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Turbulence is characterized by the formation of small-scale structures, observed to occur down to electron scales. Furthermore, spacecraft observations have found active magnetic reconnection within such electron-scale current sheets. This points to small-scale structures serving as a pathway of energy conversion in collisonless plasma turbulence. However, the extent of their contribution to turbulent energy dissipation, compared to other energy conversion mechanisms, is still under investigation. The instruments of the MMS spacecraft are able to adequately resolve electron-scale processes, and in recent years have been gathering a large volume of burst resolution data in near-Earth space, allowing us to investigate this further. Here, we present the results of a statistical study of electron-scale structures observed by MMS in Earth’s magnetosheath. We show that the abundance of these structures as well as their properties, appear to depend more on the local turbulence parameters rather than on the large-scale dynamics of the magnetosheath, and bow-shock configuration. We report their contribution to the overall dissipation and their significance in plasma heating and particle acceleration. These results provide further insight into the pathways of energy conversion in collisionless turbulence, and contribute to our understanding of turbulent dissipation and particle energization.

Calculating the pressure-strain terms has recently been performed to quantify energy conversion between the bulk flow energy and the internal energy of plasmas. It has been applied to numerical simulations and satellite data from the Magnetospheric MultiScale Mission. The method requires spatial gradients of the velocity and the use of the full pressure tensor. Here we present a derivation of the errors associated with calculating the pressure-strain terms from multi-spacecraft measurements and apply it to previously studied examples of magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause and the magnetotail. The errors are small in a dense magnetosheath event but much larger in the more tenuous magnetotail. This is likely due to larger counting statistics in the dense plasma at the magnetopause than in the magnetotail. The propagated errors analyzed in this work are important to understand uncertainties of energy conversion measurements in space plasmas and have applications to current and future multi-spacecraft missions.

In magnetized plasmas, temperature anisotropy manifests as distinct temperatures (T ⊥j , T ∥j ). Numerous prior studies have demonstrated that as plasma beta (β ∥j ) increases, the range of temperature anisotropy (R j = T ⊥j /T ∥j ) narrows. This limiting effect is conventionally taken as evidence that kinetic microinstabilities are active in the plasma, and has been previously observed for protons in the magnetosheath. This study is the first to use data from the Magnetic Multiscale Mission to investigate these instability-driven limits on alpha particle (ionized helium) anisotropy in Earth’s magnetosheath. The distribution of data over the (β ∥j , R j ) plane was plotted and shows the characteristic narrowing in the range of R j -values as β ∥j increases. The contours of the data distribution align well with the contours of the constant growth rate for the ion cyclotron, mirror, parallel firehose, and oblique firehose instabilities, which were calculated using linear Vlasov theory.

We study the nature of pressure-strain interaction at reconnection sites, detected by NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission. We employ data from a series of published case studies, including a large-scale reconnection event at the magnetopause, three small-scale reconnection events at the magnetosheath current sheets, and one example of the recently discovered electron-only reconnection. In all instances, we find that the pressure-strain shows signature of conversion into (or from) internal energy at the reconnection site. The electron heating rate is larger than the ion heating rate and the compressive heating is dominant over the incompressive heating rate in all cases considered. The magnitude of thermal energy conversion rate is close to the electromagnetic energy conversion rate in the reconnection region. Although in most cases the pressure-strain interaction indicates that the particle internal energy is increasing, in one case the internal energy is decreasing. These observations indicate that the pressure-strain interaction can be used as an independent measure of energy conversion and dynamics in reconnection regions, in particular independent of measures based on the electromagnetic work. Finally, we explore a selected reconnection site in a turbulent Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulation which further supports the observational results., The following article has been accepted by Physics of Plasmas

Plasmas in Earth's outer magnetosphere, magnetosheath, and solar wind are essentially collisionless. This means particle distributions are not typically in thermodynamic equilibrium and deviate significantly from Maxwellian distributions. The deviations of these distributions can be further enhanced by plasma processes, such as shocks, turbulence, and magnetic reconnection. Such distributions can be unstable to a wide variety of kinetic plasma instabilities, which in turn modify the electron distributions. In this paper the deviations of the observed electron distributions from a bi-Maxwellian distribution function is calculated and quantified using data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. A statistical study from tens of millions of electron distributions shows that the primary source of the observed non-Maxwellianity are electron distributions consisting of distinct hot and cold components in Earth's low-density magnetosphere. This results in large non-Maxwellianities in at low densities. However, after performing a stastical study we find regions where large non-Maxwellianities are observed for a given density. Highly non-Maxwellian distributions are routinely found are Earth's bowshock, in Earth's outer magnetosphere, and in the electron diffusion regions of magnetic reconnection. Enhanced non-Maxwellianities are observed in the turbulent magnetosheath, but are intermittent and are not correlated with local processes. The causes of enhanced non-Maxwellianities are investigated.

