2023
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8. Parenchyma fractions drive the storage capacity of nonstructural carbohydrates across a broad range of tree species

Author: Guangqi Zhang, Zhun Mao, Claire Fortunel, Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta, Gaëlle Viennois, Pascale Maillard, and Alexia Stokes
Subjects: Magnoliopsida, Xylem, Carbohydrates, Genetics, Plant Science, Wood, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) play a key role in tree performance and functioning and are stored in radial and axial parenchyma (RAP) cells. Whether this relationship is altered among species and climates or is linked to functional traits describing xylem structure (wood density) and tree stature is not known.In a systematic review, we collated data for NSC content and the proportion of RAP in stems for 68 tree species. To examine the relationships of NSCs and RAP with climatic factors and other functional traits, we also collected climatic data at each tree's location, as well as wood density and maximum height. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to examine the influence of species' evolutionary relationships on the associations among NSCs, RAP, and functional traits.Across all 68 tree species, NSCs were positively correlated with RAP and mean annual temperature, but relationships were only weakly significant in temperate species and angiosperms. When separating RAP into radial parenchyma (RP) and axial parenchyma (AP), both NSCs and wood density were positively correlated with RP but not with AP. Wood in taller trees was less dense and had lower RAP than in shorter trees, but height was not related to NSCs.In trees, NSCs are stored mostly in the RP fraction, which has a larger surface area in warmer climates. Additionally, NSCs were only weakly linked to wood density and tree height. Our analysis of evolutionary relationships demonstrated that RAP fractions and NSC content were always closely related across all 68 tree species, suggesting that RAP can act as a reliable proxy for potential NSC storage capacity in tree stems.
Published: 2022
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9. Habitat partitioning of soil microbial communities along an elevation gradient: from plant root to landscape scale

Author: Luis Merino‐Martín, Daniel Hernández‐Cáceres, Frédérique Reverchon, Guillermo Angeles‐Alvarez, Guangqi Zhang, Denis Dunoyer de Segonzac, Damien Dezette, Alexia Stokes, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Veracruz, ADNid, Partenaires INRAE, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), CONACYT-2, and ANR-16-CE03-0009,ECOPICS,Services écosystémiques souterrains produits par les communautés végétales le long de gradients altitudinaux en France et au Mexique(2016)
Subjects: Microbial diversity, Picea abies, Vaccinium myrtillus, French Alpes, Root traits, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Mountain ecosystem, Juniperus communis, Soil properties, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Alpine ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: International audience; Within a landscape, multiple habitats exist for soil microbial communities. But how these habitats shape community composition requires an understanding of the way in which microbial diversity is impacted across a broad range of spatial scales. Mountain ecosystems are excellent systems to study microbial communities, because a multitude of climate and soil variables change within a relatively small distance. We investigated microbial community structure in bulk and rhizosphere soils beneath three plant species, Vaccinium myrtillus, Juniperus communis and Picea abies, that structure local plant communities along an elevation gradient in the French Alps. We examined the impact that climate, soil properties, plant diversity and plant root chemical and morphological traits had on microbial αand β-diversities. The most abundant bacterial phyla detected in both bulk and rhizosphere soils were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Along the elevation gradient, bacterial phyla did not display a clear distribution pattern between bulk and rhizosphere soils. For fungi, dominant phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and contrasting distribution patterns were found between bulk and rhizosphere soils. Overall, bacterial and fungal α-diversity responded differently to elevation as well to soil compartments (bulk versus rhizosphere soil), revealing no significant patterns in bulk soil beneath any of the structuring plant species, but increasing in the rhizosphere compartment of P. abies just below the treeline. Changes in bacterial β-diversity with elevation were related mostly to soil physical and chemical properties. Bacterial and fungal α-diversity in rhizosphere communities were more related to plant species identity, vegetation diversity and belowground plant traits compared to soil properties, whilst the opposite was found for bulk soil. Our results highlight that environmental changes at the landscape scale (e.g. associated to elevation, soil properties or climate), impact significantly soil microbial communities, but vegetation refines communities at a local scale via the rhizosphere niche.
Published: 2023
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10. Intra‐ and inter‐specific variation in root mechanical traits for twelve herbaceous plants and their link with the root economics space

Author: Zhun Mao, Catherine Roumet, Lorenzo M. W. Rossi, Luis Merino‐Martín, Jérôme Nespoulous, Olivier Taugourdeau, Hassan Boukcim, Stéphane Fourtier, Maria Del Rey‐Granado, Merlin Ramel, Kang Ji, Juan Zuo, Nathalie Fromin, Alexia Stokes, Florian Fort, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), VALORHIZ SAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), WUHAN BOTANICAL GARDEN (WBG), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), OPUS VI (INRAE-MP-Ecoserv3, 2018–2021), TALVEG2 (Programme Opérationnel Languedoc Roussillon 2014–2020, FEDER-FSE-IEJ-2015009142), and ANR-10-LABX-0004,CeMEB,Mediterranean Center for Environment and Biodiversity(2010)
Subjects: mechanical traits, tensile strength, tensile strain, modulus of elasticity, toughness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [PHYS.MECA.BIOM]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Biomechanics [physics.med-ph], root economics space, economics spectrum, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: International audience; Root mechanical traits, including tensile strength (Tr), tensile strain (εr), modulus of elasticity (Er) and tensile toughness (Wr), play a key role in plant functioning (e.g., anchorage and stem stability). Yet, their variability and their relationships with other root traits are poorly known. Here, we characterize Tr, εr, Er and Wr at both intra-and interspecific levels and examine how they covary with other root traits related to root economics space (RES). We used twelve herbaceous species from contrasting taxonomical families grown in controlled plein-air conditions. For each species, we excavated root systems and measured morphological and chemical traits and mechanical traits at two locations (proximal versus distal) for two root types (absorptive versus transport roots). Transport roots tended to show higher mechanical trait values than absorptive roots, especially for εr, while the location where the root was sampled showed a limited effect on root mechanics. The five monocots (Poaceae species) had higher mechanical traits than the seven dicots (including five Fabaceae species) except for Er. Root mechanical traits covaried positively and were strongly positively correlated with specific root length, i.e., a trait related to soil exploration strategy, and negatively with root diameter and root tissue density, i.e. a trait related to root life span. We demonstrate the important role of species category and root type in governing mechanical trait variation at both intra-and inter-specific levels. Our results can be regarded as the first evidence of the link between root mechanical robustness and the RES through a strong association with the 'do-it-yourself' soil exploration strategy.
Published: 2022
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11. A Software Application with Ontology-Based Reasoning for Agroforestry

Author: Isabelle Mougenot, Alexia Stokes, Fabien Liagre, Raphaël Conde Salazar, Jérôme Perez, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Garoufallou, Emmanouel, and Ovalle-Perandones, María-Antonia
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Data management, Context (language use), Ontology (information science), [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Article, Body of knowledge, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Knowledge management system, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Agroforestry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, OWL, 2. Zero hunger, Sustainable development, business.industry, Ontology, 05 social sciences, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Agriculture, General partnership, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Soil conservation, 050104 developmental & child psychology
Abstract: International audience; Agroforestry consists of combining trees with agriculture, both on farms and in the agricultural landscape. Within a context of sustainable development, agroforestry can improve soil conservation and reduce the use of toxic chemicals on crops, as well as improving biodiversity. Interdisciplinary by nature, the field of agroforestry mobilizes a large body of knowledge from environmental and life sciences using systemic approaches. In this framework, field observation data are acquired in partnership with several categories of stakeholders such as scientists, foresters, farmers, breeders, politicians and land managers. For data management effciency, we propose the software application AOBRA (a softwareApplication with Ontology-Based Reasoning for Agroforestry). The core of AOBRA is a domain ontology called "Agroforestry" which serves as a basis for capitalizing and sharing knowledge in agroforestry. By exploiting the capabilities of inference and linkages to other areas of expertise on the Web offered by the use of an ontology model, it aims to provide a broad view of agroforestry designs, and to allow the comparison between different spatial layouts of trees and crops
Published: 2021
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12. Rhizosphere bacteria are more strongly related to plant root traits than fungi in temperate montane forests: insights from closed and open forest patches along an elevational gradient

Author: Hyun S. Gweon, Yves Le Bissonnais, Anna Oliver, Zhun Mao, Alexia Stokes, Robert I. Griffiths, Clément Furget-Bretagnon, Luis Merino-Martín, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, University of Reading (UOR), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CONACYT-273659), FP7 European program, ref. 626666/2013, ANR-16-CE03-0009,ECOPICS,Services écosystémiques souterrains produits par les communautés végétales le long de gradients altitudinaux en France et au Mexique(2016), European Project: 626666,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IEF,FIXSOIL(2014), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Microclimate, Biodiversity, Bulk soil, Soil Science, Plant Science, Biology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Dispersion (geology), 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Temperate climate, 2. Zero hunger, Rhizosphere, Bacteria, Ecology, Fungi, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Root traits, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 15. Life on land, Phylogenetic clustering, Microbial population biology, Gaps, Closed forest, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil properties, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Aims:Heterogeneous canopies in temperate montane forests affect microclimate and soil characteristics, with important effects on soil microbial communities and related processes. Here, we studied the interactions between plant root traits and soil bacterial and fungal communities in closed forest and open gaps in a mixed forest along an elevational gradient in the French Alps (1400, 1700 and 2000 m).Methods: Samples were separated into three fractions (plant root, rhizosphere and bulk soil), to further investigate the influence of plant zones on microbial communities. Bacterial (16S) and fungal (ITS) biodiversity was determined using high throughput sequencing, along with standard measures of soil, litter and root traits.Results: We found that (i) microbial community diversity was higher in gaps than in closed forest because of increased root trait diversity and density; (ii) open versus closed forest patches affected phylogenetic dispersion despite differences in elevations with phylogenetic clustering in closed forest; (iii) the interaction between root traits and microbial communities was stronger for rhizosphere and root fractions than for bulk soil and (iv) bacterial community composition was better explained by root traits than for fungi.Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of open gaps versus closed forest patches and associated root traits affecting microbial community structure, particularly for bacterial assemblages that exhibited a stronger interaction with root traits than for fungi
Published: 2020
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13. The relevance of environmental DNA as a targeted sediment fingerprinting method sensitive to vegetation

Author: Amaury Frankl, Olivier Evrard, Fabien Levard, Brice Dupin, Bjorn Tytgat, Erik Cammeraat, Elie Verleyen, and Alexia Stokes
Subjects: river catchments, vegetation, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pyrenees, Biology and Life Sciences, sediment source fingerprinting, sedDNA
Abstract: Environmental DNA (eDNA) has recently been considered as a marker that could be used for fingerprinting sediments. Identify sediment sources originating from zones covered with specific plant communities would enhance the sediment fingerprinting method significantly and enable the detailed identification of soil erosion hotspots relative to land use and cover. Here, we explore the relevance of environmental DNA (eDNA) that originates from plant litter and fixes onto fine soil particles as a targeted sediment fingerprinting method. Although research on plant eDNA signatures in soils and sediments is limited, initial results are promising and indicate that eDNA could yield more accurate results than other sediment fingerprints that are sensitive to vegetation. Plant eDNA signatures tend to produce a highly localized signal of sediment sources, mainly reflecting the current vegetation cover of soils. As eDNA is rapidly adsorbed onto fine mineral soil particles such as clay, it is protected against rapid degradation in fluvial environments. Supported by the increasing availability and quality of vegetation maps and eDNA reference libraries, we argue that sediment source fingerprinting using eDNA from plant litter will evolve into a valuable method to identify hotspots of soil erosion and allow stakeholders to prioritize areas where ecological restoration is necessary. We tested our assumptions from a case study in a high mountain environment (catchment of approximately 600 km² in the Central Pyrenees, France) which was recently affected by a severe hydro-climatic event and for which ecological restoration is pertinent.Keywords:Pyrenees, river catchments, sedDNA, sediment source fingerprinting, vegetation
Published: 2022
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14. Environmental drivers of earthworm communities along an elevational gradient in the French Alps

