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Rice and its derivatives are important source of essential and non-essential elements. Essential elements as cobalt (Co) and selenium (Se) are vital for human homeostasis. However, non-essential elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) may be present in rice-based food and consequently, people can be exposed—especially children and the celiac population. This study aimed to determine essentials and non-essentials elements in rice-based products and baby food and also to evaluate nutritional risk by estimating the daily intake of non-essential elements. Regarding essential elements, Co and Se presented the highest concentrations in rice flour (56 μg kg −1 ) and porridge (254 μg kg −1 ), respectively. For non-essential elements, the highest concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were 104 μg kg −1 (porridge), 16 μg kg −1 (flour), and 188 μg kg −1 (bread), respectively. Total As concentration in Brazilian rice-based baby food was −1 . However, As-speciation revealed inorganic-As (i-As) as the main specie. The highest estimated daily intake of Cd, Pb and i-As were 1.37 (rice-based baby food); 10.39 (pasta); and 3.34 (pasta) μg d −1 , respectively. Therefore, continuous food monitoring for nutritional and toxicological purpose is necessary, especially concerning these particular populations and discussions for maximum levels of non-essential elements.

This review is focused on the impurities determination in uranium nuclear fuel grade matrix with the use of spectrometric methods. It is known that uranium is the major element and material for the sustainable use in the nuclear energy. The optimized use of this technology involves the improvement of several processes to power generation. With regard of fuel reliability, the chemical characterization combined with environmental protection is particularly important in the uranium production cycle or in the nuclear fuel cycle, subject to an increasing number of international conventions and protocols. The performance of nuclear fuel in reactors depends mainly on the chemical composition of its impurities and its estimation is important from the point of view of neutron economy. Among the instrumental analytical techniques commonly used for the determination of elemental impurities in uranium compounds spectrometric techniques are commonly used, such as; FAAS, GFAAS, ICP OES and ICP-MS. Usually, it is necessary in a previous uranium separation and preconcentration of the impurities for elemental determination. Thus, the aim of this review is to give an overview of the main process using sample preparation, separation and preconcentration of analytes for the instrumental determination.

A method for Cr(VI) speciation in synthetic saliva after releasing from orthodontic brackets, using silica nanoparticles organofunctionalized with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) for Cr(III)/Cr(VI) separation and GF AAS determination is proposed. Under the optimized conditions, Cr(VI) speciation was performed using 150 mg of silica organofunctionalized with 2.0% (v v-1) of APTES at pH 8. It was observed different sensitivity when calibrations of GF AAS were performed using Cr(III) or Cr(VI) as standard solutions. Consequently, calibrations using stoichiometric mixtures (Cr(III) + Cr(VI)) were used for total Cr determination and calibration using Cr(VI) was used only for the determination of this specie. The reliability of the proposed silica-APTES separation procedure and GF AAS determination was checked by addition of both species in synthetic saliva. Recoveries ranging from 97 to 110% were obtained. The repeatability, based on the relative standard deviation (RSD) inter days was less than 6%. A corrosion test was carried out on 20 orthodontic brackets from two different models, after immersion in synthetic saliva (pH=6.0) at 37 °C with agitation (125 rpm) for 24 h. It was observed that about 40% of the total chromium released from the analyzed orthodontic brackets was Cr(VI).

