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Sejarah perjalanan gereja-gereja Tionghoa di Indonesia hampir mencapai satu abad, namun ditinjau dari aspek spiritualitas dan ke-pemimpinan tampaknya belum terlihat signifikan, baik dari segi kualitas spiritualnya maupun dalam hal kapabilitas kepemimpinan. Citra kepemimpinan spiritual dalam gereja-gereja Tionghoa menghadapi krisis yang cukup memprihatinkan. Beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan hilangnya kepercayaan jemaat terhadap kepemimpinan gereja Tionghoa mencakup masalah spiritual, kapabilitas, integritas dan penyalahgunaan kuasa kepemimpinan itu sendiri. Masalah spiritual adalah kepemimpinan yang tidak memiliki korelasi dengan kehidupan spiritualitasnya, sehingga pemimpin kehilangan pengaruh spiritualitasnya. Gejala ini timbul karena terjadinya missing link antara aspek spiritual dan kepemimpinan. Dampaknya, para pemimpin mempraktikkan kepemimpinan yang tidak spiritual, yang tidak ada bedanya dengan kepemimpinan sekular. Kapabilitas pemimpin dalam gereja lokal terlihat pada aspek kurang terampilnya seorang pemimpin, baik pada segi kemampuan memimpin maupun kemampuan berorganisasi. Ditemukan adanya pemimpin gereja yang kurang kapabilitasnya namun ditempatkan pada posisi penting dan strategis, serta ada yang terpilih bukan karena kapabilitasnya, tetapi karena kapasitas ekonominya yang mapan. Tujuan penulisan ini diharapkan dapat menciptakan kepemimpinan Kristen yang integratif antara aspek spiritualitas dan kapabilitas, agar dapat menghasilkan kepemimpinan yang alkitabiah; spiritual, fungsional, profesional, dinamis, dan efektif.

Lagu “Mukjizat Itu Nyata” karangan Jonathan Prawira banyak digandrungi oleh orang Kristen dari berbagai denominasi. Sepertinya, penulis lagu tersebut ingin “mengklaim” bahwa mukjizat harus terjadi setiap hari. Klaim semacam ini didukung juga oleh maraknya Kebaktian Kebangunan Rohani (KKR) yang disertai kesembuhan ilahi, misalnya yang dipimpin oleh T. B. Joshua, yang diselenggarakan di Graha Bethany dengan memakai tema “Kuasa Tuhan: Datang dan Alami Kesembuhan Ilahi!” Atau, acara serupa yang digelar oleh GBI Tiberias Surabaya yang dipimpin oleh Yesaya Pariadji. Meskipun secara umum kalangan Protestan injili percaya adanya mukjizat, namun realitas ini harus diterima secara lebih kritis dengan menanyakan apakah mukjizat tersebut benar-benar bersifat aktif dan permanen. Walau demikian, di kalangan ini, masih ada anggota jemaat yang sakit yang tetap berharap ingin mengalami mukjizat kesembuhan dalam acara serupa. Beberapa dari mereka bertanya, “Pak apakah kami boleh menghadiri KKR yang disertai kesembuhan ilahi?” Sebab, “Bukankah mukjizat kesembuhan itu berasal dari Tuhan?” Jika tidak boleh, “Mengapa tidak boleh? Di mana salahnya?” Sebelum menanggapi pertanyaan-pertanyaan semacam ini, menurut hemat penulis, perlu adanya verifikasi teologis yang jelas dan objektif berkenaan dengan praktik-praktik kesembuhan ilahi. Apakah semua praktik tersebut alkitabiah? Bila tidak, mana yang alkitabiah, dan mana yang tidak? Tulisan ini akan mengangkat isu-isu kesembuhan ilahi dan permasalahan teologisnya, seperti: Apakah kuasa Setan bisa bekerja di balik macam-macam praktik mukjizat kesembuhan ilahi? Apakah agama-agama lain juga mempraktikkan kesembuhan ilahi? Apakah kesembuhan ilahi disebabkan gejala psikologis belaka? Jika pada masa kini Tuhan masih melakukan mukjizat kesembuhan, bagaimanakah mukjizat yang alkitabiah?