Numerous prior studies have shown that as proton beta increases, a narrower range of proton temperature anisotropy values is observed. This effect has often been ascribed to the actions of kinetic microinstabilities because the distribution of observational data aligns with contours of constant instability growth rates in the beta-anisotropy plane. However, the linear Vlasov theory of instabilities assumes a uniform background in which perturbations grow. The established success of linear-microinstability theories suggests that the conditions in regions of extreme temperature anisotropy may remain uniform for a long enough time so that the instabilities have the chance to grow to sufficient amplitude. Turbulence, on the other hand, is intrinsically non-uniform and non-linear. Thin current sheets and other coherent structures generated in a turbulent plasma, may destroy the uniformity fast enough. It is therefore not a-priori obvious whether the presence of intermittency and coherent structures favors or disfavors instabilities. To address this question, we examined the statistical distribution of growth rates associated with proton temperature-anisotropy driven microinstabilities and local nonlinear time scales in turbulent plasmas. Linear growth rates are, on average, substantially less than the local nonlinear rates. However, at the regions of extreme values of temperature anisotropy, near the "edges" of the populated part of the proton temperature anisotropy-parallel beta plane, the instability growth rates are comparable or faster than the turbulence time scales. These results provide a possible answer to the question as to why the linear theory appears to work in limiting plasma excursions in anisotropy and plasma beta., Accepted for publication in Physics of Plasmas

During its first five orbits, the FIELDS plasma wave investigation on board Parker Solar Probe (PSP) has observed a multitude of plasma waves, including electrostatic whistler and electron Bernstein waves (Malaspina et al. 2020), sunward propagating whistlers (Agapitov et al. 2020), ion-scale electromagnetic waves (Verniero et al. 2020, Bowen et al. 2020) and Alfven, slow and fast mode waves (Chaston et al. 2020).The importance of these waves lies in their potential to redistribute the energy of the solar wind among different particles species (wave-particle interactions) or different types of waves (wave-wave interactions). The abundance of waves and instabilities observed with PSP points to their central role in the regulation of this energy exchange.Here we present first observations of an intermittent, electrostatic and broadband plasma wave that is ubiquitous in the range of distances that PSP has probed so far. A unique feature of these waves (FDWs) is a frequency shift that occurs on millisecond timescales. In the frame of the spacecraft, FDWs usually appear between the electron cyclotron and electron plasma frequencies.We develop a detection algorithm that identifies the FDWs in low cadence spectra. We analyze them using various statistical techniques. We establish their phenomenology and compare the magnetic fluctuations of the background magnetic field at times of FDWs and at times without FDWs. We establish their polarization with respect to the background magnetic field and search for correlations with various plasma parameters and features in the electron, proton and alpha particle distribution moments. We also investigate possible plasma wave modes that could be responsible for the growth of FDWs and the instability mechanisms that could be generating them. Lily Kromyda*(1), David M. Malaspina (1,2), Robert E. Ergun(1,2) , Jasper Halekas(3), Michael L. Stevens(4) , Jennifer Verniero(5), Alexandros Chasapis(2) , Daniel Vech(2) , Stuart D. Bale(5,6) , John W. Bonnell(5) , Thierry Dudok de Wit(7) , Keith Goetz(8) , Katherine Goodrich(5) , Peter R. Harvey(5) , Robert J. MacDowall(9) , Marc Pulupa(5) , Anthony W. Case(4) , Justin C. Kasper(10) , Kelly E. Korreck(4) , Davin Larson(5) , Roberto Livi(5) , Phyllis Whittlesey(5)(1) Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA(2) Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA(3) University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA(4) Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA(5) Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA(6) Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA(7) LPC2E, CNRS, and University of Orleans, Orleans, France(8) School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA(9) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA(10) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

During its first five orbits, the FIELDS plasma wave investigation on board Parker Solar Probe (PSP) has observed a multitude of plasma waves, including electrostatic whistler and electron Bernstein waves (Malaspina et al. 2020), sunward propagating whistlers (Agapitov et al. 2020), ion-scale electromagnetic waves (Verniero et al. 2020, Bowen et al. 2020) and Alfven, slow and fast mode waves (Chaston et al. 2020).

