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Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare subtype of aggressive large B-cell lymphoma, with a dismal prognosis despite aggressive therapies. New approaches are needed for those with refractory disease. PBL expresses antigens similar to multiple myeloma (MM), including B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA). Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy directed against BCMA has shown efficacy for the treatment of heavily pretreated MM with low rates of grades 3 and 4 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) in a phase Ib/II trial (A Study of JNJ-68284528, a CAR-T Directed Against BCMA in Participants With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (CARTITUDE-1),NCT03548207). However, data for the use of BCMA CAR-T for treating PBL are lacking.We report a challenging case of multiple refractory PBL that emerged from B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in an adolescent who failed to respond to an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. The patient developed rapidly advancing disease despite withdrawal of immunosuppression, treatment with etoposide, ibrutinib, and daratumumab, prompting consideration of BCMA CAR-T (under emergency investigational new drug (eIND)). The patient achieved a complete remission (CR), without recurrent acute graft versus host disease (GVHD), CRS or ICANS after BCMA CAR-T therapy. BCMA CAR-T expansion was detected in vivo, peaking on day 15. The patient remains in CR for more than a year post CAR-T therapy, supporting consideration of immunotherapy for future patients with refractory PBL, a disease with few treatment options.

The tuyere injection is one of the key tools to exhaust the blast furnace potential and to minimize its CO2 emissions. The review argues theoretical basis and operation strategies for ensuring the ...

The objective of this work is to study the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the combustion behavior of biomass-derived charcoal under conditions that simulate tuyere injection operations in a blast furnace ironmaking process. These results are compared with those for conventional pulverized coal. Pinus radiata chips have been pyrolyzed in a screw continuous reactor at 300, 500, 700, and 900 °C, and the vapors obtained have been thermally treated in a second reactor at 800 °C. The charcoal has been characterized, including its chemical composition as well as its textural characteristics. Tuyere injection combustion behavior tests of the charcoal and pulverized coal have been performed under different oxygen-to-carbon ratios in a batch injection rig reactor at 1700 °C for 20 ms, charcoal in its initial sample size distribution (45-2000 μm) and both ground to 90-125 μm. It has observed that increasing pyrolysis temperature results in lower charcoal yields, decreasing its volatile matter and oxygen contents and increasing the carbon content. Concerning the influence of temperature, the higher the pyrolysis temperature, the lower the influence of the injection rate on the charcoal combustion is. It has proven that 45-2000 μm particle size charcoal shows a greater conversion degree than 90-125 μm ground charcoal in the injection rig reactor, except for 900 °C charcoal, regardless of the particle injection rate. The conversion degrees of the 45-2000 μm particle size charcoal produced at 300, 500, and 700 °C are similar, being these data much greater than that of pulverized coal at any injection rate. The conversion degree of 900 °C original charcoal is not affected by the increase of oxygen-to-carbon ratio, showing conversion higher than that of pulverized coal for only high injection rates, which include values typically used in industries., The authors thank the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) (US 11/21), the Basque Country Government (GIC10/31, GIC15/13, S-PE13UN126(SAI13/190)), Programa predoctoral de formación de personal investigador no doctor, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ENE 2011-23950), and Befesa Steel R&D company for financial assistance to this work.

