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The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications.

Phycoremediation of swine wastewater is a promising treatment since it efficiently removes nutrients and contaminants and, simultaneously, its biomass can be harvested and used to obtain a wide range of valuable compounds and metabolites. In this context, biomass microalgae were investigated for the phycoremediation of swine wastewater, and biomass extracts for its virucidal effect against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Microalgae were cultivated in a pilot scale bioreactor fed with swine wastewater as the growth substrate. Hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol were used to obtain the microalgae extracts. Extracts were tested for virucidal potential against HSV-1 and HAdV-5. Virucidal assays were conducted at temperatures that emulate environmental conditions (21 °C) and body temperature (37 °C). The maximum production of microalgae biomass reached a concentration of 318.5 ± 23.6 mgDW L−1. The results showed that phycoremediation removed 100% of ammonia-N and phosphate-P, with rates (k1) of 0.218 ± 0.013 and 0.501 ± 0.038 (day−1), respectively. All microalgae extract reduced 100% of the infectious capacity of HSV-1. The microalgae extracts with dichloromethane and methanol showed inhibition activities at the lowest concentration (3.125 µg mL−1). Virucidal assays against HAdV-5 using microalgae extract of hexane and methanol inhibited the infectious capacity of the virus by 70% at all concentrations tested at 37 °C. At a concentration of 12.5 µg mL−1, the dichloromethane microalgae extract reduced 50?80% of the infectious capacity of HAdV-5, also at 37 °C. Overall, the results suggest that the microalgae can be an attractive source of feedstock biomass for the exploration of alternative virucidal compounds. Resumo: A ficorremediação de águas residuais de suinocultura é um tratamento promissor, pois remove eficientemente nutrientes e contaminantes e, simultaneamente, sua biomassa pode ser colhida e utilizada para obter uma ampla gama de compostos e metabólitos valiosos. Neste contexto, microalgas de biomassa foram investigadas para a fitomediação de águas residuais de suínos, e extratos de biomassa por seu efeito virucida contra vírus envelopados e não envelopados. As microalgas foram cultivadas em um biorreator de escala piloto alimentado com água residuária de suínos como substrato de crescimento. Hexano, diclorometano e metanol foram usados ​​para obter os extratos de microalgas. Os extratos foram testados quanto ao potencial virucida contra HSV-1 e HAdV-5. Os ensaios virucidas foram conduzidos em temperaturas que simulam as condições ambientais (21°C) e a temperatura corporal (37°C).DW L −1 . Os resultados mostraram que a ficorremediação removeu 100% de amônia-N e fosfato-P, com taxas ( k 1 ) de 0,218 ± 0,013 e 0,501 ± 0,038 (dia −1 ), respectivamente. Todos os extratos de microalgas reduziram em 100% a capacidade infecciosa do HSV-1. Os extratos de microalgas com diclorometano e metanol apresentaram atividades de inibição na concentração mais baixa (3,125 µg mL −1 ). Ensaios virucidas contra HAdV-5 usando extrato de microalgas de hexano e metanol inibiram a capacidade infecciosa do vírus em 70% em todas as concentrações testadas a 37 °C. Em uma concentração de 12,5 µg mL -1, o extrato de microalgas diclorometano reduziu 50-80% da capacidade infecciosa do HAdV-5, também a 37 °C. No geral, os resultados sugerem que as microalgas podem ser uma fonte atrativa de biomassa de matéria-prima para a exploração de compostos viricidas alternativos. Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-11T14:01:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 final9878.pdf: 4339051 bytes, checksum: 95cbce0603f5f7c9f945420adecc1925 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

