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We investigate transient nanotextured heterogeneity in vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films during a light-induced insulator-to-metal transition (IMT). Time-resolved scanning near-field optical microscopy (Tr-SNOM) is used to study VO2 across a wide parameter space of infrared frequencies, picosecond time scales, and elevated steady-state temperatures with nanoscale spatial resolution. Room temperature, steady-state, phonon enhanced nano-optical contrast reveals preexisting "hidden" disorder. The observed contrast is associated with inequivalent twin domain structures. Upon thermal or optical initiation of the IMT, coexisting metallic and insulating regions are observed. Correlations between the transient and steady-state nano-optical textures reveal that heterogeneous nucleation is partially anchored to twin domain interfaces and grain boundaries. Ultrafast nanoscopic dynamics enable quantification of the growth rate and bound the nucleation rate. Finally, we deterministically anchor photoinduced nucleation to predefined nanoscopic regions by locally enhancing the electric field of pump radiation using nanoantennas and monitor the on-demand emergent metallicity in space and time.

Deep learning (DL) is an emerging analysis tool across the sciences and engineering. Encouraged by the successes of DL in revealing quantitative trends in massive imaging data, we applied this approach to nanoscale deeply subdiffractional images of propagating polaritonic waves in complex materials. Utilizing the convolutional neural network (CNN), we developed a practical protocol for the rapid regression of images that quantifies the wavelength and the quality factor of polaritonic waves. Using simulated near-field images as training data, the CNN can be made to simultaneously extract polaritonic characteristics and material parameters in a time scale that is at least 3 orders of magnitude faster than common fitting/processing procedures. The CNN-based analysis was validated by examining the experimental near-field images of charge-transfer plasmon polaritons at graphene/α-RuCl

The 4d transition metal perovskites Can+1RunO3n+1 have attracted interest for their strongly interacting electronic phases showing pronounced sensitivity to controllable stimuli like strain, temperature, and even electrical current. Through multi-messenger low-temperature nano-imaging, we reveal a spontaneous striped texture of coexisting insulating and metallic domains in single crystals of the bilayer ruthenate Ca3(TixRu1-x)2O7 across its first-order Mott transition at $$T \approx 95$$ T ≈ 95 K. We image on-demand anisotropic nucleation and growth of these domains under in situ applied uniaxial strain rationalized through control of a spontaneous Jahn-Teller distortion. Our scanning nano-susceptibility imaging resolves the detailed susceptibility of coexisting phases to strain and temperature at the transition threshold. Comparing these nano-imaging results to bulk-sensitive elastoresistance measurements, we uncover an emergent “domain susceptibility” sensitive to both the volumetric phase fractions and elasticity of the self-organized domain lattice. Our combined susceptibility probes afford nano-scale insights into strain-mediated control over the insulator-metal transition in 4d transition metal oxides.

There is increasing excitement in the healthcare field about using behavioral data and healthcare analytics for disease risk prediction, clinical decision support, and overall improvement of personalized medicine. However, this excitement has not effectively translated to improved clinical outcomes due to knowledge gaps, a lack of behavioral risk models, and resistance to evidence-based practice. Reportedly, only 10–20% of clinical decisions are known to be evidence-based and this problem is further highlighted by the fact that the US spends more money on healthcare per person than any other nation, while still wrestling with poor health outcomes. Critics say there are inadequate technological resources and analytical education for clinicians to make behavioral data useful in the medical world. Healthcare technology innovators often neglect important aspects of the reality of integrating clinical data into electronic healthcare solutions. In this study, we developed a decision tree model using R statistical software to predict diabetes since it is among the top causes of death in the US, can be poorly managed, and provides an opportunity for improvement using analytics. This study examined behavioral data and healthcare analytics for use in clinical applications, demonstrating that health information professionals can develop behavioral risk factor prediction models to bridge the gap. Results indicated that decision trees are effective in classifying diabetes in an individual at up to 89.36% accuracy.

Quasi-periodic moiré patterns and their effect on electronic properties of twisted bilayer graphene have been intensely studied. At small twist angle θ, due to atomic reconstruction, the moiré superlattice morphs into a network of narrow domain walls separating micron-scale AB and BA stacking regions. We use scanning probe photocurrent imaging to resolve nanoscale variations of the Seebeck coefficient occurring at these domain walls. The observed features become enhanced in a range of mid-infrared frequencies where the hexagonal boron nitride substrate is optically hyperbolic. Our results illustrate the capabilities of the nano-photocurrent technique for probing nanoscale electronic inhomogeneities in two-dimensional materials., Here, the authors use scanning probe photocurrent imaging to resolve nanoscale variations of the Seebeck coefficient occurring at domain walls separating micron-scale AB and BA stacking regions in twisted bilayer graphene, and observe hyperbolic enhancement of the photocurrent pattern.

Background The Alberta Children’s Hospital-Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic Clinic (ACH-ASDC) was restructured due to long wait times and unsustainable clinic workflow. Major changes included the initiation of pre- and post-ASD parent education sessions and distinct ASD screening appointments before the ASD diagnostic appointment. Methods We conducted a parental program evaluation in summer 2018 of the ACH-ASDC. We used a cross-sectional survey to evaluate key outcomes including parental satisfaction, and the percentage of families obtaining access to government supports and early intervention programs. Results For the 101 eligible patients diagnosed with ASD under 36 months of age 70 (69.3%) parents agreed to participate. The mean diagnostic age of the children diagnosed with ASD was 30.6 months (SD=4.1 months). There were no statistically significant age differences between biological sexes. Ninety-three per cent of parents felt that ASD educational sessions were useful, and 92% of parents were satisfied to very satisfied with the overall ASD diagnostic process. Ninety per cent of parents had access to at least one of the key resources available for ASD early intervention in our province following diagnosis. Parents reported a positive impact on intervention provided to their child in the areas of communication, social interaction, and behaviour. Conclusion Parents of children diagnosed with ASD expressed a high level of satisfaction with the restructured ACH-ASDC process. Implementing parent education sessions was well received and met parents’ needs. Parents were able to access intervention services following diagnosis and reported positive impacts for their child. Re-envisioning program approaches to incorporate novel strategies to support families should be encouraged.