B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a member of the tumor necrosis factor family of receptors, is predominantly expressed on the surface of terminally differentiated B cells. BCMA is highly expressed on plasmablasts and plasma cells from multiple myeloma (MM) patient samples. We developed a BCMAxCD3 bispecific antibody (teclistamab [JNJ-64007957]) to recruit and activate T cells to kill BCMA-expressing MM cells. Teclistamab induced cytotoxicity of BCMA+ MM cell lines in vitro (H929 cells, 50% effective concentration [EC50] = 0.15 nM; MM.1R cells, EC50 = 0.06 nM; RPMI 8226 cells, EC50 = 0.45 nM) with concomitant T-cell activation (H929 cells, EC50 = 0.21 nM; MM.1R cells, EC50 = 0.1 nM; RPMI 8226 cells, EC50 = 0.28 nM) and cytokine release. This activity was further increased in the presence of a γ-secretase inhibitor (LY-411575). Teclistamab also depleted BCMA+ cells in bone marrow samples from MM patients in an ex vivo assay with an average EC50 value of 1.7 nM. Under more physiological conditions using healthy human whole blood, teclistamab mediated dose-dependent lysis of H929 cells and activation of T cells. Antitumor activity of teclistamab was also observed in 2 BCMA+ MM murine xenograft models inoculated with human T cells (tumor inhibition with H929 model and tumor regression with the RPMI 8226 model) compared with vehicle and antibody controls. The specific and potent activity of teclistamab against BCMA-expressing cells from MM cell lines, patient samples, and MM xenograft models warrant further evaluation of this bispecific antibody for the treatment of MM. Phase 1 clinical trials (monotherapy, #NCT03145181; combination therapy, #NCT04108195) are ongoing for patients with relapsed/refractory MM.

Among numerous measures to accelerate the PC conversion within the blast furnace (BF) raceway, local increase of oxygen concentration is the most common one. On the other hand, the presence of cold media (oxygen) in the vicinity of the coal stream might affect its ignition and combustion negatively. A minor amount of coke oven gas (COG) may increase the temperature and consequently accelerate the coal conversion. To examine this effect, laboratory trials under blast furnace simulating conditions were performed using the Multifunctional Injection Rig for Ironmaking (MIRI). The results of the simulation testified a higher conversion degree of coal while adding the COG. The temperature increase is measurable in the reaction chamber and the off-gas stream. Optical microscopy of the original PC particles and residues after reaction confirm the findings of the off-gas analysis and the increase in temperature during the experiments with addition of COG. The thermogravimetric analysis was applied to determine and to compare the behaviour of coal in different atmospheres including an atmosphere with COG. A stand at one tuyère at a modern BF was erected and tests were performed targeting the observation of the ignition behaviour of coal at different COG rates, using a camera image analysis system. Laboratory trials under blast furnace raceway simulating conditions showed, that even a small amount of COG significantly improves the PC conversion degree. A new technology of PC injection, including addition of small amount of COG to the PC transporting gas, aimed at neutralization of the oxygen local cooling effect, elaborated, justified and tested.

The biomass usage in the steel industry has benefits not only due to its “CO2 neutral carbon”, but also due to its unique chemical and physic-chemical properties. This contribution focuses on two aspects which could increase the economic efficiency of this technology. The first one is related to the thermal treatment of biomass. Woody biomass wastes were pyrolysed in a laboratory scale screw continuous reactor at different temperature profiles. Besides solid product (charcoal), yields of organic liquid and a gaseous products consisting of carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons and hydrogen were considered. The share and quality of these three fractions can be controlled by the pyrolysis parameters such as temperature, heating rate, residence time as well as presence of catalysts. The second aspect is related to the optimisation of grain size of injected solids. Different grain size fractions in the range from about 0.1 to 1.8 mm were prepared and tested using a laboratory injection rig. Furthermore, microstructure of charcoal samples were examined. Results were compared with a reference pulverised coal. It was concluded that coarser grinding of charcoal than that for coal can be sufficient for its conversion in the blast furnace raceway. The microstructure of charcoals may have a great influence on their conversion behaviour along with the chemistry. The effect of injection rate on conversion rate depends on grain size of charcoal.