The presence of weeds at the beginning of cultivation can negatively affect cassava productivity because of the slow initial development of the crop. To minimize weed interference, pre-emergence herbicides can be used, provided they are selective to crops. In this study, we evaluated the selectivity and efficacy of herbicides applied in pre-emergence of cassava crop in weed control. Two experiments were conducted in the field during the years 2017, 2018 and 2019. Each year, ten different herbicides were evaluated, along and untreated controls. In the 2017 efficacy experiment, the mixture of atrazine + s-metolachlor provided the highest rate of weed control at 42 days after application (DAA) (76%). The herbicides sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, clomazone, s-metolachlor and metribuzin caused the lowest poisonings in 2017, with rates below 20% in all evaluation periods. Diuron and metribuzin reduced cassava yield. In the second experiment, only the combinations of ametryn + clomazone and ametryn + flumioxazin maintained control levels greater than 85% in all evaluations. Cassava plants experienced less than 25% poisoning for all herbicides tested. However, the use of linuron and the application of paraquat alone did not result in yield reductions. Regarding the relative productivity of the roots, in 2017, only ametryn + clomazone did not result in reductions, while in 2018, the combination s-metolachlor + clomazone was the only one that did not reduce productivity. The results indicate selective and effective herbicides can help reduce production costs and increase yield in cassava crops.

Abstract Background Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex are major malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. Their larval stages inhabit a variety of aquatic habitats in which, under natural circumstances, they are preyed upon by different taxa of aquatic macroinvertebrate predators. Understanding the potential impact of predators on malaria vector larval population dynamics is important for enabling integrated local mosquito control programmes with a stronger emphasis on biocontrol approaches. This study experimentally evaluated the predation efficacy and foraging strategy of three common aquatic macroinvertebrate predators of An. gambiae, diving beetles (Coleoptera), backswimmers (Hemiptera), and dragonfly nymphs (Odonata) in a semi-field system in South-Eastern Tanzania. Methods An array of alternating small and large basins used as aquatic habitats was created in two compartments of a semi-field system and filled with well water. Field-collected adult diving beetles, backswimmers or dragonfly nymphs were randomly assigned to these habitats and Anopheles arabiensis larvae were added as prey in half of the habitats. The number of mosquito larvae consumed, predator mobility across habitats and mortality were recorded at 24, 48 and 72 h. Results The presence of An. gambiae larvae in habitats significantly increased the survival of backswimmer and dragonfly nymphs, which are not mobile. In contrast, diving beetles survived well under any initial condition by preferentially flying away from habitats without prey to nearby larger habitats with prey. The larval predation rates of predacious diving beetle, backswimmer and dragonfly nymphs were stable over time at a mean of 3.2, 7.0 and 9.6 larvae consumed each day. Conclusion This study demonstrates that aquatic macroinvertebrate predators display adaptive foraging behaviour in response to prey presence and aquatic habitat size. It also confirms the ability of these predators to significantly reduce An. gambiae larval densities in aquatic habitats, thus their potential for consideration as additional biocontrol tools for mosquito population reduction.

Abstract Background Low-level of malaria transmission persist in Zanzibar despite high coverage of core vector control interventions. This study was carried out in hot-spot sites to better understand entomological factors that may contribute to residual malaria transmission in Zanzibar. Methods A total of 135 households were randomly selected from six sites and consented to participate with 20–25 households per site. Mosquito vector surveillance was carried out indoors and outdoors from 6:00 pm–7:00 am using miniaturized double net trap (DN-Mini™). Additional collections were done indoors using mouth aspirators to retrieve resting mosquitoes from wall and ceiling surfaces, and outdoors using resting bucket and pit traps. All collected mosquitoes were morphologically and genetically (PCR) analysed in the laboratory. All collected anopheline and blood-fed mosquitoes were analysed for sporozoite infection and blood meal host preferences by Circumsporozoite Protein ELISA and blood meal ELISA, respectively. The differences between indoor and outdoor mosquito biting rates were analysed using generalized linear mixed models. Levels of resistance to commonly used insecticides were quantified by WHO susceptibility tests. Results Out of 704 malaria vectors collected across 135 households, PCR analysis shows that 98.60% were Anopheles arabiensis, 0.6% Anopheles merus and 0.6% Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Sporozoite ELISA analysis indicates that all mosquitoes were negative for the malaria parasite. The results show that more An. arabiensis were collected outdoor (~ 85%) compared to indoor (~ 15%). Furthermore, large numbers of An. arabiensis were caught in outdoor resting sites, where the pit trap (67.2%) collected more mosquitoes compared to the outdoor DN-Mini trap (32.8%). Nearly two-thirds (60.7%) of blood-fed mosquitoes had obtained blood meals from non-human hosts. Mosquitoes displayed non-uniform susceptibility status and resistance intensity among the tested insecticides across the study sites to all WHO recommended insecticides across the study sites. Conclusion This study suggests that in contexts such as Zanzibar, testing of novel techniques to complement indoor protection and targeting outdoor biting and/or resting mosquitoes, may be warranted to complement existing interventions and contribute to malaria elimination efforts. The study highlights the need to implement novel interventions and/or adaptations of strategies that can target outdoors biting mosquitoes.

