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This paper provides a critical reflection on the extent to which professional development and mentoring schemes can challenge the gender bias in academic practice for women in Further and Higher Education. The paper begins by outlining the barriers and challenges to career progression for women academics in Higher Education and the extent to which interventions, in this case engagement in a formal mentoring schemes and leadership development, can be perceived to positively influence career progression and/or professional practice. The paper will then focus on the benefits and limitations of moving to a more digital approach to mentoring and professional development, to be more inclusive and further support women to engage with initiatives that will support career progression and/or practice enhancement, through the lens of initiatives at the University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI).

Purpose: Adults with right hemisphere damage demonstrate differences in connected speech compared to controls, but systematic, quantitative methods to capture these differences are lacking. The current study aimed to (a) investigate if measures using the Modern Cookie Theft picture description would identify discourse differences in acute right hemisphere stroke, and (b) examine if discourse differences were associated with documented cognitive impairment. Method: Eighty-four participants completed the Modern Cookie Theft picture description within 5 days of right hemisphere stroke. Descriptions were analyzed for multiple microlinguistic characteristics. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed for documented presence of cognitive impairment. Results: Individuals with acute right hemisphere stroke produced fewer content units, total syllables, and lower left–right content unit ratios compared to controls, indicating a paucity of informativeness. Presence of cognitive impairment was associated with fewer content units produced. Conclusions: Multiple measures of microlinguistic discourse characteristics differentiated adults with right hemisphere stroke from controls, highlighting variations in both the quantity and quality of connected speech. Findings continue to underscore the contribution and correlation between cognitive skills and discourse performance. Future work is needed to assess the relationship between particular cognitive domains and discourse production as well as to investigate longitudinal changes to discourse production during stroke recovery. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.20778541

Purpose: There are few evidence-based treatments for language deficits in primary progressive aphasia (PPA). PPA treatments are often adopted from the poststroke aphasia literature. The poststroke aphasia literature has shown promising results using Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST), a behavioral therapy that focuses on improving naming by producing verbs and their arguments in phrases and sentences. Emerging research in poststroke aphasia and PPA has shown promising results pairing behavioral language therapy with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Method: This study used a double-blind, within-subjects, sham-controlled crossover design to study the effect of anodal tDCS applied to left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) plus VNeST versus VNeST plus sham stimulation in two individuals with nonfluent variant PPA and one individual with logopenic variant PPA. Participants received two phases of treatment, each with 15 1-hr sessions of VNeST. One phase paired VNeST with tDCS stimulation, and one with sham. For each phase, language testing was conducted at baseline, and at 1 week and 8 weeks posttreatment conclusion. For each participant, treatment efficacy was evaluated for each treatment phase by comparing the mean change in accuracy between baseline and the follow-up time points for naming trained verbs (primary outcome measure), untrained verbs, and nouns on the Object and Action Naming Battery. Mean change from baseline was also directly compared between tDCS and sham phases at each time point. Results: Results revealed a different pattern of outcomes for each of the participants. A tDCS advantage was not found for trained verbs for any participant. Two participants with nonfluent variant PPA had a tDCS advantage for generalization to naming of untrained verbs, which was apparent at 1 week and 8 weeks posttreatment. One participant with nonfluent variant also showed evidence of generalization to sentence production in the tDCS phase. Conclusion: VNeST plus anodal tDCS stimulation of left IFG shows promising results for improving naming in PPA.

Background: Perfusion and structural imaging play an important role in ischemic stroke. Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a novel noninvasive method of ASL perfusion that allows simultaneous estimation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), bolus arrival time (BAT), and tissue T 1 map in a single scan of Methods: A total of 34 patients were scanned on 3T magnetic resonance imaging. MRF-ASL, standard single-delay pseudo-continuous ASL, T 2 -weighted, and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging were performed. Regions of interest of lesion and contralateral normal tissues were manually delineated. CBF (with 2 different compartmental models), BAT, and tissue T 1 parameters were quantified. Cross-sectional linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between MRF-ASL parameters and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to determine the utility of MRF-ASL in the classification of stroke lesion voxels. Results: MRF-ASL derived parameters revealed a significant difference between stroke lesion and contralateral normal regions of interest, in that lesion regions manifested a lower CBF 1-compartment ( P 2-compartment ( P P =0.002), and longer T 1 ( P 1-compartment,diff (β=−0.11, P =0.008), CBF 2-compartment,diff (β=−0.16, P =0.003), and T 1,diff (β=0.008, P =0.001). MRF-ASL parameters were also predictive of NIHSS score and modified Rankin Scale scale measured at a later stage, although the degree of the associations was weaker. These associations tended to be even stronger when the MRF-ASL data were acquired at the acute/subacute stage. Compared with standard pseudo-continuous ASL, the multiparametric capability of MRF-ASL yielded higher area under curve values in the receiver operating characteristic analyses of stroke voxel classifications. Conclusions: MRF-ASL may provide a new approach for quantitative hemodynamic and structural imaging in ischemic stroke.