Author: Quentin Gabriac, Pierre Ganault, Isabelle Barois, Eduardo Aranda-Delgado, Elisa Cimetière, Jérôme Cortet, Montan Gautier, Mickaël Hedde, Daniel F. Marchán, José Carlos Pimentel Reyes, Alexia Stokes, and Thibaud Decaëns
Subjects: Insect Science, Soil Science, Microbiology
Published: 2023
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15. Environmental Drivers of Earthworm Communities Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the French Alps

Author: Quentin Gabriac, Pierre Ganault, Isabelle Barois, Eduardo Aranda-Delgado, Elisa Cimetière, Jérôme Cortet, Montan Gautier, Mickaël Hedde, Daniel F. Marchán, José Carlos Pimentel Reyes, Alexia Stokes, and Thibaud Decaëns
Abstract: The study of elevational diversity gradients is a central topic in biodiversity research. In this study, we tested for the effect of climate, resource quality and habitat heterogeneity on earthworm communities along an altitudinal gradient and around the treeline in the French Alps. Earthworm communities and environmental properties (i.e. climate, soil properties and vegetation structure and composition) were sampled in six altitudinal stages from 1400 to 2400 m. Results were analysed through multi-table factorial analyses and structural equation modelling. We found average density, biomass and species richness in the range of what is usually reported in comparable ecosystems. We found no monotonic decrease in species richness along the altitudinal gradient, which we explain by the species pool being dominated by taxa with high environmental tolerance and dispersal capacities. Instead, we highlighted the ecotone associated with the treeline as the primary driving factor of earthworm communities: at 1800-2000m altitude, communities were more abundant and diverse, and had a greater variability in body mass. This result was largely explained by the structure and composition of the vegetation, whereas soil and climate appeared to have only indirect effects. Therefore, the treeline effect on earthworm communities can be explained both by the effect of environmental heterogeneity and of trophic resource quality which increases at the ecotone level.
Published: 2022
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16. The implementation and effectiveness of vegetative barriers to regulate fluxes of runoff and sediment in open agricultural landscapes (Flanders, Belgium)

Author: Alexia Stokes, Maarten De Boever, Jonas Bodyn, Saskia Buysens, Liesbet Rosseel, Sarah Deprez, Charles Bielders, Aurore Degré, and Amaury Frankl
Subjects: Earth and Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Vegetative barriers are narrow strips of plants or plant residues that are increasingly being used as measures to reduce the connectivity of catchments in terms of water and sediment fluxes (Frankl et al., 2021a). They can mostly be found at plot edges where they do not hinder farming activities too much. Their principal function is to reduce sediment export from cropland and thus mitigate negative off-site effects of erosion (e.g. muddy floods, pollution of rivers). Being implemented in concentrated flow zones where ephemeral gullying is recurrent, they also prevent their development (Frankl et al., 2018). Although vegetative barriers are increasingly being implemented in open agricultural areas, little information is available on the effectiveness of vegetation barriers at buffering the flows of water and sediment. Here, we focus on vegetative barriers that are widely implemented in Flanders (Belgium) and which are made of straw bales, wood chips or bales of coconut fibre. Based on three simulated runoff experiments performed in the field, we calculated the hydraulic roughness and sediment deposition ratio. Our experiments show that the barriers made of coconut-fibre bales performed markedly better than those of straw bales or wood chips (Frankl et al., 2021b). However, as vegetative barriers have to be renewed every few years because of the decomposition of organic material, barriers made of locally available materials are more sustainable as a nature-based solution to erosion. We conclude that the vegetative barriers are an effective way of mitigating the negative effects of soil erosion. While barriers made of coconut-fibre bales are superior in their regulation of flows of runoff and sediment, barriers made of locally sourced materials are more sustainable. Keywords: agriculture, erosion control, hydrological connectivity, runoff, sediment References:Frankl, et al. (2021a) Gully prevention and control: Techniques, failures and effectiveness. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms: 46: 220– 238. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5033.Frankl, A., et al. (2021b). Report on the effectiveness of vegetative barriers to regulate simulated fluxes of runoff and sediment in open agricultural landscapes (Flanders, Belgium). Land Degrad. Dev. 32: 4445– 4449. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4048Frankl, A. et al. (2018). The success of recent land management efforts to reduce soil erosion in northern France. Geomorphology 303: 84–93. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.11.018
Published: 2022

17. Vegetation creates microenvironments that influence soil microbial activity and functional diversity along an elevation gradient

Author: Manon Bounous, Guillermo Angeles-Alvarez, Monique Weemstra, Grégoire T. Freschet, Frédérique Reverchon, Fabien Anthelme, Alexia Stokes, Josiane Abadie, Catherine Roumet, Daniel Hernández-Cáceres, Luis Merino-Martín, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Veracruz, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Inecol : Instituto de Ecologia A.C., CONACYT–2 73659, ANR-16-CE03-0009,ECOPICS,Services écosystémiques souterrains produits par les communautés végétales le long de gradients altitudinaux en France et au Mexique(2016), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Bulk soil, Soil Science, Vaccinium myrtillus, Biology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Catabolic activity, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Botany, Cation-exchange capacity, 2. Zero hunger, Abiotic component, Rhizosphere, Biotic component, Picea abies, Multiple substrate induced respiration, Plant community, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Root traits, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Alpine, Catabolic diversity, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Juniperus communis, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, human activities
Abstract: International audience; Microbial communities strongly influence ecological processes across space and time. However, the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on microbial functioning in a complex, heterogeneous soil environment is still poorly understood, especially in montane plant communities. Here, we ask if microbial activity and functional diversity can be influenced by plant species identity and diversity and associated root system morphological and chemical traits that also influence soil properties. We investigated microbial global catabolic activity (i.e. microbial activity) and catabolic diversity (i.e. functional diversity) in bulk and rhizospheric soil beneath three plant species (Vaccinium myrtillus, Juniperus communis and Picea abies) that shape local plant communities. To do this, we measured soil physical and chemical properties, and plant diversity along an elevational gradient (1400–2400 m a.s.l.) in the French Alps. Microbial global catabolic activity and diversity were assessed using multiple substrate-induced respiration. Morphological and chemical traits of roots in bulk soil (‘community’ level traits, where several plant species were pooled together) and of individual plants (‘species’ level, where roots of single species were excavated) were measured. Results showed that at lower elevations, global catabolic activity in the rhizosphere was higher than in bulk soil, but converged in the nutrient-poor, colder soils found at higher elevations, although changes in catabolic diversity were negligible. Variations in soil physical and chemical properties were the main drivers of global catabolic activity, especially texture, cation exchange capacity, carbon and nitrogen content and pH, but their effects on catabolic diversity were minimal. Plant root traits at the community level in bulk soil had less effect on global catabolic activity than abiotic factors, with thicker roots, high root lignin content and low cellulose content influencing microbial activity, but not altering catabolic diversity. At the species level, more dense root tissue decreased global catabolic activity, reflecting changes in chemical composition. Our results show that relationships between catabolic activity, mean annual temperature and soil properties differed between plant species.
Published: 2022
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18. Strengths and limitations of sediment source fingerprinting in high mountain environments and relevance for soil restoration

Author: Alexia Stokes, Amaury Frankl, Erik Cammeraat, Olivier Evrard, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géochimie Des Impacts (GEDI), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: landslide, Land use, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Earth science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, alpine, Sediment, Climate change, Landslide, Context (language use), Vegetation, 15. Life on land, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, environmental DNA, erosion, 13. Climate action, vegetation, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Earth and Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Land degradation, Erosion, Environmental science, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: High mountain environments are among the most sensitive on Earth. Due to anthropogenic disturbances and climate change, rates of regolith mobilization due to for example landsliding have been accelerating recently. As a result, soils degrade, geohazards occur and flash floods have negative consequences in downstream areas. The restoration of soils in high mountain environments and an improved understanding of nature-based solutions to land degradation is, therefore, urgent. As finding the origin of erosion sources is a first step to improve mitigation strategies and guide the implementation of effective soil restoration measures, we discuss sediment source fingerprinting research in the context of soil restoration in high mountain environments. A literature review was done based on articles that apply sediment source fingerprinting in high mountain environments and additional articles on land use-based markers and soil restoration were used to develop an outlook for future research. The application of sediment provenance studies in high mountains environments has been limited so far. While some studies yield a rough distinction between sediment sources based on environmental radionuclides or elemental geochemistry, they cannot reflect multiple semi-natural vegetation types which are relevant source types that should be discriminated in high mountain environments. Therefore, we explore emerging techniques such as eDNA tracing that could potentially refine the information on the provenance of sediment based on land use and cover sources. Then, we will address the challenging hydro-geomorphic environment of high mountains and the implications for designing properly a sediment tracing study in such a context. We will conclude by presenting an outlook to guide future applications of sediment source fingerprinting in high mountain environments, where geohazards are imminent and soil restoration is urgent.Key words: alpine, environmental DNA, erosion, landslide, vegetation
Published: 2021
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19. Slow recovery from soil disturbance increases susceptibility of high elevation forests to landslides

Author: John H. Kim, Hongxi Liu, Yan Wang, Awaz Mohamed, Franck Bourrier, Zhun Mao, Alexia Stokes, Beijing Normal University (BNU), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie = Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (MPIB), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Erosion torrentielle neige et avalanches (UR ETGR (ETNA)), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-16-CE03-0009,ECOPICS,Services écosystémiques souterrains produits par les communautés végétales le long de gradients altitudinaux en France et au Mexique(2016), ANR-11-ISV7-0001,MALE-EFFECT,L'effet mâle chez les ongulés: applications agronomiques et mécanismes neuroendocriniens(2011), and Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (MPIB)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Disturbance (geology), Growing season, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Slope stability, Mechanical reinforcement, Fine roots, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Hydrology, Forestry, Landslide, Understory, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 13. Climate action, Forest gap, Soil water, Hydrological reinforcement, Soil horizon, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Natural hazards such as shallow landslides are common phenomena that disturb soil and damage forests. Quantifying the recovery of forest vegetation after a hazard is important for determining the window of susceptibility to new disturbance events, especially at high elevations, where extreme weather events are frequent and the growing season is short. Plant roots can reduce the size of this window on unstable hillslopes, by adding mechanical reinforcement (cr) to soil and increasing its matric suction, termed here as hydrological reinforcement (ch). These data are used in landslide models to calculate the Factor of Safety (FoS) of a hillslope. We calculated temporal variations in cr and ch in naturally regenerated mixed, montane forests in the French Alps. In these closed-canopy forests, open-canopy gaps were present, with understory vegetation comprising herbs, forbs and shrubs. At three altitudes (1400, 1700 and 2000 m), we dug small trenches as proxies for shallow landslide events and calculated cr before soil disturbance in both open gaps and closed forests. Then, using monthly tree root initiation and mortality data measured in rhizotrons, we calculated monthly cr for four years after the disturbance. To compare results with cr, ch was estimated using matric suction data that were measured in trenches at 1400 m for >1 year. Temporal FoS was then calculated using an infinite slope stability model.Results showed that finer, short-lived roots contributed little to soil reinforcement compared to thicker, long-lived roots. After disturbance, mean cr (over the entire soil profile) never fully recovered to the initial value at any site, although >90% recovery was observed in open gaps at 1400 m. Mean cr was slow to recover in closed forests, especially at 2000 m, where only 19% recovery occurred after 41 months. The ch in closed forests was considerable during the summer months, but marked increases in soil water moisture resulted in lower FoS, especially during December to April, when soil was near saturation. As cr changed little throughout the year, it was a more reliable contributor to slope stability. Our results show therefore, that particular attention should be paid to high elevation forests after a disturbance. Also, during the process of recovery, the highly variable soil water dynamics in closed forest can result in seasonal hotspots of vulnerability. Therefore, when tree transpiration is low, our results highlight a need for careful monitoring on steep or unstable slopes, especially in disturbed closed-canopy forests
Published: 2021
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20. A framework for identifying plant species to be used as 'ecological engineers' for fixing soil on unstable slopes.