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros para o desenvolvimento de métodos visando à determinação elementar em alumina, cimento e quartzo por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) com amostragem de suspensão. Alguns elementos foram investigados como possíveis candidatos a padrões internos (PIs) Be, Dy, Gd, In, La, Sc, Y, Yb eTl. Amostras de material de referência certificado (CRM) de alumina (Alumina Reduction Grade 699), de cimento Portland (1889a Blended with Limestone e 1886a White Portland cement with low iron) do National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST), e amostras de quartzo, cedidos pelo Departamento de Física da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), denominados T-4FI, T-2FI e T-4GR, foram utilizadas na otimização instrumental, no desenvolvimento e na avaliação da exatidão do método. Nanopartículas de sílica de alta pureza (Wacker HDK® T40), Wacker Chemie AG foram utilizadas no estudo de adsorção dos elementos e padrões internos como proposta de produção de material calibrante para a análise direta de sólidos. Para a escolha dos PIs foram construídos gráficos de correlação usando valores de potenciais de excitação, energias de ionização e temperaturas de fusão dos analitos e dos candidatos a PIs. Análise exploratória por agrupamentos hierárquicos (HCA) e análise dos componentes principais (PCA), também foram realizadas. A avaliação de desempenho do ICP OES foi feita em meio das suspensões das amostras a partir do estabelecimento de figuras de mérito como sensibilidade, robustez, seletividade e repetibilidade. Na otimização do foram considerados os parâmetros potência, vazão de nebulização e vazão de gás auxiliar. A determinação de Ca, Fe, Ga, Na, Si e Zn em alumina foi feita após dissolução em forno de micro-ondas com posterior precipitação do Al(III) com NH3. O uso de padrão interno foi essencial para a exatidão do método, com recuperações do CRM que variaram de 83 a 117%. Para a matriz cimento foram avaliados o efeito da concentração de ácido nítrico na extração dos analitos ( Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti e Zn) e na adsorção dos elementos candidatos a PIs (Be, Sc, In, Dy). As determinações por suspensão e uso de padrão interno (exceto para Cr, S e Zn), com 0,5% v v-1 de HNO3, nebulizador Burgener e condições robustas do ICP geraram resultados com recuperações entre 68 e 119%. As determinações de Al, Ba, Cr, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, Sr e Ti em quartzo foram executadas com introdução de suspensão e ausência de padrão interno, usando condições do ICP similares àquelas adotadas na determinação elementar para matriz de cimento. Nesse caso as recuperações variaram de 90 a 107%. A adsorção dos analitos e padrões internos sobre as nanopartículas de sílica pode ser uma alternativa para a preparação de padrões de calibração quando se deseja realizar a introdução direta do material sólido em suspensão. The aim of this study was to evaluate parameters for the development of methods for elements determination in alumina, cement and quartz by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) with slurry sampling. Some elements were investigated as candidates for internal standards (ISs) Be, Dy, Gd, In, La, Sc, Y, Yb and Tl. Samples of certified reference material (CRM) of alumina (Alumina Reduction Grade - 699), Portland cement (blended with the 1889a and 1886a Limestone White Portland cement with low iron) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and quartz samples, suplied by the Department of Physics from Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), named T-4FI, T-2FI and T4GR were used to optimize instrumental, method development and accuracy evaluation of the method. Nanoparticles of high purity silica (Wacker HDK T40 ®), Wacker Chemie AG were used in the study adsorption of the analytes and internal standards as calibrating material for direct analysis of solids. Correlation graphs using excitation potentials, ionization energies and melting point temperatures were used for chosing the best ISs. Exploratory analysis using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were also performed. Optimization of ICP OES was performed in aqueous and slurry samples to establishment figures of merit, such as sensitivity, robustness, selectivity and repeatability. In the optimization of ICP, power supply, nebulizer flow rate and auxiliary gas flow rate were considered. The determination of Ca, Fe, Ga, In, Si and Zn in alumina was made after decomposition in a microwave oven with subsequent precipitation of Al(III) with NH3 gas. The internal standard was essential to obtain the accuracy of the method, with recoveries of CRM analysis ranging from 83 to 117%. For the cement analysis was evaluated the effect of nitric acid concentration over analytes extraction (Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti and Zn) and ISs candidate adsorption (Be, Sc, In and Dy). Determinations of the elements in cement slurry with the internal standard (except for Cr and Zn), with 0.5% v v-1 HNO3, nebulizer Burgener and robust conditions of ICP produced results with recoveries between 68 and 119%. The determinations of Al, Ba, Cr, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, Sr and Ti in quartz were performed with the slurry introduction and without of internal standard, using similar conditions of those adopted for cement matrix. In this case the recoveries ranged from 90 to 107% with addition and recovery test. The adsorption of the analytes and internal standards on silica nanoparticles could be an alternative for the preparation of calibration standards when considering performing the direct introduction of solid material.