Background and ObjectivesHemispatial neglect is a heterogeneous and complex disorder that can be classified by frame of reference for “left” vs “right,” including viewer-centered neglect (VCN, affecting the contralesional side of the view), stimulus-centered neglect (SCN, affecting the contralesional side of the stimulus, irrespective of its location with respect to the viewer), or both. We investigated the effect of acute stroke lesions on the connectivity of neural networks that underlie VCN or SCN.MethodsA total of 174 patients within 48 hours of acute right hemispheric infarct underwent a detailed hemispatial neglect assessment that included oral reading, scene copy, line cancellation, gap detection, horizontal line bisection tests, and MRI. Each patient's connectivity map was generated. We performed a linear association analysis between network connectivity strength and continuous measures of neglect to identify lesion-induced disconnections associated with the presence or severity of VCN and SCN. Results were corrected for multiple comparisons.ResultsAbout 42% of the participants with right hemisphere stroke had at least one type of neglect. The presence of any type of neglect was associated with lesions to tracts connecting the right inferior parietal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and right thalamus to other right-hemispheric structures. VCN only was strongly associated with tracts connecting the right putamen to other brain regions and tracts connecting right frontal regions with other brain regions. The presence of both types of neglect was most strongly associated with tracts connecting the right inferior and superior parietal cortex to other brain regions and those connecting left or right mesial temporal cortex to other brain regions.DiscussionOur study provides new evidence for the specific white matter tracts where disruption can cause hemispatial neglect in a relatively large number of participants and homogeneous time after onset. We obtained MRI and behavioral testing acutely, before the opportunity for rehabilitation or substantial recovery.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class II evidence that damage to specific white matter tracts identified on MRI are associated with the presence of neglect following right hemispheric stroke.

AIMS To explore the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PD) of GSK2646264 using skin challenge models. METHODS Healthy volunteers (HV) with a positive allergen skin prick test received GSK2646264 (0.5% or 1% ww) and placebo creams on up to 10% body surface area (BSA). Cold (ColdU) or chronic spontaneous (CSU) urticaria patients received 1% GSK2646264 or placebo on up to 10% BSA. PD assessments included weal characteristics after skin allergen challenge, critical temperature threshold (CTT) in ColdU patients and defined area urticaria activity score in CSU patients. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were randomised (17 HV, 12 ColdU, 5 CSU). Topical application of GSK2646264 and placebo was well tolerated. Systemic pharmacokinetics (AUC [0-24] h*ng/mL) was similar between HVs (Geomean 97.9 [%CV 37]) and ColdU patients (Geomean 68.2 [%CV 14; 3.5% BSA] or 167 [%CV 120; 10% BSA]). Whilst in HVs a similar reduction in skin allergen challenge weal area was observed following 3 applications of GSK2646264 and placebo, a trend towards a greater reduction was seen in ColdU with GSK2646264 compared to placebo. A clinically meaningful reduction in CTT, in ColdU patients treated with GSK2646264, was observed in 4 of 9 patients, who demonstrated either a complete inhibition of ColdU to ≤4°C (n = 2) or partial response (reduction by >4°C, n = 2). Due to the small number of CSU patients recruited, no meaningful conclusions could be drawn from the defined area urticaria activity score PD endpoint. CONCLUSION This Phase 1/1b study confirms that GSK2646264 cream applied topically penetrates the skin and some reduction in CTT was observed. (NCT02424799).