We have evaluated the agronomic performance of table cassava cultivars fertilized with phosphorus doses in the Brazilian Semiarid Region. Two agricultural crops were grown at the Rafael Fernandes Experimental Farm, Mossoró, RN, from June/2018 to April/2019 and from June/2019 to April/2020. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, arranged in subdivided plots, with four replications. In the plots, doses of phosphorus were applied (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg P2O5 ha-1), and in the subplots, the table cassava cultivars (Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, Recife and Venâncio). The following were evaluated: dry matter of leaf, stem, and commercial root; harvest index; commercial root number; commercial productivity and aerial part productivity. The cultivars used had high root and aerial part productivities indicating that their irrigated cultivation is appropriate under the conditions of the Semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte. The cultivars Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo and Recife are more efficient in the use of phosphorus, obtaining high productivity even in the absence of phosphate fertilization. The cultivar Venâncio is more responsive to phosphate fertilization, as it needs an input of this nutrient to increase its productivity.

Purpose Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) has become standard of care in colorectal surgery. However, there is not a universally accepted colorectal ERAS protocol and significant variations in care exist between institutions. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of variations in ERAS interventions and complications on length of stay (LOS). Methods This study was a single-center review of the first 200 consecutive patients recruited into our prospectively collected ERAS database. The primary outcome of this study was to examine the rate of compliance to ERAS interventions and the impact of these interventions on LOS. The secondary outcome was to assess the impact of complications (anastomotic leak, ileus, and surgical site infections) on LOS. ERAS interventions, rate of adherence, LOS, readmissions, morbidity, and mortality were recorded, and statistical analysis was performed. Results ERAS variations and complications significantly influenced patient LOS on both univariate and multivariate analysis. ERAS interventions identified as the most important strategies in reducing LOS included laparoscopic surgery, mobilization twice daily postoperative day (POD) 0 to 1, discontinuation of intravenous fluids on POD 0 to 1, upgrading to solid diet by POD 0 to 2, removal of indwelling catheter by POD 0 to 2, avoiding nasogastric tube reinsertion and removing drains early. Both major and minor complications increased LOS. Anastomotic leak and ileus were associated with the greatest increase in LOS. Conclusion Seven high-yield ERAS interventions reduced LOS. Major and minor complications increased LOS. Reducing variations in care and complications can improve outcomes following colorectal surgery.

