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Abstract Nature's contributions to people (NCP) are essential for the production and trade of agricultural, forestry and fishery commodities. Often, there is a spatial disconnect between consumers and the natural systems where the commodities are produced. Traded agricultural products are therefore dependent on nature and NCP in their region of origin. The dependencies of agricultural products on NCP are, however, insufficiently recognised by consumers and are rarely considered in global environmental governance and trade policies along value chains. Here, we synthesise studies highlighting dependencies of agricultural products on NCP in their origin locations to identify opportunities and challenges in quantifying their contribution in sustaining trade flows. We suggest three methodological steps for quantifying NCP dependencies in international agricultural trade: spatial mapping of NCP supply and demand, linking NCP to agricultural trade flows, and tracing trade flows. Each methodological step requires further development and harmonisation to enable a complete accounting of how international agricultural trade depends on NCP. Given the lack of knowledge and data on how NCP support agricultural trade, social and environmental trade‐offs of natural resource management are currently hard to quantify. Quantifying the role of NCP dependencies of traded agricultural products can support their sustainable management, contribute to supply chain accountability and serve as input to sustainable natural resource governance and foster responsibility and equity in supply chains. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

The teaching profession has always been recognized as one that requires a greater vocational calling. However, education professionals have had to adapt to and manage phenomenons which have arisen due to more demanding work contexts that require them to participate in work, even when they are ill (presenteeism), and to a global-wide digital transformation. Such phenomenons include cyberbullying, which has proliferated in school environments. It is crucial to understand the impact this type of phenomenon can have on these professionals. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to identify the needs felt by teachers to deal effectively with incidents of cyberbullying and its potential impact on and reduce presenteeism. Two studies were developed, with the intention that the hypotheses posed by the quantitative study could be enriched with the inferences drawn from the qualitative study. A sample of 542 middle school teachers responded to questionnaires and 63 participated in interviews. The results showed that teachers’ professional calling led to a lower loss of productivity, due to a lower frequency of presenteeism. This effect was more pronounced in the presence of cyberbullying observation. This study provides a contribution to the calling and presenteeism literature since it focuses on the impact of observing cyberbullying on sickness presence. It is relevant because by knowing the demands that teachers feel and the resources they lack, it is possible to implement tailored intervention and prevention programs to help professionals deal with cyberbullying.

Aim To evaluate the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the level of nutritional literacy (NL) among university students from different academic fields of study, within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods A total of 1114 first-year undergraduate students at the University of Lisbon, Portugal, were included in this study. A self-administered online questionnaire was applied that included questions regarding sociodemographic information, the MD measured by the PREDIMED questionnaire (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) and NL assessed using the Newest Vital Sign questionnaire.Results The average PREDIMED score revealed a low adherence (6.79±2.14 points) to the MD. Notably, students in the Social Sciences and Humanities academic fields showed the highest level of adherence (U=21 071; p

IntroductionIn order to ensure lipid quality of cultured fish and an environmentally sustainable production, new alternative sources of EPA and DHA are needed to replace traditional lipid sources, such as fish oil.MethodsDifferent combinations of alternative marine lipid sources rich in n-3 LC-PUFA available in the market were herein evaluated to replace traditional fish oil (sardine oil) in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). A commercial-type diet (CTRL), containing 1.6% of EPA + DHA, 5% sardine oil and 8% rapeseed oil was used as a negative control. Another diet (SARDINE) formulated with 8.5% sardine oil, 4.5% rapeseed oil and 2.5% EPA + DHA was used as the positive control. Three experimental diets were formulated to completely replace sardine oil with alternative sources, targeting approximately the same EPA + DHA level as the positive control: the SALMON diet contained 9.9% salmon by-product oil mixed with 3.1% of an algal oil rich in EPA and DHA, while the ALGARAPE and the ALGASOY diets included 4.4% of the algal oil and 8.6% of either rapeseed or soybean oil, respectively. A sixth diet (ALGABLEND) was formulated to partially replace sardine oil with salmon by-product oil and rapeseed oil, balanced with 2% of algae biomass. The experimental diets were hand-fed to 118 g fish for 54 days. ResultsAll diets were well-accepted by fish and no significant differences were found in feed efficiency, growth performance, somatic indexes or whole body composition among treatments. At the end of the trial, regardless the dietary EPA + DHA level, all fillets contained more than 250 mg of EPA + DHA per 100 g fresh weight, meeting EFSA recommendations for cardiovascular risk prevention for European adults (> 250 mg day -1). DiscussionOverall, this study demonstrated that combining expensive sources of n-3 LC PUFA (Veramaris® or Algaessence Feed™ with low-priced sustainable oils (salmon by-products oil or vegetable oils) allows fortifying European sea bass flesh with EPA and DHA, without major textural changes. This approach is a successful strategy for mitigating the negative effects associated with the high inclusion of vegetable oils. However, the retention of n-3 LC-PUFA in muscle was not significantly increased, suggesting that there is a maximum dietary threshold beyond which β-oxidation might be promoted, and hence there is no advantage in increasing the dietary level of these fatty acids in European sea bass diets.