Author: Murielle Ghestem, Kunfang Cao, Wenzhang Ma, Nick Rowe, Raphaëlle Leclerc, Clément Gadenne, and Alexia Stokes
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Major reforestation programs have been initiated on hillsides prone to erosion and landslides in China, but no framework exists to guide managers in the choice of plant species. We developed such a framework based on the suitability of given plant traits for fixing soil on steep slopes in western Yunnan, China. We examined the utility of 55 native and exotic species with regard to the services they provided. We then chose nine species differing in life form. Plant root system architecture, root mechanical and physiological traits were then measured at two adjacent field sites. One site was highly unstable, with severe soil slippage and erosion. The second site had been replanted 8 years previously and appeared to be physically stable. How root traits differed between sites, season, depth in soil and distance from the plant stem were determined. Root system morphology was analysed by considering architectural traits (root angle, depth, diameter and volume) both up- and downslope. Significant differences between all factors were found, depending on species. We estimated the most useful architectural and mechanical traits for physically fixing soil in place. We then combined these results with those concerning root physiological traits, which were used as a proxy for root metabolic activity. Scores were assigned to each species based on traits. No one species possessed a suite of highly desirable traits, therefore mixtures of species should be used on vulnerable slopes. We also propose a conceptual model describing how to position plants on an unstable site, based on root system traits.
Published: 2014
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21. Maintaining biodiversity promotes the multifunctionality of social-ecological systems: holistic modelling of a mountain system

Author: Alexia Stokes, Zhun Mao, Franck Pommereau, Cédric Gaucherel, Julia Centanni, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CONACYT–2 73659, and ANR-16-CE03-0009,ECOPICS,Services écosystémiques souterrains produits par les communautés végétales le long de gradients altitudinaux en France et au Mexique(2016)
Subjects: Social-ecological system, Ecosystem service, Ecology (disciplines), Geography, Planning and Development, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Biodiversity, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Ecological systems theory, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, 11. Sustainability, Mountain, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Ski resort, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, business.industry, Discrete-event model, Environmental resource management, 021107 urban & regional planning, Economy, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Qualitative modelling
Abstract: International audience; Monitoring the provision of multiple ecosystem services (ES) in social-ecological systems is a major challenge. Most tools usually tackle the problem by modelling individual ES, but do not perform a holistic analysis of a dynamic and integrated system. We developed a discrete-event model (DORIAN) and explored its potential for assessing biodiversity and multifunctionality of a mountain ski resort subjected to a changing climate. We represented this social-ecological system as a network comprising 16 binary components and 51 processes that define component interactions. We identified 22 economy- and ecology-related ES, depending on the presence/absence of components. We simulated six scenarios representing different economic, environmental and climatic situations and calculated a score (the sum of proxies for biodiversity or ES), corresponding to the level of biodiversity and multifunctionality. Results showed that climate change reduced the system’s multifunctionality and increased the number of degraded states, as well as the trajectories from healthy to degraded states. With increasing levels of biodiversity, only ecology-related ES were boosted at low biodiversity levels, while both high levels of ecology- and economy-related ES were maintained at high biodiversity levels. This result demonstrates the importance of conserving high biodiversity in a social ecological system, for an optimal “biodiversity – multifunctionality” win-win strategy.
Published: 2021
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22. Aboveground-trait variations in 11 (sub)alpine plants along a 1000-m elevation gradient in tropical Mexico

Author: Martin de los Santos, Nereyda Cruz-Maldonado, Hervé Rey, Monique Weemstra, Guillermo Angeles, René A. Palestina, Alexia Stokes, Isabelle Barois, Katrin Sieron, Leonor Jiménez, Fabien Anthelme, Marco Aurelio Morales-Martínez, Catherine Roumet, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Inecol : Instituto de Ecologia A.C., Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad Veracruzana, ANR-16-CE03-0009,ECOPICS,Services écosystémiques souterrains produits par les communautés végétales le long de gradients altitudinaux en France et au Mexique(2016), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Specific leaf area, Tussock, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Biogeographic origin, Plant Science, Biology, Generalist and specialist species, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Shrub, Leaf functional traits, 12. Responsible consumption, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Mexico -- Mexique, Growth form, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Abiotic component, Ecology, ved/biology, fungi, Tropical alpine systems, Tropics, food and beverages, Interspecific competition, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Plant ecology, Plant height, Pico de Orizaba, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; With the aim to explore how plants acclimate to elevation changes in the understudied (sub)alpine tropics we tested two hypotheses along a 1000-m elevation gradient in Mexico: (H1) due to a severe increase in abiotic constraints at higher elevations, the functional traits of the plant species will converge toward more resource conservation, and (H2) the specific growth forms and biogeographic origins present in the (sub)alpine tropics may influence the interspecific trait variation along the gradient. We measured five aboveground functional traits: specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry-matter content (LDMC), leaf thickness, leaf area and plant height, of 11 species representing four growth forms: rosette, tussock grass, shrub and tree the soil microclimate. Microclimatic data revealed a steep decrease in soil water content at higher elevations. Across all species and all individuals, SLA, plant height and leaf area decreased with elevation, whereas LDMC and leaf thickness increased, all of which revealing adjustments towards resource conservation in line with H1. Consistently with H2, the functional traits of the growth forms that were characteristic of tropical alpine regions (tussock grasses and erect shrubs) were less sensitive to changes in elevation compared to more generalist growth forms such as forbs. In addition, within the growth form “rosette” the functional traits of species of tropical biogeographic origin changed with elevation, whereas those of Holarctic origin did not. Our data indicate a convergence of plant traits toward improved resource conservation at higher elevations, which may be influenced partially by the growth form and the biogeographical origin of plant species.
Published: 2021
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23. Root traits as drivers of plant and ecosystem functioning: current understanding, pitfalls and future research needs

Author: A. Glyn Bengough, Ina C. Meier, Grégoire T. Freschet, Monique Weemstra, Jitka Klimešová, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Sarah E. Hobbie, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Alexandra Weigelt, Louise H. Comas, Elison B. Blancaflor, Martin Lukac, Liesje Mommer, Arthur Gessler, David W. Johnson, Laura Rose, Iván Prieto, Marcin Zadworny, Tao Sun, Ivano Brunner, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Peter Ryser, Richard D. Bardgett, Catherine Roumet, Nina Wurzburger, Boris Rewald, M. Luke McCormack, Hendrik Poorter, Alexia Stokes, Loïc Pagès, Colleen M. Iversen, Oscar J. Valverde-Barrantes, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Gerlinde B. De Deyn, Larry M. York, Johannes A. Postma, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, ARS-USDA, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, University of Dundee, The James Hutton Institute, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), University of Manchester [Manchester], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), University of Reading (UOR), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Center for Tree Science, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences [Hamburg], Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Macquarie University, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Georgia [USA], Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Noble Research Institute, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Anthropology [University of Minnesota], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, University of Minnesota System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laurentian University, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Universiteit Leiden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Leipzig University, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Grant Agency of the Czech Republic 1913103S, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and Leiden University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Root (linguistics), spatial and temporal scales, Physiology, Ecology (disciplines), belowground ecology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, plant functions, Ecosystem, ecosystem properties and processes, environmental gradients, trait covariation, Bodembiologie, Ecology, trait causal relationships, Atmosphere, Biosphere, Research needs, Soil Biology, 15. Life on land, Plants, PE&RC, 030104 developmental biology, Phenotype, root traits, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Trait, Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer, Terrestrial ecosystem, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; The effects of plants on the biosphere, atmosphere and geosphere are key determinants of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, despite substantial progress made regarding plant belowground components, we are still only beginning to explore the complex relationships between root traits and functions. Drawing on the literature in plant physiology, ecophysiology, ecology, agronomy and soil science, we reviewed 24 aspects of plant and ecosystem functioning and their relationships with a number of root system traits, including aspects of architecture, physiology, morphology, anatomy, chemistry, biomechanics and biotic interactions. Based on this assessment, we critically evaluated the current strengths and gaps in our knowledge, and identify future research challenges in the field of root ecology. Most importantly, we found that belowground traits with the broadest importance in plant and ecosystem functioning are not those most commonly measured. Also, the estimation of trait relative importance for functioning requires us to consider a more comprehensive range of functionally relevant traits from a diverse range of species, across environments and over time series. We also advocate that establishing causal hierarchical links among root traits will provide a hypothesis-based framework to identify the most parsimonious sets of traits with the strongest links on functions, and to link genotypes to plant and ecosystem functioning.
Published: 2021
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24. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardizing root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements

Author: Boris Rewald, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hans Lambers, Ina C. Meier, Grégoire T. Freschet, Tao Sun, A. Glyn Bengough, Marcin Zadworny, Larry M. York, Jitka Klimešová, Laura Rose, Oscar J. Valverde-Barrantes, Loïc Pagès, Monique Weemstra, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Johannes A. Postma, Eric Garnier, Ivano Brunner, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, V. G. Salmon, M. Luke McCormack, Peter Ryser, Štěpán Janeček, Moemy Gomes de Moraes, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Hendrik Poorter, Colleen M. Iversen, Alexandra Weigelt, Louise H. Comas, Elison B. Blancaflor, Catherine Roumet, Sarah A. Batterman, Arthur Gessler, Nishanth Tharayil, Nina Wurzburger, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Sarah E. Hobbie, Thomas S. Adams, Alexia Stokes, Liesje Mommer, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Swiss Federal Research Institute, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Leiden University, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Leipzig University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, University of Leeds, Federal University of Goiás [Jataí], The University of Western Australia (UWA), The Morton Arboretum, Narodowe Centrum Nauki. Grant Number: 2012/07/E/NZ9/00194, Volkswagen Foundation. Grant Number: 11-76251- 99-34/13 (ZN 2928), Natural Environment Research Council. Grant Numbers: NE/ M019497/1, NE/N012542/1, Grantová Agentura České Republiky. Grant Number: GA 19-13103S, British Council. Grant Number: 275556724, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Grant Number: 31003A_159866, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Grant Number: ME 4156/2-1, ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Water Management and Systems Research (WMSR), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Macquarie University, The James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Noble Research Institut, Institut Fédéral de Recherches [Suisse], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Hamburg, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Laurentian University, Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], University of Georgia [USA], BioSciences Division [Oak Ridge], Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Clemson University, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité expérimentale du Groupe d'Etude et de contrôle des Variétés et des Semences - INRA Avignon (GEVES Cavaillon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (BIOLOGY CENTRE CAS), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Department of Environmental Sciences [Wageningen], Universiteit Leiden, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing], University of Oklahoma (OU), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Leipzig
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Root (linguistics), Databases, Factual, Physiology, Computer science, Root ecology, Plant Science, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, trait measurements, starting guide, Protocol, below‐ground ecology, below-ground ecology, handbook, plant root functions, protocol, root classification, root ecology, root traits, Ecology, Handbook, Plants, Root traits, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, Phenotype, ddc:580, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Trait, Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer, Trait measurements, Ecology (disciplines), Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Context (language use), 010603 evolutionary biology, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Controlled vocabulary, Ecosystem, Protocol (science), Forum, 15. Life on land, Metadata, Root classification, standardizing root classification, Below-ground ecology, Community Resources, Plant root functions, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany, Meaning (linguistics)
Abstract: In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I–VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers’ views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning. ISSN:0028-646X ISSN:1469-8137
Published: 2021
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25. Report on the effectiveness of vegetative barriers to regulate simulated fluxes of runoff and sediment in open agricultural landscapes (Flanders, Belgium)

Author: Alexia Stokes, Maarten De Boever, Sarah Deprez, Amaury Frankl, Aurore Degré, Jonas Bodyn, Liesbet Rosseel, Charles Bielders, Saskia Buysens, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], and Université de Liège
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Erosion control, Runoff, Soil Science, Development, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Environmental Chemistry, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Hydrology, business.industry, Sediment, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 6. Clean water, Hydrological Connectivity, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Surface runoff, Erosion Control, Agricultural landscapes
Abstract: International audience; Vegetative barriers are increasingly used to reduce sediment export from cropland and thus mitigate negative off-site consequences of soil erosion. Here, we report and discuss the effectiveness of vegetative barriers implemented in Flanders (Belgium) to buffer the flows of water and sediment. The three types of vegetative barriers studied are made of straw bales, wood chips or bales of coconut- fibre. Based on three simulated runoff experiments performed in the field, we calculated the hydraulic roughness and sediment deposition ratio. Our experiments showed that the barriers made of coconut-fibre bales performed markedly better than those of straw bales or wood chips (Manning's n values of 1.355, 1.049 and 2.231 s m-1/3 and a sediment deposition ratio of 19%, 38% and 64% for barriers made of straw bales, wood chips and coconut-fibre bales, respectively, during the first experiment). These values increased during subsequent experiments demonstrating the effect of sediment accumulating inside the structures. Especially for coconut-fibre bales, this accumulation increases the risk of runoff bypassing or overtopping the barriers. The barriers mainly retained sand and, to a lesser extent, silt and clay. As vegetative barriers have to be renewed every few years because of the decomposition of organic material, barriers made of locally available materials are more sustainable as a nature-based solution to erosion. We conclude that although the vegetative barriers made of coconut-fibre bales are superior in their regulation of flows of runoff and sediment, barriers made of locally sourced materials are more sustainable.
Published: 2021
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26. Deep phenotyping of coarse root architecture in R. pseudoacacia reveals that tree root system plasticity is confined within its architectural model.

