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The article presents estimates of male fertility among the Moscow merchants in 1850-1858: it assesses the impact of specific marital behavior of male merchants on fertility rates, defines the limits of the male reproductive age, and considers the contribution of infant and child mortality to the formation of family structure. Skazki (household lists) of the 10th revision of the Moscow merchants served the data source. The analysis showed that late marriage with low definitive celibacy of the Moscow male merchants and a significant age difference between spouses is combined with relatively high rates of male fertility at the age of over 50. The total fertility rate for the period under study exceeds five children per man.

The article analyzes the current demographic situation in the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as the main components of population dynamics: natural population growth, internal mobility and international migration. Basing on census data, current statistics and population surveys, the authors assess the impact of demographic processes in the republic on the age and sex structure and the rate of ageing of the Kyrgyz population, as well as on population settlement and its concentration in the centres of attraction of internal migrants, and the urbanization process. Analysis of demographic dynamics in the Kyrgyz Republic has shown a number of interrelated problems and challenges caused by the rapid growth of the population and changes in its age structure, requiring urgent social and economic policy measures. Key of the revealed problems are mass departure of the population in the working age, especially young people (labour migration), growth of population of retirement age, and uneven population settlement with concentration around the two largest urban agglomerations of the republic, the cities of Bishkek and Osh.