This study evaluated the replacement of fish oil (sardine oil) by different combinations of alternative marine lipid ingredients as sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) throughout 14 days of ice storage. A practical diet (SARDINE) was used as a control, which included 9% sardine oil and 4.4% soybean oil, providing 2.3% of EPA + DHA. Two other experimental diets were formulated to achieve the same EPA + DHA values but completely devoid of soybean oil. In the ALGABLEND diet, 6.7% of salmon oil (salmon by-product) and 2% of algae biomass (Algaessence Feed™) partially replaced sardine oil. In the ALGAOIL diet, sardine oil was totally replaced with 10.1% salmon by-product oil and 3.3% algae oil (Veramaris®). All diets were equally well-accepted by European sea bass, resulting in similar growth performance, somatic indexes, and whole body composition. At the end of the trial, no significant differences were found in the EPA + DHA levels of fish muscle between dietary treatments, resulting in high values of EPA + DHA (> 0.62 g 100 g−1). Furthermore, replacing fish oil did not significantly affect the organoleptic and chemical properties of the fish samples. Parameters such as pH, water holding capacity, lipid oxidation, antioxidant capacity, color and texture presented similar values to those obtained for fish fed the SARDINE diet during the 14 days of storage in ice. In conclusion, these results show that combining algal oil (Veramaris®), algae blend (Algaessence Feed™) and salmon by-product oil can be a successful strategy for the fortification of European sea bass muscle in EPA and DHA while ensuring fish freshness, nutritional quality, and consumers’ health.

Teaching is, to date, one of the most prone jobs to experiencing occupational stress and burnout. Owing to burnout’s negative personal, social, organizational and economic impacts, researchers, practitioners and education policy leaders are interested in developing practices and interventions aimed at preventing/reducing its prevalence. With teachers’ main professional demands to be of a social and emotional nature, interventions designed with a view to promote teachers’ social and emotional competence appears to be particularly promising, positively impacting teachers’ well-being and personal accomplishment and contributing to a decrease in their psychological distress, namely emotional exhaustion. However, theoretical and empirically grounded interventions with ecological validity and specifically targeting teachers are still scarce. Thus, to bridge the previously identified gaps, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the quality of the intervention’s implementation of the A+, an online social and emotional learning intervention for elementary-school teachers. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a total of 81 participants (96.3% female, MAge = 46.21, SDAge = 4.82, n = 42 assigned to the experimental group) from three different school contexts. School clusters were similar in size, organizational structure and socioeconomic level, and as regards previous attendance at social and emotional learning interventions; however, they differed with regards to perceived organizational climate. Data on the efficacy of the A+ was collected across four waves using a set of self-report questionnaires that assessed proximal variables (i.e., social and emotional skills) and distal variables (e.g., well-being, burnout symptoms), and analyzed through Robust Linear Mixed-Effects Models. Coefficient omegas suggested adequate reliability of the measures. Additionally, two trained observers completed an observation grid to evaluate the quality of the A+ implementation (e.g., participant responsiveness, fidelity), with excellent inter-rater reliability. Results suggested that, over time, the A+ had positive impacts across proximal (e.g., increased self-regulation, positive relationship, conflict management skills) and distal variables (e.g., increased emotional well-being, decreased occupational stress and emotional exhaustion symptoms) favoring the experimental group. However, results differed across the school contexts. These findings were accompanied by good implementation quality indicators, namely high fidelity in the delivery of the A+ contents and high participants’ responsiveness. Despite its limitations, this study contributes to a growing body of research which reinforces the importance of investing in social and emotional learning interventions to prevent teachers’ burnout and improve their occupational health. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of implementation quality research as a component of program planning with a view to enhancing programs’ efficacy, as well as the need to adapt and consider context variables in research and practice.