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a determinação simultânea de Cd/Pb em cimento e Cr/Mn em alumina por espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica (SIMAAS) e amostragem de suspensão. Considerando os erros de amostragem de suspensão e as condições compromissadas impostas para a determinação simultânea, foi também objetivo do trabalho estudar a aplicação de padrão interno para corrigir erros sistemático e aleatório. A viabilidade de se usar o Tl como padrão interno foi explorada na determinação de Cd e Pb em cimento. O uso do padrão interno se baseou na hipótese de que o elemento Tl deveria adsorver quantitativamente sobre as partículas do material em suspensão. Foi feito o estudo térmico dos elementos Cd, Pb e Tl em soluções aquosas e suspensões, na presença e ausência de diferentes modificadores químicos. O melhor modificador químico (5 µg Pd + 3 µg Mg) foi escolhido com base nos gráficos de correlação. As melhores temperaturas de pirólise e atomização para a determinação simultânea de Cd e Pb foram 600°C e 2000°C, respectivamente. A preparação das amostras foi feita com suspensões contendo 30 µg L-1 de Tl em 0,1 % (v v-1) de HNO3 + 0,025 % (m v-1) de Triton X-100. A avaliação da exatidão foi feita com a determinação de Cd e Pb em cimento de construção civil e dentário com análise de solução e análise de materiais de referência de sedimento marinho (MESS1 e BCSS 1) e de rio (Buffalo River, IEAEA 356). Os resultados foram concordantes em um nível de confiança de 95% (teste t-student). Os limites de detecção (LD) obtidos foram 0,14 µg L-1 (1,4pg) para o Cd e de 1,2 µg L-1 (12 pg) para Pb. As massas características foram 1,2 pg e 25 pg para Cd e Pb, respectivamente. Na determinação simultânea de Cr e Mn em alumina não foi utilizado padrão interno. O estudo envolveu a obtenção de curvas de pirólise e atomização em presença de diferentes modificadores. Estudos de interferência mostraram que 100 mg L-1 de Al provocaram aumento nos sinais analíticos dos elementos que foi eliminado com o modificador químico NaOH (0,2 mol L-1) + HF (0,4 mol L-1) combinado com 350 µg de Nb. Nessa condição as temperaturas de pirólise e atomização foram 1400°C e 2400°C, respectivamente. As suspensões de alumina foram preparadas em 2 % (v v-1) HNO3. A avaliação da exatidão foi feita com a determinação de Cr e Mn em material de referência de alumina (Alumina Reduction Grade - 699) e os resultados foram concordantes em um nível de confiança de 95% (teste t-student). Os limites de detecção (LD), estimados a partir da variabilidade de 20 medidas consecutivas de uma solução contendo 2 % (v v-1) HNO3 foram 0,11 µg L-1 (2,2 pg) para Cr e 0,17 µg L-1 (3,5 pg) para o Mn. As massas características foram 10 pg e 1,3 pg para Cr e Mn, respectivamente. The aim of this work was the development of analytical methods for the simultaneous determination of Cd/Pb in cement and Cr/Mn in alumina by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (SIMAAS) and slurry sampling. Considering the errors of slurry sampling and the imposed compromissed conditions for the simultaneous determination, it was also the aiming of this work to study the application of internal standard for the sistematic and random errors correction. The viability of using Tl as internal standard was investigated for Cd and Pb determination in cement. The internal standard aplicability was based on the hypothesis of the element Tl would have to adsorver quantitatively on the particles of the material in suspension. The thermal behaviour of Cd, Pb and Tl in aqueous solutions and suspensions was obtained in presence and absence of different chemical modifiers. The best chemical modifier (5 mg Pd + 3 mg Mg) was chosen based on correlation graphs. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures for the simultaneous determination of Pb were 600°C and 2000°C, respectively. The sample the preparation was made with 30 mg L-1 of Tl in 0,1% (v v-1) of HNO3 + 0.025% (m v-1 of Triton X-100. The evaluation of the accuracy was made with the determination of Cd and Pb in cement, microwave extraction in acid media and analysis of marine sediment reference materials (MESS1 and BCSS 1) and river sediment (Buffalo River, IEAEA 356). The results are concordant at 95% of confidence level using Studen\'s t-test. The detention limits (LD) was 0.14 µg L-1 (1.4 pg) for Cd and 1.2 µg L-1(12 pg) for Pb. The characteristic masses were 1.2 pg and 25 pg for Cd and Pb, respectively. The simultaneous determination of Cr and Mn in alumina was done without internal standard. Pyrolysis and atomization temperaturas were obtained in presence of different modifiers. Studies of interference shown that 100 mg L-1 of Al provoked increase in the analytical signals of Cr and Mn that was eliminated with the chemical modifier NaOH (0,2 mol L-1) + HF (0,4 mol L-1) combined with 350 mg of Nb as permanent chemical modifier. In this condition pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were 1400 °C and 2400 °C, respectively. The alumina suspensions were prepared in 2% (v v-1) HNO3. The evaluation of the accuracy was made with the determination of Cr and Mn in alumina reference material (Reduction Alumina Grating - 699) and the results were concordant at 95 % of the confidence level using Student\'s t-test. The detention limits (LD) were 0.11 µg L-1 (2.2 pg) for Cr and 0.17 µg L-1 (3.5 pg) for Mn. The characteristic masses were 10 and 1.3 pg for Cr and Mn, respectively.