Hyperbolic Cooper-pair polaritons (HCP) in cuprate superconductors are of fundamental interest due to their potential for providing insights into the nature of unconventional superconductivity. Here, we critically assess an experimental approach using near-field imaging to probe HCP in Bi

We report a combined nano-photocurrent and infrared nanoscopy study of twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) enabling access to the local electronic phenomena at length scales as short as 20 nm. We show that the photocurrent changes sign at carrier densities tracking the local superlattice density of states of TBG. We use this property to identify domains of varying local twist angle by local photo-thermoelectric effect. Consistent with the photocurrent study, infrared nano-imaging experiments reveal optical conductivity features dominated by twist-angle dependent interband transitions. Our results provide a fast and robust method for mapping the electronic structure of TBG and suggest that similar methods can be broadly applied to probe electronic inhomogeneities of moir\'e superlattices in other van der Waals heterostructures.

Mountain agriculture is a vital social-economic activity in Europe, including the alpine Province of South Tyrol, Italy. Here, apple orchards and vineyards are extensively cultivated. Besides the difficulty to cultivate in mountain terrain (steep slopes, difficult accessibility, extreme weather conditions), the plants are exposed to a combination of biotic and abiotic stresses that can result in diseases caused by pathogens. It results in the loss of the yield and quality of products, economic losses, reducing food security with severe ecological impacts, and affects many ecosystem services (such as agrotourism).This work presents a proximal sensing technique based on an unmanned aerial platform with a payload consisting of multi and hyperspectral optical cameras. Such platforms are suitable to access rugged terrains in a short time to map the presence of diseases and pests, as well they provide imagery for the optimal management of farms. We study three different experiments: apple orchard, vineyard, and forestry, observing Apple proliferation, Flavescence dorée, and Pine processionary, respectively. We aim at a non-invasive and non-destructive method to monitor plant diseases in the direction of high-precision mapping agriculture applications by exploring supervised classification methods based on ground data to distinguish healthy and unhealthy trees.

The European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (820423, S2QUIP; 965124, FEMTOCHIP), the EU H2020-MSCA-RISE-872049 (IPN-Bio), and the ERC (834742). P.A.-G. acknowledges support from the European ResearchCouncil under Starting Grant No. 715496, 2DNANOPTICA, and the Spanish Ministry ofScience and Innovation (Grant Number PID2019-111156GB-I00). F.J.G.A. acknowledges the ERC (Advanced Grant 789104- eNANO), the Spanish MINECO (PID2020-112625GB-I00 and SEV2015- 0522) (...), Hu H, Yu R, Teng H, Hu D, Chen N, Qu Y, Yang X, Chen X, McLeod AS, Alonso-González P, Guo X, Li C, Yao Z, Li Z, Chen J, Sun Z, Liu M, García de Abajo FJ, Dai Q

Chiral Weyl fermions with linear energy-momentum dispersion in the bulk accompanied by Fermi-arc states on the surfaces prompt a host of enticing optical effects. While new Weyl semimetal materials keep emerging, the available optical probes are limited. In particular, isolating bulk and surface electrodynamics in Weyl conductors remains a challenge. We devised an approach to the problem based on near-field photocurrent imaging at the nanoscale and applied this technique to a prototypical Weyl semimetal TaIrTe(4). As a first step, we visualized nano-photocurrent patterns in real space and demonstrated their connection to bulk nonlinear conductivity tensors through extensive modeling augmented with density functional theory calculations. Notably, our nanoscale probe gives access to not only the in-plane but also the out-of-plane electric fields so that it is feasible to interrogate all allowed nonlinear tensors including those that remained dormant in conventional far-field optics. Surface- and bulk-related nonlinear contributions are distinguished through their “symmetry fingerprints” in the photocurrent maps. Robust photocurrents also appear at mirror-symmetry breaking edges of TaIrTe(4) single crystals that we assign to nonlinear conductivity tensors forbidden in the bulk. Nano-photocurrent spectroscopy at the boundary reveals a strong resonance structure absent in the interior of the sample, providing evidence for elusive surface states.

