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O artigo investiga as razões para a mudança de ênfase nas propostas pedagógicas brasileiras em dois momentos históricos: entre os anos 1920 e 1930 e entre os anos 1990 e 2010. Com esse objetivo em vista, procede-se à análise de fontes como a I Conferência Nacional de Educação (1927), o Manifesto dos Pioneiros (1932) e, para o período contemporâneo, leis e decretos nacionais (1996-2018). No primeiro contexto, foi possível verificar que o debate entre os saberes biológicos e os sociológicos em busca de legitimação encontra na área de educação seu principal palco de disputa. No passado, intelectuais influenciados pela eugenia recorreram à biologia como forma de modernizar o país por meio da educação eugênica e da exclusão dos indivíduos “indesejados”. Nas últimas décadas, observa-se um retorno desse tipo de discurso de fundo biológico, mas agora a exclusão biossocial de sujeitos apela não mais à ideologia da nação, mas à sacralização neoliberal da “meritocracia”. Da comparação entre os dois contextos, conclui-se que a mudança de ênfase nas propostas pedagógicas que antes primavam pelo social, agora visa a formação individualizante do “neossujeito” flexível e responsável por si mesmo. O sucesso e insucesso escolar passam a ser vistos unicamente como dependentes da capacidade do indivíduo de gerenciar sua própria vida e não como resultado de problemas estruturais da sociedade, o que tem conduzido a um processo de crescente desfiliação social.

The American oil palm [Elaeis oleifera (Knuth) Cortés] has pronounced importance in oil palm breeding programs. Here, a germplasm bank (GB) of E. oleifera plants collected in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil was submitted to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker identification, selection, and use, aiming to characterize genetic diversity and population structure and to design a core collection (CC). Five hundred and fifty-three plants from 206 subsamples, collected at 19 localities spread throughout six geographic regions, were submitted to genotyping-by-sequencing analysis. A set of 1,827 high-quality SNP markers was then selected and used to run the genetic diversity and population structure analysis. The genetic diversity found is of moderate degree, and probably only a small portion of the species diversity is represented in the collection. The possible reason for that is the collecting strategy used, which collected subsamples only around the most prominent watercourses in the region. The average degree of genetic differentiation among subsamples is very high, indicating the presence of high interpopulation differentiation. The collection showed a low level of endogamy. The low average gene flow found indicates that genetic isolation caused by drift is occurring, and there is a need to review the conservation strategy. A set of 245 SNPs distributed throughout all 16 chromosomes was used to design CC based on maximizing the strategy of diversity. The optimal adjustment of the validated parameters, maintained while taking fewest subsamples, led to the choice of a model containing 20% of the entire collection as the ideal to form the CC. Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-13T09:05:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 American-oil-palm-2020.pdf: 2338289 bytes, checksum: bd094acf8939bfe8fed55b69aece920c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Resumo Este artigo pretende discutir como os temas da individualidade, da liberdade e da educação se articulam no pensamento de Stirner. Começa-se por uma breve história da recepção de Stirner. Em seguida, analisam-se a subversão da dialética hegeliana e a crítica do humanismo ateu de Feuerbach e de Marx, que permanecem ligados à teologia cristã por divinizar a essência humana abstrata. Enfocam-se, a seguir, o nominalismo stirneriano e sua crítica de Deus, Estado, humanidade e sociedade como construções ideológicas que dominam o indivíduo concreto. Por fim, analisa-se a proposta de uma nova ética e uma nova educação, fundadas na singularidade do eu mortal e corporal. Abstract This paper aims to discuss how the themes of individuality, freedom and education are articulated in Stirner's thought. It begins with a brief history of Stirner's reception. Next, the paper analyzes the subversion of Hegelian dialectics and the critique of Feuerbach's and Marx's atheistic humanism, which remain linked to Christian theology by deifying an abstract human essence. Then, the focus shifts to Stirnerian nominalism and its criticism of God, State, humanity and society as ideological constructs that dominate the concrete individual. Finally, the paper analyzes the proposal of a new ethics and a new education, based on the singularity of the mortal and corporeal self.

The genetic diversity of Brazilian Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) germplasm collection (BJGC), which consists of 192 accessions, has been previously reported based on the evaluation of a limited number of RAPD and SSR markers. In addition, accessions from other countries (Guatemala and Mexico) were introduced to this collection without prior information on their relation with the existing collection. Thus the objective of this study were to develop and validate a panel for high-density genome-wide molecular markers for Jatropha; to compare the diversity of the germplasm collected in Brazil and the materials introduced and/or generated by crossing selected genotypes; and to determine whether the germplasm introduction strategies and the controlled crossings were efficient in generating/increasing the genetic variability available to the breeding program. This study reported an evaluation on the existence and on the structure of the genetic diversity of a core collection of 92 accessions by using DArT and SNP markers. The genotyping-by-sequencing approach allowed genotyping 747 polymorphic SNP and 4007 DArTs. The pairwise genetic dissimilarity was estimated according to the Jaccard’s coefficient, and clustered by the UPGMA and Tocher’s clustering methods The genetic diversity distribution was assessed by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The mean dissimilarity between accessions was low (0.165), and it confirmed that the diversity of the BJGC is very limited. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the introduced genotypes were divergent, and they formed a separate group, indicating that new introductions such as these will be important to promote future efforts on genetic breeding. Accordingly, data from SNP also confirmed the development of a significant amount of genetic variability within families (65%), which probably resulted from the use of the Mexican accession that was found to be considerably divergent when compared with the Brazilian accessions. These results indicate that breeders should focus on two main strategies to generate variability in the BJGC: introduction of new accessions from other countries and crossings between potential genotypes.