The concentrations of vapor phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured at the Central Bus Station of Londrina, where only diesel-powered vehicles circulate. The samples were collected within a period of 24 h for 14 consecutive days in January 2002. The semi-volatile PAHs were collected using a cartridge packed with XAD-2 resin, extracted under sonication and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatograph equipped with the flame ionization and mass spectrometer detectors (GC-FID and GC/MS). Ten PAH compounds were found (naphthalene, acenapthylene, acenapthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene). The average concentrations ranged from 1.4±0.3 ng m −3 for benzo(a)anthracene to 348.0±32.7 ng m −3 for phenanthrene. The species that presented higher concentration were phenanthrene (348.0±32.7 ng m −3 ), fluorene (140.2±17.3 ng m −3 ) and naphthalene (97.7±10.3 ng m −3 ). The PAHs with two and three rings were responsible by 90.2% of the total concentration among 10 PAHs. The concentrations of PAHs were lower on Sunday in comparison with the workdays, due to the reduction of bus traffic in the station. Correlations and principal component analysis with Varimax rotation were used to estimate the local PAH emission source profile originating from the diesel exhaust. The ratio PHEN/FLU of 2.5 calculated from the results is suggested as indication from diesel combustion exhaust.

A simple and reliable green method for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in soil and sediment by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SlS-SIMAAS) is proposed. Under the optimum conditions, sample masses in the range of 5–40 mg were weighed into polypropylene tubes (50 mL) and diluted (30–50 mL) with 0.1% (v/v) of nitric acid + 0.025% (m/v) of Triton® X-100. Considering the compromised conditions, the heating program for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb used 600 °C and 2000 °C as pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, respectively. Several chemical modifiers were investigated, but the best recovery and reliable result were obtained using the universal mixture 5 μg Pd + 3 μg Mg. A volume of 10 μL of slurry was introduced into the graphite tube after manual homogenization. The detection limits (n = 10, 3σ) were 0.14 μg L−1 (1.4 pg) for Cd and 1.2 μg L−1 (12 pg) for Pb. The characteristic masses were 1.2 pg and 25 pg for Cd and Pb respectively. The reliability of the proposed method was checked using Certified Reference Materials (Buffalo River, IEAEA 356, MESS 1, BCSS1 and NIST 2703) analysis.

A rapid method for classification of mineral waters is proposed. The discrimination power was evaluated by a novel combination of chemometric data analysis and qualitative multi-elemental fingerprints of mineral water samples acquired from different regions of the Brazilian territory. The classification of mineral waters was assessed using only the wavelength emission intensities obtained by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), monitoring different lines of Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cl, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn, and Be, Dy, Gd, In, La, Sc and Y as internal standards. Data acquisition was done under robust (RC) and non-robust (NRC) conditions. Also, the combination of signal intensities of two or more emission lines for each element were evaluated instead of the individual lines. The performance of two classification—k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA)—and preprocessing algorithms, autoscaling and Pareto scaling, were evaluated for the ability to differentiate between the various samples in each approach tested (combination of robust or non-robust conditions with use of individual lines or sum of the intensities of emission lines). It was shown that qualitative ICP OES fingerprinting in combination with multivariate analysis is a promising analytical tool that has potential to become a recognized procedure for rapid authenticity and adulteration testing of mineral water samples or other material whose physicochemical properties (or origin) are directly related to mineral content.

In this present work a method for the determination of Ca, Fe, Ga, Na, Si and Zn in alumina (Al2O3) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) with axial viewing is presented. Preliminary studies revealed intense aluminum spectral interference over the majority of elements and reaction between aluminum and quartz to form aluminosilicate, reducing drastically the lifetime of the torch. To overcome these problems alumina samples (250 mg) were dissolved with 5 mL HCl + 1.5 mL H2SO4 + 1.5 mL H2O in a microwave oven. After complete dissolution the volume was completed to 20 mL and aluminum was precipitated as Al(OH)3 with NH3 (by bubbling NH3 into the solution up to a pH ~ 8, for 10 min). The use of internal standards (Fe/Be, Ga/Dy, Zn/In and Na/Sc) was essential to obtain precise and accurate results. The reliability of the proposed method was checked by analysis of alumina certified reference material (Alumina Reduction Grade-699, NIST). The found concentrations (0.037% w w−1 CaO, 0.013% w w−1 Fe2O3, 0.012% w w−1 Ga2O3, 0.49% w w−1 Na2O, 0.014% w w−1 SiO2 and 0.013% w w−1 ZnO) presented no statistical differences compared to the certified values at a 95% confidence level.