Simple Summary Breast cancer misdiagnoses increase individual and system stressors as well as costs and result in increased morbidity and mortality. Digital mammography studies are typically about 80% sensitive and 90% specific. Improvement in classification of breast cancer imagery is possible using deep vision methods, and these methods may be further used to identify autonomously regions of interest most closely associated with anomalies to support clinician analysis. This research explores deep vision techniques for improving mammography classification and for identifying associated regions of interest. The findings from this research contribute to the future of automated assistive diagnoses of breast cancer and the isolation of regions of interest. Abstract (1) Background: Female breast cancer diagnoses odds have increased from 11:1 in 1975 to 8:1 today. Mammography false positive rates (FPR) are associated with overdiagnoses and overtreatment, while false negative rates (FNR) increase morbidity and mortality. (2) Methods: Deep vision supervised learning classifies 299 × 299 pixel de-noised mammography images as negative or non-negative using models built on 55,890 pre-processed training images and applied to 15,364 unseen test images. A small image representation from the fitted training model is returned to evaluate the portion of the loss function gradient with respect to the image that maximizes the classification probability. This gradient is then re-mapped back to the original images, highlighting the areas of the original image that are most influential for classification (perhaps masses or boundary areas). (3) Results: initial classification results were 97% accurate, 99% specific, and 83% sensitive. Gradient techniques for unsupervised region of interest mapping identified areas most associated with the classification results clearly on positive mammograms and might be used to support clinician analysis. (4) Conclusions: deep vision techniques hold promise for addressing the overdiagnoses and treatment, underdiagnoses, and automated region of interest identification on mammography.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States. This study analyzed predictors of myocardial infarction (MI) for those aged 35 and older based on demographic, socioeconomic, geographic, behavioral, and risk factors, as well as access to healthcare variables using the Center for Disease (CDC) Control Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey for the year 2019. Multiple quasibinomial models were generated on an 80% training set hierarchically and then used to forecast the 20% test set. The final training model proved somewhat capable of prediction with a weighted F1-Score = 0.898. A complete model based on statistically significant variables using the entirety of the dataset was compared to the same model built on the training set. Models demonstrated coefficient stability. Similar to previous studies, age, gender, marital status, veteran status, income, home ownership, employment status, and education level were important demographic and socioeconomic predictors. The only geographic variable that remained in the model was associated with the West North Central Census Division (in-creased risk). Statistically important behavioral and risk factors as well as comorbidities included health status, smoking, alcohol consumption frequency, cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), kidney disease, and arthritis. Three access to healthcare variables proved statistically significant: lack of a primary care provider (Odds Ratio, OR = 0.853, p &lt, 0.001), cost considerations prevented some care (OR = 1.232, p &lt, 0.001), and lack of an annual checkup (OR = 0.807, p &lt, 0.001). The directionality of these odds ratios is congruent with a marginal effects model and implies that those without MI are more likely not to have a primary provider or annual checkup, but those with MI are more likely to have missed care due to the cost of that care. Cost of healthcare for MI patients is associated with not receiving care after accounting for all other variables.

Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) is an atomically layered transition metal dichalcogenide whose physical properties change systematically from monolayer to bilayer and few-layer versions. In this report, we use apertureless scattering-type near-field optical microscopy operating at Terahertz (THz) frequencies and cryogenic temperatures to study the distinct THz range electromagnetic responses of mono-, bi- and trilayer WTe2 in the same multi-terraced micro-crystal. THz nano-images of monolayer terraces uncovered weakly insulating behavior that is consistent with transport measurements. The near-field signal on bilayer regions shows moderate metallicity with negligible temperature dependence. Subdiffractional THz imaging data together with theoretical calculations involving thermally activated carriers favor the semimetal scenario with $$\Delta \approx -10\,{{{\rm{meV}}}}$$ Δ ≈ − 10 meV over the semiconductor scenario for bilayer WTe2. Also, we observed clear metallic behavior of the near-field signal on trilayer regions. Our data are consistent with the existence of surface plasmon polaritons in the THz range confined to trilayer terraces in our specimens. Finally, data for microcrystals up to 12 layers thick reveal how the response of a few-layer WTe2 asymptotically approaches the bulk limit.

Excitons play a dominant role in the optoelectronic properties of atomically thin van der Waals (vdW) semiconductors. These excitons are amenable to on-demand engineering with diverse control knobs, including dielectric screening, interlayer hybridization, and moiré potentials. However, external stimuli frequently yield heterogeneous excitonic responses at the nano- and meso-scales, making their spatial characterization with conventional diffraction-limited optics a formidable task. Here, we use a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) to acquire exciton spectra in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide microcrystals with previously unattainable 20 nm resolution. Our nano-optical data revealed material- and stacking-dependent exciton spectra of MoSe2, WSe2, and their heterostructures. Furthermore, we extracted the complex dielectric function of these prototypical vdW semiconductors. s-SNOM hyperspectral images uncovered how the dielectric screening modifies excitons at length scales as short as few nanometers. This work paves the way towards understanding and manipulation of excitons in atomically thin layers at the nanoscale., Excitons play an important role in the optical properties of 2D semiconductors, but their spatial characterization is usually constrained by the diffraction limit. Here, the authors report near-field optical spectroscopy of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides with 20 nm resolution, revealing their spatially dependent excitonic spectra and complex dielectric function.

This study estimated the effects of Medicaid Expansion, demographics, socioeconomic status (SES), and health status on disease management of diabetes over time. The hypothesis was that the introduction of the ACA and particularly Medicaid Expansion would increase the following dependent variables (all proportions): (1) provider checks of HbA1c, (2) provider checks of feet, (3) provider checks of eyes, (4) patient education, (5) annual physician checks for diabetes, (6) patient self-checks of blood sugar. Data were available from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 2011 to 2019. We filtered the data to include only patients with diagnosed non-gestational diabetes of age 45 or older (n = 510,991 cases prior to weighting). Linear splines modeled Medicaid Expansion based on state of residence as well as implementation status. Descriptive time series plots showed no major changes in proportions of the dependent variables over time. Quasibinomial analysis showed that implementation of Medicaid Expansion had a statistically negative effect on patient self-checks of blood sugar (odds ratio = 0.971, p &lt, 0.001), a statistically positive effect on physician checks of HbA1c (odds ratio = 1.048, p &lt, 0.001), a statistically positive effect on feet checks (odds ratio = 1.021, p &lt, 0.001), and no other significant effects. Evidence of demographic, SES, and health status disparities existed for most of the dependent variables. This finding was especially significant for HbA1c checks by providers. Barriers to achieving better diabetic care remain and require innovative policy interventions.