Human activities put pressure on the natural environmental and the Life Cycle Assessment methodology (LCA) is becoming a more prevalent tool to assess the relevant environmental impacts from products and processes on terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems. The Global Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method (GLAM) project of the Life Cycle Initiative hosted by the UN Environment Programme aims at making recommendations for new impact assessment models (such as for land use, water consumption and eutrophication) and improving the consistency and comparability across impact categories. An important aspect to ensure the comparability of these categories across geographic regions is to identify and quantify the scale of impacts, i.e., distinguish if an impact to an area results in local species losses or global species extinctions. This distinction is of high relevance because a species lost at a local level may still exist in other regions of the world and could potentially reestablish in that area, whereas global extinctions are irreversible. A consistent approach to scale impacts from local to global scales is currently not implemented within the LCIA framework, but is crucial to appropriately consider potential biodiversity impacts across impact categories. Here we present an updated approach for calculating a scaling factor, called the Global Extinction Probability (GEP), and calculate it for more than 98 000 species in 20 species groups across marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. We also provide the GEPs for different spatial scales, such as grid cells, ecoregions or watersheds and country averages. We found that GEP varies over orders of magnitude across the world, emphasizing the relevance of considering the spatial dimension of such extinction probabilities. We recommend quantifying global extinctions based on local species loss by multiplying local species loss within a certain spatial unit with the GEP corresponding to the same spatial unit. GEPs harmonize the quantification of biodiversity impacts across impact categories, improving information to support environmental decision-making.

As doenças cardiovasculares constituem a principal causa de morte em Portugal. Os indivíduos que desenvolvem esta classe de patologias apresentam uma condição clínica subjacente, designada aterosclerose. A condição de hipercolesterolemia é um fator de risco major para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e, consequentemente, de doenças cardiovasculares. Deste modo, a prevenção de casos de hipercolesterolemia constitui uma medida preventiva de doenças cardiovasculares. Diversos estudos têm sugerido que o consumo em doses adequadas de fibras e de polifenóis alimentares – encontrados em alimentos de origem vegetal – têm a capacidade de reduzir os níveis de colesterol total e lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL). Tendo por base a questão investigacional “Qual a perceção da população portuguesa em relação aos efeitos de fibras e polifenóis alimentares sobre o perfil lipídico?”, o estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de perceber qual o conhecimento da população portuguesa sobre os efeitos dos referidos compostos no perfil lipídico e consequente prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares. Para tal foi aplicado um questionário online, tendo respondido 302 indivíduos com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 76 anos. Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que a população reconhece os benefícios das fibras alimentares no controlo dos níveis de colesterol. Relativamente aos polifenóis, os resultados não revelaram conhecimentos seguros sobre os benefícios dos mesmos. Verificou-se ainda que a maioria das pessoas não tem curiosidade em saber o teor destes compostos nos alimentos. Concluiu-se, assim, que é importante apostar na sensibilização dos indivíduos relativamente aos compostos em estudo, de modo a reforçar os seus benefícios e dar a conhecer os alimentos onde se encontram.

Abstract National and local governments need to step up efforts to effectively implement the post‐2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity to halt and reverse worsening biodiversity trends. Drawing on recent advances in interdisciplinary biodiversity science, we propose a framework for improved implementation by national and subnational governments. First, the identification of actions and the promotion of ownership across stakeholders need to recognize the multiple values of biodiversity and account for remote responsibility. Second, cross‐sectorial implementation and mainstreaming should adopt scalable and multifunctional ecosystem restoration approaches and target positive futures for nature and people. Third, assessment of progress and adaptive management can be informed by novel biodiversity monitoring and modeling approaches handling the multidimensionality of biodiversity change.