Sustainability in intensive animal production is directly linked to water management. The increasing pressure on water resources and the occurrence of increasingly frequent and severe droughts makes it harder to meet the demand for animal husbandry in rural properties and highlights the importance of rational water use and the search for alternative sources of water supply. In the midwest region of Santa Catarina state, south of Brazil, the use of cisterns to store rainwater collected from the roofs of houses that confine animals is an alternative already widely used and encouraged to minimize water scarcity. Studies that deal with the potential for rainwater use in livestock production are still scarce; however, available information provides a concrete basis for further technical and economic feasibility studies. The present study aimed to evaluate, based on local precipitation and available harvesting areas, the potential of the use of rainwater to supply the water demand (r, %) and the water-saving potential (R, m3/year) in swine and poultry Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) in Jacutinga river basin and contiguous sub-basin municipalities, a region with great national importance in this activity. As a result, potential r values of 100% to supply water demand in the poultry sector and between 32.7% and 68.3% in the different production stages of the swine sector were obtained. The potential R value in the study area represented 5.2 million m3 per year. Such results reveal the high potential of rainwater harvesting systems not only for minimizing impacts of drought periods but also as an abundant source of water for supplying the husbandry water demand of rural farms, ensuring water security, and serving as a tool for managing local water resources. Made available in DSpace on 2022-10-14T18:08:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 final10040.pdf: 3435425 bytes, checksum: 0aaddd33289753b0c568704952df6d49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

The concentration of microcystin (MC) in the Kucukcekmece Lagoon, Istanbul, Turkey, and the physicochemical and biological parameters of water quality were investigated from October 2000 to June 2003. Water samples were collected from surface waters at three sites. Most bloom samples were dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa. The major microcystin variants detected by HPLC-PDA were microcystin-YR and microcystin-LR. Microcystin concentration increased dramatically from early summer to early autumn and thereafter tended to decrease. The toxin concentration found in the filtered samples from surface waters varied between 0.06 and 24.2 microg L(-1) microcystin-LR equivalents. Each year extensive fish mortality was recorded between mid-June and early October, coinciding with heavy algal blooms. A comparison of the conditions associated with cyanotoxin episodes in 2000, 2001, and 2002 showed that the microcystin increase was related to temperature, high concentration of dissolved nutrients, high light intensity (PAR). The highest MC concentrations were recorded at temperatures between 24 degrees C and 28.5 degrees C. Field data showed that the highest MC concentration (>3 microg L(-1)) and the highest cyanobacterial biomass (>30 mg L(-1)) corresponded to a total nitrogen:total phosphorus ratio greater than 7:1. The highest concentrations of M. aeruginosa biomass (173 mg L(-1)) and MC (24.2 microg L(-1) MC-LR equiv.) and the highest salinity (8.8%) were measured concurrently in the lagoon. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of cyanobacterial toxins in the Kucukcekmece Lagoon.

In aquatic systems, phosphorus occurs in a wide variety of inorganic and organic forms (McKelvie et al., 1995). While these may exist in the dissolved, colloidal, or particulate forms, the predominant species is orthophosphate in either the mono-or diprotonated forms HPO H PO4− −, . The dissolved component is operationally dened by ltration, and for this reason, the term filterable is used in preference to either dissolved or soluble, both of which are used extensively and interchangeably in the literature.

The nitrogen cycle comprises a series of reactions ranging from nitrate reduction, which is its highly oxidized chemical form, to ammonium ion, which is the most reduced chemical form (Figure 10.2) (Dugan, 1975).

Sea turtles are highly susceptible to plastic ingestion and entanglement. Beach debris were surveyed along the most important sea turtle nesting beaches in Brazil (Costa dos Coqueiros, Bahia State). No significant differences among developed and undeveloped beaches were observed in terms of total number of items. Local sources (tourism activities) represented 70% of debris on developed beaches, where cigarette butts, straws, paper fragments, soft plastic fragments, and food packaging were the most abundant items. Non-local sources (domestic and fishing activities) accounted for about 70% of debris on undeveloped beaches, where the most abundant items were rigid plastic fragments, ropes, soft plastic fragments, caps, and polystyrene. The projected surface area of beach debris did not vary among developed and undeveloped beaches. Overseas containers accounted for about 25% of regional plastic pollution, implying that international pollution prevention agreements are not being respected off the Brazilian coast.