Natural hyperbolic materials with dielectric permittivities of opposite signs along different principal axes can confine long-wavelength electromagnetic waves down to the nanoscale, well below the diffraction limit. Confined electromagnetic waves coupled to phonons in hyperbolic dielectrics including hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and α-MoO3 are referred to as hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPPs). HPP dissipation at ambient conditions is substantial, and its fundamental limits remain unexplored. Here, we exploit cryogenic nanoinfrared imaging to investigate propagating HPPs in isotopically pure hBN and naturally abundant α-MoO3 crystals. Close to liquid-nitrogen temperatures, losses for HPPs in isotopic hBN drop significantly, resulting in propagation lengths in excess of 8 μm, with lifetimes exceeding 5 ps, thereby surpassing prior reports on such highly confined polaritonic modes. Our nanoscale, temperature-dependent imaging reveals the relevance of acoustic phonons in HPP damping and will be instrumental in mitigating such losses for miniaturized mid-infrared technologies operating at liquid-nitrogen temperatures., Research at Columbia is supported by Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship ONR-VB: N00014-19-1-2630. We thank A. Sternbach and S. Zhang for helpful discussions. Exfoliation and transfer of hBN onto desired substrates and electron beam lithography of gold disks were performed by J.T.M. and supported by the National Science Foundation (DMR1904793). Additional structure fabrication was supported by the Center on Precision-Assembled Quantum Materials, funded through the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (award no. DMR-2011738). Initial simulations and experimental design from Vanderbilt were provided by J.D.C. in collaboration with the Columbia team (D.N.B. and G.N.) and was supported by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-18-1-2107). The hBN phonon band structure calculation was performed by R.C. and L.A. and supported by the Spanish MINECO/FEDER grant (MAT2015-71035- R). Cryogenics nano-optics experiments at Columbia were solely supported as part of Programmable Quantum Materials, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences (BES), under award no. DE-SC0019443. D.N.B is the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s EPiQS Initiative Investigator no. 9455.

Author(s): Chen, X; Yao, Z; Xu, S; McLeod, AS; Gilbert Corder, SN; Zhao, Y; Tsuneto, M; Bechtel, HA; Martin, MC; Carr, GL; Fogler, MM; Stanciu, SG; Basov, DN; Liu, M | Abstract: The underlying physics behind an experimental observation often lacks a simple analytical description. This is especially the case for scanning probe microscopy techniques, where the interaction between the probe and the sample is nontrivial. Realistic modeling to include the exact details of the probe is widely acknowledged as a challenge. Due to various complexity constraints, the probe is often only approximated in a simplified geometry, leading to a source for modeling inconsistencies. On the other hand, a well-trained artificial neural network based on real data can grasp the hidden correlation between the signal and the sample properties, circumventing the explicit probe modeling process. In this work we show that, via a combination of model calculation and experimental data acquisition, a physics-infused hybrid neural network can predict the probe-sample interaction in the widely used scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope. This hybrid network provides a long-sought solution for accurate extraction of material properties from tip-specific raw data. The methodology can be extended to other scanning probe microscopy techniques as well as other data-oriented physical problems in general.

When light-matter polaritons travel in periodic media, they acquire properties akin to Bloch quasi-particles in crystals., Efficient control of photons is enabled by hybridizing light with matter. The resulting light-matter quasi-particles can be readily programmed by manipulating either their photonic or matter constituents. Here, we hybridized infrared photons with graphene Dirac electrons to form surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and uncovered a previously unexplored means to control SPPs in structures with periodically modulated carrier density. In these periodic structures, common SPPs with continuous dispersion are transformed into Bloch polaritons with attendant discrete bands separated by bandgaps. We explored directional Bloch polaritons and steered their propagation by dialing the proper gate voltage. Fourier analysis of the near-field images corroborates that this on-demand nano-optics functionality is rooted in the polaritonic band structure. Our programmable polaritonic platform paves the way for the much-sought benefits of on-the-chip photonic circuits.

Demand for big-data scientists continues to escalate driving a pressing need for new graduates to be more fluent in the big-data skills needed by employers. If a gap exists between the educational knowledge held by graduates and big data workplace skills needed to produce results, workers will be unable to address the big data needs of employers. This survey explores big-data skills in the classroom and those required in the workplace to determine if a skills gap exists for big-data scientists. In this work, data was collected using a national survey of healthcare professionals. Participant responses were analyzed to inform curriculum development, providing valuable information for academics and the industry leaders who hire new data talent.

This paper examines the changes affecting the health information management (HIM) professional skill set and industry demand to determine differences affecting practitioners. As the industry continues to experience technological innovation, the responsibilities of the HIM professional are in flux, affecting the required skill set of the changing environment. This research used the American Health Information Management Association salary survey and current job postings to determine whether the workforce has experienced deskilling and whether a theory-practice-gap exists. It also assesses if industry competencies align with the Health Information Management Reimaged perspectives. The results indicate that the workforce has not experienced deskilling, that a theory-practice gap does exist, and that Health Information Management Reimaged is aligned with industry needs.