Little is known about the anatomical development of the reproductive system of the American Oil Palm (Elaeis oleifera); an species known in Brazil as Caiaue, that holds a series of characteristics not found in the African Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), rendering it as an important source of genetic variability to be explored by African Oil palm breeding programs in Brazil and elsewhere. Among those characteristics are its small stature, resistance to the Bud Rot and high oil quality. The main objective of this study was to conduct a histo-anatomical analysis of the complete development of the reproductive system of three E. oleifera individuals collected at different localities in the Brazilian Amazon forest. Besides that, rachillas collected from different leaf axils were analyzed to determine the meiotic stage of microsporocytes useful for future cytogenetic and cloning studies. The microscopy analysis of the American Oil Palm individuals BR174, Coari and Manicore started with the youngest phase of the inflorescence until it reached its full development. Flowers were collected from inflorescences in different stages of development and from different parts of a rachilla, fixed and embedded in Technovit 7100® resin and/or paraffin. Ultrathin longitudinal and cross sections of the inflorescences were performed for comparison between individuals with light or phase contrast microscopy. For Scanning Electron Microscopy, flowers were dissected from different parts of a rachilla, fixed, critical point dried, metalized with a nanolayer of gold/palladium and analyzed in a Scanning Electron Microscope Zeiss DSM 962. Results obtained showed the same pattern of floral development previously reported for the African oil palm; however, punctual and temporal variations occurred among the three individuals. The meiotic development in male flowers occurs in an acropetal way in this species, and leaf +14 turned out to be the one were most meiotic stages were identified, rendering it as the ideal stage for collecting samples for cytogenetic studies as well as for tissue culture aiming the production of haploid plants.

The objective of this work was to evaluate physiological processes in contrasting physic nut (Jatropha curcas) genotypes during the flowering and fruiting stages. Gas exchange parameters were measured using an infrared gas analyzer, and morphological traits were evaluated during each stage under natural conditions, in a randomized complete block design with five replicates. Differences in yield between J. curcas accessions were not related to photosynthetic performance, but rather to the number of inflorescences and female flowers, which are genetically determined. Moreover, the net CO2 assimilation was equivalent in both genotypes, although they produced different amount of fruit. The genotypes differed consistently in terms of carboxylation efficiency and ribulose bisphosphate regeneration. Finally, J. curcas branch growth is not impaired by the increased sink strength during fruiting, and fruit may have been actually exerting a positive effect on the net CO2 assimilation, which may have enabled plants to maintain growth while producing flowers and fruits. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar processos fisiológicos em genótipos contrastantes de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), durante as fases de florescimento e frutificação. As trocas gasosas foram mensuradas com analisador de gás por infravermelho, e as características morfológicas foram avaliadas em cada fase sob condições naturais, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. As diferenças no rendimento entre os acessos de J. curcas não estiveram relacionadas ao desempenho fotossintético, mas sim ao número de inflorescências e flores femininas, que são geneticamente determinadas. Além disso, a assimilação líquida de CO2 foi similar em ambos os genótipos, apesar de eles terem diferido na produção de frutos. Os genótipos diferiram consistentemente quanto à eficiência de carboxilação e à regeneração da ribulose bifosfato. Finalmente, o crescimento de ramo de J. curcas não é prejudicado pelo aumento no dreno durante a frutificação, e os frutos possivelmente estavam exercendo efeito positivo na assimilação líquida de CO2, o que pode ter permitido que as plantas mantivessem o crescimento ao produzir flores e frutos.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é propor uma breve análise do conceito de parresía nos últimos cursos de Michel Foucault no Collège de France para pensar o papel do professor e sua formação na atualidade. Seguindo o argumento de Foucault, analisa-se o conceito de parresía em contraste com o conceito de confissão como operadores na constituição do sujeito ético em dois distintos modos de subjetivação: nas escolas filosóficas da Antiguidade greco-romana e no dispositivo pastoral cristão. Nas escolas filosóficas helenísticas, a figura do mestre é central na formação do sujeito ético, como aquele que permite e promove a autonomia do discípulo. Na prática cristã de condução, em contrapartida, o objetivo é a mortificação da vontade e a subordinação perpétua a um guia de conduta. Essa análise permite compreender como as instituições e as práticas educacionais modernas e contemporâneas se ancoram ainda na hermenêutica de si cristã, que é correlativa a formas pastorais de condução e governo dos indivíduos. Para uma melhor compreensão da questão, recorre-se à distinção, estabelecida por Jacques Rancière, entre o professor como mestre emancipador e como cidadão. Considera-se também o problema do “desaparecimento” do professor nos discursos e nas práticas da “aprendizagem”, seguindo a análise de Gert Biesta. Por fim, são avaliadas algumas implicações da análise de Foucault para repensar os dilemas da teorização educacional crítica hoje e o papel do professor como intelectual específico na transformação das práticas educativas. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to propose a brief analysis of the parrhesia concept in the last courses of Michel Foucault at the Collège de France to rethink the importance of teachers and their education today. Following Foucault’s argument, I analyze the concept of parrhesia in contrast to the concept of confession as operators in the constitution of the ethical subject in two distinct subjectivation modes: in the philosophical schools of Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Christian pastoral dispositive. In the Hellenistic philosophical schools, the figure of the master is central in the formation of the ethical subject as that one who both allows and promotes the autonomy of the pupil. In the Christian practice of conducting, in contrast, the goal is the mortification of the will and the perpetual subordination to a conduct guide. This analysis allows us to understand how institutions and contemporary educational practices are still anchored in the Christian hermeneutics of the self, which is correlative to pastoral forms of conduct and government of individuals. In order to a better understanding of the issue, I turn to the distinction established by Jacques Rancière between the teacher as emancipatory master and the teacher as citizen. I also consider the “desapearance” of the teacher in the discourses and practices of “learning” following Gert Biesta’s analysis. Finally, I evaluate some implications of Foucault’s analysis for rethinking the dilemmas of critical educational theories today and the teacher's role as specific intelectual in the transformation of educational practices.