Author: Frédéric Danjon, Hayfa Khuder, and Alexia Stokes
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: This study aims at assessing the influence of slope angle and multi-directional flexing and their interaction on the root architecture of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings, with a particular focus on architectural model and trait plasticity. 36 trees were grown from seed in containers inclined at 0° (control) or 45° (slope) in a glasshouse. The shoots of half the plants were gently flexed for 5 minutes a day. After 6 months, root systems were excavated and digitized in 3D, and biomass measured. Over 100 root architectural traits were determined. Both slope and flexing increased significantly plant size. Non-flexed trees on 45° slopes developed shallow roots which were largely aligned perpendicular to the slope. Compared to the controls, flexed trees on 0° slopes possessed a shorter and thicker taproot held in place by regularly distributed long and thin lateral roots. Flexed trees on the 45° slope also developed a thick vertically aligned taproot, with more volume allocated to upslope surface lateral roots, due to the greater soil volume uphill. We show that there is an inherent root system architectural model, but that a certain number of traits are highly plastic. This plasticity will permit root architectural design to be modified depending on external mechanical signals perceived by young trees.
Published: 2013
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27. Root traits as key proxies to unravel plant and ecosystem functioning: entities, trait selection and outlook

Author: Richard D. Bardgett, A. Glyn Bengough, Boris Rewald, Louise H. Comas, Iván Prieto, Alexia Stokes, Jitka Klimešová, M. Luke McCormack, Catherine Roumet, Martin Lukac, Ina C. Meier, Grégoire T. Freschet, David W. Johnson, Gerlinde B. De Deyn, Hendrik Poorter, Monique Weemstra, Marcin Zadworny, Nina Wurzburger, Loïc Pagès, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Root (linguistics), business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, Biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Trait, Identification (biology), Ecosystem, business, Selection (genetic algorithm), Diversity (politics), media_common
Abstract: Root systems show a tremendous diversity both between and within species, suggesting a large variability in plant functioning and effects on ecosystem properties and processes. In recent decades, developments in many areas of root research have brought considerable advances in our understanding of root traits and their contribution to plant and ecosystem functioning. However, despite major progress, a comprehensive overview—bridging research fields—is lacking. Furthermore, considerable uncertainties exist in the identification of root entities, and the selection and standardized measurement of traits. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on root entities, exemplify recent advances in our understanding of both theoretical and demonstrated relationships between root traits and plant or ecosystem functioning, discuss trait-trait relationships and hierarchies among traits, and critically assess current strengths and gaps in our knowledge.
Published: 2020

28. Thinking globally or acting locally? Belowground biotic responses to local- and broad- scale variations in mountain soils

Author: Alexia Stokes
Abstract: Soil is a hyper-heterogeneous environment, and how plants respond to changes in belowground variations in microclimate, soil properties and biota is extremely difficult to disentangle. Environmental gradients have been proposed as useful to help understand how root traits mediate plant responses to soil hyper-heterogeneity, and if in turn, there is a feedback mechanism that then impacts soil processes.We present data from studies of forests and prairies situated along temperate elevational gradients. We measured functional traits from individual plant species and also in species mixtures at the community level. Distinct patterns in aboveground traits were found with increasing altitude. However, even though there were changes in soil biota, physical and chemical properties along gradients, we show that at the species level, several plant root traits were more sensitive to variations in local soil properties, compared to global variations along the elevation gradient. At the community level however, patterns of trait variation in individual species were often masked. Earthworm populations were also mostly driven by local soil properties, and elevation and plant species composition had only an indirect effect on population size. We also demonstrate that increased diversity in soil microbial communities was linked to the species composition of vegetation at a local level, rather than broad scale soil or climate characteristics.Results will be discussed with regard to their impact on shaping soil processes such as carbon stockage, aggregation and hydraulic conductivity. Integrating these data into conceptual models of mountain ecosystem functioning is a challenging next step.
Published: 2020
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29. Do diversity of plants, soil fungi and bacteria influence aggregate stability on ultramafic Ferralsols? A metagenomic approach in a tropical hotspot of biodiversity

Author: Nicolas Fernandez Nuñez, Julien Demenois, Fabian Carriconde, Luis Merino-Martín, Alexia Stokes, Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), and Equipe Sol & Végétation
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ferralsol, Ultramafic substrates, Biologie du sol, Biodiversity, Soil Science, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Soil metagenomic, Conservation des sols, Plant Science, Ecological succession, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Système racinaire, Faune du sol, Diversity index, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, New Caledonia, Saprotroph, Shannon index, Restoration ecology, Simpson index, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, fungi, P34 - Biologie du sol, Plant community, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, humanities, 13. Climate action, Metagenomics, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, human activities, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Aims: Understanding how soil aggregate stability (MWD) is influenced by microbial diversity and abundance can be crucial for ecological restoration in severely disturbed areas. We investigated the relationships between plant and soil microbial diversity and MWD of an ultramafic Ferralsol along a vegetational succession gradient in New Caledonia, where wildfires and extensive nickel mining have degraded the landscape. Methods: Five plant communities were studied. For each one, MWD, soil physicochemical parameters (e.g. soil organic carbon (SOC)), plant root traits and fungal abundance were measured. The diversity and structure of plant and microbial communities were respectively assessed via botanical inventories and a metagenomic approach. A generalized linear model (GLM) was used to assess the influence of diversity indexes on MWD. Constrained ordinations (CCA) were performed to assess the influence of communities' structures on MWD. Results GLM highlighted the linkage between SOC and MWD but did not identify any significant influence of diversity indexes on MWD. CCA revealed a significant influence of communities' structures, especially the abundance of saprotrophic fungi, on MWD. Conclusions: We showed that the structure, but not species richness and diversity of plants, soil fungi and bacteria influence aggregate stability on Ferralsols.
Published: 2020
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30. A novel framework to study the effect of tree architectural traits on stemflow yield and its consequences for soil-water dynamics

Author: Alejandro Gonzalez-Ollauri, Slobodan B. Mickovski, Alexia Stokes, Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ENVSCI, Central European University [Budapest, Hongrie] (CEU), Glasgow Caledonian University, Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Central European University (CEU)
Subjects: Stemflow, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil science, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Evapotranspiration, Yield (wine), Preferential flow, Water content, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Temperature, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Summer season, Tree (data structure), Soil water, Matric suction, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil moisture, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Sycamore
Abstract: International audience; A novel experimental approach and numerical framework are proposed to study the effect of tree architectural traits on stemflow yield and its effects on soil-water dynamics. The framework includes a data mining workflowemploying information from two experimental steps: (i) evaluation of the effect of tree aboveground architecture on stemflow yield and (ii) quantification of specific parameters for soil-water dynamics with and withoutstemflow. We studied double-funnelling (stemflow and root-induced preferential flow) under three sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) trees growing on a slope in Scotland during the summer season and measured architecturaltraits. Stemflow yield ranged from 1.3 to 3.8% of the incident rainfall, with funnelling ratios of between 2.2 ± 2.1 and 5.2 ± 3.9. Double-funnelling to a depth of up to 400 mm beneath the soil surface occurred as matrix flow and was significantly and positively correlated with the vertical root distribution. Soil-water dynamics were distinctly different with and without stemflow. Our framework revealed that the number of tree branches, their insertion angle, leaf number, and stem basal diameter influenced stemflow yield within rainfall thresholds of 1.1 and 3.5 mm d-1. The framework also showed that stemflow yield had a negative impact on soil matric suction, while air temperature was the most influential covariate affecting soil-water dynamics, likely due to its strong correlation to evapotranspiration during the summer season. In spite of the study limitations, such as small sample size and differences between individuals, we show that the proposed framework and experimental approach can contribute to our knowledge of how stemflow generated aboveground triggers major responses in soil-water dynamics belowground
Published: 2020
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31. Plant-soil interactions in forests: Effects of management, disturbance and climate

Author: Junwei Luan, Shirong Liu, Andreas Schindlbacher, Cindy Prescott, Alexia Stokes, and Joann Whalen
Subjects: Soil Science, Microbiology
Published: 2022
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32. Soil aggregate stability in Mediterranean and tropical agro-ecosystems: effect of plant roots and soil characteristics

Author: Mario Villatoro, James Metayer, Yves Le Bissonnais, Sylvain Huon, Iván Prieto, Jérome Nespoulous, Catherine Roumet, Alexia Stokes, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas (CIAS), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Agence Nationale de la Recherche in France (Ecosfix) [ANR-10-STRA-003-001], ANR-10-STRA-0003,ECOSFIX,Services écosystémiques des racines – redistribution hydrique, séquestration du carbone et fixation du sol(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [ Madagascar])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Soil biodiversity, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil Science, Soil science, Plant Science, Aggregate stability, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Soil organic carbon, Soil organic matter, Soil morphology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, Root traits, 15. Life on land, Soil type, Soil structure, Agronomy, Soil depth, Land use, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil horizon, Soil fertility, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Our aim was to determine the effect of soil characteristics and root traits on soil aggregate stability at an inter- and intra-site scale in a range of agro-ecosystems. We also evaluated the effect of soil depth and the type of land use on aggregate stability. Soil aggregate stability, soil physicochemical properties and fine root traits were measured along land use gradients (from monocultures to agroforestry systems and forests), at two soil depths at four sites (Mediterranean and tropical climates) with contrasting soils (Andosol, Ferralsol, Leptosol and Fluvisol). Aggregate stability was much lower in deep than in surface soil layers, likely linked to lower soil organic carbon (SOC) and lower root mass density (RMD). Locally, and consistently in all sites, land use intensification degrades soil aggregate stability, mainly in surface soil layers. Soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and root traits: water-soluble compounds, lignin and medium root length proportion were the most important drivers of aggregate stability at the inter-site level, whereas SOC, root mass and root length densities (RMD, RLD) were the main drivers at the intra-site level. Overall, the data suggest different controls on soil aggregate stability globally (soil) and locally (roots). Conversion from forests to agricultural land will likely lead to greater C losses through a loss of aggregate stability and increased soil erosion.
Published: 2017
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33. Vegetation as a driver of temporal variations in slope stability: The impact of hydrological processes

Author: Christophe Jourdan, Alain Pierret, Anneke de Rouw, Yan Wang, Zhun Mao, Alexia Stokes, John H. Kim, Olivier Roupsard, Thierry Fourcaud, James Metayer, Bruno Rapidel, Mario Villatoro Sanchez, Louise Meylan, and Jean-Luc Maeght
Subjects: Hydrology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Land use, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Landslide, 02 engineering and technology, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Factor of safety, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Slope stability, Drawdown (hydrology), Temperate climate, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Water content, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Although vegetation is increasingly used to mitigate landslide risks, how vegetation affects the temporal variability of slope stability is poorly understood, especially in earthquake-prone regions. We combined 3-year long soil moisture monitoring, measurements of soil physical properties and plant functional traits, and numerical modeling to compare slope stability under paired land uses with and without trees in tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate landslide- and earthquake-prone regions. Trees improved stability for 5-12 months per year from drawdown of soil moisture and resulted in less interannual variability in the duration of high-stability periods compared to slopes without trees. Our meta-analysis of published data also showed that slopes with woody vegetation were more stable and less sensitive to climate and soil factors than slopes with herbaceous vegetation. However, estimates of earthquake magnitude necessary to destabilize slopes at our sites suggest that large additional stabilization from trees is necessary for meaningful protection against external triggers.
Published: 2017
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34. Bamboo structures as a resilient erosion control measure