Journal of sustainable metallurgy (2021). doi:10.1007/s40831-021-00391-x, Published by Springer, Berlin ; Heidelberg

T-cell–mediated approaches have shown promise in myeloma treatment. However, there are currently a limited number of specific myeloma antigens that can be targeted, and multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease. G-protein–coupled receptor class 5 member D (GPRC5D) is expressed in MM and smoldering MM patient plasma cells. Here, we demonstrate that GPRC5D protein is present on the surface of MM cells and describe JNJ-64407564, a GPRC5DxCD3 bispecific antibody that recruits CD3+ T cells to GPRC5D+ MM cells and induces killing of GPRC5D+ cells. In vitro, JNJ-64407564 induced specific cytotoxicity of GPRC5D+ cells with concomitant T-cell activation and also killed plasma cells in MM patient samples ex vivo. JNJ-64407564 can recruit T cells and induce tumor regression in GPRC5D+ MM murine models, which coincide with T-cell infiltration at the tumor site. This antibody is also able to induce cytotoxicity of patient primary MM cells from bone marrow, which is the natural site of this disease. GPRC5D is a promising surface antigen for MM immunotherapy, and JNJ-64407564 is currently being evaluated in a phase 1 clinical trial in patients with relapsed or refractory MM (NCT03399799).

This chapter discusses the role of coke in the steel and foundry industries. Quality requirements on metallurgical and foundry cokes are discussed based on their functions in the blast furnace (BF) and in the cupola, respectively. In respect to the BF, as a main consumer of the coke, its structure and properties, as well as their effect on the BF operation, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the use of nut coke, ferro-coke, bio-coke, and form coke, as well as alternate reductants, particularly coke oven gas, is a part of this contribution. Finally, future prospects of ironmaking including cokeless iron and steelmaking are discussed.

The objective of this contribution is to investigate into indirect iron reduction in a packed bed on both an experimental and a numerical level. For this purpose experiments of a packed bed of iron ore particles in a laboratory-scale reactor were carried out. Inflow conditions in terms of temperature and reducing gas composition were subject to change and the integral behaviour of the reactor was qualified by measuring the outflow conditions. In particular, the composition of the off-gas was analysed to determine the overall reduction degree of the packed bed. The numerical technique is based on a coupled DEM-CFD approach, in which the iron ore is treated as discrete particles and the flow of reducing gas is described by classical CFD. Each particle is characterised by its thermodynamic state, that is determined by solving one-dimensional and transient differential conservation equations for mass and energy. In conjunction with a reaction mechanism for iron reduction through carbon monoxide, the spatially and temporarily dependent reduction degree for each individual particle is resolved. Integrating over all particles yields the integral behaviour of the reactor. These results were compared to measurements and very good agreement was obtained.

Operation of several blast furnaces proved that waste plastic (WP) injection makes recycling of industrial and municipal organic wastes and coke saving possible. However, the extent and reaction ki...

The current study presents a novel approach for the utilization of ultra-fines iron ore (−0.2 mm) in sintering process through its conversion into mini-pellets (4–9 mm). The mini-pellets were composed of ultra-fine iron ore and calcium hydrate while coke fines were used as a coating layer. One part of mini-pellets was cured with CO2 to improve the strength of green pellets while another part was kept uncured. The trails were carried out in sinter pot after adjusting the operating parameters. The utilization of 30% cured mini-pellets was accompanied by the constant highest temperature (≈1400 °C) in combustion zone. On the contrary, the sinter prepared using 30% uncured mini-pellets showed the highest temperature (≈1471 °C) at the beginning of sintering process followed by a gradual decreasing in the temperature. The permeability of sinter bed was improved by using cured mini-pellets in the sinter mixture. The sinter indices including the product yield, tumbler index and fuel consumption are measured. Reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to characterize the microstructure and the developed phases.

One way to decrease the reducing agent rate in a blast furnace (BF) is the lowering of thermal reserve zone (TRZ) temperature by using self-reducing pellets (SRP). The lower strength requirement of raw materials for small BFs allows the charging of SRP. In the scope of the current study, the behavior of SRP under the TRZ simulated conditions has been investigated. Coal, charcoal, and coke breeze were used as embedded reducing agents. The reduction experiments have been performed under different iso- and non-isothermal scenarios. A Tammann furnace laboratory rig and a simultaneous Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) experimental set were used for investigations. Mass loss, reduction degree, metallization degree, volume change, and reaction heat flow were examined. The results from experiments with TRZ condition show that embedded reducing agents, especially charcoal, promote iron oxide reduction in pellets. The crushing strengths of SRPs after both methods of hardening, fire-hardening and cement-bonded curing, and the reduction of cement-bonded SRP after curing have been investigated as well.