Efforts have been made to find natural, highly nutritious alternatives to replace fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO), which can simultaneously promote fish health and improve the nutritional quality of filets for human consumption. This study evaluated the impact of biofortified diets containing microalgae (as replacement for FM and FO), macroalgae (as natural source of iodine) and selenised yeast (organic source of selenium) on gilthead seabream growth, nutrient utilization, tissue composition and gene expression. A control diet (CTRL) with 15% FM and 5.5% FO was compared with three experimental diets (AD1, AD2, and AD3), where a microalgae blend (Chlorella sp., Tetraselmis sp., and DHA-rich Schizochytrium sp.) replaced 33% of FM. Diet AD1 contained 20% less FO. Diets were supplemented with Laminaria digitata (0.4% AD1 and AD2; 0.8% AD3) and selenised yeast (0.02% AD1 and AD2; 0.04% AD3). After feeding the experimental diets for 12 weeks, growth was similar in fish fed AD1, AD2, and CTRL, indicating that microalgae meal can partially replace both FM and FO in diets for seabream. But AD3 suppressed fish growth, suggesting that L. digitata and selenised yeast supplementation should be kept under 0.8 and 0.04%, respectively. Despite lower lipid intake and decreased PUFAs bioavailability in fish fed AD3, compared to CTRL, hepatic elovl5 was upregulated resulting in a significant increase of muscle EPA + DHA. Indeed, filets of fish fed AD2 and AD3 provided the highest EPA + DHA contents (0.7 g 100 g–1), that are well above the minimum recommended values for human consumption. Fish consuming the AD diets had a higher retention and gain of selenium, while iodine gain remained similar among diets. Upregulation of selenoproteins (gpx1, selk, and dio2) was observed in liver of fish fed AD1, but diets had limited impact on fish antioxidant status. Overall, results indicate that the tested microalgae are good sources of protein and lipids, with their LC-PUFAs being effectively accumulated in seabream muscle. Selenised yeast is a good fortification vehicle to increase selenium levels in fish, but efforts should be placed to find new strategies to fortify fish in iodine.

The aims of this research on burnout among physicians were threefold, (1) to characterize the burnout symptoms’ prevalence among Portuguese physicians, (2) to test the hypothesis that organizational demands and resources add, on top of other factors, to the explanatory level of burnout; and (3) to explore the predictors of organizational demands and resources. Data collection was conducted online at the national level in Portugal, with 9,176 complete replies and a response rate of 21%. Predictors stemming from theoretical models of an intra-individual, occupational, organizational, and socio-psychological nature were measured using an online/paper survey. Results were analyzed through a significantly modified version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) after transformations to address the fit of this measure in this sample. Results show that 66% of physicians have high levels of emotional exhaustion, 33% high levels of depersonalization, and 39% high levels of decrease of personal accomplishment. Moreover, a first set of hierarchical multiple regression models with burnout symptoms reveals that organizational resources, demands of the relationship with the patients and of work schedule are consistently important predictors of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization on top of other theoretically relevant predictors. A second set of regression models with the organizational-level variables shows that, aside from organizational variables, other context variables, like procedural justice and teamwork, have the most substantial predictive value. These results highlight the importance of recognizing physicians’ burnout as a phenomenon that is predicted by a wide variety of factors, but also the importance of attending to the particular role of circumstancial factors that may be addressed in future interventions.

