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Objective: to describe the professional relationship of the social actors of the Multiprofessional Residency in Health (RMS) with the nurse-preceptor. Methodology: qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research, of the type of single case study. The scenario was the São Francisco de Assis Health Care Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (HESFA / UFRJ) which has two RMS Programs: Women's Health (RMS-SM) and Family and Community Health (RMS-SFC). The data were produced through interviews, observation and document analysis. 46 professionals participated in the study. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Anna Nery School of Nursing / HESFA / UFRJ under the number of Opinion: 776.075 it's from CAAE: 34835714.0.0000.5238. Results: The activities that tutors, teachers, preceptors, coordinators and residents (social actors) developed with the nurse-preceptor were different, aiming mainly at guaranteeing the functioning of the programs. The social actors described their professional relationship in the residence with the nurse-preceptor, with greater or lesser approximation, depending on the role they played. Conclusion: The importance of building collective and collaborative work for effective changes in the practices of health scenarios is highlighted, strengthening the inter-professional bonds between all the protagonists of the RMS. Objetivo: describir la relación profesional de los actores sociales de la Residencia Multiprofesional en Salud (RMS) con la enfermera-preceptora. Metodología: investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria, del tipo de estudio de caso único. El escenario fue el Instituto de Salud São Francisco de Assis de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro (HESFA / UFRJ) que cuenta con dos Programas RMS: Salud de la Mujer (RMS-SM) y Salud Familiar y Comunitaria (RMS-SFC). Los datos fueron producidos a través de entrevistas, observación y análisis de documentos. 46 profesionales participaron en el estudio. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery / HESFA / UFRJ bajo el número de Opinión: 776.075 es de CAAE: 34835714.0.0000.5238. Resultados: Las actividades que los tutores, docentes, preceptores, coordinadores y residentes (actores sociales) desarrollaron con la enfermera-preceptora fueron diferentes, apuntando principalmente a garantizar el funcionamiento de los programas. Los actores sociales describieron su relación profesional en la residencia con el enfermera-preceptora, con mayor o menor aproximación, dependiendo de la función que desempeñaran. Conclusión: Se destaca la importancia de construir un trabajo colectivo y colaborativo para cambios efectivos en las prácticas de los escenarios de salud, fortaleciendo los vínculos interprofesionales entre todos los protagonistas de la RMS. Objetivo: descrever o relacionamento profissional dos atores sociais da Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (RMS) com o enfermeiro-preceptor. Metodologia: pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, do tipo estudo de caso único. O cenário foi o Instituto de Atenção à Saúde São Francisco de Assis da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (HESFA/UFRJ) que possui dois Programas de RMS: Saúde da Mulher (RMS-SM) e Saúde da Família e Comunidade (RMS-SFC). Os dados foram produzidos por meio de entrevista, observação e análise documental. Participaram do estudo 46 profissionais. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery/HESFA/ UFRJ sob o número de Parecer: 776.075 e de CAAE: 34835714.0.0000.5238. Resultados: As atividades que os tutores, docentes, preceptores, coordenadores e residentes (atores sociais) desenvolveram junto ao enfermeiro-preceptor foram distintas visando principalmente à garantia do funcionamento dos programas. Os atores sociais descreveram sua relação profissional na residência junto ao enfermeiro-preceptor, com maior ou menor aproximação, dependendo da função que desempenhavam. Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância da construção de um trabalho coletivo e colaborativo para mudanças efetivas nas práticas dos cenários de saúde, estreitando os vínculos interprofissionais entre todos os protagonistas da RMS.

Sağır, Özlem (Balikesir Author), Introduction More than 300 million surgical procedures are performed each year. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after major surgery and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. However, there is a large variation in the incidence of reported AKI rates. The establishment of an accurate epidemiology of surgery-associated AKI is important for healthcare policy, quality initiatives, clinical trials, as well as for improving guidelines. The objective of the Epidemiology of Surgery-associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) trial is to prospectively evaluate the epidemiology of AKI after major surgery using the latest Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus definition of AKI. Methods and analysis EPIS-AKI is an international prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study including 10 000 patients undergoing major surgery who are subsequently admitted to the ICU or a similar high dependency unit. The primary endpoint is the incidence of AKI within 72 hours after surgery according to the KDIGO criteria. Secondary endpoints include use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), mortality during ICU and hospital stay, length of ICU and hospital stay and major adverse kidney events (combined endpoint consisting of persistent renal dysfunction, RRT and mortality) at day 90. Further, we will evaluate preoperative and intraoperative risk factors affecting the incidence of postoperative AKI. In an add-on analysis, we will assess urinary biomarkers for early detection of AKI. Ethics and dissemination EPIS-AKI has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee of the Medical Council North Rhine-Westphalia, of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster and the corresponding Ethics Committee at each participating site. Results will be disseminated widely and published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and used to design further AKI-related trials. Trial registration number NCT04165369. ©