BACKGROUND: Progressive neurodegenerative impairment with central language features, primary progressive aphasia (PPA), can be further distinguished for many individuals into one of three variants: semantic, non-fluent/agrammatic, and logopenic variant PPA. Variants differ in their relative preservation and deficits of language skills, particularly in word finding and grammar. The majority of elicited language assessments used in this population focus on single noun and verb production, while modifiers and inflectional morphemes are far less commonly examined. AIMS: The purpose of the present study is to determine whether there was an interaction between PPA variant and production of high-frequency nouns, proper names, modifiers, and bound inflectional morphemes to better understand how the variants differ. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Forty-six people with PPA and 47 individuals with no known neurological diagnoses completed a morphosyntactic generation assessment designed to target differential production of high-frequency nouns, proper names, modifiers (number, size, color), and bound inflectional morphemes (plural -s and possessive ’s), the Morphosyntactic Generation test (MorGen). Performance is averaged for each of the seven morphosyntactic targets independently, resulting in seven separate performance scores. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Individuals with PPA performed significantly more poorly than controls on the assessed morphemes in a repeated-measures analysis of variance, as well as on each morpheme considered independently via t-test. In a multivariable analysis of variance among PPA variants, the interaction of morpheme and PPA variant was significant, suggesting different variants produced the morphemes with a significantly different pattern of success. When morphemes were considered independently, only production of colour resulted in a significant difference between variants, driven by the performance of individuals with nfavPPA, who performed near-ceiling. When MorGen performance was used to predict PPA variant in a multinomial logistic regression the model was significant, with age, plural -s, noun, and number contributing significantly to the prediction. In a discriminate function analysis, classification of cases was best for agrammatic variant with 70% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with PPA, particularly semantic and logopenic variants, demonstrated difficulty on the MorGen compared to controls. The MorGen proved useful in predicting PPA variant. These findings highlight the potential benefit of examining a broader range of morphemes, particularly bound morphemes and modifiers, in addition to the more frequently investigated classes of nouns and verbs when understanding PPA.

Most naming error lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) studies have focused on semantic and/or phonological errors. Anomic individuals also produce unrelated word errors, which may be linked to semantic or modality-independent lexical deficits. To investigate the neural underpinnings of rarely-studied unrelated errors, we conducted LSM analyses in 100 individuals hospitalized with a left hemisphere stroke who completed imaging protocols and language assessments. We used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to capture relationships between naming errors and dysfunctional brain tissue metrics (regional damage or hypoperfusion in vascular territories) in two groups: participants with and without impaired single-word auditory comprehension. Hypoperfusion—particularly within the parietal lobe—was an important error predictor, especially for the unimpaired group. In both groups, higher unrelated error proportions were associated with primarily ventral stream damage, the language route critical for processing meaning. Nonetheless, brain metrics implicated in unrelated errors were distinct from semantic error correlates.

People with aphasia demonstrate impaired production of bound inflectional morphemes, such as noun plurals (-s) and noun possession (‘s). They often show greater difficulty in marking possession versus plurality. Using a new tool for eliciting nouns, modifiers, and inflectional morphemes in aphasia, the Morphosyntactic Generation test, we assessed people with primary progressive aphasia and those in the acute and chronic phase following left hemisphere stroke. Clinical profiles were associated with different strengths and weaknesses in language production when controlling for age and education. Overall, performance of the plural -s was stronger than possessive ‘s in group analyses. However, some individuals demonstrated the inverse pattern of performance with an advantage for possessives. These participants provide counterevidence to the theory that difficulty with marking possessives is purely the result of their greater cognitive-linguistic complexity, suggesting that there is a functional double dissociation between the marking of possessives and plurals. The deficits we observed resulted from morphosyntactic impairments, at least in those patients who showed clear dissociations. Future work is needed to understand why plural and possessive markers were differently sensitive to neurological disorders of language.

The next Special Issue of the Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice (JPAAP) will be published in Autumn 2022. The focus of this issue is ‘Breaking the gender bias in academia and academic practice’ and the issue is being produced to complement this year's theme for International Women's Day 2022 which is #BreakTheBias. The guest editors for this Special Issue are Alexandra Walker and Keith Smyth from the University of the Highlands and Islands. Please see the Word attachment for the full call and for the proposal form to be completed. Short proposals for contributions are to be submitted by Monday 25th April 2022.