The aim of this work is to propose a biomonitoring method for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in whole blood by simultaneous electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for assessment of environmental levels. A volume of 200 microL of whole blood was diluted in 500 microL of 0.2% (wv(-1)) Triton) X-100+2.0% (vv(-1)) HNO3. Trichloroacetic acid was added for protein precipitation and the supernatant analyzed. A mixture of 250 microg W+200 microg Rh as permanent and 2.0% (wv(-1)) NH4H2PO4 as co-injected modifiers were used. Characteristic masses and limits of detections (n=20, 3s) for Cd and Pb were 1.26 and 33 pg and 0.026 microg L(-1) and 0.65 microg L(-1), respectively. Repeatability ranged from 1.8 to 6.8% for Cd and 1.2 to 1.7% for Pb. The trueness of method was checked by the analysis of three Reference Materials: Lyphocheck Whole Blood Metals Control level 1 and Seronorm Trace Elements in Whole Blood levels 1 and 2. The found concentrations presented no statistical differences at the 95% confidence level. Blood samples from 40 volunteers without occupational exposure were analyzed and the concentrations ranged from 0.13 to 0.71 microg L(-1) (0.32+/-0.19 microg L(-1)) for Cd and 9.3 to 56.7 microg L(-1) (25.1+/-10.8 microgL(-1)) for Pb.

A desigualdade de membros inferiores (DMI) está presente em cerca de 70% da população geral, podendo ser do tipo estrutural, onde existe diferença no comprimento de estruturas ósseas, ou funcional, como resultado de alterações mecânicas dos membros inferiores. A desigualdade pode ainda ser classificada quanto a sua magnitude, sendo discreta, moderada, ou grave. Existem diversos métodos para a realização da estimativa à assimetria no comprimento dos membros inferiores num indivíduo, sendo que neste trabalho uma técnica prática para medir diferenças entre os comprimentos dos membros inferiores (método de Farill). O princípio em que este método se baseia é muito simples: na medida da diferença entre duas distâncias, a eliminação de iguais segmentos de cada uma não altera o resultado final. Sendo um método de fácil execução e que não exige nenhum equipamento específico, sendo realizado diariamente em qualquer serviço de radiologia geral. Com base neste método de Farill (1953) foi desenvolvido um protótipo de software que auxilia o profissional a obter tal estimativa. O protótipo foi desenvolvido usando software MatLab, com a toolbox de processamento de imagens, funcionando de forma semiautomática, fazendo-se a medição dos pontos escolhidos pelo profissional e os comparando com a imagem radiográfica. Podendo indicar os centros de ossificação a serem marcados na radiografia carregada pelo protótipo, retornando como resultado a assimetria no comprimento dos membros inferiores do indivíduo. Apresenta-se a descrição deste protótipo com as respectivas interfaces gráficas construídas no software MatLab.

This paper reports a method for the direct and simultaneous determination of Cr and Mn in alumina by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SiS-SIMAAS) using niobium carbide (NbC) as a graphite platform modifier and sodium fluoride (NaF) as a matrix modifier. 350 μg of Nb were thermally deposited on the platform surface allowing the formation of NbC (mp 3500 °C) to minimize the reaction between aluminium and carbon of the pyrolytic platform, improving the graphite tube lifetime up to 150 heating cycles. A solution of 0.2 mol L−1 NaF was used as matrix modifier for alumina dissolution as cryolite-based melt, allowing volatilization during pyrolysis step. Masses (c.a. 50 mg) of sample were suspended in 30 ml of 2.0% (v/v) of HNO3. Slurry was manually homogenized before sampling. Aliquots of 20 μl of analytical solutions and slurry samples were co-injected into the graphite tube with 20 μl of the matrix modifier. In the best conditions of the heating program, pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were 1300 °C and 2400 °C, respectively. A step of 1000 °C was optimized allowing the alumina dissolution to form cryolite. The accuracy of the proposed method has been evaluated by the analysis of standard reference materials. The found concentrations presented no statistical differences compared to the certified values at 95% of the confidence level. Limits of detection were 66 ng g−1 for Cr and 102 ng g−1 for Mn and the characteristic masses were 10 and 13 pg for Cr and Mn, respectively.