Denkmaler, schutzenswerte Bausubstanz, erhaltenswerte Altbauten – all das sind Synonyme fur die Geschichte und die Identitat einer Region. Eine Voraussetzung fur die Erhaltung dieser Gebaude ist die Anpassung des Wohnstandards an heutige Bedurfnisse, ohne die Ansicht zu verandern und der Substanz der Gebaude zu schaden. Das Augenmerk wird meist auf geeignete Dammstoffe und Dammmasnahmen gelegt, doch erst in Verbindung mit einer effizienten Anlagentechnik kann ein funktionierendes Energiekonzept erstellt werden.

Objectives: To present the academic production of the Nursing Education and Health Research Center of the Anna Nery Nursing School, in the strictu sensu Postgraduate course, in the 2007 to 2019 temporal study and to analyze the product coming from this construction for Nursing and training in Nursing. Method: quantitative, descriptive research carried out, through documentary analysis of dissertations and theses defended. Data collected through the reading of abstracts and full texts. Results: 51 studies were advocated. All the studies used the qualitative methodology, the hospital scenario represented 46% of the studies and the interview technique was used in 31 studies. There were 38 articles and 2 books published. Conclusion: The Center showed consolidation and potency in the construction of knowledge in Nursing Education through the discussion of topics related to population health and nursing care, as well as the process that permeates the educational system and Nursing education. Objetivos: Presentar la producción académica del Núcleo de Investigación en Educación y Salud en Enfermería de la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery, en la Postgrado strictu sensu, en el recorte temporal 2007 a 2019 y analizar el producto proveniente de esta construcción para la Enfermería y la formación en enfermería. Método: investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva realizada, por medio del análisis documental de las disertaciones y tesis defendidas. Datos recogidos por medio de la lectura de los resúmenes y de los textos completos. Resultados: Se defendieron 51 estudios. Todos los estudios utilizaron la metodología cualitativa, el escenario hospitalario representó el 46% de los estudios y la técnica de entrevista fue utilizada en 31 estudios. Se publicaron 38 artículos y 02 libros. Conclusión: el Núcleo mostró consolidación y potencia en la construcción del conocimiento en la Educación en Enfermería a través de la discusión de temas relacionados a la salud de la población y el cuidado en enfermería, así como sobre el proceso que permea el sistema educativo y formación en Enfermería. Objetivos: Apresentar a produção acadêmica do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Educação e Saúde em Enfermagem da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, na Pós-Graduação strictu sensu, no recorte temporal 2007 a 2019 e analisar o produto advindo desta construção para a Enfermagem e a formação em Enfermagem. Método: pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva realizada, por meio da análise documental das dissertações e teses defendidas. Dados coletados por meio da leitura dos resumos e dos textos completos. Resultados: Foram defendidos 51 estudos, de metodologia qualitativa, sendo o cenário hospitalar representou 46% dos estudos e a técnica de entrevista foi utilizada em 31 estudos. Foram publicados 38 artigos e 02 livros. Conclusão: o Núcleo mostrou consolidação e potência na construção do conhecimento na Educação em Enfermagem através da discussão de temas relacionados a saúde da população e o cuidado em enfermagem, bem como sobre o processo que permeia o sistema educacional e formação em Enfermagem.