The application of off-gases from the integrated steel plant for the direct reduction of lump iron ore could decrease not only the total production cost but also the energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The current study investigates the efficiency of reformed coke oven gas (RCOG), original coke oven gas (OCOG), and coke oven gas/basic oxygen furnace gas mixtures (RCOG/BOFG and OCOG/BOFG) in the direct reduction of lump iron ore. The results were compared to that of reformed natural gas (RNG), which is already applied in the commercial direct reduction processes. The reduction of lump ore was carried out at temperatures in the range of 1073 K to 1323 K (800 °C to 1050 °C) to simulate the reduction zone in direct reduction processes. Reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to characterize the microstructure and the developed phases in the original and reduced lump iron ore. The rate-controlling mechanism of the reduced lump ore was predicted from the calculation of apparent activation energy and the examination of microstructure. At 1073 K to 1323 K (800 °C to 1050 °C), the reduction rate of lump ore was the highest in RCOG followed by OCOG. The reduction rate was found to decrease in the order RCOG > OCOG > RNG > OCOG-BOF > RCOG-BOFG at temperatures 1173 K to 1323 K (900 °C to 1050 °C). The developed fayalite (Fe2SiO4), which resulted from the reaction between wustite and silica, had a significant effect on the reduction process. The reduction rate was increased as H2 content in the applied gas mixtures increased. The rate-determining step was mainly interfacial chemical reaction with limitation by gaseous diffusion at both initial (20 pct reduction) and moderate (60 pct reduction) stages of reduction. The solid-state diffusion mechanism affected the reduction rate only at moderate stages of reduction.

Recently a special attention is being paid on the combination of different ironmaking technologies in the integrated steel plant to maximize the efficiency of the overall process. The utilization of coke oven gas for production of direct reduced iron (DRI) in the integrated steelmaking route is still under evaluation and discussion. In this study, iron ore pellets were isothermally reduced with simulated original and reformed coke oven gas (RCOG) at 700–980°C. The results were compared with those obtained by the reduction of pellets with the original and reformed natural gas (RNG). The highest reduction degree was obtained for the pellets reduced with RCOG while the lowest reduction degree was exhibited by original natural gas. On the other hand the rate of reduction with original coke oven gas was sharply increased at temperature of about 900°C to become higher than that of RNG. A slow down phenomenon appeared at the later stage of reduction due to the intensive carbon deposition. The soot formation increased as CH4 content and/or the temperature of reducing gas increased. Reflected light microscope, scanning electron microscope with EDX, and high performance X-ray diffraction analysis were used to estimate the reduction kinetics and mechanism.

Energy network within the integrated steel works should be used more efficiency to reduce the energy consumptions and CO2 emissions. The injection of free resources of coke oven gas (COG), which is rich with hydrogen, into the modern blast furnace is one of such measures. In order to clarify the effect of COG injection on the reduction processes in the blast furnace; iron ore sinter was isothermally and nonisothermally reduced with different gas compositions at different temperature. The gas compositions were selected to simulate the conditions of middle (150 m 3 /tHM) and intensive (300 m 3 /tHM) injection of COG into the blast furnace. The results were compared to that obtained under typical blast furnace conditions without COG injection. The isothermal reduction at 900–1 200°C indicated the enhancement of the reduction rate as COG injection increased. The non-isothermal reduction indicated the efficiency of intensive injection of COG in decreasing the direct reduction from 50% to only 5% at 1 200°C. Reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray techniques were used to characterize the microstructure and the developed phases in the origin and reduced sinter. The rate controlling mechanism of sinter under different conditions was predicted from the correlation between apparent activation energy calculations and microstructure examination.