espanolEl objetivo de este texto derivado de una investigacion en curso es proponer una reflexion sobre el futuro de la universidad, a partir de la problematizacion del impacto de la racionalidad neoliberal en las formas de produccion del conocimiento y de organizacion de la vida academica. Para desa - rrollar este analisis, se reconstruyen brevemente las principales transformaciones de la universi - dad moderna desde su advenimiento con la fundacion de la Universidad de Berlin por Wilhelm von Humboldt, en 1810, quien creo el modelo de la universidad de investigacion, hasta la emergencia del modelo de la universidad neoliberal. El proposito del articulo es destacar las racionalidades que orientan la transformacion de la universidad a lo largo del tiempo. Con ese analisis historico se intenta demostrar que ningun modelo puede ser considerado natural, absoluto, inevitable, inne - gociable y que la universidad como institucion esta habitada por una mezcla de racionalidades contradictorias. Para concluir, se usa un ensayo de Derrida (2001) para mostrar que la adopcion no contestada del modelo neoliberal puede destruir la autonomia en la investigacion y ensenanza que hasta hoy caracterizo a la universidad moderna, y compromete su mision en el futuro. EnglishThe aim of this text, derived from an investigation, is to propose a reflection on the future of the uni- versity, from the problematization of the neoliberal rationality impact on the forms of knowledge production and organization of academic life. To develop this analysis, the main transformations of the modern university since its advent with the founding of the Berlin University by Wilhelm von Humboldt, in 1810, who created the model of the research university, until the emergence of the neoliberal university model. The purpose of the article is to highlight the rationalities that govern the transformation of the university over time. This historical analysis attempts to dem- onstrate that no model can be considered natural, absolute, inevitable, non-negotiable, and that and that the university as an institution is inhabited by a mixture of contradictory rationalities. To conclude, the Derrida’s essay (2001), is used to show that the uncontested adoption of the neolib- eral model can destroy the autonomy of research and teaching that until today characterized the modern university, and compromise its mission in the future. portuguesO objetivo deste texto derivado de uma pesquisa em andamento e propor uma reflexao sobre o futuro da universidade, a partir da problematizacao do impacto da racionalidade neoliberal nas formas de producao do conhe- cimento e de organizacao da vida academica. Para desenvolver esta analise, reconstroe-se brevemente as principais transformacoes da universidade moderna desde seu advento com a fundacao da Universidade de Berlim por Wilhelm von Humboldt, em 1810, que criou o modelo da universidade de pesquisa, ate a emergencia do modelo da universidade neoliberal. O propo- sito do artigo e destacar as racionalidades que presidem a transformacao da universidade ao longo do tempo. Com essa analise historica intenta-se demonstrar que nenhum modelo pode ser considerado natural, absoluto, inevitavel, inegociavel e que a universidade, como instituicao e habitada por uma mistura de racionalidades contraditorias. Para concluir, usa-se um ensaio de Derrida (2001) para mostrar que a adocao nao contestada do modelo neoliberal pode destruir a autonomia de pesquisa e ensino, que ate hoje caracterizou a universidade moderna, e compromete sua missao no futuro.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o significado histórico do ideal alemão de formação ou cultivo de si (Bildung), considerando diferentes usos e interpretações ao longo do tempo. Com base na semântica histórica de Reinhart Koselleck e na bibliografia sobre o tema, ele reconstrói as principais transformações na sua estrutura semântica desde as origens na baixa Idade Média até a institucionalização no sistema escolar alemão no século XIX. O desenvolvimento do ideal de Bildung na Alemanha é marcado pela tensão entre sua função de integração por meio da educação e sua função como instrumento de distinção social. A reflexão sobre esse ideal educacional é apresentada como contraponto às práticas educativas atuais, baseadas nos imperativos do mercado e na gestão neoliberal do capital humano., This article aims at analysing the historical meaning of the German ideal of self-cultivation (Bildung), considering its different uses and interpretations over time. Based on the historical semantics of Reinhart Koselleck and the bibliography on the subject, it reconstructs the core transformations in its semantic structure from the beginnings in the late Middle Ages to its institutionalization in the German school system in the nineteenth century. The development of the ideal of Bildung in Germany is characterised by the tension between its function as means of integration through education and its function as instrument of social distinction. The reflexion on this educational ideal is presented as a counterpoint to some of the contemporary educational practices, based on the imperatives of the market and the neoliberal management of human capital.

A obtenção de estimativas confiáveis de parâmetros genéticos, incluindo dados relacionados à variabilidade das populações sob melhoramento, é essencial para se elucidar a estrutura genética das populações e para se inferir sobre sua variabilidade genética e seu potencial de melhoramento. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar parâmetros genéticos e a diversidade em progênies de Macaúba com base em características morfológicas e fisiológicas. Para o estudo, foram avaliadas características morfológicas e fisiológicas em 15 progênies de macaúba, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 5 repetições e 3 plantas por parcela, no espaçamento de 5x5m. Não houve variabilidade para a maioria das características fisiológicas no conjunto de progênies avaliadas. Porém, verificou-se variabilidade genética para os caracteres morfológicos avaliados. As famílias de macaúba agruparam-se em três grupos distintos quanto à diversidade genética, sendo a família CPAC-03 a mais divergente em relação às demais. A eficiência no uso da água e o comprimento de raquis foram as características que mais contribuíram para a dissimilaridade das famílias de macaúba.

Eucalypts are susceptible to a wide range of diseases. One of the most important diseases that affect Eucalyptus plantations worldwide is caused by the rust fungus Puccinia psidii. Here, we provide evidence on the complex genetic control of rust resistance in Eucalyptus inter-specific hybrids, by analyzing a number of full-sib families that display different patterns of segregation for rust resistance. These families are totally unrelated to those previously used in other inheritance studies of rust resistance. By using a full genome scan with 114 genetic markers (microsatellites and expressed sequence tag derived microsatellites) we also corroborated the existence and segregation of a resistance locus, explaining 11.5% of the phenotypic variation, on linkage group 3, corresponding to Ppr1. This find represents an additional validation of this locus in totally unrelated pedigree. We have also detected significant additive × additive digenic interactions with LOD >10.0 on several linkage groups. The additive and epistatic QTLs identified explain between 29.8 and 44.8% of the phenotypic variability for rust resistance. The recognition that both additive and non-additive genetic variation (epistasis) are important contributors to rust resistance in eucalypts reveals the complexity of this host-pathogen interaction and helps explain the success that breeding has achieved by selecting rust-resistant clones, where all the additive and non-additive effects are readily captured. The positioning of epistatic QTLs also provides starting points to look for the underlying genes or genomic regions controlling this phenotype on the upcoming E. grandis genome sequence.