Objetiva-se verificar a incidência de lesões por pressão na amostra estudada e identificar os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões através da Escala de Braden em pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um HospitalUniversitário no Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de um estudo documental exploratório-descritivo e retrospectivo com análisequantitativa, desenvolvido com pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Universitário ClementinoFraga Filho no ano de 2017. A coleta de dados ocorreu a partir dos registros de enfermagem em prontuário eletrônico.Observou-se que dos 75 pacientes avaliados, 21 desenvolveram lesões por pressão, equivalendo a uma taxa de incidênciade 28%. Houve maior incidência no sexo masculino e indivíduos com idade maior que 60 anos. Os pacientes internadosmais de 10 dias ficaram mais suscetíveis à formação de lesões, sendo a região sacra a mais acometida. Dos pacientes avaliados pela Escala de Braden, 44,7% desenvolveram lesões por pressão. Conclui-se que a partir da taxa de incidência asmedidas preventivas e intervenções precoces poderão ser aplicadas, assim como reflexões acerca da política institucionalrelacionada à prevenção e seu impacto na qualidade da assistência em saúde.Palavras-chave: Lesão por Pressão; Incidência; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to verify the incidence of Pressure Ulcer in the studied sample and to identify the riskfactors for the development of pressure ulcer through the Braden Scale in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unitof a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro. This is an exploratory, descriptive and retrospective documentary study withquantitative analysis, developed with hospitalized patients at the University Hospital Intensive Care Unit in the year2017. Data Collection was done from the nursing records in electronic medical records. It was observed that of the75 patients, 21 develop pressure ulcer, equivalent an incidence rate of 28%. There was a higher incidence of pressureulcer in males and individuals older than 60 years. Pacients hospitalized for more than 10 days were more susceptibleto pressure ulcer formation, with the sacral region being the most affected. Of the patients evaluated by the Bradenscale 44,7% developed pressure ulcer. It is concluded that, based on the incidence rate, preventive measures and earlyinterventions may be applied, as well as reflections on the institutional policy related to pressure ulcer prevention andits impact on the quality of health care.Keywords: Pressure Ulcer; Incidence; Intensive Care Units.

Objetivo: descrever o relacionamento profissional dos atores sociais da Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (RMS) com o enfermeiro-preceptor. Metodologia: pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, do tipo estudo de caso único. O cenário foi o Instituto de Atenção à Saúde São Francisco de Assis da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (HESFA/UFRJ) que possui dois Programas de RMS: Saúde da Mulher (RMS-SM) e Saúde da Família e Comunidade (RMS-SFC). Os dados foram produzidos por meio de entrevista, observação e análise documental. Participaram do estudo 46 profissionais. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery/HESFA/ UFRJ sob o número de Parecer: 776.075 e de CAAE: 34835714.0.0000.5238. Resultados: As atividades que os tutores, docentes, preceptores, coordenadores e residentes (atores sociais) desenvolveram junto ao enfermeiro-preceptor foram distintas visando principalmente à garantia do funcionamento dos programas. Os atores sociais descreveram sua relação profissional na residência junto ao enfermeiro-preceptor, com maior ou menor aproximação, dependendo da função que desempenhavam. Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância da construção de um trabalho coletivo e colaborativo para mudanças efetivas nas práticas dos cenários de saúde, estreitando os vínculos interprofissionais entre todos os protagonistas da RMS.

Objetivo: Descrever a capacitação do enfermeiro para o desenvolvimento da preceptoria na Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (RMS). Métodos: Recorte da tese de doutorado “Os saberes que emergem da prática social do enfermeiro-preceptor na residência multiprofissional em saúde”, de 2017. Estudo de caso único, de uma instituição de saúde do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Foram entrevistados 46 participantes de 2 programas de RMS, analisados e categorizados os resultados em unidades com análise temática. Resultados: A capacitação para atuar na RMS passa por vivências peculiares, de acordo com o cenário, tempo de formação profissional, o interesse, o envolvimento, o incentivo, o tempo na RMS, as questões que experimentou com os residentes e demais protagonistas e a instrumentalização para esta prática. Os depoentes apontaram como essencial um profissional atualizado, que tenha apropriação de um conteúdo mínimo de saberes do campo da educação para além dos atributos pessoais, como o gostar de ensinar e dos profissionais, ser um excelente enfermeiro assistencial. Tal aprendizado pode ocorrer por meio de cursos de capacitação para preceptoria. Conclusão: O enfermeiro-preceptor além de ter experiência na área, precisa de capacitação permanente para desenvolver as ações junto aos residentes no cenário vivo dos serviços de saúde.

