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Objective: The present study evaluated the efficiency of embryo development and pregnancy of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos using different source-matured oocytes in Camelus dromedarius.Methods: Camelus dromedarius embryos were produced by SCNT using in vivo- and in vitro- matured oocytes. In vitro embryo developmental capacity of reconstructed embryos was evaluated. To confirm the efficiency of pregnancy and live birth rates, a total of 72 blastocysts using in vitro- matured oocytes transferred into 45 surrogates and 95 blastocysts using in vivo- matured oocytes were transferred into 62 surrogates by transvaginal method.Results: The collected oocytes derived from ovum pick up showed higher maturation potential into metaphase II oocytes than oocytes from the slaughterhouse. The competence of cleavage, and blastocyst were also significantly higher in in vivo- matured oocytes than in vitro- matured oocytes. After embryo transfer, 11 pregnant and 10 live births were confirmed in in vivo- matured oocytes group, and 2 pregnant and 1 live birth were confirmed in in vitro- matured oocytes group. Furthermore, blastocysts produced by in vivo-matured oocytes resulted in significantly higher early pregnancy and live birth rates than in vitromatured oocytes.Conclusion: In this study, SCNT embryos using in vivo- and in vitro-matured camel oocytes were successfully developed, and pregnancy was established in recipient camels. We also confirmed that in vivo-matured oocytes improved the development of embryos and the pregnancy capacity using the blastocyst embryo transfer method.

Simple Summary This is the first study to demonstrate the establishment and subsequent analysis of attributes, including the chondrogenic capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow (BM) and synovial fluid (SF) from the same donor Camelus dromedarius. MSCs of SF origin were notably more efficient in their chondrogenic capacity and represent a potential source for camel regenerative medicine addressing chondrocyte-related problems. Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising multipotent cells with applications for cartilage tissue regeneration in stem cell-based therapies. In cartilage regeneration, both bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and synovial fluid (SF-MSCs) are valuable sources. However, the cellular characteristics and chondrocyte differentiation potential were not reported in either of the camel stem cells. The in vitro chondrocyte differentiation competence of MSCs, from (BM and SF) sources of the same Camelus dromedaries (camel) donor, was determined. Both MSCs were evaluated on pluripotent markers and proliferation capacity. After passage three, both MSCs showed fibroblast-like morphology. The proliferation capacity was significantly increased in SF-MSCs compared to BM-MSCs. Furthermore, SF-MSCs showed an enhanced expression of transcription factors than BM-MSCs. SF-MSCs exhibited lower differentiation potential toward adipocytes than BM-MSCs. However, the osteoblast differentiation potential was similar in MSCs from both sources. Chondrogenic pellets obtained from SF-MSCs revealed higher levels of chondrocyte-specific markers than those from BM-MSCs. Additionally, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was elevated in SF-MSCs related to BM-MSCs. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to establish BM-MSCs and SF-MSCs from the same donor and to demonstrate in vitro differentiation potential into chondrocytes in camels.

Simple Summary Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated in various types of tissues and exhibit different characteristics. In this study, MSCs were established from skeletal muscle, dermal skin, and adipose tissue from a single Camelus dromedarius donor. We also identified an efficient source for osteoblast differentiation and analyzed biological characteristics. Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed in vitro mesoderm-lineage differentiation and self-renewal capacity. However, no comparative study was reported on the biological characteristics of stem cells derived from skeletal muscle (SM-MSCs), dermal skin (DS-MSCs), and adipose tissues (A-MSCs) from a single donor in camels. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of MSCs source on stem cell characteristics. We evaluated proliferation capacity and mesoderm-lineage differentiation potential from SM-MSCs, DS-MSCs, and A-MSCs. They showed spindle-like morphology after homogenization. The proliferation ability was not significantly difference in any of the groups. Furthermore, the portion of the cell cycle and expression of pluripotent markers (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) were similar in all cell lines at passage 3. The differentiation capacity of A-MSCs into adipocytes was significantly higher than that of SM-MSCs and DS-MSCs. However, the osteoblast differentiation capacity of A-MSCs was significantly lower than that of SM-MSCs and DS-MSCs. Additionally, after osteoblast differentiation, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium content significantly decreased in A-MSCs compared to SM-MSCs and DS-MSCs. To the best of our knowledge, we primarily established MSCs from the single camel and demonstrated their comparative characteristics, including expression of pluripotent factors and proliferation, and in vitro differentiation capacity into adipocytes and osteoblasts.