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements present in almost all eukaryotic genomes. Due to their typical patterns of repetition, discovery, and characterization, they demand analysis by various bioinformatics software. Probably, as a result of the need for a complex analysis, many genomes publicly available do not have these elements annotated yet. In this study, a de novo and homology-based identification of TEs and microsatellites was performed using genomic data from 3 palm species: Elaeis oleifera (American oil palm, v.1, Embrapa, unpublished; v.8, Malaysian Palm Oil Board [MPOB], public), Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm, v.5, MPOB, public), and Phoenix dactylifera (date palm). The estimated total coverage of TEs was 50.96% (523 572 kb) and 42.31% (593 463 kb), 39.41% (605 015 kb), and 33.67% (187 361 kb), respectively. A total of 155 726 microsatellite loci were identified in the genomes of oil and date palms. This is the first detailed description of repeats in the genomes of oil and date palms. A relatively high diversity and abundance of TEs were found in the genomes, opening a range of further opportunities for applied research in these genera. The development of molecular markers (mainly simple sequence repeat), which may be immediately applied in breeding programs of those species to support the selection of superior genotypes and to enhance knowledge of the genetic structure of the breeding and natural populations, is the most notable opportunity.

The aim of this study was to estimate the repeatability coefficient of grain production in Jatropha, the minimum number of measurements needed to reliably predict the genetic value of selected families, and to determine the cumulative genetic gains when considering the selection of the best families based on different number of measurements. The experiment was conducted with 175 accessions (half-siblings progenies derived from selected plants in the field) that compose part of a germplasm collection. Such bank was established in a randomized block design with two blocks. In each block a given accession was represented in a 5 plant/plot scheme (half-siblings). For the analysis, yield data obtained in the years of 2009–2012 were considered. The results of this study indicate that the repeatability coefficient of grain production in Jatropha is low (0.37), but comparable to other perennial species, and that to achieve reliabilities of 70 and 80% in the prediction of breeding values of selected families, 4 and 7 years of evaluation, respectively, are needed. The results of this study also indicate that the efficiency of early selection seems to be small in Jatropha since the coincidence rate of selected genotypes at early age (1 or 2 years of evaluation) and genotypes selected in adult age (4 years assessment) is small (17–23%). Finally, taking into account the repeatability coefficients and coefficients of determination, in a hypothetical period of 21 years (which is equivalent to three selection cycles using seven consecutive measurements – R2 = 80%), this paper demonstrates that higher cumulative genetic gains can be obtained (159% over 108%) by relaxing the degree of certainty in predicting the best families (R2 = 65% instead of R2 = 80%), since it makes possible to perform a greater number of selection cycles in the same period (7 cycles instead of 4).

The objective of this paper was to (i) estimate genetic parameters for important physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) traits, and to using these parameters (ii) predict the genetics gains with the selection of superior genotypes using different selection procedures. It was among the objectives of this paper to (iii) compare the efficiency of the different selection methods in order to identify the most suited to be applied in the physic nut breeding program. Broad sense heritabilities in the level of families were elevated (superior to 60% for yield for example) indicating that there are good prospects for the selection of superior genotypes. Combined selection (CS) provided the highest genetic gain (99.3%), followed by the stratified mass selection (SMS), selection among and within families (SAWF) and mass selection (MS). The number of selected families followed the inverse order indicating that the methods that generate the highest gains may deplete the genetic variability of the breeding population faster than the methods that provide intermediate gains. Considering, however, that the demand for improved physic nut cultivars is increasing each year in Brazil and considering that physic nut genetic basis in Brazil is already considered to be low, the addition of more diversity to breeding population will be needed, regardless of the selection procedure employed. Therefore, on the basis of the predicted genetic gains, CS seems to be more suited than other methods for rapid improvement of the species. Based on this strategy, genotypes with enhanced productivity, may be successfully selected in the Brazilian physic nut population and tested in expanded trials to be released as improved physic nut cultivars.

For the study of the two-dimensional space of cubic polynomials, Milnor [J. Milnor, Cubic polynomials with periodic critical orbit, Part I, in Complex Dy-namics Families and Friends, D. Scheleicher and A.K. Peters, eds., 2009, pp. 333–411] considers the complex one-dimensional slice 𝒮 n of the cubic polynomials which have a super-attracting orbit of period n. These polynomials are described – modulo affine conjugacy – by the family f c (z) = z 3 + cz 2. Milnor gives a detailed description of 𝒮 n and a number of questions were left open which were resolved recently by Roesch [P. Roesch Hyperbolic components of polynomials with a fixed critical point of maximal order, Ann. Scientifiques de L' Ecole Normal Sup. 40 (2007)] and Faught [D. Faught, Local connectivity in a family of cubic polynomials, Thesis Cornell University, 1992]. Roesch generalizes these results for the families of polynomials f c (z) = z d + cz d−1; d ≥ 3. In the present note, we consider for n ≥ 3, the family of polynomials P c (z) = z n ...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos e determinar a eficiência da seleção simultânea de clones de eucalipto baseada em produtividade, estabilidade e adaptabilidade. Foram utilizados 21 clones, com 36 meses de idade, pertencentes ao programa de melhoramento genético da empresa Cenibra. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em quatro ambientes, com 21 repetições de uma planta por parcela. Os clones foram avaliados quanto às variáveis: diâmetro à altura do peito, altura da planta e volume total com casca. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados pela metodologia de modelos mistos (REML/BLUP), e a seleção baseou-se no método da média harmônica do desempenho relativo dos valores genéticos (MHPRVG), em três estratégias: seleção com base no valor genético predito, tendo-se considerado o desempenho médio dos genótipos em todos os ambientes (sem efeito de interação) ou o desempenho em cada ambiente (com efeito da interação); e seleção simultânea quanto à produção, estabilidade e adaptabilidade. As particularidades dos ambientes influenciaram a expressão fenotípica dos clones. As estimativas de herdabilidade indicaram boas perspectivas para a seleção de clones com alta produtividade, estabilidade e adaptabilidade. A seleção simultânea otimiza a seleção de clones e pode ser usada na construção de populações de melhoramento e na recomendação de materiais genéticos para plantios comerciais. The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters and to determine the efficiency of the simultaneous selection of eucalyptus clones based on yield, stability, and adaptability. Twenty-one clones, with 36 months of age, from the genetic breeding program of the company Cenibra were used. The experiment was done in a randomized complete block design, in four environments, with 21 replicates of one plant per plot. The clones were evaluated as to the variables: diameter at breast height, plant height, and total volume with bark. The genetic parameters were estimated using the mixed model procedure (REML/BLUP), and selection was based on the harmonic mean of the relative performance of the genetic values (HMRPGV), with three strategies: selection based on the predicted genetic gain, considering the average performance of genotypes in all environments (without interaction effect) or the performance on each environment (with interaction effect); and simultaneous selection based on productivity, stability, and adaptability. Environment particularities influenced the phenotypic expression of the clones. The heritability estimates indicated good perspectives for selecting clones with high yield, stability, and adaptability. Simultaneous selection optimizes clone selection and can be used in the construction of breeding populations and in the recommendation of genetic materials for commercial plantations.