The added constraints of fuel cells and electrolysers can make incorporating reference electrodes into their design a complex and invasive process. One set of solutions to this problem includes placing multiple reference electrodes around the perimeter to be the least invasive as possible, adding a catalyst patch to the membrane to keep potentials from fluctuating, and using additional hydrogen producing electrodes as a reference for potential [1]. The referenced approach has been proven to work in fuel cells; this work seeks to apply the referenced methodology to electrolysers, and expand upon it using electrochemical modelling techniques. By characterizing the net- and half-reactions using polarization curves and Tafel analysis at a series of different temperatures, it is possible to model the half-reaction parameters from polarization curve data collected for the net-reaction. The resulting model will then enable estimates of half-reaction parameters in a conventional two-electrode electrolyser setup. Figure 1 shows the suggested set-up and reference electrode placement for this experiment. The reference electrodes; Re1, Re2, Re4 and Re5 will be platinized platinum wires and will work as Reversible Hydrogen Electrodes in this system. Reference electrodes ReP,0 and ReP,3 will be catalyst patches placed in chambers where the conditions will be held constant. Sensing electrodes will also be added as patches but are not subject to the same conditions as the reference electrodes. The conditions, temperature, pressure and humidity, in the cell will be known, thereby allowing for the characterization and correction of the reference electrode potentials against the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. References: Herrera, O. et al., “New Reference Electrode Approach for Fuel Cell Performance Evaluation” ECS Trans. Vol. 16, p. 1915, (2008) Figure 1

Dragging of light by moving dielectrics was predicted by Fresnel and verified by Fizeau's celebrated experiments with flowing water. This momentous discovery is among the experimental cornerstones of Einstein's special relativity and is well understood in the context of relativistic kinematics. In contrast, experiments on dragging photons by an electron flow in solids are riddled with inconsistencies and so far eluded agreement with the theory. Here we report on the electron flow dragging surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs): hybrid quasiparticles of infrared photons and electrons in graphene. The drag is visualized directly through infrared nano-imaging of propagating plasmonic waves in the presence of a high-density current. The polaritons in graphene shorten their wavelength when launched against the drifting carriers. Unlike the Fizeau effect for light, the SPP drag by electrical currents defies the simple kinematics interpretation and is linked to the nonlinear electrodynamics of the Dirac electrons in graphene. The observed plasmonic Fizeau drag enables breaking of time-reversal symmetry and reciprocity at infrared frequencies without resorting to magnetic fields or chiral optical pumping., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures

Nanoscale charge control is a key enabling technology in plasmonics, electronic band structure engineering, and the topology of two-dimensional materials. By exploiting the large electron affinity of α-RuCl3, we are able to visualize and quantify massive charge transfer at graphene/α-RuCl3 interfaces through generation of charge-transfer plasmon polaritons (CPPs). We performed nanoimaging experiments on graphene/α-RuCl3 at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures and discovered robust plasmonic features in otherwise ungated and undoped structures. The CPP wavelength evaluated through several distinct imaging modalities offers a high-fidelity measure of the Fermi energy of the graphene layer: EF = 0.6 eV (n = 2.7 × 1013 cm–2). Our first-principles calculations link the plasmonic response to the work function difference between graphene and α-RuCl3 giving rise to CPPs. Our results provide a novel general strategy for generating nanometer-scale plasmonic interfaces without resorting to external contacts or chemical doping., Research at Columbia was supported as part of the Energy Frontier Research Center on Programmable Quantum Materials funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences (BES), under Award No. DE-SC0019443. J.Z., L.X., and A.R. were supported by the European Research Council (ERC-2015-AdG694097), the Cluster of Excellence “Advanced Imaging of Matter” (AIM) EXC 2056 - 390715994, funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under RTG 2247, Grupos Consolidados (IT1249-19) and SFB925 “Light induced dynamics and control of correlated quantum systems”. J.Z. acknowledges funding received from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 886291 (PeSD-NeSL). J.Z., L.X., and A.R. would like to acknowledge Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean for fruitful discussions and also acknowledge support by the Max Planck Institute-New York City Center for Non-Equilibrium Quantum Phenomena. The Flatiron Institute is a division of the Simons Foundation. D.G.M. acknowledges support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s EPiQS Initiative, Grant GBMF9069. Work at ORNL was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division. K.W. and T.T. acknowledge support from the Elemental Strategy Initiative conducted by the MEXT, Japan, Grant JPMXP0112101001, JSPS KAKENHI Grant JP20H00354, and the CREST (JPMJCR15F3), JST. S.E.N. was supported by the Division of Scientific User Facilities of the U.S. DOE Basic Energy Sciences. M.M.F. acknowledges support from the Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-18-1-2722. D.N.B. is the Vannevar Bush Faculty ONR-VB: N00014-19-1-2630 and Moore investigator in Quantum Materials EPIQS program #9455. A.S.M acknowledges support from award 80NSSC19K1210 under the NASA Laboratory Analysis of Returned Samples program.

Tungsten ditelluride (WTe_2) is a transition metal dichalcogenide whose physical properties depend critically on the number of layers. In this paper, we use apertureless scattering-type near-field optical microscopy operating at Terahertz (THz) frequencies and cryogenic temperatures to identify distinct THz range electromagnetic behavior of WTe_2 mono-, bi- and tri-layer terraces in the same micro-crystals. We observed clear metallic behavior of the near-field signal on tri-layer regions. Our data are consistent with the existence of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) in the THz range confined to tri-layer terraces in our specimens. The near-field signal on bi-layer regions surprisingly shows moderately metallicity, but with negligible temperature dependence. Subdiffractional THz imaging data together with theoretical calculations considering thermally activated carriers favor the semimetal scenario over the semiconductor scenario for bi-layer WTe_2. THz images for monolayer terraces uncovered weakly insulating behavior consistent with transport data.