Actomyosin dynamics and T cell receptor signaling are tightly coupled to ensure proper dynamics and function of signaling microclusters within the immunological synapse., Activation of T cells by antigen-presenting cells involves assembly of signaling molecules into dynamic microclusters (MCs) within a specialized membrane domain termed the immunological synapse (IS). Actin and myosin IIA localize to the IS, and depletion of F-actin abrogates MC movement and T cell activation. However, the mechanisms that coordinate actomyosin dynamics and T cell receptor signaling are poorly understood. Using pharmacological inhibitors that perturb individual aspects of actomyosin dynamics without disassembling the network, we demonstrate that F-actin polymerization is the primary driver of actin retrograde flow, whereas myosin IIA promotes long-term integrity of the IS. Disruption of F-actin retrograde flow, but not myosin IIA contraction, arrested MC centralization and inhibited sustained Ca2+ signaling at the level of endoplasmic reticulum store release. Furthermore, perturbation of retrograde flow inhibited PLCγ1 phosphorylation within MCs but left Zap70 activity intact. These studies highlight the importance of ongoing actin polymerization as a central driver of actomyosin retrograde flow, MC centralization, and sustained Ca2+ signaling.

Charcoal use instead of fossil fuel is one of the possible technologies for mitigation of CO2 emission in the steel industry because charcoal can be considered as “carbon-neutral” material. In this study, the possibility of utilization of charcoal as carbon source for carburization reaction was examined; more specifically effects of carbon crystalinity and ash in charcoal on carbon dissolution into molten iron and iron carburization reaction in iron-charcoal composite were investigated. Two kinds of experiments were carried out. One is measurement of charcoal carbon dissolution rate in iron bath. Another is observation of isothermal reaction between iron and charcoal in a composite sample. Several kinds of charcoal with relatively low ash content were applied as experimental samples. Charcoal samples were treated with several heating patterns to control their carbon crystallinity. Additionally, charcoal samples were treated with acid solutions, HCl and HF, to control the ash content in them. From these investigations, following results were revealed. Charcoal heat-treated at low temperature, 1 273 K, has advantage for carbon dissolution reaction into iron bath. Charcoal ash strongly prevents the carburization reaction between iron and carbon in the composite sample.

Among different ways to reduce the coke consumption in the blast furnace, not so much attention was paid for decreasing the coke losses through finding suitable application of small size coke called “nut coke”. In meantime modern blast furnaces use nut coke with different amount (10–140 kg/t hot metal) and different grain size (10–40 mm) in the sinter layer to reduce the coke losses. The objective of this paper is to clarify the influence of nut coke on the shaft permeability and sinter reducibility under blast furnace simulating conditions. The effect of various factors such as nut coke rate, gas flow rate, and layer thickness on the shaft permeability was estimated using cold model rig. The influence of nut coke on the isothermal and non-isothermal reduction of sinter was estimated under different gas compositions and temperatures using muffle reduction furnaces. The isothermal reduction of sinter with 30%CO–70%N2 exhibited reduction retardation at elevated temperatures (>1373 K). The reduction retardation increased by the presence of CO2 gas in the reducing atmosphere while decreased by participation of H2 gas. Mixing nut coke in the sinter bed improves the sinter reducibility and inhibits the reduction retardation phenomenon.

In recent years an intensive work has been carried out to decrease the coke losses of the blast furnace through mixing small-sized coke called ‘‘nut coke’’ in the iron ore burden layers. In order to clarify the influence of nut coke on the pellets reducibility, industrial iron ore pellets were reduced with and without nut coke participation under different temperatures and atmospheres. Isothermal and non-isothermal reduction tests under simulating blast furnace conditions were performed using an experimental laboratory rig. Furthermore, reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray technique were applied to characterize the microstructure and different phases developed in the origin and reduced pellets. Pellets reduced isothermally without nut coke participation exhibited reduction retardation (RR) at elevated temperature (� 1373 K) whereas the presence of nut coke had a positive effect of preventing such phenomena. The non-isothermal reduction of pellets showed that, as the amount of nut coke in pellets bed increased, the reducibility of pellets increased, too. The rate controlling mechanism of pellets and pellets-nut coke mixtures was predicted from the correlation between apparent activation energy calculations and microstructure examination.