In spite of increasingly widespread interest in planting physic nut, breeding efforts are still in its infancy. In that context, an important resource recently established aiming future breeding efforts was the assembly of a germplasm bank with near 200 accessions. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters, repeatibility coefficients and genetic correlation between seven traits, measured in 110 accessions (half sib families) of this germplasm bank in different stages of development. The results show that higher relative values of additive variance were only found for yield and height, and the existence of low environmental variation (either of temporary or permanent nature) among plots within blocks. Given the high repeatibility values found for all traits, on average three measurements are necessary to predict, accurately and efficiently, the true breeding value of an individual. Based on the results of genetic correlations, breeding effort should initially be use track trees with increased stem diameter, elevated number of branches and canopy volume so as to increase the chances of finding an exceptionally highly productive tree. Apesar do crescente interesse no plantio do pinhão manso, os esforços de melhoramento ainda estão em seu início. Nesse contexto, um importante recurso recentemente estabelecido visando a futuros trabalhos de melhoramento foi a montagem de um banco de germoplasma com cerca de 200 acessos. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar parâmetros genéticos, coeficientes de repetibilidade e correlações genéticas entre sete características, mensuradas em 110 acessos (famílias de meios-irmãos) desse banco de germoplasma em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. Os resultados demonstram que valores elevados de variância genética aditiva foram encontrados apenas para produção e altura e a existência de baixa variação ambiental (tanto de natureza temporária quanto permanente) entre parcelas dentro de blocos. Dado os altos valores de repetibilidade encontrados para todas as características, em média três mensurações são necessárias para se predizer, acurada e eficientemente, o real valor de melhoramento de um indivíduo. Baseado nos resultados de correlações genéticas, esforços de melhoramento devem inicialmente ser usados para se identificar árvores de elevado diâmetro de caule, elevado número de ramos e volume de copa, de modo a aumentar as chances de se encontrar árvores excepcionalmente produtivas.

One of the most important diseases of eucalyptus plantations is caused by the rust fungus Puccinia psidii. While the genetic basis of rust resistance has been addressed recently, little is known about the physiological aspects of Eucalyptus–P. psidii interaction. In order to fill this gap, we undertook a study investigating the effects of P. psidii infection on photosynthetic processes of two E. urophylla clones with contrasting resistance to the pathogen. Our results show that gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were virtually unaffected in the resistant clone. In the susceptible clone, photosynthetic rates were chiefly constrained by biochemical limitations to carbon fixation. Photosynthesis was impaired only in symptomatic tissues since the reductions in photosynthetic rates were proportional to the diseased leaf area. Rust infection provoked chronic photoinhibition to photosynthesis in the susceptible clone. Overall, differences in the ability for light capture, use and dissipation may play a significant role in explaining the clonal differences in Eucalyptus in response to P. psidii infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the effect of rust infection on gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in Eucalyptus.

Development of dedicated perennial crops has been indicated as a strategic action to meet the growing demand for biofuels. Breeding of perennial crops,however, is often time- and resource-consuming. As genomics offers a platform from which to learn more about the relationships of genes and phenotypes,its operational use in the context of breeding programs through strategies such as genomic selection promises to foster the development of perennial crops dedicated to biodiesel production by increasing the efficiency of breeding programs and by shortening the length of the breeding cycles.

Solanum commersonii subsp. commersonii Dun. e Solanum commersonii subsp. malmeanum Bitt. (2n=2x=24 - 1EBN) não podem ser diretamente cruzadas com a batata cultivada de S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum L. (2n=4x=48 -4 EBN) em razão da barreira da ploidia e do número de equilíbrio do endosperma (EBN). No entanto, a produção de pólen não reduzido por S. commersonii ssp. (2x=2n=24 - 1EBN), permite o cruzamento desta com dihaplóides de batata e com as espécies diplóides S. phureja Juz. & Bukasov. e S. chacoense Bitt., que possuem 2 EBN. Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de determinar o mecanismo meiótico e a freqüência dos grãos de pólen não reduzidos em cinco clones de Solanum commersonii ssp. Foram avaliados três clones de S. commersonii subsp. commersonii (SCC) e dois de S. commersonii subsp. malmeanum (SCM). Nas avaliações, duzentos grãos de pólen viáveis foram corados (carmim acético 2%) e mensurados, sendo considerados não reduzidos aqueles com o diâmetro igual ou superior a 25 µm. O clone Solanum commersonii subsp. commersonii Dun. (SCC 100) produz 26.1% de polen não reduzido, por fusos fundidos e fusos paralelos, o qual pode ser utilizado em programas de melhoramento. Solanum commersonii subsp. commersonii Dun. and Solanum commersonii subsp. malmeanum Bitt. (2n=2x=24 -1EBN) cannot be directly crossed with the cultivated Solanum tuberosum subsp. Tuberosum L. (2n=4x=48 - 4EBN) species due to ploidy barriers and endosperm balance number (EBN). However, non-reduced pollen production by the wild species S. commersonii ssp. (2x=2n=24 -1EBN), allows the crossing of these species with dihaploids of potato and with the diploids species, S. phureja Juz. & Bukasov. and S. chacoense Bitt., all with 2EBN. The aim of this work was to determine the meiotic mechanism and frequency of non-reduced pollen production of five clones of S. commersonii ssp. Three different clones of S. commersonii subsp. commersonii Dun. (SCC) and two of S. commersonii subsp. malmeanum Bitt. (SCM) were evaluated. In the evaluation, two hundred viable pollen grains were stained (2% acetic carmin) and measured. The pollen grains measuring 25 µm in diameter or more were considered nonreduced. The clone Solanum commersonii subsp. commersonii Dun. (SCC 100) produces 26.1% of non-reduced pollen grains caused by parallel spindles and fusion spindles, which may be used in breeding program.