Anisotropic dielectric tensors of uniaxial van der Waals (vdW) materials are difficult to investigate at infrared frequencies. The small dimensions of high-quality exfoliated crystals prevent the use of diffraction-limited spectroscopies. Near-field microscopes coupled to broadband lasers can function as Fourier transform infrared spectrometers with nanometric spatial resolution (nano-FTIR). Although dielectric functions of isotropic materials can be readily extracted from nano-FTIR spectra, the in- and out-of-plane permittivities of anisotropic vdW crystals cannot be easily distinguished. For thin vdW crystals residing on a substrate, nano-FTIR spectroscopy probes a combination of sample and substrate responses. We exploit the information in the screening of substrate resonances by vdW crystals to demonstrate that both the in- and out-of-plane dielectric permittivities are identifiable for realistic spectra. This novel method for the quantitative nanoresolved characterization of optical anisotropy was used to determine the dielectric tensor of a bulk 2H-WSe

The explanation and control of phase transitions remain cornerstones of contemporary physics. Landau provided an invaluable insight into the thermodynamics of complex systems by formulating their phase transitions in terms of an order parameter. Within this formulation, continuous evolution of the order parameter away from zero classifies the phase transition as second-order, whereas a discontinuous change signals a first-order transition. Here we show that the temperature-tuned insulator–metal transition in the prototypical correlated electron system NdNiO3 defies this established binary classification. By harnessing a nanoscale optical probe of the local electronic conductivity, we reveal two physically distinct yet concurrent phase transitions in epitaxial NdNiO3 films. Whereas the sample bulk exhibits a first-order transition between metal and insulator phases, we resolve anomalous nanoscale domain walls in the insulating state that undergo a distinctly continuous insulator–metal transition, with hallmarks of second-order behaviour. We ascribe these domain walls to boundaries between antiferromagnetically ordered domains within the charge ordered bulk. The close correspondence of these observations to predictions from a Landau theory of coupled charge and magnetic orders highlights the importance of coupled order parameters in driving the complex phase transition in NdNiO3. A phase transition between metallic and insulating states is observed to simultaneously happen in two ways at once. The bulk of the sample shows an instantaneous jump in the conductivity, while 1D domain walls show a slow switching into a metallic state.

Plasmon polaritons are hybrid excitations of light and mobile electrons that can confine the energy of long-wavelength radiation at the nanoscale. Plasmon polaritons may enable many enigmatic quantum effects, including lasing 1 , topological protection2,3 and dipole-forbidden absorption 4 . A necessary condition for realizing such phenomena is a long plasmonic lifetime, which is notoriously difficult to achieve for highly confined modes 5 . Plasmon polaritons in graphene—hybrids of Dirac quasiparticles and infrared photons—provide a platform for exploring light–matter interaction at the nanoscale6,7. However, plasmonic dissipation in graphene is substantial 8 and its fundamental limits remain undetermined. Here we use nanometre-scale infrared imaging to investigate propagating plasmon polaritons in high-mobility encapsulated graphene at cryogenic temperatures. In this regime, the propagation of plasmon polaritons is primarily restricted by the dielectric losses of the encapsulated layers, with a minor contribution from electron–phonon interactions. At liquid-nitrogen temperatures, the intrinsic plasmonic propagation length can exceed 10 micrometres, or 50 plasmonic wavelengths, thus setting a record for highly confined and tunable polariton modes. Our nanoscale imaging results reveal the physics of plasmonic dissipation and will be instrumental in mitigating such losses in heterostructure engineering applications. The fundamental limits to plasmon damping in graphene are determined using nanoscale infrared imaging at cryogenic temperatures, and plasmon polaritons are observed to propagate over 10 micrometres in high-mobility encapsulated graphene.

Informational security policies depend on user compliance to protect computing resources. When users are lax with security measures and fail to follow security related directives, data breaches are more likely to occur. We hypothesize that users are giving up on security compliance because they believe breaches are inevitable. We test the explanatory theory of security capitulation based on technology threat avoidance, protection motivation theory, and technology acceptance theory. Capitulation theory examines distrust of security, theft of privacy, vulnerability, security threats and security self-efficacy as predictors of capitulation, which influences motivation to protect computing assets. Results indicate that distrust of security, loss of privacy, vulnerability, threats, and self-efficacy are significantly related to capitulation. This research provides insight into emerging explanations of continuing organizational security failures.

Background: Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a type of social intelligence. Excellent scores are achieved by displaying high levels of empathy in interpersonal relationships, strong skills in managing stressful situations as well as other personal competencies. Many of the social competencies that EI describes may have a direct impact on patient care. The objective of this study was to describe EI of pediatric residents and to identify if there are EI skills that should be selected for targeted intervention.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study administering the EQ-i 2.0© psychometric instrument to pediatric residents at the University of Alberta.Results: Thirty-five residents completed the EQ-i 2.0© (100% response rate). Their overall EI score was not significantly different than a normative group of college-educated professionals. Residents had relative strengths in the subcategories of Emotional expression, Interpersonal Relationships, Empathy, and Impulse Control (all p

Graphene-based heterostructures display a variety of phenomena that are strongly tunable by electrostatic local gates. Monolayer graphene (MLG) exhibits tunable surface plasmon polaritons, as revealed by scanning nano-infrared experiments. In bilayer graphene (BLG), an electronic gap is induced by a perpendicular displacement field. Gapped BLG is predicted to display unusual effects such as plasmon amplification and domain wall plasmons with significantly larger lifetime than MLG. Furthermore, a variety of correlated electronic phases highly sensitive to displacement fields have been observed in twisted graphene structures. However, applying perpendicular displacement fields in nano-infrared experiments has only recently become possible [Li, H.; Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 3106-3112]. In this work, we fully characterize two approaches to realizing nano-optics compatible top gates: bilayer MoS2 and MLG. We perform nano-infrared imaging on both types of structures and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Our work paves the way for comprehensive near-field experiments of correlated phenomena and plasmonic effects in graphene-based heterostructures.