The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2 has had an impact on the education sector, and its stakeholders, such as teachers who had to do remote work from their home, despite many constraints. These professionals tried to perform their teaching functions, despite having to deal with adverse situations, such as cyberbullying among their students, as well as their difficulties related to presenteeism and burnout. In this context, this study aimed to understand whether observing cyberbullying among students can be associated with teachers’ productivity loss due to presenteeism and burnout. This study also proposed to examine the role of productivity loss due to presenteeism in the relationship between observing cyberbullying situations among students and teacher burnout. A random sample of 1,044 (Mage=51.05, SD=7.35; 76.6% female) middle school and high school teachers answered an inventory about their experience working at home during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically with regards to cyberbullying incidents they observed among their students, their productivity loss due to presenteeism, and their burnout levels. Results from structural equation modeling revealed that observing students engaging in cyberbullying situations was positively associated with productivity loss due to presenteeism and teacher burnout. Also, teacher’s productivity loss due to presenteeism mediated the relationship between observing cyberbullying incidents among their students and their burnout levels. Specifically, the effect of productivity loss due to presenteeism explained the effect of observing cyberbullying incidents on teachers’ burnout levels. These results are innovative and shed light on the importance of teacher wellbeing at their job in the midst of a pandemic, namely, when they observe their students engaging in hostile situations, which may lead them to greater levels of burnout.

Students with chronic conditions (CC) tend to experience several barriers in terms of their school participation and performance. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the factors related to the time of diagnosis of CC (recent/non-recent), the barriers to participation and academic success (health condition, people’s attitude towards CC and school physical environment), the physical and mental health (physical/psychological symptoms and concerns) and school-related variables (relationship with teachers and peers), regarding the school participation of first-year students with CC. This work is part of the HOUSE-Colégio F3 Project, University of Lisbon, which includes 1143 first-year university students from 17 Faculties and Institutes of the University of Lisbon. In this specific study, only the subsample of 207 students with CC was considered, 72.4% of which were female, aged between 18 and 54 years (M = 20.00; SD = 4.83). The results showed that students with a recent diagnosis of CC and students with school participation affected by the CC were those who presented more negative indicators regarding barriers to school participation, physical and mental health, and school-related variables. A greater impact of CC in terms of school participation was associated with having a recent diagnosis, with people’s attitude towards CC and with the health condition as barriers, with more psychological symptoms and worse relationships with teachers and peers. This is a relevant message for the organization of health services for students with CC at the beginning of their university studies, especially since they are often displaced from home and managing their health conditions alone (in many cases, for the first time).

Teaching is among the most emotionally demanding jobs, impacting teachers' personal lives and job performance. Since teaching-specific stressors are mainly socio-emotional related, social and emotional learning (SEL) interventions targeting teachers have increased rapidly in recent years. This study conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of 43 empirical studies which evaluated the efficacy of school-based SEL interventions involving 3,004 in-service preK-12 teachers. The initial systematic review showed that these interventions were very heterogeneous and the research on their efficacy assessed widely distinct outcome variables. Concerning the meta-analysis, results showed statistically significant small to medium effect sizes favoring the experimental group, with SEL interventions impacting teachers' social and emotional competence [g = 0.59, 95% CI (0.29, 0.90)], well-being [g = 0.35, 95% CI (0.16, 0.54)], and psychological distress [g = −0.34, 95% CI (−0.57, −0.10)]. Meta-regressions did not reveal significant values of the explanatory variables, and publication bias was found for social and emotional competence and well-being domains. Findings add to growing empirical evidence regarding the impact of these interventions and contribute to the development of guidelines for the design of effective SEL interventions for teachers.

The aim of the study was to explore the factors and barriers related to the incentive and opportunity of school-family communication. This work is part of the HOUSE-Colégio F3 Project, ULisbon, which included 1,143 first-year university students from the University of Lisbon, with average age of 19.61 ± 3.96 years. The young people who had better communication with their parents, greater family support and better family relationship were the ones who reported greater incentives for school-family communication. School--family communication and relationship were associated with the incentives for school-family communication and greater parental monitoring. These results align with the literature stating that parents' communication and presence in all areas of young people's lives, including the school context, foster better social and family relationships and academic results. This result should not be read as a call for non-autonomy. Instead, it highlights that monitoring and supporting family presence promotes that autonomy.

Adjusting macroeconomic indicators to account for the depletion and degradation of natural capital has long been viewed as a way to show the linkages between nature and the economy and foster more sustainable paths of development. Here, we show how the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (EEA) can be used to develop environmentally adjusted macroeconomic indicators. More specifically, we show how an enlargement of the production boundary to include the consideration of ecosystems as institutional units allows the development of a net value added metric that reflects depreciation and degradation of the natural capital assets. This measurement could be useful for policymaking: the linkage of ecosystem services to economic activities allows us to account for loss, repair and substitution of natural capital, and thus helps us to formulate and monitor environmental policies.