Objetivos: Apresentar a produção acadêmica do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Educação e Saúde em Enfermagem da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, na Pós-Graduação strictu sensu, no recorte temporal 2007 a 2019 e analisar o produto advindo desta construção para a Enfermagem e a formação em Enfermagem. Método: pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva realizada, por meio da análise documental das dissertações e teses defendidas. Dados coletados por meio da leitura dos resumos e dos textos completos. Resultados: Foram defendidos 51 estudos, de metodologia qualitativa, sendo o cenário hospitalar representou 46% dos estudos e a técnica de entrevista foi utilizada em 31 estudos. Foram publicados 38 artigos e 02 livros. Conclusão: o Núcleo mostrou consolidação e potência na construção do conhecimento na Educação em Enfermagem através da discussão de temas relacionados a saúde da população e o cuidado em enfermagem, bem como sobre o processo que permeia o sistema educacional e formação em Enfermagem.

Tumour cells are reported to display an imbalance in the levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species). Frequently, elevated ROS production goes along with compensatory up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes. Accordingly, we found in a previous study that protein levels of several peroxiredoxins, including PRDX6 (peroxiredoxin 6), are highly elevated in experimentally induced melanomas. In the present study, we investigated the functional role of PRDX6 in human melanoma cells. PRDX6 is a bifunctional enzyme, which harbours iPLA2 (Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2) activity in addition to its peroxidase function. Our results show that PRDX6 is strongly expressed in most melanoma cells and its expression levels are maintained in a post-transcriptional manner, particularly by EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)-dependent signalling. PRDX6 enhances cell viability mainly by enhancing proliferation, which goes along with activation of Src family kinases. Interestingly, we were able to show that the phospholipase activity of the enzyme mediates the pro-proliferative effect of PRDX6. We identified AA (arachidonic acid) as a crucial effector of PRDX6-dependent proliferation and inducer of Src family kinase activation. These results support further the biological importance of the emerging field of lipid signalling in melanoma and highlight the particular functional relevance of PRDX6-dependent phospholipase activity. * AA, : arachidonic acid; BEL, : bromoenol lactone; COX, : cyclo-oxygenase; DMEM, : Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; EGF, : epidermal growth factor; EGFR, : epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK, : extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; GC, : gas chromatography; hEAG1, : human ether-a-go-go 1; HETE, : hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; HPV-8, : human papillomavirus 8; iPLA2, : Ca2+-independent PLA2; LOX, : lipoxygenase; mPRDX6, : murine PRDX6; NAC, : N -acetylcysteine; NHEM, : normal human epidermal melanocyte; PGE2, : prostaglandin E2; PI3K, : phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKC, : protein kinase C; PLA2, : phospholipase A2; PRDX, : peroxiredoxin; Rb, : retinoblastoma protein; ROS, : reactive oxygen species; SFK, : Src family kinase; UBC, : ubiquitin C

Objetivou-se descrever o perfil e as práticas dos enfermeiros da Equipe de Saúde na Família voltadas para saúde ocular em escolares. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, em uma Área de Planejamento do município do Rio de Janeiro, no período de maio a junho de 2013. Dentre as ações destaca-se o quantitativo 62 (66%) dos enfermeiros que identificaram acuidade visual prejudicada durante consulta de enfermagem e os que afirmaram 17 (18,08%) ter realizado ação de saúde nas escolas. Evidencia-se que todos os entrevistados pontuaram a necessidade de receber informações sobre o teste de acuidade visual. As ações voltadas para saúde ocular de escolares precisam ser aprimoradas, ressaltando-se a ampliação da atuação do enfermeiro para ações no âmbito da comunidade escolar. Recomenda-se atualização periódica sobre o tema e incentivo à adoção de práticas rotineiras nas ações de prevenção e promoção de saúde nas escolas, favorecendo melhorias na qualidade da assistência ofertada. The aim was to describe the profile and the practices of the nurses of the Family Health Team geared towards ocular health in schoolchildren. It is a descriptive study, in a Planning Area (PA) of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, undertaken in May – June 2013. Among the actions, emphasis is placed on the number – 62 (66%) – of the nurses who identified impaired visual acuity during the nursing consultation, and those who asserted – 17 (18.08%) – that they had undertaken health actions in the schools. It is evidenced that all of those interviewed indicated the need to receive information on the visual acuity test. The actions directed towards schoolchildren’s ocular health need to be improved, with emphasis placed on extending the nurse’s work to include actions in the ambit of the school community. Periodical updating on the issue is recommended, along with encouragement to adopt routine practices in the health promotion and prevention actions undertaken in the schools, favoring improvements in the quality of the care offered. Se objetivó describir el perfil y las prácticas de enfermeros del Equipo de Salud de la Familia orientadas a salud ocular en escolares. Estudio descriptivo, en un Área de Planificación del Municipio de Río de Janeiro, entre mayo y junio de 2013. Entre las acciones, destaca la cantidad de 62 (66%) de enfermeros que identificaron agudeza visual disminuida durante consulta de enfermería y los 17 (18,08%) que afirmaron haber realizado campañas de salud en escuelas. Resulta evidente que todos los entrevistados puntualizaron necesidad de recibir capacitación sobre test de agudeza visual. Las campañas orientadas a la salud ocular en estudiantes necesitan mejoras, resaltándose ampliación de actuación del enfermero en campañas en el marco de la comunidad escolar. Se recomienda actualización periódica sobre el tema e incentivación de adopción de prácticas de rutina en las campañas de prevención y promoción de salud en escuelas, permitiendo mejorar la calidad de atención ofrecida.