Este estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento da metodologia de extração em fase sólida e separação em cromatográfica líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas em sequencia, SPE-LC-MS/MS, para a determinação de 21 (vinte e um) fármacos pertencentes a diferentes classes terapeuticas, 1 (uma) droga de abuso e seu principal metabólito, em amostras de água superficial. A separação cromatográfica foi otimizada estudando o desempenho de fases estacionárias e fases móvies. A quantificação dos compostos selecionados foi realizada com a ionização por eletronebulização (electrospray ionization- ESI) e o espectrômetro de massas operando no modo de Monitoramento de Múltiplas Reações (Multiplas Reaction Monitoring- MRM). A validação da metodologia proposta foi realizada utilizando os parâmetros de seletividade, efeito de matriz, faixa de trabalho, linearidade, limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ), precisão, exatidão, recuperação e robustez. A validação da metodologia permitiu a sua aplicação na avaliação da distribuição dos 23 compostos selecionados, nas águas da represa Guarapiranga, um dos principais sistemas produtor de água potável da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). A presença desses poluentes nos ambientes aquáticos é proveniente da liberação direta do esgoto urbano das habitações do seu entorno, como consequência do precário sistema de saneamento básico. As águas da represa Guarapiranga foram avaliadas em 14 (quatorze) locais estrategicamente escolhidos e amostradas durante 3 (três) campanhas de coleta de amostra (agosto de 2011, setembro de 2012 e abril de 2013). Nessas amostras foram quantificados acetaminofeno (9,6 - 254 ng L-1), atenolol (8,5 177 ng L-1), benzoilegonina (7,9 139 ng L-1), cafeína (27 27386 ng L-1), carbamazepina (12 358 ng L-1), clortalidona (9,4 35 ng L-1), cocaína (12,8 2650 ng L-1), diclofenaco (8 35 ng L-1), enalapril (20 ng L-1), losartana (6,7 114 ng L-1) e valsartana (9,7 - 47 ng L-1). O ponto de coleta denominado de GU103-12 (23°4188.5S 46°4467.3W) foi a região que apresentou os valores mais elevados quanto ao nível de concentração dos compostos avaliados e ao índice de risco integrado de poluição química aquática (Integrated Risk Index of Chemical Aquatic Pollution IRICAP). O estudo também foi realizado em amostras de água de reservatórios das Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) 5 e 6 do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso e a ocupação do solo influenciam diretamente na qualidade da água dos reservatórios, evidenciando a necessidade de implementar melhorias no sistema de coleta de esgoto e de ocupação irregular para evitar a contaminação e o descarte inadequado em ambientes aquáticos. This study presents the development of the methodology of solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry, SPE-LC-MS/MS, for the determination of 21 (twenty one) pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutic groups, 1 (one) illicit drug and its major metabolite, in surface water samples. The chromatographic separation was optimized by studying the performance of different stationary and mobile phases. Quantitation of selected compounds was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) and the mass spectrometer operating in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The validation of the proposed methodology was performed using the parameters of selectivity, matrix effect, dynamic range, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery and robustness. The validation of methodology allowed to apply the methodology in the evaluation of the distribution of the 23 (twenty one) selected compounds, in Guarapiranga Dam waters, an of the major producer system of drinking water of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). The presence of these pollutants in aquatic environments is from the direct release of urban sewage from the homes of your surroundings, as a result of poor sanitation system. The waters of Guarapiranga dam were evaluated in 14 (fourteen) locations strategically chosen and sampled in 3 (three) campaigns of sample collection (August 2011, September 2012 and April 2013). In these samples were quantified acetaminophen (9.6 - 254 ng L-1), atenolol (8.5 - 177 ng L-1), benzoylegonine (7.9 - 139 ng L-1), caffeine (27 - 27386 ng L-1) carbamazepine (12 - 358 ng L-1), chlorthalidone (9.4 - 35 ng L-1), cocaine (12.8 - 2560 ng L-1), diclofenac (8 - 36 ng L-1), enalapril (20 ng L-1), losartan (6.7 - 114 ng L-1) and valsartan (9.7 - 47 ng L-1). The sample siting GU103-12 (23°4188.5S 46°4467.3W) was the region with the highest values in the level of concentration of the target compounds and the integrated risk index of chemical aquatic pollution (IRICAP). The study was also conducted on water samples from reservoirs of the UGRHI (Unit of Water Resources Management) 5 and 6, State o São Paulo. The results showed that the use and occupation of land directly influence the reservoir water quality highlighting the need to implement improvements in sewage collection system and illegal occupation to prevent contamination and the improper disposal in aquatic environments.