Agaricus brasiliensis is a medicinal mushroom native to Brazil. It was first identified as Agaricus blazei and its scientific name continues to be debated. We examined the cytology of different Brazilian commercial strains of A. brasiliensis and the nuclear behavior of strain CS1 during basidiospore development using fluorescent microscopy. All strains have multinucleate hyphae and no significant differences in nuclei numbers were observed between them. Basidia from A. brasiliensis strain CS1 are typically tetrasporics and produce binucleate basidiospores, demonstrating that a postmeiotic mitosis occurs during basidiospore development. This result suggests that A. brasiliensis is primarily a heterothallic species.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a existência de loco letal, em uma população hibrída de eucalipto, e quantificar a distorção de segregação no grupo de ligação 3 do genoma de Eucalyptus. Uma população híbrida de E. grandis x E. urophylla, que segrega quanto à resistência à ferrugem, foi genotipada com 19 marcadores microssatélites do grupo de ligação 3 do genoma de Eucalyptus. Para quantificar a distorção de segregação, modelos de máxima verossimilhança (ML), específicos para população exogâmica, foram utilizados. Esses modelos consideram os genótipos dos marcadores observados e o loco letal como parâmetros. As soluções ML foram obtidas por meio do algoritmo de esperança e maximização. Um loco letal, no grupo de ligação 3, foi verificado e mapeado com alta confiabilidade entre os microssatélites EMBRA 189 e EMBRA 122. Este loco letal causa intensa seleção gamética no genitor masculino. Nessa população, sua posição é de 25 cM de distância do loco que controla a resistência à ferrugem. The objective of this work was to verify the existence of a lethal locus in a eucalyptus hybrid population, and to quantify the segregation distortion in the linkage group 3 of the Eucalyptus genome. A E. grandis x E. urophylla hybrid population, which segregates for rust resistance, was genotyped with 19 microsatellite markers belonging to linkage group 3 of the Eucalyptus genome. To quantify the segregation distortion, maximum likelihood (ML) models, specific to outbreeding populations, were used. These models consider the observed marker genotypes and the lethal locus viability as parameters. The ML solutions were obtained using the expectation‑maximization algorithm. A lethal locus in the linkage group 3 was verified and mapped, with high confidence, between the microssatellites EMBRA 189 e EMBRA 122. This lethal locus causes an intense gametic selection from the male side. Its map position is 25 cM from the locus which controls the rust resistance in this population.

Chrysophorte cubensis induced canker occurs in nearly all tropical and subtropical regions where eucalypts are planted, causing losses in both wood quality and volume productivity, especially so in the warmer and more humid regions of Brazil. The wide inter and intra-specific genetic variability of resistance to canker among Eucalyptus species facilitates the selection of resistant plants. In this study, we evaluated resistance to this pathogen in five Eucalyptus grandis (G) and 15 E. urophylla (U) trees, as well as in 495 individuals from 27 progenies derived from crosses between the trees. In the field, six-months-old test seedlings were inoculated with C. cubensis. Lesion length in the xylem and bark was measured eight months later. The results demonstrated that xylem lesions could preferentially be used for the selection of resistant clones. Eight trees (7 U and 1 G) were susceptible, and the remainder (8 U and 4 G) resistant. Individual narrow and broad sense heritability estimates were 17 and 81%, respectively, thereby suggesting that canker resistance is quantitative and highly dependent on dominance and epistasis.

Aiming at generating a comprehensive genomic database on Elaeis spp., our group is leading several R&D initiatives with Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) and Elaeis oleifera (American oil palm), including the whole-genome sequencing of the last. Genome size estimates currently available for this genus are controversial, as they indicate that American oil palm genome is about half the size of the African oil palm genome and that the genome of the interspecific hybrid is bigger than both the parental species genomes. We estimated the genome size of three E. guineensis genotypes, five E. oleifera genotypes, and two interspecific hybrids genotypes. On average, the genome size of E. guineensis is 4.32 ± 0.173 pg, while that of E. oleifera is 4.43 ± 0.018 pg. This indicates that both genomes are similar in size, even though E. oleifera is in fact bigger. As expected, the hybrid genome size is around the average of the two genomes, 4.40 ± 0.016 pg. Additionally, we demonstrate that both species present around 38% of GC content. As our results contradict the currently available data on Elaeis spp. genome sizes, we propose that the actual genome size of the Elaeis species is around 4 pg and that American oil palm possesses a larger genome than African oil palm.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico e o ganho genético pela seleção de famílias de meio-irmãos de pinhão-manso, cultivado em três regiões do Brasil. A partir de seleção fenotípica prévia, foram instalados três testes de progênies, em 2008, nos municípios de Planaltina, DF, Nova Porteirinha, MG, e Pelotas, RS. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e cinco plantas por parcela. Como testemunha, foram utilizadas sementes, colhidas ao acaso, de uma população sem seleção. Houve interação significativa entre os efeitos de genótipos por ambientes. As estimativas dos componentes de variância e dos parâmetros genéticos indicaram que é possível obter ganhos com a seleção das melhores famílias, nos ambientes avaliados. Em cada ambiente, ao menos uma família foi selecionada com desempenho superior ao tratamento-controle. O ganho genético médio, obtido pela seleção massal nos três ambientes, foi de 72%. Observou-se alto coeficiente de correlação entre os ambientes de Planaltina e Nova Porteirinha, quanto ao desempenho agronômico, o que não se repetiu no Município de Pelotas. A interação genótipo x ambiente deve ser considerada na recomendação de materiais genéticos de pinhão-manso para ambientes distintos. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and genetic gain by the selection of half-sib families of physic nut grown in three Brazilian regions. Based on previous phenotypic selection, three progeny tests were performed, in 2008, in the municipalities of Planaltina, DF, Nova Porteirinha, MG, and Pelotas, RS. A randomized complete block design was used, with three replicates, and five plants per plot. Randomly collected seeds from a population without selection were used as control. There was a significant interaction between the effects of genotypes and environments. Estimates of variance components and genetic parameters indicated that it is possible to obtain genetic gains from selection of the best families in the evaluated environments. In each environment, at least one family was selected with a higher performance than the control treatment. Mass selection in the three environments provided 72% of genetic gains. The agronomic performance had a high correlation coefficient between the environments of Planaltina and Nova Porteirinha, which did not occur in Pelotas. Genotype x environment interaction should be considered in the recommendations of physic nut genetic material for different environments.