Hemophilia A and B are inherited coagulopathies caused by mutations in the factor VIII (FVIII) and factor IX (FIX) gene, respectively. Although today, both diseases are well or excellently be treatable by intravenous substitution of FVIII and FIX concentrates, considerable efforts are being made to develop gene therapy protocols for hemophilia aimed to improving patients’ quality of life and to reducing the costs of substitution therapy. Gene therapy aims to correct gene defects and is based principally on the introduction of the intact FVIII or FIX gene into somatic cells. This procedure requires viral transfer vectors. So far, sufficient and even high gene therapeutically expressed concentrations of FVIII/FIX could only be achieved in animal studies, while clinical protocols for humans had to be preliminarily stopped due to inefficacy and side effects. Nevertheless, based on the success of the animal studies, it can be expected that similarly high expression rates can also be achieved in humans. With view to the fact that in the present situation patients are at high risk of developing thrombotic events, this study presents a doxycycline inducible expression system for human FIX integrated within an adenoviral gene transfer vector. After intravenous injection of modified adenoviral vectors in mice, the efficacy of the regulation was demonstrated by measuring the FIX antigen concentration as well as FIX activity in mouse blood. Additionally, by measuring the Ddimer concentration in mouse blood and correlating these values with the gene therapeutically expressed human FIX concentration, we could demonstrate, for the first time, that high expression levels of human FIX in a gene therapy protocol increased the blood procoagulant activity in animals.

O estudo buscou mostrar a origem do termo enfermeiro escolar e a trajetória desta especialidade na enfermagem brasileira. Oobjetivo foi discutir acerca de novos espaços de atuação do enfermeiro. Utilizamos como metodologia uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo em vista a prática do enfermeiro em uma escola de Ensino Fundamental e a identificação e análise de elementos teóricos obtidos nos levantamentos bibliográficos relacionados à promoção da saúde. Nos resultados demonstramos como a presença do enfermeiro na escola é determinante na atenção aos processos de promoção em saúde ao estimular debates técnicos, apresentar sua perspectiva em relação aos processos de saúde e doença, além de fortificar as relações sociais entre profissionais da educação e da saúde. The study aims to show the origin of the term school nurse and the trajectory of this specialty in the Brazilian nursing. Our objective is to argue about the new spaces of performance of the nurse. We use as methodology a qualitative approach, in view of the practice of the nurse in anElementary School and the identification and analysis of theoretical elements gotten in the bibliographical surveys related to the issue of health promotion. In the results we demonstrate that the presence of the nurses in the school is determinative in attention to the processes of health promotion, when they stimulate technician debates, present their perspective in relation to the processes of health and illness, besides strengthening the social relationships between professionals of education and health. El estudio busca demostrar el origen del término enfermero escolar y la trayectoria de esta especialidad en la enfermería brasileña. Nuestro objetivo es discutir sobre los nuevos espacios de actuación del enfermero. Utilizamos como metodología un abordaje cualitativo, en vista de la práctica del enfermero en una escuela de Educación Básica,y la identificación y análisis de elementos teóricos conseguidos en los exámenes bibliográficos, relacionados a la promoción de la salud. En los resultados demostramos como la presencia del enfermero en la escuela llega a ser determinativa en la atención a los procesos de la promoción en salud al estimular debates técnicos, presentar su perspectiva en lo referente a los procesos de salud y enfermedad, además de consolidar las relaciones sociales entre los profesionales de educación y de salud.