We present a coordinated study of the paramagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic, rhombohedral-to-monoclinic, and metal-to-insulator transitions in thin-film specimens of the classic Mott insulator ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ using low-energy muon spin relaxation, x-ray diffraction, and nanoscale-resolved near-field infrared spectroscopic techniques. The measurements provide a detailed characterization of the thermal evolution of the magnetic, structural, and electronic phase transitions occurring in a wide temperature range, including quantitative measurements of the high- and low-temperature phase fractions for each transition. The results reveal a stable coexistence of the high- and low-temperature phases over a broad temperature range throughout the transition. Careful comparison of temperature dependence of the different measurements, calibrated by the resistance of the sample, demonstrates that the electronic, magnetic, and structural degrees of freedom remain tightly coupled to each other during the transition process. We also find evidence for antiferromagnetic fluctuations in the vicinity of the phase transition, highlighting the important role of the magnetic degree of freedom in the metal-insulator transition.

Health care data breaches are occurring at unprecedented rates, but breach causes are challenging to identify. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify potential root causes associated with health care data breaches and to create a model of potential data breach factors to inform risk assessment and future predictive analysis. We considered organizational factors, business processes, and technological tools that may be associated with health care data breach occurrences. Using legal requirements, security industry frameworks, and health care standards, we developed a testable health care data breach model. This security model can inform managers who are working to conduct risk assessments, allocate resources, and minimize security risks.

Photonic crystals are commonly implemented in media with periodically varying optical properties. Photonic crystals enable exquisite control of light propagation in integrated optical circuits, and also emulate advanced physical concepts. However, common photonic crystals are unfit for in-operando on/off controls. We overcome this limitation and demonstrate a broadly tunable two-dimensional photonic crystal for surface plasmon polaritons. Our platform consists of a continuous graphene monolayer integrated in a back-gated platform with nano-structured gate insulators. Infrared nano-imaging reveals the formation of a photonic bandgap and strong modulation of the local plasmonic density of states that can be turned on/off or gradually tuned by the applied gate voltage. We also implement an artificial domain wall which supports highly confined one-dimensional plasmonic modes. Our electrostatically-tunable photonic crystals are derived from standard metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor technology and pave a way for practical on-chip light manipulation., Traditional photonic crystals consist of periodic media with a pre-defined optical response. Here, the authors combine nanostructured back-gate insulators with a continuous layer of graphene to demonstrate an electrically tunable two-dimensional photonic crystal suitable for controlling the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons.

In this study, the relationship between data breach characteristics and the number of individuals affected by these violations was considered. Data were acquired from the Department of Health and Human Services breach reporting database and analyzed using SPSS. Regression analyses revealed that the hacking/IT incident breach type and network server breach location were the most significant predictors of the number of individuals affected; however, they were not predictive when combined. Moreover, network server location and unauthorized access/disclosure breach type were predictive when combined. Additional analyses of variance revealed that covered entity type and business associate presence were significant predictors, while the geographic region of a breach occurrence was insignificant. The results of this study revealed several associations between healthcare breach characteristics and the number of individuals affected, suggesting that more individuals are affected in hacking/IT incidents and network server breaches independently and that network server breach location and unauthorized access/disclosure breach type were predictive in combination.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study set out to determine individuals' proficiency in finding, selecting, and making appropriate health insurance decisions for a positive healthcare experience. Primary data were collected by means of a cross-sectional online survey of 1,469 adults in the United States. Using separate multivariate regression models, we examined the relationships between patient characteristics and an individual's ability to choose, compare, manage, and use health insurance plan benefits. Across all four constructs, younger individuals exhibited significantly lower health insurance literacy. Compared to males, females reported lower levels of health insurance literacy. However, females were better able to compare health insurance benefits and efficiently use health plan benefits. Respondents who reported private insurance coverage or being uninsured had significantly lower health insurance literacy levels. We concluded that health insurance literacy is a salient issue that affects optimal healthcare use. Identifying characteristics associated with limited health insurance literacy is useful in guiding efforts to address health insurance literacy among healthcare consumers.

Author(s): Zhang, J; McLeod, AS; Han, Q; Chen, X; Bechtel, HA; Yao, Z; Gilbert Corder, SN; Ciavatti, T; Tao, TH; Aronson, M; Carr, GL; Martin, MC; Sow, C; Yonezawa, S; Nakamura, F; Terasaki, I; Basov, DN; Millis, AJ; Maeno, Y; Liu, M | Abstract: The Mott insulator Ca2RuO4 is the subject of much recent attention following reports of emergent nonequilibrium steady states driven by applied electric fields or currents. In this paper, we carry out infrared nano-imaging and optical-microscopy measurements on bulk single crystal Ca2RuO4 under conditions of steady current flow to obtain insight into the current-driven insulator-to-metal transition. We observe macroscopic growth of the current-induced metallic phase, with nucleation regions for metal and insulator phases determined by the polarity of the current flow. A remarkable metal-insulator-metal microstripe pattern is observed at the phase front separating metal and insulator phases. The microstripes have orientations tied uniquely to the crystallographic axes, implying a strong coupling of the electronic transition to lattice degrees of freedom. Theoretical modeling further illustrates the importance of the current density and confirms a submicron-thick surface metallic layer at the phase front of the bulk metallic phase. Our work confirms that the electrically induced metallic phase is nonfilamentary and is not driven by Joule heating, revealing remarkable new characteristics of electrically induced insulator-metal transitions occurring in functional correlated oxides.