Background: Cardiac structure and function are important in determining ischemic stroke (IS) etiology, but whether there is an association with cognition post IS is unknown. Methods: IS patients admitted to Johns Hopkins Hospital (2017-2019) underwent transthoracic echocardiography. IS was classified (TOAST) by a masked reviewer. Parasternal short axis left atrial (LA) diameter was evaluated as a continuous variable with a spline at 4cm (normal ≤4cm versus enlarged >4cm); left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) was evaluated as a nonlinear continuous variable with two spline knots at 40% and 65%. Cognition was assessed by telephone using the Six Item Screener (SIS), which tests orientation (day, month, year) and recall (grass, paper, shoe) and was dichotomized into low (0-3, worse score) and high (4-6, better score), and conservatively imputing low category scores for non-answerers. Multivariable logistic regression determined the association of SIS category with LA or LVEF, each, adjusted for covariates. Results: Participants (N=119) were on average 60 (18-89) years, 60% male, and 59% Black. Mean LA diameter was 3.9cm ( SD =0.8) and mean LVEF 61.4% ( SD =10.5). For LA diameter ≤4cm, each 1cm increase was associated with 5.93 greater odds (95% CI=1.49-23.65) of scoring in the high SIS category, while for LA diameter >4cm each 1cm increase was associated with lower odds (OR=0.88, 95% CI=0.39-1.99) of scoring in the high SIS category (Figure 1). Decreased (OR=0.91, 95% CI=0.74-1.11), normal (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.91-1.06) or hyperdynamic LVEF (OR=1.02, 95% CI=0.90-1.14) showed no relationship with SIS category. Conclusions: In this study, a 1cm change in LA diameter was significantly associated with a higher score on a telephone cognition screening test, if patients had a LA diameter within normal range, but without the same association with SIS if the LA diameter was >4cm. We cautiously suggest that LA function may be associated with cognition post-stroke.

BackgroundOver the last 30 years, South Africa has experienced four ‘colliding epidemics’ of HIV and tuberculosis, chronic illness and mental health, injury and violence, and maternal, neonatal, and child mortality, which have had substantial effects on health and well-being. Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD 2019), we evaluated national and provincial health trends and progress towards important Sustainable Development Goal targets from 1990 to 2019.MethodsWe analysed GBD 2019 estimates of mortality, non-fatal health loss, summary health measures and risk factor burden, comparing trends over 1990–2007 and 2007–2019. Additionally, we decomposed changes in life expectancy by cause of death and assessed healthcare system performance.ResultsAcross the nine provinces, inequalities in mortality and life expectancy increased over 1990–2007, largely due to differences in HIV/AIDS, then decreased over 2007–2019. Demographic change and increases in non-communicable diseases nearly doubled the number of years lived with disability between 1990 and 2019. From 1990 to 2019, risk factor burdens generally shifted from communicable and nutritional disease risks to non-communicable disease and injury risks; unsafe sex remained the top risk factor. Despite widespread improvements in healthcare system performance, the greatest gains were generally in economically advantaged provinces.ConclusionsReductions in HIV/AIDS and related conditions have led to improved health since 2007, though most provinces still lag in key areas. To achieve health targets, provincial governments should enhance health investments and exchange of knowledge, resources and best practices alongside populations that have been left behind, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background and Objectives:It is widely agreed that primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinical syndrome with at least three distinct variants that differ in phenotype, areas of atrophy, and most common underlying neurodegenerative disease. The distinction between logopenic variant PPA and other variants is important for prognosis and medical management. However, differentiating logopenic from nonfluent agrammatic variant can be difficult. We aimed to identify a novel behavioral assessment that (1) distinguishes logopenic from the other variants with a high degree of accuracy and (2) correlates with left superior temporal-inferior parietal atrophy (previously shown to be associated with this variant). Location of atrophy was measured using a novel, clinically useful imaging analysis.Methods:In this observational cohort study of 227 individuals with PPA, participants were administered sentence reading and repetition subtests from a standard battery. A subset of 41 participants were administered enhanced reading and repetition subtests with 5 longer sentences, of which 13 had brain imaging. Ratios of word-level and sentence-level accuracy in reading:repetition were calculated. We used one-way ANOVA to determine if either or both ratios of reading:repetition independently discriminated between variants and t-tests to determine if the ratios distinguished between nonfluent and logopenic variants. We identified Receiver Operating Characteristics and Pearson correlations between the reading:repetition ratios and ratio of left:right superior temporal-inferior parietal volume.Results:Sentence reading:repetition ratio using the new stimuli significantly differed across the three variants (pDiscussion:Results provide an efficient and reliable clinical assessment, and a novel imaging analysis, to distinguish the clinical syndrome of logopenic variant from other variants of PPA. Results also support the proposal that logopenic variant PPA reflects a defect in phonological short-term memory caused by atrophy in superior temporal-inferior parietal cortex.Classification of Evidence:This study provides Class III evidence that the sentence reading:repetition ratio distinguished logopenic PPA from other PPA variants.