The genetic variability of the Brazilian physic nut (Jatropha curcas) germplasm bank (117 accessions) was assessed using a combination of phenotypic and molecular data. The joint dissimilarity matrix showed moderate correlation with the original matrices of phenotypic and molecular data. However, the correlation between the phenotypic dissimilarity matrix and the genotypic dissimilarity matrix was low. This finding indicated that molecular markers (RAPD and SSR) did not adequately sample the genomic regions that were relevant for phenotypic differentiation of the accessions. The dissimilarity values of the joint dissimilarity matrix were used to measure phenotypic + molecular diversity. This diversity varied from 0 to 1.29 among the 117 accessions, with an average dissimilarity among genotypes of 0.51. Joint analysis of phenotypic and molecular diversity indicated that the genetic diversity of the physic nut germplasm was 156% and 64% higher than the diversity estimated from phenotypic and molecular data, respectively. These results show that Jatropha genetic variability in Brazil is not as limited as previously thought.

Phenological studies can provide information that enables the understanding of the dynamics of plants and how these dynamics are related to the biotic and abiotic environment. In order to study the phenological phases of Jatropha during two agricultural years, agronomic and climatic variables, such as temperature and rainfall, were evaluated. Data for each variable in each year and each genotype were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences were tested at 5% probability by F test. In addition, the correlation of growth behavior and reproductive development of two Jatropha accessions (CNPAE-102 and CNPAE-169) as a function of time elapsed after the start of the phenological cycle with climatic variables were analyzed through Pearson's correlation. It was found that: (i) the resuming of plant growth by producing new branches and flowers of both genotypes coincides with the start of the rainy season, (ii) the flowering may be related to the increase in temperature and rainfall; (iii) the number of inflorescences per plant and number of female flowers determine the number of green fruits, (iv) the environmental changes are responsible for the delimitation of phenophases; and finally that (v) the responses to phenological changes are genotype-dependent. Estudos fenológicos podem fornecer informações que possibilitam compreender a dinâmica das plantas e sua relação com os fatores bióticos e abióticos do ambiente. Assim, buscando estudar as fases fenológicas do pinhão-manso, durante dois anos agrícolas foram avaliadas as seguintes cinco características agronômicas e variáveis climáticas como temperatura e precipitação. Os dados de cada variável, em cada ano e cada genótipo, foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA) e as diferenças testadas a 5% de probabilidade pelo teste F. Além disso, analisou-se a correlação do comportamento vegetativo e reprodutivo de dois acessos de Jatropha (CNPAE-102 e CNPAE-169) em função do tempo decorrido após o início do ciclo fenológico com as variáveis climáticas por meio de correlação de Pearson. Verificou-se que: (i) a retomada do crescimento das plantas com a produção de novas ramificações e inflorescências de ambos os genótipos coincide com o início do período chuvoso; (ii) o florescimento pode estar relacionado a aumento da temperatura e da precipitação; (iii) número de inflorescências por plantas e número de flores femininas determinam o número de frutos verdes; (iv) variações ambientais são responsáveis pela delimitação das fenofases e (v) as respostas às mudanças fenológicas são genótipo dependentes.

An initial evaluation of early selection of physic nut genotypes based on phenotypic data is presented. In order to predict the genetic gains with early selection, genetic parameters, e.g. additive genetic variance, were first obtained for grain yield along with other numerous traits. The results demonstrated that additive genetic variance exists not only for grain yield, which is considered to be the most important trait for oil and biodiesel production, but also for numerous other traits. The predicted genetic gains for grain yield, considering the selection of the 30, 20, 10 and 5 best families in the second crop year are respectively, 40.47, 48.43, 61.78 and 70.28%. With the selection of highly yielding physic nut genotypes indirectly genotypes with enhanced volume would be also selected, because yield exhibits moderate to high genetic correlations with height e canopy volume. The results here presented demonstrate the potential of the population gathered in the Brazilian physic nut germplasm bank for genetic breeding purposes and that superior physic nut families can be selected with high accuracy based on the evaluation of its second crop. Uma avaliação inicial da seleção precoce de genótipos baseados em dados fenotípicos é apresentada aqui. Para predizer os ganhos genéticos com a seleção precoce, parâmetros genéticos, e.g. variância genética aditiva, foram obtidos para a produção de grãos e vários outros caracteres. Os resultados demonstram que variância genética aditiva existe, não apenas para produção de grãos, que é considerada a característica mais importante para produção de óleo e biodiesel, mas também para outras características. Os ganhos genéticos preditos com a seleção das 30, 20, 10 e 5 melhores famílias no segundo ano de avaliação são respectivamente 40,47, 48,43, 61,78 e 70,28%. Com a seleção de genótipos mais produtivos de pinhão manso, indiretamente genótipos com elevado volume também serão selecionados, uma vez que a produção exibe correlação alta a moderada com altura e volume de copa. Conjuntamente, os resultados aqui apresentados demonstram o potencial da população representada no banco ativo de germoplasma de pinhão manso brasileiro, para fins de melhoramento e que famílias superiores de pinhão manso podem ser selecionadas com alta acurácia baseada na avaliação da segunda produção.