Abstract Background Outdoor and early evening mosquito biting needs to be addressed if malaria elimination is to be achieved. While indoor-targeted interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, remain essential, complementary approaches that tackle persisting outdoor transmission are urgently required to maximize the impact. Major malaria vectors principally bite human hosts around the feet and ankles. Consequently, this study investigated whether sandals treated with efficacious spatial repellents can protect against outdoor biting mosquitoes. Methodology Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 48 cm2 treated with 0.06 g, 0.10 g and 0.15 g of transfluthrin were tested in large cage semi-field and full field experiments. Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 240 cm2 and treated with 0.10 g and 0.15 g of transfluthrin were also tested semi field experiments. Human landing catches (HLC) were used to assess reduction in biting exposure by comparing proportions of mosquitoes landing on volunteers wearing treated and untreated sandals. Sandals were tested against insectary reared Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in semi-field experiments and against wild mosquito species in rural Tanzania. Results In semi-field tests, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48 cm2 and treated with 0.15 g, 0.10 g and 0.06 g transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 45.9%, (95% confidence interval (C.I.) 28–59%), 61.1% (48–71%), and 25.9% (9–40%), respectively compared to untreated sandals. Sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 240 cm2 and treated with 0.15 g and 0.10 g transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 59% (43–71%) and 64% (48–74%), respectively. In field experiments, sandals fitted with hessian bands measuring 48 cm2 and treated with 0.15 g transfluthrin reduced mosquito landings by 70% (60–76%) against Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, and 66.0% (59–71%) against all mosquito species combined. Conclusion Transfluthrin-treated sandals conferred significant protection against mosquito bites in semi-field and field settings. Further evaluation is recommended for this tool as a potential complementary intervention against malaria. This intervention could be particularly useful for protecting against outdoor exposure to mosquito bites. Additional studies are necessary to optimize treatment techniques and substrates, establish safety profiles and determine epidemiological impact in different settings.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os resultados da gordura corporal relativa baseado nas equações por dobra cutânea de Pollock e colaboradores (1978; 1980), Faulkner (1968) e Guedes (1985) combinadas com a equação de Siri em homens e mulheres universitários. Participaram deste estudo 20 voluntários (8 mulheres e 12 homens) universitários entre 18 a 41 anos e praticante de atividade física. Todos os voluntários passaram por uma avaliação antropométrica por um único e experiente avaliador. Utilizou-se o teste de Anova para medidas repetidas, e o post hoc Bonferroni, quando encontrada diferença significativa. Observou diferença significativa (p = 0,04) ao comparar o resultado da gordura corporal relativa entre as equações de Pollock e Guedes para homens (12,4 ± 1,5 % de gordura (Pollock), 13,9 ± 1,4 % de gordura (Guedes) e 13,4 ± 0,8 % de gordura (Faulkner), em comparação a mulheres houve diferença de significância (p = 0,006) em todas as equações (23,0 ± 1,7 % de gordura; (Pollock), 19,8 ± 1,1 % de gordura (Guedes) e 17,0 ± 1,3 % de gordura (Faulkner). Em conclusão, os resultados apresentados evidenciam uma diferença significativa entre as diferentes equações para a estimativa da gordura corporal relativa em universitários ambos os sexos. ABSTRACT Comparison between the three methods of production of women and university women The purpose of the present study was to compare the results of the body fat percentage based on the skin fold equations of Pollock et al. (1978; 1980), Faulkner (1968) and Guedes (1985) combined with the Siri equation in university men and women. Twenty volunteers (8 women and 12 men) between 18 until 41 years old and physically active. All volunteers were submitted an anthropometric evaluation by same and experienced evaluator. The Anova test was used by repetitive measures and the Bonferroni post hoc. All tests assumed = 0.05. The results was observed a significant difference (p = 0.04) when comparing the body fat percentage result between the Pollock and Guedes equations for men (12.4 ± 1.5% (Pollock), 13.9 ± 1.4% (Guedes) and 13.4 ± 0.8% of fat (Faulkner), compared to women there was a difference of significance (p = 0.006) in all equations 23.0 ± 1.7% (Pollock), 19.8 ± 1.1% (Guedes) and 17.0 ± 1.3% fat (Faulkner). In conclusion, the presented results evidenced a significant difference between the different equations for body fat percentage estimation in university both sexes.

A proposta do presente estudo foi comparar a confiabilidade inter e intra-avaliadores das medidas das três dobras cutânea peitoral (DCP), abdômen (DCA) e coxa (DCC) em homens universitários. Tratou-se de uma amostra de 17 homens (18 a 41 anos) e praticante de atividade física. Todos os voluntários passaram por uma avaliação antropométrica e tomada das medidas das três dobras cutâneas por um único avaliador para estudar a confiabilidade intra-avaliador através da Anova por medidas repetitivas e o post hoc Bonferroni e por outro avaliador para estudar a confiabilidade inter-avaliadores pelo valor da média das três medidas para cada dobra cutânea pela análise de variância Anova one-way e o teste Post Hoc Tukey. Utilizou-se = 0,05. Os resultados dos valores por das dobras cutâneas obtida para um mesmo avaliador em três tentativas em DCP (12,0±1,7 mm, 12,0±1,6 mm e 11,9±1,6 mm), DCA (21,7±2,5 mm; 20,4±2,5 mm e 20,3±2,4 mm) e DCC (15,0 ± 1,6 mm, 15,4 ± 1,7 mme 14,7±1,5 mm), não demostrando diferença significativa em todas as dobras cutâneas. Ao comparar os resultados diferença média entre os avaliadores de 1,2 mm, 1,4 mm e 0,4 mm, respectivamente, para DCP, DCA e DCC, não demonstrando diferenças significativas. Ao comparar os resultados das medidas das dobras cutâneas na avaliação intra-avaliador e inter-avaliadores pode observar alta correlação (r = 0,91-0,99, p < 0,01) para todas as dobras cutâneas. Conclui-se que os resultados do presente estudo mostraram uma confiabilidade intra-avaliador e inter-avaliadores nas medidas de dobras cutâneas em homens universitários. ABSTRACT Intra and inter-rater reliability of skin fold measurements in university men The purpose of the present study was to compare the intra and inter-rater reliability of skin fold thickness pectoral (STP), abdomen (STA) and thigh (STT) in university men. It was a sample of 17 men (18 until 41 years old) and physically active. All volunteers were submitted to an anthropometric evaluation and measurement of the three skin folds by a same evaluator to study the intra-rater reliability through Anova by repetitive measures and Bonferroni pos hoc test and the intra-rater reliability based in the value of the mean of the three measures for each skin fold by Anova one-way and the Tukey post hoc test. All tests assumed = 0.05. The results of the skin fold values obtained for the same evaluator in three attempts in STP (12.0 ± 1.7 mm, 12.0 ± 1.6 mm and 11.9 ± 1.6 mm), STA (21 , 7 ± 2.5 mm, 20.4 ± 2.5 mm and 20.3 ± 2.4 mm) and STT (15.0 ± 1.6 mm, 15.4 ± 1.7 mm and 14.7 ± 1.5 mm), showing no significant difference in all skin folds. When comparing the results mean difference between the evaluators of 1.2 mm, 1.4 mm and 0.4 mm, respectively, for STP, STA and STT, no showing significant difference. In conclusion, the results in the comparison of skin fold measurements in the intra-rater and inter-rater evaluation, a high correlation (r = 0.91-0.99, p