Synthetic vitamin E is commonly used in aquafeeds to prevent oxidative stress in fish and delay feed and flesh oxidation during storage, but consumers’ preferences tend towards natural antioxidant sources. The potential of vegetable antioxidants-rich coproducts, dried tomato (TO), carrot (CA) and coriander (CO) was compared to that of synthetic vitamin E included in diets at either a regular (CTRL; 100 mg kg−1) or reinforced dose (VITE; 500 mg kg−1). Natural antioxidants were added at 2% to the CTRL. Mixes were then extruded and dried, generating five experimental diets that were fed to European sea bass juveniles (114 g) over 12 weeks. Vitamin E and carotenoid content of extruded diets showed signs of degradation. The experimental diets had very limited effects on fish growth or body composition, immunomodulatory response, muscle and liver antioxidant potential, organoleptic properties or consumer acceptance. Altogether, experimental findings suggest that neither a heightened inclusion dose of 500 mg kg−1 of vitamin E, nor a 2% inclusion of natural antioxidants provided additional antioxidant protection, compared to fish fed diets including the regular dose of 100 mg kg−1 of vitamin E.

When accounting for ecosystem services, it is important to distinguish between the flow of services and the flow of benefits (which can be part of economic accounts or not) generated by those services. To disentangle services and benefits, particular attention has to be paid in allocating each category of flows in the use table to those institutional sectors that generate the need for the services and have the power to modify them - the enabling actors - and to final beneficiaries. The general concept of use, without specifying whether services or benefits are referred to, could in fact lead to misinterpretations. This paper discusses the issue of the allocation of ecosystem services and the role of enabling actors through a practical example of water purification accounts in the Netherlands. In particular, the role of the agricultural sector as an enabling actor is disentangled from the cleaned water as benefit and from water supply companies as beneficiaries. The proper allocation of the flow of the service can in fact facilitate the establishment of a causal relationship between the actions of economic actors and ecological consequences and vice versa.

Objective: Work accidents may be considered dyadic stressors in so far as they not only affect the worker, but also the couple’s relationship. Dyadic coping, as the process by which couples manage the stress experienced by each partner, can strengthen individual health and well-being as well as couple relationship functioning. Accidents at work have progressively been studied from a perspective that focuses on their negative effects on PTSS, anxiety, and depression. However, to a large extent, the dyadic coping processes and results following a work accident are still to be identified and clarified. In this study, we examined the predictive value of dyadic coping in the explanation of PTSS and subjective well-being of work accident victims.Method: This study comprised a sample of 62 individuals involved in work accidents within the last 24 months (61.3% males) and their partners (N = 124; M = 46.25 years, SD = 11.18). All participants responded to the Dyadic Coping Inventory and the work accident victims also answered the PTSD Checklist – Civilian (PCL-C) and the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form (MHC-SF). Two hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed using two different variable set models: Model 1 comprised the control variables gender and age, and Model 2 included the workers’ and the partners’ dyadic coping variables.Results: Results showed that dyadic coping reported by both workers and their respective partners (Model 2) was a significant predictor of workers’ PTSS (p < 0.01) and subjective well-being (p < 0.001), explaining 31.2% of the variance in PCL-C and 68.7% in MHC-SF results. More specifically, the partners’ supportive dyadic coping (by the self) and delegated dyadic coping (by the partner) were significant predictors of the workers’ lower PTSS and virtually all the dyadic copying strategies of both the workers’ and their partners’ were significant predictors of the workers’ higher subjective well-being.Conclusion: Dyadic coping of both the workers and their partners predicts the workers’ PTSS and subjective well-being. These findings point to the need to work with couples who have experienced a work accident, with a view to improving the workers’ mental health outcomes.