Author: Guillermo Tardio, Slobodan B. Mickovski, Alexia Stokes, and Sanjaya Devkota
Subjects: Engineering, River engineering, Erosion control, business.industry, Climate change, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Ecological engineering, 01 natural sciences, Soil bioengineering, Natural (archaeology), Slope stability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Erosion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Geotechnical engineering, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Climate change means that fire damage and torrential rains are major issues in many parts of the world, stripping watercourses and their ability to attenuate flow in ponds and weirs. Soil bioengineering methods integrate civil engineering techniques with natural materials to obtain fast, effective and economic methods of protecting, restoring and maintaining the natural slowing of water run-off. This study combines both theory and practical installation involving slope instability, erosion, soil hydrology, mountain plant ecology and land-use restoration to protect the slope against erosion and soil mass loss. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the authors explore the exchange of the stabilising role between an initially inert structure and the living material used in a bioengineering work to protect the slope against erosion and soil mass loss. From a case study investigation in Spain, the authors investigate bioengineering structures installed within erosion gullies or on eroded slopes and propose a similar measure for a site in Nepal. The transfer of know-how between eco-engineering works from different geoclimatic conditions is considered where bamboo is not a native species.
Published: 2017
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35. Asynchrony in shoot and root phenological relationships in hybrid walnut

Author: Christophe Jourdan, Christian Dupraz, Awaz Mohamed, Yogan Monnier, Sylvie-Annabel Sabatier, Lydie Dufour, Alexia Stokes, Zhun Mao, Mathilde Millan, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Funding for a Ph.D. bursary was provided by Campus France and the Kurdish Institute, France (AM), la Fondation de France (YM) and fieldwork was funded by the FORADAPT Project, INRA metaprogram AAFCC (Adaptation of Agriculture and Forests to Climate Change), France., Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de Recherche AgroPédoClimatique de la zone caraïbe (APC), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Juglans regia, Hybride, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Root system, Facteur climatique, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Trunk growth, F01 - Culture des plantes, 2. Zero hunger, Phenology, Deep roots, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Root elongation rate, Accroissement du diamètre, Shoot, Juglans nigra × J. regia, Soil horizon, Phénologie, Juglans, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Growing season, Biology, Juglans nigra, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Période de croissance, Lateral root, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Secondary growth, Agronomy, Pousse, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Racine, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Understanding the processes driving plant phenology is crucial for assessing how shifts in climate affect plant productivity and species’ distribution. Despite the key role of fine roots in carbon and nutrient cycling, root phenology is less well characterized than shoot phenology, due largely to methodological problems when measuring root systems at depths > 1.0 m. Fine root demography is also poorly related to the better established patterns of aboveground primary and secondary growth. We examined the influence of climatic factors on the dynamics of fine root elongation rate (RER), to a depth of 4.7 m, and assessed relationships with shoot phenology of walnut trees (Juglans nigra × J. regia) in a Mediterranean agroforestry system. Rhizotrons and minirhizotrons were installed for 21 months to monitor RER. Dendrometers were used to measure trunk and lateral root radial growth during the same period. Results showed that RER was not synchronous with budbreak and leaf unfolding (occurring from April to May) at any soil depth. However, during phase 2 of the growing season (June–November), daily RER in the upper soil (0.00–1.70 m) was synchronous with both trunk and lateral root radial growth, which were themselves positively correlated with the mean monthly soil and air temperatures and the mean monthly solar irradiance. Mean daily RER was not correlated to mean monthly soil and air temperatures at any soil depth during phase 2 of the growing season. However, during this period, mean daily RER of very shallow roots (0.00–0.85 m) was significantly and positively correlated with both mean monthly soil water content and solar irradiance. Maximal daily RER occurred during phase 2 of the growing season for the three upper soil layers (June–October), but peaked during the aerial dormant season (December) in the deepest soil layer (4.00–4.70 m). We conclude that drivers of phenology for different tree organs and between shallow and deep roots are not the same. This spatial plasticity in growth throughout a tree enables it to maximize resource uptake, even throughout the winter months, and thus is a highly useful mechanism for increasing tree resistance to abiotic stresses.
Published: 2020
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36. Belowground impacts of alpine woody encroachment are determined by plant traits, local climate, and soil conditions

Author: Hui Guo, Concepción L. Alados, Nuttapon Pombubpa, Chatrina Caviezel, Marko J. Spasojevic, Jana Müllerová, Oriol Grau, Nikolas J. Kuhn, Jason E. Stajich, Gaku Kudo, Nicoletta Cannone, Hannah Shulman, Courtney G. Collins, Frédérique Reverchon, Juan C. Benavides, Michala L. Phillips, Sören E. Weber, Alexia Stokes, Jeffrey M. Diez, Emma L. Aronson, Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), University of Colorado [Boulder], University of California [Riverside] (UC Riverside), University of California (UC), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), University of Basel (Unibas), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Instituto de Ecologia (INECOL), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-16-CE03-0009,ECOPICS,Services écosystémiques souterrains produits par les communautés végétales le long de gradients altitudinaux en France et au Mexique(2016), Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of California [Riverside] (UCR), University of California, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología-CSIC (IPE-CSIC), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, Nanjing Agricultural University, University of Zurich, and Collins, Courtney G
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Nitrogen, Climate, 2306 Global and Planetary Change, Soil microbes, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 2300 General Environmental Science, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Soil, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Soil pH, Environmental Chemistry, Land use, land-use change and forestry, Plant–soil interactions, Woody encroachment, Global change, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, Abiotic component, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, 15. Life on land, Herbaceous plant, Plants, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Alpine, Arid, 13. Climate action, 2304 Environmental Chemistry, Soil water, Leaf traits, Environmental science, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology), alpine, global change, leaf traits, plant–soil interactions, soil microbes, woody encroachment, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 2303 Ecology, Woody plant
Abstract: International audience; Global climate and land use change are causing woody plant encroachment in arctic, alpine, and arid/semi-arid ecosystems around the world, yet our understanding of the belowground impacts of this phenomenon is limited. We conducted a globally distributed field study of 13 alpine sites across four continents undergoing woody plant encroachment and sampled soils from both woody encroached and nearby herbaceous plant community types. We found that woody plant encroachment influenced soil microbial richness and community composition across sites based on multiple factors including woody plant traits, site level climate, and abiotic soil conditions. In particular, root symbiont type was a key determinant of belowground effects, as Nitrogen-fixing woody plants had higher soil fungal richness, while Ecto/Ericoid mycorrhizal species had higher soil bacterial richness and symbiont types had distinct soil microbial community composition. Woody plant leaf traits indirectly influenced soil microbes through their impact on soil abiotic conditions, primarily soil pH and C:N ratios. Finally, site-level climate affected the overall magnitude and direction of woody plant influence, as soil fungal and bacterial richness were either higher or lower in woody encroached versus herbaceous soils depending on mean annual temperature and precipitation. All together, these results document global impacts of woody plant encroachment on soil microbial communities, but highlight that multiple biotic and abiotic pathways must be considered to scale up globally from site- and species-level patterns. Considering both the aboveground and belowground effects of woody encroachment will be critical to predict future changes in alpine ecosystem structure and function and subsequent feedbacks to the global climate system. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Published: 2020
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37. Chantier Agroforesterie - Rapport de synthèse

Author: Thierry Caquet, Aude Alaphilippe, Isabelle Bertrand, Marie Charru, Marc Deconchat, Dominique Desclaux, Violaine Deytieux, Chantal Gascuel, Cécile Ginane, Jacques Le Gouis, Nicolas Marron, Delphine Mézière, Bruno Moulia, Sandra NOVAK, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Antoine Savoie, Alexia Stokes, Julie Subervie, Claudine Thenail, Valérie Viaud, NOVAK, Sandra, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Expérimentale de Recherches Intégrées en Production Fruitière (UERI), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers (DYNAFOR), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Domaine expérimental de Melgueil (MONTP MELGUEIL UE), Domaine expérimental d'Époisses - UE0115 U2E (DIJ EPOISSES), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Génétique Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales (GDEC), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Fourrages Environnement Ruminants Lusignan (FERLUS), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l‘Orfrasiére (UE PAO), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier (CEE-M), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Biodiversité agroécologie et aménagement du paysage (UMR BAGAP), Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 (CEE-M), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Ecole supérieure d'Agricultures d'Angers (ESA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: Les relations entre arbres et agriculture, souvent conflictuelles jusque dans un passé récent, doivent être aujourd’hui envisagées de manière renouvelée, notamment sur la base d’associations d’une large gamme d’espèces présentant des complémentarités aux échelles de la parcelle et du paysage. Les pratiques agroforestières ont prouvé leur intérêt notamment dans : - la réduction du ruissellement et de l’érosion des sols ; l’amélioration de la structure des sols de l’activité microbienne, du taux d’infiltration, de la disponibilité en eau et en nutriments des sols ; - l’augmentation de la productivité globale des mélanges par rapport aux monocultures en raison d’une complémentarité de niches entre les espèces ; - la fourniture d’habitats ou de corridors pour les mouvements de nombreuses espèces, notamment les auxiliaires utiles au contrôle biologique des bioagresseurs ; - la diversification des productions à l’échelle de l’exploitation.La transition agroécologique fait émerger de nouveaux enjeux pour la recherche et les travaux sur et pour l’agroforesterie y ont toute leur place, sur des thèmes aussi prioritaires que la multifonctionnalité de l’arbre ou des associations agroforestières, y compris en terme de fourniture de services autres que la production, tels que l’atténuation du changement climatique ou l’adaptation à ses effets. Le récent rapport de la FAO sur l’état de la biodiversité pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture dans le monde met en évidence un progrès de l’agroforesterie dans de nombreux pays. Selon les estimations faites pour la période 2008-2010, plus de 5 millions de km2 de terres agricoles présentent une couverture arborée d’au moins 20 %, soit une augmentation de 1,8 % depuis 2000. L’agroforesterie est fréquemment au cœur des programmes de développement, en appui à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des agriculteurs, au développement d’une agriculture « climato-intelligente », à la conservation de la biodiversité et à la restauration des sols. De la même manière, le rapport spécial du GIEC sur l’usage des terres a identifié l’agroforesterie comme un levier susceptible d’être actionné avec un effet très positif sur l’atténuation, l’adaptation au changement climatique et la sécurité alimentaire, ainsi que dans la lutte contre la désertification ou la dégradation des terres. En particulier, les systèmes agroforestiers peuvent jouer un rôle pour répondre à l’objectif du « 4 pour 1000 ». A l’issue des Directoriales 2019, plusieurs départements qui avaient mentionné la question des recherches sur les systèmes agroforestiers dans leurs rapports et présentations ont été sollicités par le collège de direction en vue de participer à une réflexion globale sur la stratégie de l’institut sur ces objets, le DS Environnement étant désigné comme référent pour le collège de direction. Outre la réalisation d’un état des lieux, l’objectif était d’identifier les priorités pour les recherches sur et pour l’agroforesterie au sein d’INRAE, afin qu’elles puissent ensuite être positionnées dans le projet global INRAE 2030 et dans les Schémas Stratégiques des départements concernés. Un groupe de travail a été constitué sur la base de propositions des chef.fes de départements concerné.e.s après présentation du projet en réunion de chef.fe.s de département le 01/10/2019. Il réunissait 19 expert.e.s INRAE ou membres d’UMR INRAE, issus de 7 départements (ACT, AgroEcoSystem, BAP, ECODIV, EcoSocio, PHASE et SPE) et travaillant dans 18 unités de recherche ou expérimentales. Il a été animé par le DS Environnement et son équipe. Ce groupe de travail s’est réuni 4 fois en séance plénière (essentiellement en visioconférence en raison de la crise sanitaire) : 13/02, 05/05, 17/07 et 26/08. Un site sharepoint dédié a été mis en place. Après avoir cartographié le dispositif scientifique et expérimental INRAE mobilisé, le groupe a réalisé une analyse SWOT détaillée. Il a ensuite travaillé à identifier et hiérarchiser les priorités pour la recherche INRAE et les besoins de compétences. Pour cela, des sous-groupes ont été mis en place sur 5 thèmes : - Processus d’acquisition des ressources et d’interactions entre le sol et les autres composantes (arbre/culture/linéaire sous-arboré) dans les systèmes agroforestiers ; - Productions agricoles ; - Services écosystémiques rendus par l’agroforesterie à l’échelle du paysage ; - Perception et valeurs symboliques de l’agroforesterie des territoires ruraux ; - Questions génériques. Les productions de ces groupes sont présentées dans les Annexes 1 à 5 de ce rapport.
Published: 2020