Earth's magnetotail region provides a unique environment to study plasma turbulence. We investigate the turbulence developed in an exhaust produced by magnetic reconnection at the terrestrial magnetotail region. Magnetic and velocity spectra show broad-band fluctuations corresponding to the inertial range, with Kolmorogov $-5/3$ scaling, indicative of a well developed turbulent cascade. We examine the mixed, third-order structure functions, and obtain a linear scaling in the inertial range. This linear scaling of the third-order structure functions implies a scale-invariant cascade of energy through the inertial range. A Politano-Pouquet third-order analysis gives an estimate of the incompressive energy transfer rate of $\sim 10^{7}~\mathrm{J\,kg^{-1}\,s^{-1}}$. This is four orders of magnitude higher than the values typically measured in 1 AU solar wind, suggesting that the turbulence cascade plays an important role as a pathway of energy dissipation during reconnection events in the tail region., Accepted for publication in MNRAS

International audience

Decomposing the electric field (E) into the contributions from generalized Ohm's law provides key insight into both nonlinear and dissipative dynamics across the full range of scales within a plasm...

International audience; We perform a statistical study of the turbulent power spectrum at inertial and kinetic scales observed during the first perihelion encounter of the Parker Solar Probe. We find that often there is an extremely steep scaling range of the power spectrum just above the ion-kinetic scales, similar to prior observations at 1 A.U., with a power-law index of around −4. Based on our measurements, we demonstrate that either a significant (>50%) fraction of the total turbulent energy flux is dissipated in this range of scales, or the characteristic nonlinear interaction time of the turbulence decreases dramatically from the expectation based solely on the dispersive nature of nonlinearly interacting kinetic Alfvén waves.

Using the novel Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission data accumulated during the 2019 MMS Solar Wind Turbulence Campaign, we calculate the Taylor microscale $(\lambda_{\mathrm{T}})$ of the turbulent magnetic field in the solar wind. The Taylor microscale represents the onset of dissipative processes in classical turbulence theory. An accurate estimation of Taylor scale from spacecraft data is, however, usually difficult due to low time cadence, the effect of time decorrelation, and other factors. Previous reports were based either entirely on the Taylor frozen-in approximation, which conflates time dependence, or that were obtained using multiple datasets, which introduces sample-to-sample variation of plasma parameters, or where inter-spacecraft distance were larger than the present study. The unique configuration of linear formation with logarithmic spacing of the 4 MMS spacecraft, during the campaign, enables a direct evaluation of the $\lambda_{\mathrm{T}}$ from a single dataset, independent of the Taylor frozen-in approximation. A value of $\lambda_{\mathrm{T}} \approx 7000 \, \mathrm{km}$ is obtained, which is about 3 times larger than the previous estimates., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

We present estimates of the turbulent energy cascade rate, derived from a Hall-MHD third-order law. We compute the contribution from the Hall term and the MHD term to the energy flux. We use MMS data accumulated in the magnetosheath and the solar wind, and compare the results with previously established simulation results. We find that in observation, the MHD contribution is dominant at inertial scales, as in the simulations, but the Hall term becomes significant in observations at larger scales than in the simulations. Possible reasons are offered for this unanticipated result., Accepted for Publication in Physical Review Letters

The solar wind proton temperature at 1-au has been found to be correlated with small-scale intermittent magnetic structures, i.e., regions with enhanced temperature are associated with coherent structures such as current sheets. Using Parker Solar Probe data from the first encounter, we study this association using measurements of radial proton temperature, employing the Partial Variance of Increments (PVI) technique to identify intermittent magnetic structures. We observe that the probability density functions of high-PVI events have higher median temperatures than those with lower PVI, The regions in space where PVI peaks were also locations that had enhanced temperatures when compared with similar regions suggesting a heating mechanism in the young solar wind that is associated with intermittency developed by a nonlinear turbulent cascade.n the immediate vicinity., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, part of ApJ special issue for PSP