Além da Resolução CONAMA 430/11 definir limites para o lançamento de efluentes, também define que os laboratórios que realizam análises ambientais devem ser acreditados pelo INMETRO e também devem ter sistema de controle de qualidade implantado. Para o atendimento destes requisitos legais, o presente trabalho visa otimizar, validar e implantar a metodologia analítica desenvolvida e aplicada no Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente (CQMA) do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN/ CNEN SP) para a quantificação dos elementos cádmio, chumbo, cobre, prata, crômio, zinco, estanho, níquel, ferro, bário, manganês e boro em amostras de efluentes líquidos por Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP-OES). Esta metodologia é utilizada para a determinação de metais e semimetais em amostras coletadas no Programa de Monitoramento Ambiental PMA-Q do IPEN. Todo o processo de validação desta dissertação foi baseado no guia Orientativo do INMETRO DOQ-CGCRE-008 - Orientação sobre Validação de Métodos Analíticos. No estudo de seletividade verificou-se que a matriz não interfere nas curvas analíticas do método em estudo; a faixa de trabalho foi determinada com base nos valores máximos permitidos (VMP) pelas legislações ambientais vigentes (Resolução CONAMA 430/11, DE 8.468/76 e DE 15.425/80) e no histórico de dados do PMA-Q e todas as curvas analíticas apresentam comportamento linear na faixa de trabalho abrangida pelo método; os limites de detecção e quantificação do método atendem aos limites definidos pelas legislações ambientais vigentes e à precisão e exatidão necessárias; a precisão e exatidão apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para a finalidade do método analítico; além do método demonstrar-se robusto, embora seja necessário que o analista se atente à variação de alguns fatores no momento da realização das análises. Também foi possível realizar a estimativa de incerteza do método de modo que fosse alcançado nível de confiança de 95% dos resultados, foram levadas em consideração todas as etapas de preparo e análise das amostras e foi possível obter incerteza global entre 4,6% e 12,23%. Através dos resultados obtidos nos testes estatísticos e pela avaliação do analista foi possível verificar que o método desenvolvido e aplicado no CQMA é adequado para o fim pretendido. Beyond define limits to wastewater release, CONAMA Resolution n° 430/11 also define that laboratories, which perform environmental analysis, have to be accredited by INMETRO and must have quality control system deployed. In order to meet this legal requirements, this work aims to optimize, validate and deploy the analytical methodology developed and applied at the Centre of Environmental Science and Technology (CQMA) at Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN/ CNEN - SP), to the determination of the elements: cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, zinc, tin, nickel, iron, barium, manganese and boron in wastewater samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). This methodology is used to the determination of metals and semimetals in samples collected in the IPENs Environmental Monitoring Program PMA-Q. The entire process of validation in this dissertation relied on INMETRO guide DOQ-CGCRE- 008 Guidance for Validation of Analytical Methods. In the selectivity test it was possible to verify that the matrix cause no interferences in the calibration curves of the studied method; the working range determined was based on the Maximum Allowed Values (VMP) defined by the current environmental legislations (CONAMA Resolution 430/11, State Decree 8.468/76 and State Decree 15.425/80) and in the historical data from PMA-Q and all calibration curves presented linear behavior; the detection and quantification limits of this method also attend to the requirements of the current environmental legislation and to the required precision and accuracy; the precision and accuracy presented suitable results for the methodology objective; additionally, the analytical method presented satisfactory robustness, although the responsible for the test have to have attention to any instabilities in some factors. The measurement uncertainty was estimated as well, in order to obtain results with 95% of confidence, all steps of preparation and analysis of the samples were considered and was possible to reach global uncertainty between 4,6% and 12,23%. Through the results obtained in the statistics tests and the analyst evaluation, was possible to conclude that the analytical methodology developed at CQMA is adequate to the intended purpose.