38. Pathways to persistence: plant root traits alter carbon accumulation in different soil carbon pools

Author: Alexia Stokes, Stephane Fourtier, Florian Fort, Rémi Cardinael, Maria Del Rey-Granado, Luis Merino-Martín, Zhun Mao, Nathalie Fromin, Catherine Roumet, Tiphaine Chevallier, Hassan Boukcim, Olivier Taugourdeau, Lorenzo Rossi, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), VALORHIZ SAS, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), TALVEG2 ‘An innovative approach for the management and monitoring of ecosystems’ (Programme Opérationnel Languedoc Roussillon 2014-2020, FEDER-FSE-IEJ 2015009142, European Project: 675762,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015,TERRE(2015), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Physical and density soil fractionation, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, Microbial biomass, Soil Science, Plant Science, Carbon stabilization, Silt, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Substrate induced respiration, Particulate organic matter, Biomasse, Botany, Ecosystem services, Organic matter, Poaceae, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, Root biomass, Plant physiology, Physical and density soil fractionation Root biomass, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Herbaceous plant, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, séquestration du carbone, Root elongation rate, chemistry, Shoot, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Mineral-associated organic matter, Monoculture, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Caractère agronomique, Racine, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Aims: Mineral-associated organic matter, mainly derived from microbial by-products, persists longer in soil compared to particulate organic matter (POM). POM is highly recalcitrant and originates largely from decomposing root and shoot litter. Theory suggests that root traits and growth dynamics should affect carbon (C) accumulation into these different pools, but the specific traits driving this accumulation are not clearly identified.Methods: Twelve herbaceous species were grown for 37 weeks in monocultures. Root elongation rate (RER) was measured throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, we determined morphological and chemical root traits, as well as substrate induced respiration (SIR) as a proxy for microbial activity. Carbon was measured in four different soil fractions, following particle-size and density fractionation.Results: Root biomass, RER, root diameter, hemicellulose content and SIR (characteristic of N2-fixing Fabaceae species), were all positively correlated with increased C in the coarse silt fraction. Root diameter and hemicellulose content were negatively correlated with C in the POM fraction, that was greater under non N2-fixing Poaceae species, characterized by lignin-rich roots with a high carbon:nitrogen ratio that grew slowly. The accumulation of C in different soil pools was mediated by microbial activity.Conclusions: Our results show that root traits determine C input into different soil pools, mediated primarily by microbial activity, thus determining the fate of soil organic C. We also highlight that C in different soil pools, and not only total soil organic C, should be reported in future studies to better understand its origin, fate and dynamics.
Published: 2020
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39. Towards meaningful quantification of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) taking account of interference in the Coomassie Blue (Bradford) assay

Author: Siobhan Staunton, Lur Moragues-Saitua, Alexia Stokes, Luis Merino-Martín, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario [Derio] (NEIKER), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), European Project: 626666,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IEF,FIXSOIL(2014), NEIKER-Tecnalia, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Calibration curve, Soil Science, Humic substances, 010501 environmental sciences, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Absorbance, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Bradford protein assay, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Chromatography, biology, Chemistry, Soil organic matter, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Protein quantification, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 6. Clean water, Dilution, Glomalin, Controlled sample dilution, Standard addition, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, biology.protein, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Total GRSP, Easily extractable GRSP, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Glomalin‐related soil protein (GRSP), an operationally defined fraction of soil organic matter containing protein and various other components, is usually quantified using the colorimetric nonspecific Bradford method. This method is limited by a short working range, a nonlinear response and interference from co‐extracted compounds. These limitations hinder the exact quantification of the protein component. The aim of this study was to investigate the source of interference in the Bradford quantification of GRSP and propose several methodological improvements based on identified interferences. The easily extractable and total GRSP in five topsoils with contrasting texture, organic carbon content and land use were compared. Results showed that: (a) the extent of interference varied between different soils, (b) the standard addition method overestimated the extent of inhibition, (c) absorbance should be corrected for colour, (d) use of the ratio of absorbances at 595 and 465 nm, A₅₉₅/A₄₆₅, is not recommended because it is sensitive to pH and dilution‐dependent absorbance at 465 nm, (e) although a quadratic fit to the protein calibration curve was better than the linear fit, it was not possible for the dilution method, and (f) estimation of protein content from the dilution curve of the soil extract appeared to be suitable as it integrates the often observed, and hitherto unexplained, effect of dilution on the calculated protein content of soil extracts and avoids artefacts because of the choice of protein spike and dilution. HIGHLIGHTS: Soil protein colorimetric quantification is hampered by co‐extracted compounds. Variants of Bradford assay of glomalin‐related soil protein are tested for five contrasting soils. Direct assay underestimates soil protein, but standard addition may overestimate. Controlled sample dilution with colour correction might give the best estimate of soil protein.
Published: 2019
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40. Interacting effects of land use type, microbes and plant traits on soil aggregate stability

Author: Claude Plassard, Robert I. Griffiths, Anna Oliver, Siobhan Staunton, Hyun S. Gweon, Lur Moragues-Saitua, Yves Le Bissonnais, Alexia Stokes, and Luis Merino-Martín
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, Rhizosphere, Bulk soil, Soil Science, Soil classification, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Woodland, 15. Life on land, complex mixtures, Microbiology, Soil structure, Agriculture and Soil Science, Agronomy, Loam, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Arable land
Abstract: Soil aggregates are critical to soil functionality, but there remain many uncertainties with respect to the role of biotic factors in forming aggregates. Understanding the interacting effects of soil, land use type, vegetation and microbial communities is a major challenge that needs assessment in both field and controlled laboratory conditions, as well as in bulk and rhizosphere soils. To address these effects and their feedbacks, we first examined the influence of soil, root and litter characteristics along a land use gradient (ancient woodland, secondary woodland, grassland, pasture and arable land) on microbial community structure (in both bulk and rhizosphere soil), as well as on aggregate stability. Then, we performed an inoculation experiment where we extracted soil columns from the arable and secondary woodland and used a third unstructured loamy soil as a control. We sterilized these three soils to remove microbial communities, and then inoculated the tops of sterilized soil columns with soil from the secondary woodland or the arable field sites. Control columns of all soil types were not inoculated. In a fully-crossed design, we planted two species possessing distinct root system morphologies: Brachypodium sylvaticum (fibrous system with many thin and fine roots) and Urtica dioica (taproot system with few fine roots). After four months, microbial communities (in bulk and rhizospheric soil) and aggregate stability were measured, along with root traits. In both the field and laboratory experiments, bacterial (16S) and fungal (ITS) diversity was determined using high throughput sequencing. In the field study we found that: i) there were strong relationships between aggregate stability and microbial community composition that were driven by land use, ii) the relationship between aggregate stability along the land use gradient and the trophic nature of bacterial communities was not significant, but certain soil, root and litter parameters shaped bacterial phyla, with oligotrophic bacteria conditioned by the rhizosphere niche, and copiotrophic phyla more dependent on bulk soil conditions, iii) land use gradient (from woodland to arable), reduced the relative abundance of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi with an increase in the relative abundance of Ascomycota and a reduction in the relative abundance of Basidiomycota. In the laboratory experiment we found that: i) the inoculation of sterilized soils with soils from the field significantly increased aggregate stability in control soil that was initially poorly structured, ii) the effects of inoculation on aggregate stability were similar when either secondary woodland or arable soils were used as inoculums and iii) these effects were impacted significantly by root length density. Our results show that microbial communities influence soil structure and that bacterial communities are intimately associated to rhizospheric conditions and root traits (of which root length density was the most pertinent).
Published: 2021
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41. Impacts of forests and forestation on hydrological services in the Andes: A systematic review

Author: Veerle Vanacker, Bruno Locatelli, Manuel R. Guariguata, Zhun Mao, Sarah-Lan Mathez-Stiefel, Vivien Bonnesoeur, Alexia Stokes, Boris F. Ochoa-Tocachi, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Regional Initiative for Hydrological Monitoring of Andean Ecosystems (iMHEA), Institute for Applied Sustainability Research (iSUR), George Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth & Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, World Agroforestry Centre, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre for Development and Environment [Bern] (CDE), Universität Bern [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Reconstitution forestière, Pine plantations, Monitoring, F40 - Écologie végétale, Ecosystem service, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 05 Environmental Sciences, Water supply, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Forest restoration, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Afforestation, Propriété physicochimique du sol, P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion, Restoration ecology, Land-use, Hydrologie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Nature and Landscape Conservation, 2. Zero hunger, P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols, Topsoil, Policy and Law, Agroforestry, business.industry, Forestry, Cycle hydrologique, 15. Life on land, 06 Biological Sciences, Management, 13. Climate action, Forêt, Environmental science, 07 Agricultural And Veterinary Sciences, business, Surface runoff, Water use, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Several Andean countries have planned to restore forest cover in degraded and deforested land to enhance the provision of multiple ecosystem services in response to international commitments such as the Bonn Challenge. Hydrological services, e.g. water supply, hydrological regulation and erosion mitigation, are particularly important to sustain the life of forty million people. While rapid and important forest cover changes have occurred during recent decades, critical information on the impact of tree plantations or natural regeneration in previously deforested land on hydrological services has not yet been synthesized in the context of Andean ecosystems. To help improve decisionmaking on reforestation in the Andes, we reviewed the available literature concerning the impacts of tree plantation or natural regeneration of forest on water supply, hydrological regulation and mitigation of erosion and landslides. We also examined available data on the most relevant hydrological processes such as infiltration, evapotranspiration and runoff in forest stands. Hydrological services from native forests were also included as a reference state for comparing processes and services provided by reforestation. Following systematic review protocols, we searched peer-reviewed papers and unpublished theses and reports. We synthesized studies using different methods, including meta-analyses and meta-regressions. Results show that reforestation has had clear impacts on degraded soils, through reducing water erosion of soils and risk of moderate floods, increasing soil water infiltration and topsoil organic matter (SOM). We found that 20 years of tree plantation was sufficient to recover surface runoff and sediment yield close to the levels of native forests whereas SOM (used as a proxy of soil water storage) of native forests could not be recovered by reforestation in the time scales examined. The benefits in terms of hydrological regulation are at the expense of a reduction in total water supply since forest cover in the Andes was associated with higher water use (except for certain cloud montane forests). Nevertheless, we identified an important knowledge gap on forest transpiration that should be addressed to better manage water at local and regional scales. The impact of reforestation on landslides has also been largely overlooked in the Andes. At high elevations, Andean grasslands (e.g. paramo and puna) showed an excellent capacity for hydrological regulation and erosion mitigation but also lower water use than forests. People engaged in forest restoration initiative should be aware that hydrological services may take some time for society and the environment to show clear benefits after reforestation.
Published: 2019
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42. Suivi des services écosystémiques dans un observatoire de caféiers agroforestiers. Applications pour la filière du café