Rescue workers have a stressful and risky occupation where being engaged is crucial to face physical and emotional risks in order to help other persons. This study aims to estimate work engagement levels of rescue workers (namely comparing nurses, firefighters, and police officers) and to assess the validity evidence related to the internal structure of the Portuguese versions of the UWES-17 and UWES-9, namely, dimensionality, measurement invariance between occupational groups, and reliability of the scores. To evaluate the dimensionality, we compared the fit of the three-factor model with the fit of a second-order model. A Portuguese version of the instrument was applied to a convenience sample of 3,887 rescue workers (50% nurses, 39% firefighters, and 11% police officers). Work engagement levels were moderate to high, with firefighters being the highest and nurses being the lowest engaged. Psychometric properties were evaluated in the three-factor original structure revealing acceptable fit to the data in the UWES-17, although the UWES-9 had better psychometric properties. Given the observed statistically significant correlations between the three original factors, we proposed a 2nd hierarchal structure that we named work engagement. The UWES-9 first-order model obtained full uniqueness measurement invariance, and the second-order model obtained partial (metric) second-order invariance.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ-Specific) has proven useful for measuring patients' beliefs and associating them with non-adherence to treatment in several illness groups. The aim was to cross-culturally adapt the BMQ-Specific into Portuguese for the general population of medicine users. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study conducted among users of public hospitals and outpatient clinics in Guarda and Covilhã, Portugal. METHODS The BMQ-Specific was translated using international recommendations for performing cross-cultural adaptation and was administered to 300 patients. An initial principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted with the extraction criterion of eigenvalue > 1.0, followed by a second PCA with restriction to two components. Reliability was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS The mean scores obtained for the Necessity and Concerns subscales of the Portuguese BMQ-Specific were 19.9 (standard deviation, SD = 2.8) (range 10 to 25) and 17.7 (SD = 3.9) (range 6 to 30), respectively. The first PCA produced an unstable three-component structure for the Portuguese BMQ-Specific. The final PCA solution yielded a two-component structure identical to the original English version (a five-item Necessity and a six-item Concerns subscale), and explained 44% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha for the complete Portuguese BMQ-Specific was 0.70, and 0.76 and 0.67 for the Necessity and Concerns subscales, respectively. CONCLUSION A cross-culturally adapted Portuguese version of the BMQ-Specific questionnaire for use among the general population of medicine users was obtained, presenting good internal consistency and component structure identical to the original English version. CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO O Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ-Específico) tem se mostrado útil na mensuração sobre as crenças dos pacientes e associando-os à não adesão ao tratamento em vários grupos de doença. O objetivo foi realizar a adaptação transcultural do BMQ-Específico em Português para a população geral de usuários de medicamentos. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL Estudo transversal conduzido com usuários de hospitais públicos e clínicas ambulatoriais em Guarda e Covilhã, Portugal. MÉTODOS O BMQ-Específico foi traduzido utilizando-se recomendações internacionais para realizar a adaptação transcultural e foi administrado a 300 pacientes. Uma primeira análise de componentes principais (ACP) com critério de extração eigenvalue > 1.0 foi realizada, seguida de uma segunda ACP com restrição para dois componentes. A confiabilidade foi avaliada calculando-se o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS Os escores médios obtidos para as subescalas de Necessidade e Preocupação do BMQ-específico em Português foram de 19,9 (desvio padrão, DP = 2,8; intervalo 10 a 25) e 17,7 (DP = 3,9; intervalo 6 a 30), respectivamente. A primeira ACP produziu estrutura instável de três componentes para o BMQ-específico em português. A solução final de ACP produziu estrutura de dois componentes idênticos à versão original em inglês (subescala de Necessidade de 5 itens e subescala de Preocupação de 6 itens), explicando 44% da variância. Alfa de Cronbach para o BMQ-Específico em Português completo foi de 0,70, sendo 0,76 e 0,67 para as subescalas de Necessidade e Preocupação, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO A versão adaptada do questionário BMQ-Específico em português para ser utilizada na população em geral dos usuários de medicamentos foi obtida, apresentando boa consistência interna e estrutura do componente idêntica à versão original em inglês.