Biological degradation of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystins in estuarine and coastal water samples from the Patos Lagoon estuarine system, a coastal lagoon situated at the southernmost region of Brazil, was observed. Samples of natural surface water were spiked with purified and semi-purified microcystins (MC–LR and [ d -Leu1]MC–LR) and their concentrations were monitored by HPLC analysis. After 15 days, the toxins were no longer detectable and after 43 days less than 90% of the initial concentration added to the samples was detected by ELISA. The average degradation rates and the exponential decay rate constants from inside and outside of the estuary were similar. A microcystin degradative bacterium was isolated from the estuarine region. Partial sequence of the 16S rDNA showed a 96% homology with the Burkholderia genus. This genus belongs to the beta subdivision on proteobacteria. This is the first report showing the genus Burkholderia as a cyanobacterial toxin degrader.

[D-Leu1]Microcystin-LR was identified as the most abundant microcystin from a laboratory strain of the cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. isolated from a hepatotoxic Microcystis bloom from brackish waters in the Patos Lagoon estuary, southern Brazil. Toxicity of [D-Leu1]microcystin-LR, according to bioassay and protein phosphatase inhibition assay, was similar to that of the commonly-occurring microcystin-LR, which was not detectable in the Patos Lagoon laboratory isolate. This is the first report of a microcystin containing [D-Leu1] in the cyclic heptapeptide structure of these potent cyanobacterial toxins.