Thermodynamic calculations and Gibbs free energy minimization computer experiments strongly support the hypothesis that kerogen maturation and oil generation are inevitable consequences of oxidation/reduction disproportionation reactions caused by prograde metamorphism of hydrocarbon source rocks with increasing depth of burial.These experiments indicate that oxygen and hydrogen are conserved in the process.Accordingly, if water is stable and present in the source rock at temperatures ≳25 but ≲100 °C along a typical US Gulf Coast geotherm, immature (reduced) kerogen with a given atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio (H/C) melts incongruently with increasing temperature and depth of burial to produce a metastable equilibrium phase assemblage consisting of naphthenic/biomarker-rich crude oil, a type-II/III kerogen with an atomic hydrogen/carbon ratio (H/C) of ∼1, and water. Hence, this incongruent melting process promotes diagenetic reaction of detritus in the source rock to form authigenic mineral assemblages.However, in the water-absent region of the system CHO (which is extensive), any water initially present or subsequently entering the source rock is consumed by reaction with the most mature kerogen with the lowest H/C it encounters to form CO2 gas and a new kerogen with higher H/C and O/C, both of which are in metastable equilibrium with one another.This hydrolytic disproportionation process progressively increases both the concentration of the solute in the aqueous phase, and the oil generation potential of the source rock; i.e., the new kerogen can then produce more crude oil.Petroleum is generated with increasing temperature and depth of burial of hydrocarbon source rocks in which water is not stable in the system CHO by a series of irreversible disproportionation reactions in which kerogens with higher (H/C)s melt incongruently to produce metastable equilibrium assemblages consisting of crude oil, CO2 gas, and a more mature (oxidized) kerogen with a lower H/C which in turn melts incongruently with further burial to produce more crude oil, CO2 gas, and a kerogen with a lower H/C and so forth.The petroleum generated in the process progresses from heavy naphthenic crude oils at low temperatures to mature petroleum at ∼150 °C. For example, the results of Computer Experiment 27 (see below) indicate that the overall incongruent melting reaction in the water-absent region of the system C–H–O at 150 °C and a depth of ∼4.3 km of an immature type-II/III kerogen with a bulk composition represented by C292H288O12(c) to produce a mature (oxidized) kerogen represented by C128H68O7(c), together with a typical crude oil with an average metastable equilibrium composition corresponding to C8.8H16.9 (C8.8H16.9(l)) and CO2 gas (CO2(g)) can be described by writing equation(A) C292H288O12(c)(kerogen,H/C=0.99O/C=0.041)→1.527C128H68O7(c)(kerogen,H/C=0.53O/C=0.055)+10.896C8.8H16.9(l)(crude oil,H/C=1.92)+0.656CO2(g) which corresponds to a disproportionation reaction in the source rock representing the sum of a series of oxidation/reduction conservation reactions. Consideration of the stoichiometries of incongruent melting reactions analogous to Reaction (A) for reactant kerogens with different (H/C)s and/or atomic oxygen to carbon ratios (O/C)s, together with crude oil compositions corresponding to Gibbs free energy minima at specified temperatures and pressures permits calculation of the volume of oil (mole of reactant organic carbon (ROC))−1 that can be generated in, as well as the volume of oil (mol ROC)−1 which exceeds the volume of kerogen pore space produced that must be expelled from hydrocarbon source rocks as a function of temperature, pressure, and the H/C and O/C of the reactant kerogen. These volumes and the reaction coefficients (mol ROC)−1 of the product kerogen, crude oil, and CO2 gas in the incongruent melting reaction are linear functions of the H/C and O/C of the reactant kerogen at a given temperature and pressure. The slopes of the isopleths can be computed from power functions of temperature along a typical US Gulf Coast geotherm. All of these reactions and relations are consistent with the well-known observations that (1) the relative abundance of mature kerogen increases, and that of immature kerogen decreases with increasing burial of hydrocarbon source rocks and (2) that the volume of oil generated in a given source rock increases with increasing weight percent total organic carbon (TOC) and the H/C and (to a lesser extent) the O/C of the immature kerogen. They are also compatible with preservation of biomarkers and other polymerized hydrocarbons during the incongruent melting process. It can be deduced from Reaction (A) that nearly 11 mol of crude oil are produced from one mole of the reactant kerogen (rk), which increases to ∼39.5 mol (mol rk)−1 as the carbon content and H/C of the reactant kerogen increase to that in the hydrogen-rich type-I kerogen represented by C415H698O22(c). The secondary porosities created in source rocks by Reaction (A) and others like it are of the order of 75–80 vol % of the oil generated, which requires expulsion of the remainder, together with the CO2 gas produced by the reaction. The expulsion of the CO2 gas and excess crude oil from the hydrocarbon source rock is facilitated by their buoyancy and the fact that the pressure in the source rocks is ⩾ the fluid pressure in the adjoining formations during progressive generation of the volume of crude oil that exceeds the kerogen pore volume produced by the incongruent melting process. The expelled CO2 gas lowers the pH of the surrounding formation waters, which promotes the development of secondary porosity and diagenetic reaction of detrital silicates to form authigenic mineral assemblages. Hence, the expulsion process facilitates initial upward migration of the oil, which is further enhanced by expansion of the oil and its reaction with H2O at the oil–water interface to generate methane gas. Mass transfer calculations indicate that the minimal volume of crude oil expelled into these formations is comparable to, or exceeds the volume of oil produced and in proven reserves in major oil fields such as the North Sea, the Paris and Los Angeles Basins, and those in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere in the Middle East. For example, taking account of the average weight percent (W%) organic carbon in the immature kerogen (3.4 wt%) with an average H/C of ∼1.04 in the hydrocarbon source rocks in Saudi Arabia, which have an average thickness of ∼43 m, it can be shown (see below) that all of the oil (and oil equivalent of natural gas) produced and in proven reserves in Saudi Arabia (374 billion barrels of oil or ∼1.9 million barrels of oil km−2) can be accounted for by minimal expulsion from the source rocks of oil generated at ∼125 °C solely by the incongruent melting process. Computer experiments indicate that this process can also account for all the petroleum that can be, and has been generated in the world’s hydrocarbon source rocks. Of the latter, as much as 75–80% may still remain in these rocks.