A familiar problem in space and astrophysical plasmas is to understand how dissipation and heating occurs. These effects are often attributed to the cascade of broadband turbulence which transports energy from large scale reservoirs to small scale kinetic degrees of freedom. When collisions are infrequent, local thermodynamic equilibrium is not established. In this case the final stage of energy conversion becomes more complex than in the fluid case, and both pressure-dilatation and pressure strain interactions (Pi-D $\equiv -\Pi_{ij} D_{ij}$) become relevant and potentially important. Pi-D in plasma turbulence has been studied so far primarily using simulations. The present study provides a statistical analysis of Pi-D in the Earth's magnetosheath using the unique measurement capabilities of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. We find that the statistics of Pi-D in this naturally occurring plasma environment exhibit strong resemblance to previously established fully kinetic simulations results. The conversion of energy is concentrated in space and occurs near intense current sheets, but not within them. This supports recent suggestions that the chain of energy transfer channels involves regional, rather than pointwise, correlations., Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters

International audience; During the Parker Solar Probe's (PSP) first perihelion pass, the spacecraft reached within a heliocentric distance of similar to 37 R-circle dot and observed numerous magnetic and flow structures characterized by sharp gradients. To better understand these intermittent structures in the young solar wind, an important property to examine is their degree of correlation in time and space. To this end, we use the well-tested partial variance of increments (PVI) technique to identify intermittent events in FIELDS and SWEAP observations of magnetic and proton-velocity fields (respectively) during PSP's first solar encounter, when the spacecraft was within 0.25 au from the Sun. We then examine distributions of waiting times (WT) between events with varying separation and PVI thresholds. We find power-law distributions for WT shorter than a characteristic scale comparable to the correlation time of the fluctuations, suggesting a high degree of correlation that may originate in a clustering process. WT longer than this characteristic time are better described by an exponential, suggesting a random memory-less Poisson process at play. These findings are consistent with near-Earth observations of solar wind turbulence. The present study complements the one by Dudok de Wit et al., which focuses on WT between observed "switchbacks" in the radial magnetic field.

We present statistical single-spacecraft observations of magnetic and electron velocity fluctuations in Earth's magnetosheath, likely in the vicinity of the magnetopause, downstream of a bow shock immersed in quasi-parallel interplanetary magnetic field conditions, a situation conducive to plasma turbulence in the downstream flow. These fluctuations exhibit scale-dependent behavior, wherein histograms of their Partial Variance of Increments (PVIB or PVIVe) demonstrate highly non-Gaussian forms at small scales and are reasonably well-described by kappa distributions, albeit with fitted values of the kappa parameter only slightly larger than 1.5, exemplifying their power law nature at large values of PVI. At larger scales, the PVI histograms lose their non-Gaussian nature and are well described by both Gaussian and kappa distributions with large values of the kappa parameter. The PVI histograms furthermore exhibit kurtosis that increases with decreasing scale, a characteristic that is much more prominent in the magnetic fluctuations than in the electron velocity fluctuations. This feature that is not yet explained. In both cases, the results are characteristic of turbulent intermittency.

Direct evidence of an inertial-range turbulent energy cascade has been provided by spacecraft observations in heliospheric plasmas. In the solar wind, the average value of the derived heating rate near 1 au is $\sim 10^{3}\, \mathrm{J\,kg^{-1}\,s^{-1}}$, an amount sufficient to account for observed departures from adiabatic expansion. Parker Solar Probe (PSP), even during its first solar encounter, offers the first opportunity to compute, in a similar fashion, a fluid-scale energy decay rate, much closer to the solar corona than any prior in-situ observations. Using the Politano-Pouquet third-order law and the von K\'arm\'an decay law, we estimate the fluid-range energy transfer rate in the inner heliosphere, at heliocentric distance $R$ ranging from $54\,R_{\odot}$ (0.25 au) to $36\,R_{\odot}$ (0.17 au). The energy transfer rate obtained near the first perihelion is about 100 times higher than the average value at 1 au. This dramatic increase in the heating rate is unprecedented in previous solar wind observations, including those from Helios, and the values are close to those obtained in the shocked plasma inside the terrestrial magnetosheath., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement, PSP special issue