The insulator–metal transition remains among the most studied phenomena in correlated electron physics. However, the spontaneous formation of spatial patterns amidst insulator–metal phase coexistence remains poorly explored on the meso- and nanoscales. Here we present real-space evolution of the insulator–metal transition in a V2O3 thin film imaged at high spatial resolution by cryogenic near-field infrared microscopy. We resolve spontaneously nanotextured coexistence of metal and correlated Mott insulator phases near the insulator–metal transition (∼160–180 K) associated with percolation and an underlying structural phase transition. Augmented with macroscopic temperature-resolved X-ray diffraction measurements of the same film, a quantitative analysis of nano-infrared images acquired across the transition suggests decoupling of electronic and structural transformations. Persistent low-temperature metallicity is accompanied by unconventional critical behaviour, implicating the long-range Coulomb interaction as a driving force through the film’s first-order insulator–metal transition.

Non-equilibrium photoinduced plasmons in a high-mobility graphene monolayer are investigated at infrared wavelengths. The success of metal-based plasmonics for manipulating light at the nanoscale has been empowered by imaginative designs and advanced nano-fabrication. However, the fundamental optical and electronic properties of elemental metals, the prevailing plasmonic media, are difficult to alter using external stimuli. This limitation is particularly restrictive in applications that require modification of the plasmonic response at sub-picosecond timescales. This handicap has prompted the search for alternative plasmonic media1,2,3, with graphene emerging as one of the most capable candidates for infrared wavelengths. Here we visualize and elucidate the properties of non-equilibrium photo-induced plasmons in a high-mobility graphene monolayer4. We activate plasmons with femtosecond optical pulses in a specimen of graphene that otherwise lacks infrared plasmonic response at equilibrium. In combination with static nano-imaging results on plasmon propagation, our infrared pump–probe nano-spectroscopy investigation reveals new aspects of carrier relaxation in heterostructures based on high-purity graphene.

The ground state properties of correlated electron systems can be extraordinarily sensitive to external stimuli, such as temperature, strain, and electromagnetic fields, offering abundant platforms for functional materials. We present a metastable and reversible photoinduced ferromagnetic transition in strained films of the doped manganite La(2/3)Ca(1/3)MnO3. Using the novel multi-messenger combination of atomic force microscopy, cryogenic scanning near-field optical microscopy, magnetic force microscopy, and ultrafast laser excitation, we demonstrate both "writing" and "erasing" of a metastable ferromagnetic metal phase with nanometer-resolved finesse. By tracking both optical conductivity and magnetism at the nano-scale, we reveal how spontaneous strain underlies the thermal stability, persistence, and reversal of this photoinduced metal. Our first-principles electronic structure calculations reveal how an epitaxially engineered Jahn-Teller distortion can stabilize nearly degenerate antiferromagnetic insulator and ferromagnetic metal phases. We propose a Ginzburg-Landau description to rationalize the co-active interplay of strain, lattice distortion, and magnetism we resolve in strained LCMO, thus guiding future functional engineering of epitaxial oxides like manganites into the regime of phase-programmable materials., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, supplementary information

Using scanning near-field optical microscopy at cryogenic temperatures, we explored the first-order metal-insulator transition of exfoliated $1T\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ microcrystals on a ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}/\mathrm{Si}$ substrate. We clearly observed spatially separated metallic and insulating states during the transition between commensurate and nearly commensurate charge-density-wave phases. The capability to probe electrodynamics on nanometer length scales revealed temperature-dependent electronic properties of the insulating and metallic regions near the transition temperature. At fixed temperature, a remarkably broad spatial boundary between insulating and metallic regions was observed, across which the nano-optical signal smoothly evolved over a length scale of several hundred nanometers. To understand these observations, we performed Ginzburg-Landau calculations to determine the charge-density-wave structure of the domain boundary, which revealed the existence of an intermediate electronic phase with unique properties distinct from the bulk thermodynamic phases.

Twisting a route for surface plasmons Graphene is an atomically thin material that supports highly confined plasmon polaritons, or nano-light, with very low loss. The properties of graphene can be made richer by introducing and then rotating a second layer so that there is a slight angle between the atomic registry. Sunku et al. show that the moiré patterns that result from such twisted bilayer graphene also provide confined conducting channels that can be used for the directed propagation of surface plasmons. Controlling the structure thereby provides a pathway to control and route surface plasmons for a nanophotonic platform. Science , this issue p. 1153

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a material that undergoes an insulator–metal transition upon heating above 340 K. It remains debated as to whether this electronic transition is driven by a corresponding structural transition or by strong electron–electron correlations. Here, we use apertureless scattering near-field optical microscopy to compare nanoscale images of the transition in VO2 thin films acquired at both mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies, using a home-built terahertz near-field microscope. We observe a much more gradual transition when THz frequencies are utilized as a probe, in contrast to the assumptions of a classical first-order phase transition. We discuss these results in light of dynamical mean-field theory calculations of the dimer Hubbard model recently applied to VO2, which account for a continuous temperature dependence of the optical response of the VO2 in the insulating state., The insulator-to-metal transition in vanadium dioxide still has many unexplored properties. Here the authors use multi-modal THz and mid-IR nano-imaging to examine the phase transition in VO2 thin films, and discuss the unexpectedly smooth transition at THz frequencies in the context of a dimer Hubbard model.

We investigated emission and propagation of polaritons in a two dimensional van der Waals material hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Our specific emphasis in this work is on hyperbolic phonon polariton emission that we investigated by means of scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy. Real-space nano-images detail how the polaritons are launched in several common arrangements including: light scattering by the edges of the crystal, metallic nanostructures deposited on the surface of hBN crystals, as well as random defects and impurities. Notably, the scanned tip of the near-field microscope is itself an efficient polariton launcher. Our analysis reveals that the scanning tips are superior to other types of emitters we have investigated. Furthermore, the study of polariton emission and emission efficiency may provide insights for development of polaritonic devices and for fundamental studies of collective modes in other van der Waals materials.