Simple Summary Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technique used to reproduce individuals from their somatic cell nucleus, which is commonly known as cloning. In SCNT, viable cell lines are usually established from living animals and preserved for future use. In the present study, tissues were collected and cryopreserved (rather than cells) from a suddenly deceased champion show camel. We established fibroblast cell lines from this decade-old vitrified tissue and used them as nuclear donors. Both the in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes were used to produce cloned embryos. Blastocysts were transferred to synchronized recipients to establish pregnancies. A total of 18 pregnancies (5 from in vitro matured oocytes and 13 from in vivo matured oocytes) were established, and 11 live offspring were born (2 from in vitro matured oocytes and 9 from in vivo matured oocytes). We concluded that fibroblast cell lines could be established from long cryopreserved tissues, and these cells could be used as nucleus donors to clone animals. Abstract Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) provides a unique opportunity to reproduce animals with superior genetics. Viable cell lines are usually established from tissues collected by biopsy from living animals in the SCNT program. In the present study, tissues were collected and preserved from a suddenly deceased champion camel. We established cell lines from these decade-old tissues and used them as nuclear donors. After 42 h of in vitro maturation, 68.00 ± 2.40% of oocytes reached the metaphase II (M II) stage while 87.31 ± 2.57% in vivo collected oocytes were matured at collection (p < 0.05). We observed a higher blastocyst formation rate when in vivo matured oocytes (43.45 ± 2.07%) were used compared to in vitro matured oocytes (21.52 ± 1.74%). The live birth rate was 6.45% vs. 16.67% for in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes, respectively. Microsatellite analysis of 13 camel loci revealed that all the SCNT-derived offspring were identical to each other and with their somatic cell donor. The present study succeeded in the resurrection of 11 healthy offspring from the decade-old vitrified tissues of a single somatic cell donor individual using both in vitro and in vivo matured oocytes.

In order to advance the assisted reproductive technologies used in animals and human beings, it is important to accumulate basic informations about underlying molecular mechanisms that shape the biological processes of reproduction. From within seminal plasma, proteins perform a wide variety of distinct functions that regulate major reproductive events such as fertilization. The ability of such proteins to bind and interact with different antagonistic ions and biomolecules such as polysaccharides, lipids, and other proteins present in the male and female reproductive tract define these capabilities. Over the last two decades, extensive work has been undertaken in an attempt to define the role of seminal plasma proteins, of which, Gelatin binding proteins (GBPs) represent a large family. GBPs comprise of known group of Bovine seminal plasma (BSP) protein family, matrix metallo proteinases (MMP 2 and MMP 9) and fibronectin, which have been widely studied. The presence of a type II repeat is a characteristic feature of GBPs, which is similar in structure to the fibronectin type II domain (fn2), which has ability to bind multiple ligands including gelatin, glycosaminoglycans, choline phospholipids, and lipoproteins. Two fn2 domains are present within the BSP protein family, while, three fn2 domains are found in gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP9), and ELSPBP1 (Epididymosomes Transfer Epididymal Sperm Binding Protein 1) contains four long fn2 domains. For the most part BSP proteins are exclusively expressed in seminal vesicles although mBSPH1, mBSPH2 and hBSPH1 are all expressed in the epididymis. The expression of gelatinases has been demonstrated in several organs and tissues such as the prostate, testis, epididymis, ovary, human placenta, cervix and endometrial wall. This review intends to bring current updates on the role of GBPs in reproductive physiology to light, which may act as basis for future studies on GBPs.

Melatonin chemically known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine is a small physiological compound of diversified functions. Melatonin has been found in phylogenetically different taxa of bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, microalgae, plants, fungi, and animals. Identification of melatonin in many of these microorganisms is missing, and its function is rarely known. Although, melatonin in microorganisms is not essentially involved in circadian process, rather, it exhibits antioxidant property also and may protect chlorophyll pigment to damage from stress and free radicals. Mostly, the pathway for melatonin synthesis in microorganisms shows similarity with vertebrates. Investigation on melatonin in some organisms allows more concrete discussion about their possible role. The various functions of melatonin in human including sleep and regulation of circadian rhythm has been well characterized. Here, we have focused on the mechanism of immune regulatory, antioxidant, and scavenging property of melatonin during pathogenesis caused by fungi, bacteria, and virus. This article will provide a view on microbial sources and possible therapeutic aspects of melatonin in future.