One of the most important factors to increase the economic efficiency of the blast furnace process is to reduced coke losses (undersieve product known as nut coke). In recent years there has been increased interest in mixing nut coke in the sinter layers. In order to clarify the influence of nut coke on sinter reducibility, sinter and sinter–nut coke mixtures were isothermally reduced with 30%CO–70%N2 at 1173–1523 K using a muffle furnace supported by an on-line gas analyser. Reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray technique were used to characterise the microstructure and the different phases developed in the original and reduced sinter. Sinter reduced without nut coke participation exhibited reduction retardation at elevated temperatures (>1373 K) while the presence of nut coke prevented such phenomena. The rate controlling mechanism of sinter and sinter–nut coke mixture was predicted from the correlation between apparent activation energy calculations, mathematical mo...

Nowadays the use of charcoal in metallurgy is intimately linked to small blast furnaces in Brazil. Due to the challenge for CO2 mitigation, interest for charcoal use as a renewable energy source is rising. In the scope of European efforts to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions in the steel industry in the post-Kyoto period, the use of charcoal in cokemaking and ironmaking has been investigated. This paper presents results of an experimental study on charcoal behaviour under the blast furnace simulating conditions performed at the Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, RWTH Aachen University and at the National Centre for Metallurgical Investigations, Madrid. Conditions in the raceway and in the furnace shaft were simulated using thermo-analytical, laboratory and pilot facilities. Charcoal samples were produced in two furnaces for pyrolysis from different wood types at various carbonisation conditions. Furthermore technological and ecological assessment of blast furnace process when injecting different types of charcoal was performed using a mathematical model. All the experiments and calculations were also performed with reference mineral coals for injection. Conversion efficiency of all the tested charcoals is better or comparable with coals. Change in coke rate, furnace productivity and further operation parameters when replacing pulverised coal with charcoal depends on charcoal ash content and composition.

For about 10 years the steel industry in Brazil has been using pulverized coal injection (PCI) technology in blast furnaces based on imported coals. In order to decrease the dependence on imported coals, Brazilian coal which has limited use due to high ash content is suggested to be mixed with imported coal and charcoal. The aim of this study is to examine the reactivity and combustion behaviour of the mentioned materials. The use of charcoal in the Brazilian steel industry reduces the CO2 emissions, since it represents a renewable source of carbon. The reactivity of the coal, charcoal and mixtures is evaluated through TGA. To provide a useful insight into the practice of PCI in blast furnaces, experiments are carried out with a laboratory rig at RWTH Aachen University that simulates the behaviour of fines injected into the raceway. The results of this study are presented and discussed.

Two measures for coke saving and increase in blast furnace efficiency related to coke characteristics – reactivity and size – are discussed in this paper. Modern blast furnace operation with low coke rate and high injection rate causes a change in coke quality requirements. A discussion has arisen recently about highly reactive coke. Here, a theoretical analysis of influence of coke reactivity on the thermal reserve zone, direct reduction and carbon consumption in the blast furnace has been undertaken. Experiments have been performed using non-standard test scenarios that simulate coke behaviour under real blast furnace operating conditions. Coke reactivity and microstructure have also been investigated under the impact of alkali and pulverised coal ash and char. Operation of many blast furnaces has proved the possibility of coke saving and increase in productivity when using small-sized coke (so-called nut coke) mixed with the burden, but the reasons for this phenomenon, and consequently the limi...

