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Environmental factors and the addition of adjuvants to the spray tank mix may interfere with glyphosate efficiency in hairy fleabane control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of air temperature and the addition of ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 to glyphosate in the control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) and -susceptible (GS) hairy fleabane. Treatments consisted of air temperatures of 12°C and 25°C, six doses of glyphosate from zero to 2,880 g · ha−1, the presence or absence of (NH4)2SO4 in the spray solution, and one GS and another GR biotype. At the lowest tested dose (180 g · ha−1), control of the GR biotype was 91% and 20% when the plants were kept at 12°C and 25°C, respectively, reducing the resistance factor (RF) by 9.30 times and was associated to the reduction of temperature. The addition of (NH4)2SO4 increased the control by 10−20% at high glyphosate doses and at 25°C. The resistance of hairy fleabane to glyphosate was completely reversed when the plants were maintained at 12°C. At this temperature, resistant plants were controlled even at doses well below that recommended for the control of this species. At 25°C, a dose four times higher than that recommended was required for satisfactory control. At the field level, under situations of low temperatures, it was possible to improve the efficacy of glyphosate applications in hairy fleabane control, if there were no other mechanisms of resistance involved.

Background: The use of pre-emergent herbicides is an important tool to control weeds, however the tolerance of soybean to these herbicides can vary according to the type of soil. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate sulfentrazone and diclosulam soybean selectivity in a sandy soil, in order to establish these herbicides as supporting tools in weed control. Methods: The treatments consisted of six doses of sulfentrazone (150 to 400 g ha-1) and diclosulam (25.2 to 75.6 g ha-1), and an untreated control. A field study was repeated in two growing seasons (2013/14 and 2014/15) in a sandy soil. Results: The occurrence of injury depended on the growing season. The first season presented lower rainfall rates during the crop cycle. The recommended dose of sulfentrazone (200 g ha-1) caused 26% and 10% of plant injury at 15 days after the treatment for the first and second season, respectively. For diclosulam, the recommended dose of 35.3 g ha-1 caused 20% and 8% of plant injury, respectively, for the first and second season. However, at the recommended doses, only for diclosulam and in the rainy season there was a reduction in soybean productivity. Conclusions: The herbicide sulfentrazone, although causing visual soybean plant injury, present satisfactory selectivity at recommended doses and can be used as an important tool on weed control on sandy soils. Similar response was observed for diclosulam in 2013/14. However, in a rainfall season diclosulam impacted on soybean yield at the recommended dose for sandy soils, with selectivity depending of the growth season.

A resistência não relacionada ao local de ação (NRLA) pelo incremento da degradação de herbicidas é um problema crescente em várias espécies ao redor do mundo. Neste estudo foi avaliada a ocorrência de incremento da degradação por enzimas citocromo P450 monoxigenases (cytP450) como mecanismo de resistência ao imazethapyr em capim-arroz. Os inibidores de cytP450 malathion e butóxido de piperonila (PBO) e o indutor anidrido naftálico (AN), aplicados em mistura ou sequencialmente ao imazethapyr, foram avaliados sobre biótipos de capim-arroz suscetíveis e resistentes às imidazolinonasàs imidazolinonas . Além disso, a degradação de imazethapyr foi analisada em plantas tratadas com esse herbicida, aplicado isoladamente ou duas horas após malathion ou AN. A pulverização de malathion e PBO reduziu o fator de resistência (FR) de 15,92 para 3,44 e 4,99, respectivamente, na população resistente PALMS01. Inversamente, o indutor de cytP450 AN aumentou o FR de 4,45 para 8,32. A pulverização prévia de malathion aumentou a concentração de imazethapyr em plantas de capimarroz resistentes, em comparação com plantas que receberam apenas o herbicida, indicando a inibição da degradação de imazethapyr. A pulverização simultânea de malathion e imazethapyr foi menos eficiente que a aplicação prévia deste inibidor de cytP450. Esses resultados indicam que o incremento de metabolização causado por enzimas cytP450 está envolvido no mecanismo de resistência de capim-arroz ao imazethapyr, e medidas apropriadas devem ser tomadas para manejar essas populações. Non-target site (NTS) herbicide resistance by degradation enhancement is an increasing problem in several weeds around the world. In this study, the occurrence of degradation enhancement by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (cytP450) was evaluated as the mechanism of resistance to imazethapyr in barnyardgrass. The cytP450 inhibitors malathion and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and the inducer naphthalic anhydride (NA), applied in mixture or sequentially with imazethapyr, were evaluated on imidazolinone-susceptible and – resistant barnyardgrass byotipes. In addition, the degradation of imazethapyr was analyzed in plants treated with imazethapyr applied alone or two hours after malathion or NA. The spraying of malathion and PBO reduced the resistance factor (RF) from 15.92 to 3.44 and 4.99, respectively, in the resistant population PALMS01. Conversely, the cytP450 inducer NA increased the RF from 4.45 to 8.32. Malathion increased imazethapyr concentrations in resistant barnyardgrass in comparison with plants sprayed with the herbicide alone, indicating the inhibition of imazethapyr degradation. The simultaneous spraying of malathion and imazethapyr was less efficient than the previous application of this cytP450 inhibitor. These results indicate that degradation enhancement caused by cytP450 enzymes is involved in the resistance mechanism of barnyardgrass to imazethapyr, and appropriate measures should be taken to manage these populations.

A resistência a herbicidas causada por mecanismos não relacionados ao local de ação (NRLA), principalmente causada pelo incremento de metabolização, é altamente problemática devido à ocorrência de biótipos com resistência múltipla, e é um novo desafio para o manejo de plantas daninhas e utilização de herbicidas. Recentemente, enzimas associadas à degradação de xenobióticos, especialmente citocromo P450, GSTs e transportadores ABC, têm sido associadas à resistência a herbicidas em várias plantas daninhas. Os objetivos desta revisão são descrever o conhecimento atual da regulação gênica associada à resistência a herbicidas causada pelo incremento de metabolização e analisar as principais implicações deste problema para definir estratégias adequadas de manejo com o uso de herbicidas. A resistência múltipla a herbicidas causada pelo incremento da degradação ocorre em Lolium rigidum, Alopecurus myosuroides, Echinochloa phyllopogon e outras várias espécies. O nível de resistência a herbicidas causada pelo incremento de metabolização é afetado por fatores ambientais em vários casos, o que dificulta o diagnóstico da resistência e facilita sua distribuição. O manejo moderno de plantas daninhas deve considerar as características de degradação do herbicida, uma vez que a simples rotação de mecanismo de ação de herbicidas pode não ser suficiente para prevenir a ocorrência da resistência a estes produtos. A utilização de misturas sinergísticas de herbicidas e outros inibidores enzimáticos pode contribuir para prevenir a evolução e distribuição da NRLA em plantas daninhas.