Abstract Background Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying protect against indoor-biting and indoor-resting mosquitoes but are largely ineffective for early-biting and outdoor-biting malaria vectors. Complementary tools are, therefore, needed to accelerate control efforts. This paper describes simple hessian ribbons treated with spatial repellents and wrapped around eaves of houses to prevent outdoor-biting and indoor-biting mosquitoes over long periods of time. Methods The eave ribbons are 15 cm-wide triple-layered hessian fabrics, in lengths starting 1 m. They can be fitted onto houses using nails, adhesives or Velcro, without completely closing eave-spaces. In 75 experimental nights, untreated ribbons and ribbons treated with 0.02%, 0.2%, 1.5% or 5% transfluthrin emulsion (spatial repellent) were evaluated against blank controls using two experimental huts inside a 202 m2 semi-field chamber where 500 laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis were released nightly. Two volunteers sat outdoors (one/hut) and collected mosquitoes attempting to bite them from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. (outdoor-biting), then went indoors and slept under bed nets, beside which CDC-light traps collected mosquitoes from 10 p.m. to 6.30 a.m. (indoor-biting). To assess survival, 200 caged mosquitoes were suspended near the huts nightly and monitored for 24 h thereafter. Additionally, field tests were done in experimental huts in a rural Tanzanian village to evaluate treated ribbons (1.5% transfluthrin). Here, indoor-biting was assessed using window traps and Prokopack® aspirators, and outdoor-biting assessed using volunteer-occupied double-net traps. Results Indoor-biting and outdoor-biting decreased > 99% in huts fitted with eave ribbons having ≥ 0.2% transfluthrin. Even 0.02% transfluthrin-treated ribbons provided 79% protection indoors and 60% outdoors. Untreated ribbons however reduced indoor-biting by only 27% and increased outdoor-biting by 18%, though these were non-significant (P > 0.05). Of all caged mosquitoes exposed near treated huts, 99.5% died within 24 h. In field tests, the ribbons provided 96% protection indoors and 84% outdoors against An. arabiensis, plus 42% protection indoors and 40% outdoors against Anopheles funestus. Current prototypes cost ~ 7USD/hut, are made of widely-available hessian and require no specialized expertise. Conclusion Transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons significantly prevented outdoor-biting and indoor-biting malaria vectors and could potentially complement current tools. The technique is simple, low-cost, highly-scalable and easy-to-use; making it suitable even for poorly-constructed houses and low-income groups.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of blood pressure induced by moderate intensity aerobic exercise in young adults. Thirty-one individuals (18 women and 13 men) were submitted an anthropometric evaluation and a 40-min running protocol between 60% and 70% of the reserve heart rate. Hemodynamic measurements, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were carried out before and after the running protocol through Student's t-test for the dependent variables. All tests assumed α = 0.05. Significant differences were recorded between SBP before (127.1 ± 11.5 mmHg) and after (119.9 ± 10.2 mmHg) the running protocol. The results showed a decrease in systolic blood pressure, which resulted in a mean difference of -7.2 ± 6.2 mmHg, demonstrating a significant difference (p = 0.00001). However, in the DBP before (73.6 ± 8.6 mmHg) and after (72.5 ± 7.8 mmHg) no showing a significant difference (p = 0.36) as an acute effect on the decrease the running protocol. In conclusion, that moderate intensity and long duration running exercise can be aided in the non-pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension and as an improvement in cardiovascular health.