In acute ischemic stroke, reported relationships between lesion metrics and behavior have largely focused on lesion volume and location. However, hypoperfusion has been shown to correlate with deficits in the acute stage. Hypoperfusion is typically identified using perfusion imaging in clinical settings, which requires contrast. Unfortunately, contrast is contraindicated for some individuals. An alternative method has been proposed to identify hypoperfusion using hyperintense vessels on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging. This study aimed to validate the clinical importance of considering hypoperfusion when accounting for behavior in acute stroke and demonstrate the clinical utility of scoring the presence of hyperintense vessels to quantify it. One hundred and fifty-three participants with acute ischemic stroke completed a battery of commonly-used neurological and behavioral measures. Clinical MRIs were used to determine lesion volume and to score the presence of hyperintense vessels seen on FLAIR images to estimate severity of hypoperfusion in six different vascular regions. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, naming accuracy (left hemisphere strokes), and language content produced during picture description were examined in relation to lesion volume, hypoperfusion, and demographic variables using correlational analyses and multivariable linear regression. Results showed that lesion volume and hypoperfusion, in addition to demographic variables, were independently associated with performance on NIHSS, naming, and content production. Specifically, hypoperfusion in the frontal lobe independently correlated with NIHSS scores, while hypoperfusion in parietal areas independently correlated with naming accuracy and content production. These results correspond to previous reports associating hypoperfusion with function, confirming that hypoperfusion is an important consideration-beyond lesion volume-when accounting for behavior in acute ischemic stroke. Quantifying hypoperfusion using FLAIR hyperintense vessels can be an essential clinical tool when other methods of identifying hypoperfusion are unavailable or time prohibitive.

The premise of this study is that spoken word recognition and object knowledge are impaired in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (PPA) (svPPA) and are spared in logopenic variant (lvPPA) and nonfluent agrammatic primary progressive aphasia (nfaPPA) at disease onset. Over time, however, there may be heterogeneity in these abilities in lvPPA and nfaPPA. We hypothesized that individuals with svPPA would demonstrate poorer performance on baseline spoken word recognition and object knowledge than those with lvPPA and nfaPPA) as documented in the literature, but that rates of decline over time on spoken word recognition and object knowledge would be similar in all 3 PPA variants because these become less distinguishable with disease progression. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal patterns of decline in spoken word recognition and object knowledge across PPA variants. Ninety-five individuals with PPA completed the Semantic Word Picture Matching and Semantic Associates tests at baseline to establish expected performance in these areas. Thirty-five individuals completed follow-up testing. The distributions of trichotomized mean rates of decline in object knowledge were similar for lvPPA and svPPA (P = .05). There were weak negative correlations between symptom duration and baseline scores on Semantic Word Picture Matching (r[37] = −0.399, P = .01), and baseline scores on Semantic Associates (r[37] = −0.394, P = .01) in lvPPA. Degradation of spoken word recognition and object knowledge occurs over time in lvPPA. Further investigation of the receptive language deficits in PPA is warranted to characterize language changes that lessen the distinctions between PPA variants with disease progression.

Discretionary paroling authorities often remain in the background of discussions about sentencing and correctional reform. However, they are key decision-makers who are poised to serve as gatekeepe...