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Os reservatórios no Brasil, especialmente no Estado de São Paulo, são importantes ecossistemas que foram construídos nos últimos 40 anos. Alguns destes reservatórios, principalmente os do sistema em cascata do Médio e Baixo rio Tietê, encontram-se em estado eutrófico. Florações de cianobactérias são freqüentemente relacionadas a estas condições eutróficas, o que compromete os usos múltiplos destes reservatórios, implicando em riscos à saúde humana e à biota aquática. Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a ocorrência, distribuição e freqüência de florações de cianobactérias nestes reservatórios, assim como quantificar as concentrações das cianotoxinas e a toxicidade destas florações, relacionando-as aos parâmetros físicos e químicos no ambiente que, eventualmente, atuam como indutores da dominância das cianobactérias. Amostras (10 L) com florações de cianobactérias foram coletadas à montante e próximo dos seis reservatórios do Médio e Baixo rio Tietê (Barra Bonita, Bariri, Ibitinga, Promissão, Nova Avanhandava e Três Irmãos), entre novembro/2002 e outubro/2003. Alíquotas (100 mL) dessas amostras foram coletadas e preservadas (formalina 4 %) para identificação e quantificação em laboratório. O material restante foi congelado e liofilizado para identificação e quantificação de cianotoxinas, e para testes ecotoxicológicos. Variáveis físicas e químicas da água foram tomadas nos locais de amostragem, e amostras complementares de água foram coletadas com bomba de sucção integrando toda a coluna d´água. Nestas amostras, foram efetuadas análises de nutrientes totais e dissolvidos, clorofila-a e composição da comunidade fitoplanctônica. Os testes de toxicidade de diferentes concentrações de extratos de cianobactérias (liofilizados) foram realizados por exposição de neonatos de Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (48h), e por injeções intraperitoniais em camundongos Swiss albino (24h). Os resultados demonstraram que a classe Chlorophyceae obteve a maior riqueza de espécies, enquanto que Cyanophyceae obteve a maior freqüência e densidade de organismos nas amostras analisadas. Cianobactérias tóxicas, principalmente dos gêneros Microcystis, Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, Raphidiopsis e Planktothrix foram encontradas em todas as amostras coletadas. Cianotoxinas, como microcistinas, foram detectadas na maioria dos reservatórios com valores que variaram de 2,17 a 150 'mü'g/L. Contudo, toxinas paralisantes, como saxitoxinas, foram encontradas em alguns reservatórios, com valores máximos variando de 4,53 a 6,93 'mü'g eq. STX/L. Todas as amostras testadas apresentaram toxicidade, com variações de 'CE IND.50'-48h nos microcrustáceos, de 0,10 a 1,32 mg/mL (p.s.) para Daphnia similis, 0,2 a 1,70 mg/mL (p.s.) para Ceriodaphnia dubia e 0,09 a 1,20 mg/mL (p.s.) para Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Com relação aos testes realizados com camundongos Swiss albino, a 'DL IND.50'-24h variou de 48 a 904 mg/kg (p.s.). Embora tenha sido demonstrada a redução gradativa da concentração de nutrientes ao longo do rio, principalmente de fósforo e nitrogênio (total e dissolvido), indicando a capacidade depurativa dos sistemas ao longo da seqüência de reservatórios em cascata, o presente estudo demonstrou que ainda assim há manutenção de condições favoráveis para o desenvolvimento de florescimentos de cianobactérias tóxicas em todos os reservatórios. Os resultados demonstraram que o processo de eutrofização contínua e a presença de florações de cianobactérias tóxicas nos reservatórios podem representar riscos potenciais à biota aquática ou às populações humanas que utilizam essas águas para fins diversos. Esta situação representa um desafio no manejo desse sistema em cascata, segundo as características operacional do sistema, tais como o tempo de residência da água e outros fatores a serem considerados nestas construções Reservoirs in Brazil, particularly in São Paulo State, are important ecosystems which were built up successively in the last 40 years. Some of these reservoirs, mainly at the Middle and the Low Tietê river cascade system are eutrophic. Frequently cyanobacterial blooms are related to these eutrophic conditions which compromise the multiple use of the reservoir, implicating risk to human health and aquatic biota. This study aims to investigate occurrence, distribution and frequency of cyanobacterial blooms in these reservoirs, just as quantify cyanotoxin concentrations, and toxicity of these blooms, relating with physical and chemical environmental parameters as inductors of the dominant of cyanobacteria. Samples (10 L) of cyanobacterial blooms were collected near to the six reservoirs of the Middle and Low Tietê river (Barra Bonita, Bariri, Ibitinga, Promissão, Nova Avanhandava and Três Irmãos), between November/2002 and October/2003. Samples of cyanobacterial blooms were taking from each reservoir with plankton net (20 mm). Aliquot (100 mL) of samples were collected and preserved (formalin 4 %) for laboratory identification and quantification. The material remaining were frozen and lyophilized for determination and quantification of cyanotoxins, and for ecotoxicological tests. The water physical and chemical variables were evaluated in situ, as well as complementary water samples were collected with a water-pump integrating all the water column to analysis of total and dissolved nutrients, chlorophyll-a and the composition phytoplankton community. The tests of toxicity of different concentrations of cyanobacterial extracts (lyophilized) were carried out by exposition of neonates of Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (48h), and intraperitoneal injection in Swiss albino mice (24h). The results demonstrate that the Chlorophyceae class had the higher richness of species, while Cyanophyceae had the higher frequency and density of organisms in analysed samples. Toxic cyanobacteria, mainly of genera Microcystis, Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, Raphidiopsis and Planktothrix, were found in all samples collected. Cyanotoxins, mainly microcystins, were detected in the majority of reservoirs which values were between 2.17 and 150 'mü'g/L. However, paralytic toxins, such as saxitoxins, were found in some reservoirs, which maximum values ranged from 4.53 to 6.93 'mü'g eq. STX/L. All tested samples were toxic, with range of 'CE IND.50'-48h in the microcrustaceans, from 0.10 - 1.32 mg/mL (d.w.) to Daphnia similis, from 0.2 - 1.70 mg/mL (d.w.) to Ceriodaphnia dubia and from 0.09 - 1.20 mg/mL (d.w.) to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. With respect to Swiss albino mice test, 'DL IND.50'-24h varied from 48 - 904 mg/kg (d.w.). Although was demonstrated gradual reduction of nutrients downstream, mainly phosphorus and nitrogen (total and dissolved), indicating the depurative capacity of cascade reservoirs sequence, the present study still has demonstrated the maintenance of favorable conditions to development of to toxic cyanobacterial blooms in all the reservoirs. Results demonstrate that the continuous eutrophication process and toxic cyanobacterial blooms in these reservoirs could represent a potential risk to the aquatic biota and human populations who use these waters for multiple purposes. This situation represents a challenge in the management of cascade system, according to reservoirs operational system, such as water residence time and other factors which should be considered in these constructions