Author: Olivier Roupsard, Clementine Allinne, Karel van den Meersche, Philippe Vaast, Bruno Rapidel, Jacques Avelino, Christophe Jourdan, Guerric Le Maire, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, Jean-Michel Harmand, Jean Dauzat, Alain Albrecht, Tiphaine Chevallier, Bernard Barthès, Anne Clément-Vidal, Federico Gomez Delgado, Fabien Charbonnier, Laura Benegas, Kristen Welsh, Rintaro Kinoshita, Rémi Vezy, Junior Pastor Pérez-Molina, Simon Taugourdeau, Elsa Defrenet, Jérome Nespoulous, Florian Rançon, Florian Guidat, Aurelie Cambou, Maxime Soma, Carolin Mages, Florian Schnabel, Ivan Prieto, Delphine Picart, Maxime Duthoit, Alain Rocheteau, Do, Frédéric C., Elias de Melo Virginio Filho, Rachida Moussa, Yves Le Bissonnais, Christian Valentin, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Catherine Roumet, Alexia Stokes, Vierling, Lee A., Eitel, Jan U. H., Erwin Dreyer, Laurent Saint-André, Anders Malmer, Denis Loustau, Isaac, Marney E., Martin, Adam R., Anders Prieme, Bo Elberling, Mikael Madsen, Alfonso Robelo, Diego Robelo, Carlos Borgonovo, Peter Lehner, Guillermo Ramírez, Manuel Jara, Acuna Vargas, R., Alejandra Barquero, Carlos Fonseca, Frédéric Gay, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Bioagresseurs, analyse et maîtrise du risque (UPR Bioagresseurs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Enseñanza (CATIE), University of Idaho [Moscow, USA], Cornell University [New York], Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Santé et agroécologie du vignoble (UMR SAVE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Direction des Ressources Humaines et du Développement Durable, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), SILVA (SILVA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), University of Toronto, Cafetalera Aquiares, Instituto del café de Costa Rica (ICAFE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes (UPR Système de pérennes), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Direction des Ressources Humaines et du Développement Durable (DRHDD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL), and Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: Huit ans de travaux de recherche sur les services écosystémiques dans une grande ferme caféière du Costa Rica (observatoire collaboratif Coffee-Flux, en système agroforestier à base de caféiers sous de grands arbres d'Erythrina poeppigiana, surface projetée de couronne de l'ordre de 16 %) ont suggéré plusieurs applications pour les agriculteurs et les décideurs. Il est apparu que de nombreux services écosystémiques dépendaient des propriétés du sol (ici des Andisols), en particulier de l'érosion, de l'infiltration, de la capacité de stockage de l'eau et des éléments nutritifs. Nous confirmons qu'il est essentiel de lier les services hydrologiques et de conservation au type de sol en présence. Une densité adéquate d'arbres d'ombrage (plutôt faible ici) permet de réduire la sévérité des maladies foliaires avec, en perspective, une réduction de l'usage de pesticides-fongicides. Un simple inventaire de la surface basale au collet des caféiers permet d'estimer la biomasse souterraine et la moyenne d'âge d'une plantation de caféiers, ce qui permet d'évaluer sa valeur marchande ou de planifier son remplacement. Le protocole de calcul actuel pour la neutralité carbone des systèmes agroforestiers ne prend en compte que les arbres d'ombrage, pas la culture intercalaire. Dans la réalité, si on inclut les caféiers, on se rapproche très probablement de la neutralité. Des évaluations plus complètes, incluant les arbres, les caféiers, la litière, le sol et les racines dans le bilan en carbone du système agroforestier sont proposées. Les arbres d'ombrage offrent de nombreux servies écosystémiques s'ils sont gérés de manière adéquate dans le contexte local. Par rapport aux parcelles en plein soleil, nous montrons qu'ils réduisent l'érosion laminaire d'un facteur 2, augmentent la fixation de l'azote (N2) atmosphérique et le pourcentage d'azote recyclé dans le système, réduisant ainsi les besoins en engrais. Ils réduisent aussi la sévérité des maladies foliaires, augmentent la séquestration de carbone, améliorent le microclimat et atténuent substantiellement les effets des changements climatiques. Dans notre étude de cas, aucun effet négatif sur le rendement n'a été enregistré., Eight years of studying coffee ecophysiology and monitoring ecosystem services (ES) in a large coffee farm in Costa Rica revealed several practical recommendations for farmers and policy makers. The cropping system studied within our collaborative observatory (Coffee-Flux) corresponds to a coffee-based agroforestry system (AFS) under the shade of large trees of Erythrina poeppigiana (16 % of canopy cover). A lot of ES and disservices depend on local soil properties (here Andisols), especially erosion/infiltration, water/carbon and nutrient storage capacity. Therefore, for ES assessment, the type of soil is crucial. An adequate density of shade trees (rather low here) reduced the severity of leaf diseases with the prospect of reducing pesticide-fungicide use. A simple inventory of the basal area at collar of the coffee plants allowed estimating the belowground biomass and the average age of the plantation, to judge of its market value and to decide when to replace it. Coffee farms are probably much closer to C neutrality than predicted by the current C-Neutral protocol, which only considers shade trees. More comprehensive assessments, including trees, coffee, litter, soil, and roots in the C balance of the AFS are proposed. Shade trees offer many ES if they are adequately managed in the local context. As compared to full sun conditions, shade trees may (i) reduce laminar erosion by a factor of 2, (ii) increase N2 fixation and the % of N recycled into the system, thus reducing fertilizer requirements, (iii) reduce the severity of leaf diseases, (iv) increase C sequestration, (v) improve the microclimate, and (vi) substantially reduce the effects of climate change. In our case study, no negative effect on coffee yield was found.
Published: 2019

43. Tropical forest structure and understorey determine subsurface flow through biopores formed by plant roots

Author: Yves Le Bissonnais, Merlin Ramel, Luis Merino-Martín, Jérôme Nespoulous, Alexia Stokes, Yogan Monnier, Kun-Fang Cao, Roy C. Sidle, Zhun Mao, Jiao-Lin Zhang, Gaelle Viennois, Rodolphe Dombey, Diane Bouchet, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University [Nanning], Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), State Key Lab Conservat & Utilizat Subtrop Agrobi, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [ Madagascar])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ferralsol, Soil biology, Mass wasting, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Root density mapping, Preferential flow, Subsurface flow, Mass wasting processes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Understory, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Hevea brasiliensis, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Erosion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil horizon, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Brilliant Blue
Abstract: International audience; Erosion and mass wasting processes on mountain slopes can benefit from or be adversely affected by the presence of biopores formed by plant root systems or soil fauna. The relationship between biopores and subsurface flow during rainstorms is poorly understood. Here, we examined the link between subsurface flow and biopores formed through different processes, including soil faunal activity and abundance of fine and coarse roots. As the distribution of biopores is influenced by the type of vegetation present, we investigated the effect of plant diversity (forest with or without understorey vegetation) on the pattern of water infiltration throughout the soil. We hypothesized that increased species diversity would enhance the extension of subsurface flow because biopores would be distributed throughout the soil profile and that more coarse roots would create large biopores, increasing subsurface flow. In situ experiments were conducted on hillslopes with plantations of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) growing on terraces, or with secondary mixed forests, in the tropical zone of Yunnan province, China. Three sites with Ferralsol soils and different vegetation types were examined: (1) plantation with no understorey; (2) clear-cut plantation with understorey; and (3) secondary mixed forest with understorey. Irrigation experiments with Brilliant Blue FCF dyed water were performed upslope of trees at each site and staining patterns resulting from infiltrated dyed water were examined at two different scales. After dye irrigation, soil was removed in 1.0 × 0.8 m slices starting 1 m downslope and soil profiles were photographed for subsequent mapping of dyed areas in the profile (macroscale). Each profile was then divided into a 0.1 × 0.1 m grid (microscale) and burrows formed by macrofauna and fine and coarse root densities were measured. At the macroscale, the greatest lateral extension in subsurface flow occurred in the natural forest and the least in the rubber tree plantation with no understorey vegetation. At the microscale, and in all types of vegetation, fine roots significantly increased the incidence of subsurface flow compared to coarse roots and macrofauna activity. We conclude that in tropical Ferralsols, fine roots, and hence understorey vegetation, play a positive role in promoting subsurface flow and therefore reducing water erosion and mass wasting processes. Thus, planting mixtures that include a diversity of species and strata could significantly improve soil conservation.
Published: 2019
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44. Two dimensions define the variation of fine root traits across plant communities under the joint influence of ecological succession and annual mowing

Author: Alexia Stokes, Amandine Erktan, Catherine Roumet, François Munoz, Diane Bouchet, François Pailler, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), TAFER project, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Specific leaf area, Fine root trait, Joint influence, Plant Science, Ecological succession, Above–below‐ground trait covariation, Biology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Root mass, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecology, Plant community, Disturbance, 15. Life on land, root dry matter content, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Community‐level trait values, Root foraging, Specific root length, root economic spectrum, Agronomy, Resource conservation, Trait, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Root nitrogen concentration, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; 1.Quantifying the variation in community-level fine root (40 year old plots) and possessed opposite trait values. Root nitrogen concentration (RNC) did not vary across communities along the succession. The trait values at community-level were not affected by mowing, except for a reduction in root mass density.4.We found covariation of fine root traits across communities along two dimensions: the first dimension (60% of total variation) represented changes in root foraging capacity (related to SRL) and resource conservation (related to RDMC, RCC, mean root diameter) whereas the second dimension (17 to 20% of the variation) represented variations in RNC, potentially related to root respiration and metabolism.5.SRL and SLA (specific leaf area) were correlated regardless of the mowing regime, but there was no analogous relationship between LDMC (leaf dry matter content) and RDMC in mown communities, showing a decoupling in the investment in tissue density above and belowground.6.Synthesis. Our study demonstrates coordinated variations of community-level fine root traits along a succession gradient and provides evidence that fine root traits covaried along two-dimensions, regardless of mowing regime. The relationship between LDMC and RDMC observed in unmown communities was modified by mowing, reflecting an uncoupled response to mowing.
Published: 2018
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45. Unexpected phenology and lifespan of shallow and deep fine roots of walnut trees grown in a silvoarable Mediterranean agroforestry system

Author: Jean-Paul Laclau, Rémi Cardinael, Christophe Jourdan, John H. Kim, Christian Dupraz, Alexia Stokes, Amandine Germon, Zhun Mao, Iván Prieto, AgroParisTech, Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, French ANR funded project ECOSFIX : ANR-2010-STRA-003-01, ADEME project AGRIPSOL (Agroforestry for soil protection), la Fondation de France, and ANR-10-STRA-0003,ECOSFIX,Services écosystémiques des racines – redistribution hydrique, séquestration du carbone et fixation du sol(2010)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Plant Science, Agroforesterie, 01 natural sciences, Saison froide, 2. Zero hunger, Phenology, Enracinement, Profil du sol, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plantation forestière, Facteur édaphique, Deciduous, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil horizon, Phénologie, Woody plant, Soil Science, Biology, Juglans nigra, Annual growth cycle of grapevines, Botany, Croissance, Topsoil, Soil organic matter, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Zone méditerranéenne, K10 - Production forestière, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Cycle du carbone, Racine, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Background and Aims Fine roots play a major role in the global carbon cycle through respiration, exudation and decomposition processes, but their dynamics are poorly understood. Current estimates of root dynamics have principally been observed in shallow soil horizons (2.5 m) root growth occurred at two distinct periods, at bud break in spring and throughout the winter i.e., after leaf fall. In contrast, shallow roots grew mainly during the spring-summer period. Maximum root elongation rates ranged from 1 to 2 cm day−1 depending on soil depth. Most root mortality occurred in upper soil layers whereas only 10 % of fine roots below 4 m died over the study period. Fine root lifespan was longer in thicker and in deeper roots with the lifespan of the thinnest roots (0.0–0.5 mm) increasing from 129 days in the topsoil to 190 at depths > 2.5 m. Conclusions The unexpected growth of very deep fine roots during the winter months, which is unusual for a deciduous tree species, suggests that deep and shallow roots share different physiological strategies and that current estimates based on the shortest root growth periods (i.e., during spring and summer) may be underestimating root production. Although high fine root turnover rates might partially result from the minirhizotron approach used, our results help gain insight into some of the factors driving soil organic carbon content.
Published: 2015
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46. Linkages between root traits, soil fungi and aggregate stability in tropical plant communities along a successional vegetation gradient