Die raumlich und zeitlich hochaufgeloste Untersuchung der Vorgange von Gas-Feststoff-Reaktionen in Hochtemperaturumgebungen ist fur verschiedene Anwendungen der Metallurgie von Interesse. Beispiele fur diese Anwendungen sind Feststoffvergasungsprozesse, Wirbelschichtprozesse und die Erzeugung von Reaktionsgasen in und fur Hochofen, Kupolofen sowie Direkt- und Schmelzreduktionsverfahren. Der Einsatz hochauflosender laserbasierter Gasanalysesysteme ermoglicht die Untersuchung der Mikroreaktionen und -kinetik auch in schwer zuganglichen Prozessen. Am Institut fur Eisenhuttenkunde der RWTH Aachen wurden Reaktionsgase beim Durchgang von der Wirbelzone in das "Bird's Nest" und den Toten Mann des Hochofens anhand einer experimentellen Simulation im Koksbettsimulator (KoBeSi) mittels eines Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) -Systems analysiert. Zur Analyse verschiedener Gas-Feststoff-Reaktionen, welche die Gasparameter (Temperatur, Zusammensetzung) in der Hochofenwirbelzone beeinflussen, wurden die Einsatzmaterialien (Koks, Wind, Ersatzreduktionsmittel) im Koksbettsimulator variiert. Die Messergebnisse des CARS-Systems werden vergleichend zu den Messergebnissen der konventionellen tragen Messmethoden dargestellt und analysiert.

This paper shows the potential of three-dimensional diagrams, using up-to-date computer graphics techniques. In contrast to the past perspective diagrams can now be generated from quantitative calculations of phase equilibria for systems with any number of components. These diagrams can even be made quantitatively readable. Furthermore new visualisation techniques from the field of virtual reality are used to make the complex data easier to understand.

Iron ores, fluxes and tuyere injected coals used as burden materials in the blast furnace have been characterised by chemical and granulometric analysis, moisture, density and porosity, softening and melting temperatures, reductibility, X-ray diffraction, electronic microscopy and thermoanalysis. Theoretical calculations on the influence of both the chemical composition and ash content of coals on some aspects of the blast furnace operation have been carried out. The combustion behaviour of pulverised coals in a pilot plant equipped with a combustion chamber has been studied to indicate what the behaviour of each type of coal will be, when injected in blast furnace tuyeres.

The T cell actin network generates mechanical forces that regulate LFA-1 activity at the immunological synapse., Integrin-dependent interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells are vital for proper T cell activation, effector function, and memory. Regulation of integrin function occurs via conformational change, which modulates ligand affinity, and receptor clustering, which modulates valency. Here, we show that conformational intermediates of leukocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1) form a concentric array at the immunological synapse. Using an inhibitor cocktail to arrest F-actin dynamics, we show that organization of this array depends on F-actin flow and ligand mobility. Furthermore, F-actin flow is critical for maintaining the high affinity conformation of LFA-1, for increasing valency by recruiting LFA-1 to the immunological synapse, and ultimately for promoting intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) binding. Finally, we show that F-actin forces are opposed by immobilized ICAM-1, which triggers LFA-1 activation through a combination of induced fit and tension-based mechanisms. Our data provide direct support for a model in which the T cell actin network generates mechanical forces that regulate LFA-1 activity at the immunological synapse.

This chapter discusses the blast furnace (BF) iron making. The chapter first gives information about fundamentals and historical development of BF technology and design and its role in the steel industry. It then discusses the chemical and physical processes in the BF with focus on the reduction of burden materials, processes in the lower BF zone, streaming conditions, and product characteristics. The most important recent innovations and future trends are discussed with emphasis on the process efficiency, energy supply, and environmental challenges regarding the CO 2 emission mitigation.