The B-cell epitope of the monoclonal anti-factor VIII antibody ESH8 characterized by peptide array analysis

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are important growth factors that regulate many cellular processes. During embryogenesis they act as morphogens and play a critical role during organ development. They influence cell fates via concentration-gradients in the embryos where cells transduce this extracellular information into gene expression profiles and cell fate decisions. How receiving cells decode and quantify BMP2/4 signals is hardly understood. There is little data on the quantitative relationships between signal input, transducing molecules, their states and location, and ultimately their ability to integrate graded systemic inputs and generate qualitative responses. Understanding this signaling network on a quantitative level should be considered a prerequisite for efficient pathway modulation, as the BMP pathway is a prime target for therapeutic invention. Hence, we quantified the spatial distribution of the main signal transducer of the BMP2/4 pathway in response to different types and levels of stimuli in c2c12 cells. We found that the subcellular localization of Smad1 is independent of ligand concentration. In contrast, Smad1 phosphorylation levels relate proportionally to BMP2 ligand concentrations and they are entirely located in the nucleus. Interestingly, we found that BMP2 stimulates target gene expression in non-linear, wave-like forms. Amplitudes showed a clear concentration-dependency, for sustained and transient stimulation. We found that even burst-stimulation triggers gene-expression wave-like modulations that are detectable for at least 30 h. Finally, we show here that target gene expression oscillations depend on receptor kinase activity, as the kinase drives further expression pulses without receptor reactivation and the target gene expression breaks off after inhibitor treatment in c2c12 cells.

RESUMO Trata-se de um estudo avaliativo, de abordagem qualitativa, que objetivou construir e validar o modelo lógico do Programa Saúde na Escola. A coleta de dados ocorreu em reuniões com sete gestores, de forma participativa. Foi utilizado um roteiro com perguntas abertas e técnica de elaboração de cartazes. A análise temática possibilitou a construção das categorias: Criação do Programa Saúde na Escola; Avanços e desafios; e A busca de resultados. Os resultados permitiram delinear o modelo lógico do programa e favorecer um diálogo, junto aos gestores, sobre os efeitos e as influências operacionais deste modelo, oferecendo subsídios para futuras pesquisas avaliativas na área da saúde escolar. ABSTRACT This is a qualitative evaluation study, which elaborated and validated the logic model of the School Health Program. Data collection occurred in meetings with seven administration officers in a participative manner, using a script with open questions. The thematic analysis resulted in the development of the following categories: Conception of the School Health Program; Advances and Challenges; and Results Reach. The results enabled the outline of the program's logic model, and facilitated the communication with the administrators on the operational effects and influences of the model, offering subsidies for future evaluation studies of the School Health Programs.