More than a year on from the declaration of the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic by the WHO, the disease has now resulted in more than 175 million cases worldwide and had a huge indirect impact on much of the global population. While children and young people (CYP) have been relatively spared the direct disease burden of COVID-19, they have been particularly badly affected by indirect effects such as closures of schools and early years settings (see Marmot et al 1 for overview). In April 2020, we were among the first globally to report the observation of markedly decreased attendances to emergency departments (EDs) among CYP during the first wave of the pandemic.2 Since the UK’s initial pandemic lockdown was enacted on 23 March 2020, the UK has spent more than a year under various local, regional, …

We studied 156 individuals with acute, right hemisphere ischemic stroke on a battery of hemispatial neglect tests to distinguish between viewer-centered and stimulus-centered neglect and MRI diffusion weighted imaging. We identified the relative contributions of age, total lesion volume, and damage to subcortical and cortical grey matter regions as well as white matter tracts to both the severity and presence of significant viewer-centered and stimulus-centered neglect, using multivariable regression tests. We found that age, volume of lesion, and percent damage to the regions of interest were each independently associated with the severity of viewer-centered neglect (r(2) = .31; p < .001). However, only age (t = 3.20; p = .002) and percent damage to the angular gyrus (t = 2.63, p = .010), a dorsal stream area, predicted severity of viewer-centered neglect independently of the other variables. The same variables predicted the presence of significant viewer-centered neglect. In contrast, these variables did not significantly predict the severity of stimulus-centered neglect. However, we found that percent damage to ventral stream regions of interest (middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, inferior frontal occipital gyrus, sagittal stratum, along with total infarct volume were associated with the presence of significant stimulus-centered neglect (pseudo r(2) = .70, p < .0004). Only percent damage to right inferior temporal gyrus predicted stimulus-centered neglect independently of the other variables (p = .018).

Language recovery following acute left hemisphere (LH) stroke is notoriously difficult to predict. Global language measures (e.g., overall aphasia severity) and gross lesion metrics (e.g., size) provide incomplete recovery predictions. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the types of naming errors patients produce, combined with dysfunctional brain tissue metrics, can provide additional insight into recovery following acute LH stroke. One hundred forty-eight individuals who were hospitalized with a new LH stroke completed clinical neuroimaging and assessments of naming and global language skills. A subset of participants again completed language testing at subacute, early (5–7 months post-stroke), and late (≥11 months post-stroke) chronic phases. At each time point, we coded naming errors into four types (semantic, phonological, mixed and unrelated) and determined error type totals and proportions. Dysfunctional tissue measures included the percentage of damage to language network regions and hypoperfusion in vascular territories. A higher proportion of semantic errors was associated with better acute naming, but higher proportions of other error types was related to poorer accuracy. Naming and global language skills significantly improved over time , but naming error profiles did not change. Fewer acute unrelated errors and less damage to left angular gyrus resulted in optimal naming and language recovery by the final testing time point, yet patients with more acute errors and damage to left middle temporal gyrus demonstrated the greatest increases in language over time. These results illustrate that naming error profiles, particularly unrelated errors, add power to predictions of language recovery after stroke., Highlights • In acute stroke, a high proportion of semantic errors was related to better naming. • Higher proportions of other errors were related to lower acute naming skills. • Over time, naming and global language improved, but error patterns did not change. • The strongest recovery predictors were unrelated errors and temporoparietal integrity.

While this book is primarily situated in the disciplines of sociology and social psychology, this chapter introduces the hypothesis of a ‘field’ character of collective consciousness that influences social life and social change. The field hypothesis uses quantum phenomena to connect the human mind with its environment.

The chapter is divided into two sections. It first shows that despite the growing collective consciousness of shadow material (outlined in the previous chapter), sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) persists as a central aspect of armed conflicts. As such, it is necessary for the unconscious shadow to be consciously integrated in the global collective self.

This chapter introduces the shadow of gender in the global community: sexual and gender-based violence in armed conflict. It analyses how the collective consciousness of the global community has evolved from pre-World War II to the present in response to sexual atrocities and conflict-related sexual violence.

This chapter explores the interconnections between individual and collective consciousness. It will suggest that collective socio-cultural phenomena may explain and illuminate individual consciousness. This is a new way of approaching consciousness, which is typically approached as an individual experience.