A definição e avaliação da saúde mental pressupõem não só a ausência de doença mental, como, também, a existência de bem-estar subjectivo (WHO, 2004). Keyes (2002) propôs uma escala de auto-resposta, a Mental Health Continuum – Short Form – for youth (MHC-SF), com o objectivo de avaliar num continuum a saúde mental e de identificar diagnósticos categoriais (flourishing, saúde mental moderada e languishing). Neste estudo, traduzimos e adaptámos a referida escala para uma amostra de adolescentes Portugueses. Foi desenvolvido um estudo psicométrico da MHC-SF através da exploração da sua estrutura factorial, da análise da consistência interna, da validade convergente e divergente. Esta escala revelou boas propriedades psicométricas, parecendo indicada para detectar categorias de saúde mental nos adolescentes. Poderá ainda ser utilizada na identificação de dimensões do bem-estar (psicológico, emocional e social) as quais são importantes na prevenção e tratamento da doença mental, assim como na protecção e promoção da saúde mental.

INTRODUCTION: Myelinolysis is defined as acute demyelinating disorder, associated with flaccid quadriplegia, speech and swallowing impairment. The pathogenesis is usually related to hydroelectrolytic imbalance, particularly with severe hyponatremia and its rapid correction. The imagiologic diagnostic is commonly done by magnetic resonance imaging. AIM: The authors present a clinical case focusing on the follow up, rehabilitation program, and giving importance to functionality gains. The main clinical intercurrences related to the late diagnosis are also reported. CLINICAL CASE: A female patient with documented past psychiatric history and polidipsia was admitted with repeated seizures unsuccessfully controlled by drugs. Hyponatremia was identified and corrected. After the correction, a quadriplegia and a generalized hypotonia were noticed and the patient underwent magnetic resonance imaging. The imaging findings were consistent with the diagnosis of central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ-Specific) has proven useful for measuring patients' beliefs and associating them with non-adherence to treatment in several illness groups. The aim was to cross-culturally adapt the BMQ-Specific into Portuguese for the general population of medicine users. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional study conducted among users of public hospitals and outpatient clinics in Guarda and Covilhã, Portugal. METHODS The BMQ-Specific was translated using international recommendations for performing cross-cultural adaptation and was administered to 300 patients. An initial principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted with the extraction criterion of eigenvalue > 1.0, followed by a second PCA with restriction to two components. Reliability was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS The mean scores obtained for the Necessity and Concerns subscales of the Portuguese BMQ-Specific were 19.9 (standard deviation, SD = 2.8) (range 10 to 25) and 17.7 (SD = 3.9) (range 6 to 30), respectively. The first PCA produced an unstable three-component structure for the Portuguese BMQ-Specific. The final PCA solution yielded a two-component structure identical to the original English version (a five-item Necessity and a six-item Concerns subscale), and explained 44% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha for the complete Portuguese BMQ-Specific was 0.70, and 0.76 and 0.67 for the Necessity and Concerns subscales, respectively. CONCLUSION A cross-culturally adapted Portuguese version of the BMQ-Specific questionnaire for use among the general population of medicine users was obtained, presenting good internal consistency and component structure identical to the original English version.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify motives that lead students and teachers of sports science to participate voluntarily in the organization of sport events at a community level. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire composed of five dimensions, expression of values, concern for the community, interpersonal contacts, vocational guidance and personal growth/development, was given to a sample of students and teachers. Then a confirmatory factorial analysis was applied to the five dimensions and descriptive statistics was used to identify the ranking in terms of the reasons why teachers and students decide to engage in extracurricular activities. The Mann-Whitney U-Test was used to identify significant differences between the two groups. Findings: Teachers and students consider that the main reasons for their involvement are related to expression of values, concern for the community and vocational guidance. Significant differences were found indicating that for students, gaining experience for future jobs is one of their priorities but for the teachers they consider that helping others and contributing to the good of society are the main reasons. Research limitations/implications: The implications for organizers of community sport events are that different rationale for contributing need to be taken into account. Originality/value: This study contributes to the pedagogical strategies that can be used to improve the training of the sports science students. It is important to note that the involvement of students and teachers in extracurricular activities can benefit from their integration into the labor market.