Revista de metalurgía 41, 284-288 (2005). special issue: "9th National Congress on Metallurgical Science and Technology in Madrid, Spain, Nov. 05-07, 2003", Published by Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, Madrid

Advanced educational technologies like Virtual Laboratories are being developed and launched in order to equip customers from higher education institutions, research and industry with efficient tools, supporting their work and operating new skills-training methods. Visual Model "Blast Furnace" based on a mathematical balance model of the blast furnace process has been developed for distance learning (DL) purposes. It processes entered parameters and outputs both operating and learning results. The model simulates also sinter and pellets manufacture as well as operation of hot stove. The teacher and learners can interact with each other using software interface which allows to monitor the activity of the learners, answer their questions, and analyse the learning results. The model is an ingredient of the "Virtual Lab Ironmaking".Se desarrollan y presentan tecnologías avanzadas de educación, como los Laboratorios Virtuales, para suministrar a los clientes de las instituciones de educación superior, investigación e industria, en apoyo de su trabajo, nuevos y eficientes métodos de operación y técnicas especiales de adiestramiento. Se ha desarrollado el Modelo Visual de "Horno Alto" basado en un modelo matemático del balance del proceso del horno alto, para fines de educación a distancia. Procesa los parámetros de entrada y salida en operación y los resultados de la enseñanza. El modelo también simula la fabricación de sinter y pelets, además de la operación de las estufas. El profesor y alumnos pueden interactuar entre sí usando un software que permite seguir la marcha de la actividad de los alumnos, responder a sus preguntas y analizar los resultados del aprendizaje. El modelo es parte del "Laboratorio Virtual de Fabricación de Arrabio".

In a short introduction tests and calculations about CO2-ice-blocs in the deep sea, use of CO2 for underground-coal-gasification and tertiary processes to increase oil-production by C02-flooding are shown. New activities are presented e.g. CO2-injection into EAF combined with injection of coal, coke or directreduction-fines. After research of injection of coals, fine ores or dust into blast furnaces and other shaft furnaces activities are compared with injection of hot reducing gas generated by coal or waste gasification or top gas recycling combined with injection of fine solid fuels. Results of injection of prepared plastics (Duales System Deutschland), shredder-light-fraction from car-recycling and unburned carbon of power-station-ashes are discussed. Beside production of direct-reducediron by H2 fluidized reactor results of the reduction behavior ore/coal or dust/coal pellets or briquettes for the use in rotary hearth or modem shaft furnaces are shownEn una breve introducción se describen las pruebas y cálculos referentes a bloques de hielo de CO2 en el mar profundo, el uso del CO2 para la gasificación de carbón subterráneo y procesos terciarios para aumentar la producción de aceite por medio del torrente de CO2. Dentro de las nuevas actividades se presentan, por ejemplo, la inyección de CO2 en el homo eléctrico de arco (HEA) combinado con la inyección de carbón, coque o de finos de los procesos de reducción directa. Después de la investigación de la inyección de carbones, se comparan, por un lado, la inyección de los minerales finos o polvos en los hornos altos y otras actividades en los hornos de cuba con la inyección del gas reductor caliente generado por la gasificación del carbón o de los residuos o reciclado del gas del tragante combinado con la inyección de finos de combustibles sólidos. En el presente trabajo se discuten los resultados de la inyección de los plásticos preparados (Sistema Dual Alemán), de la separación de fracciones ligeras del reciclado de autos y de carbón no reaccionado de cenizas de la estación de poder. En el área de la producción de hierro reducido directamente en el reactor de lecho fluidizado de H2 son mostrados los resultados del comportamiento de la reducción de mineral con carbón o pellets de polvo con carbón o briquetas para el uso en el homo rotatorio o en modernos hornos de cuba

This contribution deals with advanced educational technologies needed to equip customers from higher education institutions, research and industry with efficient tools supporting their work and operating new skills-training methods. The challenges are reducing the training costs, improving quality and increasing the number of graduates in engineering departments. The concept of a Virtual Lab based on the combination of various teaching methods and tools is presented. Principles of mathematisation in metallurgical education and training are discussed. An example of online course designed in the form of Virtual Lab is demonstrated.

Movement of immunoreceptor microclusters tunes lymphocyte activation, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In this issue of Immunity, Schnyder et al. (2011) and Hashimoto-Tane et al. (2011) show that cytoplasmic dynein drives microcluster centralization along microtubules.