This chapter presents a new psycho-social framework for analysing collective consciousness. In the framework, groups have two parts: conscious and unconscious material. This chapter covers the conscious aspects of collective selves, which include collective representations, self-reflectivity, and the persona.

This chapter is the final section of the case study. It focuses upon the ways in which the unconscious material of gender justice can be consciously integrated to empower the masculine and feminine consciousness in international law. The chapter concludes by suggesting that international law needs to recognise and affirm men’s rights to the private sphere, and to incorporate men and same-sex couples more explicitly into the gender justice framework.

According to analytical psychology, individual and collective selves are subject to the following organising principles: the individuation process, synchronicity, homeostasis, and the transcendent function. This chapter provides an overview of these principles that will later be applied in the case study of this book.

This chapter introduces the case study of the book: the collective consciousness of gender in the international community. It provides an overview of the conscious orientation of gender in international law. This consciousness is constructed in the form of women’s rights and different strands of feminism. The chapter specifically explores The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (the CEDAW) and its complaint procedures.

This chapter provides an overview of the seminal works on collective consciousness in social psychology and Jungian (analytical) psychology. The two theories that are most relevant to understanding the collective self in social psychology are social identity theory and social categorisation theory. The chapter refers particularly to the work of Tajfel, Turner, Hofstede, Inglehart, and Jung.

This chapter discusses the unconscious aspects of the collective self from the perspective of the Sociology of Human Consciousness (SHC) model. It also explores the personal and collective unconscious as formulated in Jungian psychology.

This chapter provides an overview of the seminal works on collective consciousness in sociology. Its purpose is to situate the concept of collective consciousness in a broad interdisciplinary context. It refers to the work of Durkheim, Halbwachs, and Giddens. It concludes with an overview of the Sociology of Human Consciousness model.

This chapter continues the case study of gender and examines the unconscious material of the global community in relation to gender equality and justice. It shows that the unconscious split between masculine and feminine has led to a construct of women as victims and men as dominators. Men have been conflated with masculine consciousness and women have been conflated with feminine consciousness. This archetypal split has been destructive in a number of ways, and has continued to devalue the feminine and the private sphere. Men have also been denied their right to access feminine consciousness.

This chapter provides an overview of collective consciousness as explored in the book. It differentiates among personal, social, and collective identities, and how collective identities produce collective consciousness. It introduces the models, terminology, and case study of the book: gender in international law.

Research on status rejection has developed considerably over the past two decades and is applied in a number of different settings to better understand criminal and deviant behavior. Our research contributes to that body of work by examining the ways in which status rejection may create a potentially humiliating dynamic for individuals on parole. Specifically, we use in-depth interviews with parolees to illustrate how the parolee identity can promote the experience of status rejection and simultaneously foster conditions for humiliation — an emotional state that may impede one’s ability to both (re) construct a conventional identity and reintegrate back into one’s community.

Why are some parolees more successful in reentering society compared to others? Using a social capital theoretical perspective, we explore the central role housing plays in reentry. Seventy-three semistructured personal interviews were conducted with parolees reentering the community. The authors compared and contrasted the experiences of individuals who were released to secure housing with those who were homeless. Having access to housing facilitates successful reentry by enabling the acquisition, accumulation, and deployment of social capital among ex-offenders. Social capital allows parolees’ to navigate social interactions and access jobs, transportation, and finances. The authors make a case for policies designed to secure housing for parolees following release.

One of the greatest needs for persons leaving prison and returning to their communities is immediate employment. Although this has been researched and written about by many in the field of criminology and criminal justice, this study, based on interview data obtained from seventy men and women on parole in Colorado, expands on the recognized need for employment by identifying and analyzing the additional collateral financial obligations that are rarely addressed by researchers and correctional practitioners. In addition to describing barriers to obtaining employment, we explore financial obligations that may significantly prevent ex-offenders from gaining an economic foothold, even when employed, including mandatory parole expenses and other debts incurred prior to and after incarceration. Without the ability to meet these financial obligations, many returning former prisoners came to believe they will never achieve economic success. A lack of financial stability and little hope for a better future may significantly affect the ability of many persons leaving prison to successfully reenter society.