Fossil derived fuels currently supply most of the world’s energy, even though it represents a finite resource. Aiming at reducing the fossil fuels dependency, alternative sources of energy have been pursued in the last few years. In view of the urgent need to develop new technologies that may enable the widespread use of environment friendly forms of energy, biofuels in general and biodiesel in particular, are receiving considerable attention throughout the world and especially in Brazil. Due to the high quality of its oil that meets the rapeseed quality standard, to the fact that its oil can be easily converted into biodiesel, and its wide adaptability, physic nut (Jatropha curcas) has been considered a potential crop to serve as feedstock for biodiesel production. In that context, this chapter demonstrates the potential of physic nut as a biofuel crop, highlighting however the existing challenges to its wide adoption as a fuel crop. Even facing enormous challenges (detailed below), our cautiously yet optimistic vision is that a dense and directed research program may successfully make physic nut a viable feedstock for biodiesel production. In that respect we detail the Embrapa research initiative drawn to address many of the existing challenges.

Background Eucalyptus is the most widely planted hardwood crop in the tropical and subtropical world. Plantations of Eucalyptus species supply high-quality wood for industrial applications and are important sources of carbon neutral renewable energy in Brazil. E. grandis and E. urophylla and their hybrids are the most widely planted species in fast growing commercial forests in Brazil. E. globulus is the preferred raw material by the mills generating a pulp that is considered superior by the market. However as a pure species it does not grow adequately in Brazil but performs well in hybrid combinations. Breeding programs have increasingly incorporated E. globulus germplasm in fast moving elite populations. Molecular breeding in such populations will require information on markers, comparative mapping and QTL validation across pedigrees involving these different species. Highly multiallelic and transferable microsatellites not only are excellent tools for individual identification, but also provide robust and efficient framework genetic maps that serve well for mapping thousands of bialellic higher throughput markers such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Diversity Array Technology (DArT). Furthermore microsatellites provide a powerful way for QTL validation across species. We describe the development and characterization of 182 new microsatellites, most of them derived from ESTs and some from a genomic shotgun library. These markers, together with other previously developed ones were used to build a consensus map involving three different pedigrees derived from intercrossing four species of Eucalyptus.

As high-throughput genomic tools, such as the DNA microarray platform, have lead to the development of novel genotyping procedures, such as Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), it is likely that, in the future, high density linkage maps will be constructed from both dominant and co-dominant markers. Recently, a strictly genetic approach was described for estimating recombination frequency (r) between co-dominant markers in full-sib families. The complete set of maximum likelihood estimators for r in full-sib families was almost obtained, but unfortunately, one particular configuration involving dominant markers, segregating in a 3:1 ratio and co-dominant markers, was not considered. Here we add nine further estimators to the previously published set, thereby making it possible to cover all combinations of molecular markers with two to four alleles (without epistasis) in a full-sib family. This includes segregation in one or both parents, dominance and all linkage phase configurations.

Background Although (Elaeis guineensis) is planted on only 5% of the total world vegetable oil acreage, it accounts for more than 30% of vegetable oil produced worldwide [1]. In Brazil, the Federal Government launched a plan to boost Oil Palm production as a way to meet the biofuels market increasing demand for vegetable oil. Nevertheless, the Oil Palm expansion areas in Brazil coincide with the area of occurrence of bud rot [2], a major disease that is decimating plantations already established in the area. In a way to circumvent such problem, breeders are now using E. oleifera germplasm in Oil Palm breeding programs, generating inter-specific hybrids not only resistant to bud rot, but with higher unsaturated fatty acid content, lower height [3]. E. oleifera, however, lack the genomic resources currently available for Oil Palm [1], hampering many possible studies that could potentially help breeding. Based on the foregoing, we started a project to develop a large set of molecular markers for the species based on the DArTSeq platform [4].

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o ganho genético em pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) com uso de diferentes índices de seleção e estabelecer a melhor estratégia de seleção para a espécie. A seleção direta e indireta foi realizada com diferentes índices de seleção, o que totalizou 14 estratégias. Foram analisadas 175 famílias pertencentes ao banco ativo de germoplasma da Embrapa Agroenergia, em blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: produtividade de grãos; sementes por fruto; razão endosperma/semente; peso, comprimento, largura e espessura de sementes; número de ramos a 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 m; altura de plantas; diâmetro do caule; projeção da copa nas linhas e nas entrelinhas; volume da copa; juvenilidade (dias até o florescimento); e altura de inserção da primeira inflorescência. As avaliações foram realizadas durante o segundo ano de cultivo. A utilização de índices de seleção é relevante para maximizar os ganhos genéticos em pinhão-manso e favorece uma melhor distribuição de características desejáveis. Os índices multiplicativos e restritivos são considerados os mais promissores para uso na seleção. The objective of this work was to estimate genetic gains in physic nut (Jatropha curcas) using selection indexes and to establish the best selection strategy for the species. Direct and indirect selection was carried out using different selection indexes, totalizing 14 strategies. One hundred and seventy five families from the active germplasm bank of Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, Brazil, were analyzed in a randomized complete block design with two replicates. The evaluated traits were: grain yield; seeds per fruit; endosperm/seed ratio; seed weight, length, width, and thickness; branches per plant at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m; plant height; stem diameter; canopy projection on rows and between lines; canopy volume; juvenility (days to the first flowering); and height of the first inflorescence. Evaluations were done during the second year of cultivation. The use of selection indexes is relevant to maximize the genetic gains in physic nut, favoring a better distribution of desirable traits. The multiplicative and restrictive indexes are considered the most promising for selection.

O texto aborda como o avanço da bioeconomia tem especial significado para o Brasil, pois abre novas oportunidades para que o País explore vantagens competitivas do seu pujante sistema agroindustrial. OpAA69.