Author: Alexia Stokes, Thomas Ibanez, Freddy Rey, Fabian Carriconde, Julien Demenois, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg), Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Soil texture, Ferralsol, Ultramafic substrates, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], FACTEURS ABIOTIQUES, Soil Science, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes, Shrubland, AGGREGATION DU SOL, New Caledonia, SUBSTRATS ULTRAMAFIQUES, Abiotic factors, Biotic factors, 2. Zero hunger, Abiotic component, P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols, geography, Biotic component, geography.geographical_feature_category, P34 - Biologie du sol, Plant community, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Soil type, FACTEURS BIOTIQUES, humanities, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Erosion, Soil aggregation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, nouvelle calédonie, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, NOUVELLE CALEDONIE, human activities, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Aims : Determining which abiotic and biotic factors influence soil aggregate stability (MWD) in tropical climates is often confounded by soil type. We aimed to better understand the influence of soil physical and chemical components, vegetation and fungal abundance on MWD of a Ferralsol along a successional gradient of vegetation in New Caledonia. Methods: Five plant communities (sedge dominated, open sclerophyllous shrubland, Arillastrum forest, Nothofagus forest and mixed rainforest) were studied. For each community, MWD, soil texture, soil organic carbon (SOC), iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) sesquioxides, root length density (RLD), specific root length (SRL), root mass density (RMD) and fungal abundance were measured. Generalized linear models were used to predict MWD from soil and plant trait data. Results: The best prediction of MWD combined abiotic and biotic factors. Along the gradient, Fe increased MWD, while root traits, fungal abundance and SOC modified MWD. From the sedge-dominated community to Arillastrum forest, RMD and SOC increased MWD, while between Nothofagus and mixed rainforest, it was likely that floristic composition and fungal communities influenced MWD. Conclusions: Plant community, the intrinsic nature of Ferralsol and fungal abundance all modified MWD. However, the specific effect of microbial communities should be addressed through a metagenomics approach to elucidate microbial interactions with plant communities.
Published: 2018
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47. Mechanical traits of fine roots as a function of topology and anatomy

Author: Xiaobao Deng, Xiaodong Yang, Roy C. Sidle, Yan Wang, Zhun Mao, Dali Guo, Alexia Stokes, Nick P. Rowe, Jérome Nespoulous, M. Luke McCormack, Shangwen Xia, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS (IGSNRR - CAS), Department of Plant and Microbial Biology [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Xishuangbanna Station for Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Studies, Chinese Ecosystem Research Net, Sustainability Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, China, Pometia tomentosa, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], fine roots, Plant Science, Tensile strain, Plant Roots, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, root anatomy, Magnoliopsida, Sapindaceae, root diameter, Botany, Topological order, Biomechanics, Baccaurea ramiflora, root topology, biology, Barringtonia, modulus of elasticity, Original Articles, Interspecific competition, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Biomechanical Phenomena, tensile strength, Stele, tensile strain, Tree species, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Background and Aims Root mechanical traits, including tensile strength (T-r), tensile strain (epsilon(r)) and modulus of elasticity (E-r), are key functional traits that help characterize plant anchorage and the physical contribution of vegetation to landslides and erosion. The variability in these traits is high among tree fine roots and is poorly understood. Here, we explore the variation in root mechanical traits as well as their underlying links with morphological (diameter), architectural (topological order) and anatomical (stele and cortex sizes) traits. Methods We investigated the four tropical tree species Pometia tomentosa, Barringtonia fusicarpa, Baccaurea ramiflora and Pittosporopsis kerrii in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China. For each species, we excavated intact, fresh, fine roots and measured mechanical and anatomical traits for each branching order. Key Results Mechanical traits varied enormously among the four species within a narrow range of diameters (
Published: 2018
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48. Linking above- and belowground phenology of hybrid walnut growing along a climatic gradient in temperate agroforestry systems

Author: Christophe Jourdan, Stephane Fourtier, Alexia Stokes, François Pailler, Lydie Dufour, Sylvie-Annabel Sabatier, Zhun Mao, Awaz Mohamed, Yogan Monnier, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Campus France, Kurdish Institute, France, la Fondation de France, FOARDAPT project, INRA metaprogram AAFCC (Adaptation of Agriculture and Forests to Climate Change), France, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Plant Science, Facteur climatique, cropping system, 01 natural sciences, Système racinaire, agroforestry, système de culture, 2. Zero hunger, agroforesterie, changement climatique, biology, Phenology, Agroforestry, Oceanic climate, phénologie, Agricultural sciences, Water potential, rhizotron, root elongation, initiation, mortality, longevity, Juglans, forêt tempérée, Soil Science, Growing season, 010603 evolutionary biology, phenology, systèmes agroforestiers, Temperate climate, global change, Rhizotron, Réponse de la plante, P34 - Biologie du sol, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, temperate forest, Sciences agricoles, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: UMR SYSTEM : équipe SYME; Background and aims :Plant phenology is a sensitive indicator of plant response to climate change. Observations of phenological events belowground for most ecosystems are difficult to obtain and very little is known about the relationship between tree shoot and root phenology. We examined the influence of environmental factors on fine root production and mortality in relation with shoot phenology in hybrid walnut trees (Juglans sp.) growing in three different climates (oceanic, continental and Mediterranean) along a latitudinal gradient in France.Methods : Eight rhizotrons were installed at each site for 21 months to monitor tree root dynamics. Root elongation rate (RER), root initiation quantity (RIQ) and root mortality quantity (RMQ) were recorded frequently using a scanner and time-lapse camera. Leaf phenology and stem radial growth were also measured. Fine roots were classified by topological order and 0–1 mm, 1–2 mm and 2–5 mm diameter classes and fine root longevity and risk of mortality were calculated during different periods over the year.Results :Root growth was not synchronous with leaf phenology in any climate or either year, but was synchronous with stem growth during the late growing season. A distinct bimodal pattern of root growth was observed during the aerial growing season. Mean RER was driven by soil temperature measured in the month preceding root growth in the oceanic climate site only. However, mean RER was significantly correlated with mean soil water potential measured in the month preceding root growth at both Mediterranean (positive relationship) and oceanic (negative relationship) sites. Mean RIQ was significantly higher at both continental and Mediterranean sites compared to the oceanic site. Soil temperature was a driver of mean RIQ during the late growing season at continental and Mediterranean sites only. Mean RMQ increased significantly with decreasing soil water potential during the late aerial growing season at the continental site only. Mean root longevity at the continental site was significantly greater than for roots at the oceanic and Mediterranean sites. Roots in the 0–1 mm and 1–2 mm diameter classes lived for significantly shorter periods compared to those in the 2–5 mm diameter class. First order roots (i.e. the primary or parents roots) lived longer than lateral branch roots at the Mediterranean site only and first order roots in the 0–1 mm diameter class had 44.5% less risk of mortality than that of lateral roots for the same class of diameter.Conclusions :We conclude that factors driving root RER were not the same between climates. Soil temperature was the best predictor of root initiation at continental and Mediterranean sites only, but drivers of root mortality remained largely undetermined.
Published: 2018
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49. Impact of plant root functional traits and associated mycorrhizas on the aggregate stability of a tropical Ferralsol

Author: Julien Demenois, Pauline Bonaventure, Freddy Rey, Alexia Stokes, Fabian Carriconde, Jean-Luc Maeght, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Equipe Sol & Végétation, Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien (IAC), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES (UMR_7618 / UMR_D_242 / UMR_A_1392 / UM_113) ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fertilisers Research Institute, Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris)
Subjects: Soil test, F40 - Écologie végétale, Ultramafic substrates, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Soil Science, érosion, 010501 environmental sciences, Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 01 natural sciences, Shrub, Belowground traits, Abundance (ecology), Restoration ecology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Rhizosphere, biology, ved/biology, Tristaniopsis, fungi, P34 - Biologie du sol, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Agronomy, Plant diversity, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, nouvelle calédonie, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
Abstract: In many tropical regions, such as New Caledonia, soil erosion from anthropogenic activities and subsequent ecological restoration are major issues that require detailed soil and vegetation data for the production of management plans. To determine if some plant species are more useful for stabilizing soil aggregates and thus reducing erodibility, we examined three species endemic to New Caledonia, and measured how root traits and associated mycorrhizas and fungi influenced Ferralsol aggregate stability (MWD). The three species are hosts to different types of mycorrhizas and were: (i) the sedge Costularia arundinacea (Sol. Ex Vahl) Kük., an AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) host, (ii) the shrub Tristaniopsis glauca Brongn. & Gris and (iii) the tree Arillastrum gummiferum (Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris) Baill., both of the latter are ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) hosts. Fungal abundance, aggregate stability, soil organic carbon (SOC), iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) sesquioxides were measured in the soil beneath 20 individuals for each species, as well as in 20 control samples of bare soil. Root functional traits including root mass density (RMD), root length density (RLD) and percentage of fine roots were measured on all individuals. Results showed that plant species can significantly influence soil aggregate stability. MWD was greater in soil beneath Costularia characterized by high RMD, RLD, percentage of fine roots and fungal abundance, while MWD in the rhizosphere of Tristaniopsis and Arillastrum was similar to that of bare soil. Fe and Al were very high in all soil samples and are suspected of masking the influence of roots, fungi and SOC on MWD at the scale of isolated ECM-hosts. Therefore, MWD alone would not be a relevant predictor of restoration on such soil and further investigations should be carried out to identify a set of predictors useful for indicating the restoration of degraded soils on ultramafic substrates.
Published: 2018
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50. Linking conifer root growth and production to soil temperature and carbon supply in temperate forests

Author: Bruno Buatois, L. Selli, John H. Kim, Loïc Brancheriau, Zhun Mao, Hervé Rey, Yan Wang, Raphaëlle Leclerc, Mark R. Bakker, Alexia Stokes, Christophe Jourdan, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, BioWooEB (UPR BioWooEB), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), BioWooEB (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 114 BioWooEB), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, treeline, dormancy, Starch, taux d'élongation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], racine fine, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, potentiel hydrique du sol, chemistry.chemical_compound, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, spectroscopie proche infrarouge de réflectivité NIRS, Transport des substances nutritives, gradient altitudinal, biology, starch, Enracinement, analyse comparative, Horticulture, Water potential, Forêt, picea abies, forêt tempérée, comparative analysis, soil temperature, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, Soil Science, Growing season, Photosynthesis, 010603 evolutionary biology, reserves, température du sol, photosynthèse, Croissance, photosynthesis, Picea abies, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, root, dormance, Hiver, chemistry, temperate forest, Dormancy, Phloem, Sink (computing), Cycle du carbone, 010606 plant biology & botany, Racine
Abstract: Background and aims: In temperate conifer forests, soil temperature is an important driver of fine root growth and winter root growth can occur during aerial dormancy. We hypothesize that in conifers, stocks of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in fine roots are high enough to provide energy for root growth and production throughout the year, even when photosynthesis is reduced. Methods: We measured monthly root production (i.e. the number of roots undergoing elongation) and their elongation rate (RER) in mature Picea abies for one year, along a soil temperature gradient (three altitudes of 1400, 1700 and 2000 m). Every two months we harvested needles, branches, stem, large, medium and fine roots, and quantified starch and soluble sugars in each organ using analytical methods and near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS). Soil water potential was monitored continuously. We analysed RER data with regard to climate variables and NSC levels of the current and preceding month. Results: NIRS was a reliable method for measuring starch and soluble sugars. NSC was high in the crown and roots but very low in the trunk all year round. Soil temperature was positively correlated to RER (of the current month) between 0 and 8 °C, above which RER stabilised and was not explained by NSC levels or soil water potential. However, mean RER of fine roots in the month following the measurement of NSC was significantly and negatively correlated to soluble sugar and positively correlated with starch content. Very fine root starch content was also positively correlated with root production in the month following the starch measurement. Conclusion: Soil temperature was a major driver of fine root elongation, but at low temperatures only. At soil temperatures >8 °C, no particular driver was dominant. NSC levels were negligible in the stem and root-bases, suggesting that wood production is a major sink that depletes carbohydrates. A large pool of NSC, principally in the form of starch, existed in fine roots of P. abies, and acted as an energy supply for root production throughout the year, even when photosynthesis was limited. Soluble sugars were depleted in fine roots during the growing season, but no relationship was found between fine root production and soluble sugars. The physiological mechanism by which NSC accumulation actively or passively occurs in fine roots is not known but could be due to the symplastic pathway of phloem unloading in conifer root tips, which suggests a passive mechanism.
Published: 2018
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