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2. Location, Development, Control, and Function of Extraadrenal PhenylethanolamineN-Methyltransferase

Author

Michael G. Ziegler, Alex Joyner, Brian P. Kennedy, Robert Enns, and Xuping Bao

Subjects
endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Biology, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Retina, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Norepinephrine, History and Philosophy of Science, Internal medicine, Adrenal Glands, medicine, Animals, Tissue Distribution, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Glucocorticoids, Fetus, Heart development, Myocardium, Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase, General Neuroscience, Brain, Heart, Exons, Introns, Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, Rats, Phenylethanolamine, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Epinephrine, chemistry, Adrenal medulla, Glucocorticoid, medicine.drug
Abstract

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) methylates norepinephrine (NE) to form epinephrine (E). It is present in a high concentration in the adrenal medula but occurs in many other tissues throughout the body. In the brain stem and retina PNMT is present in specific neurons. Cardiac PNMT develops early in the fetal heart and is found in relatively high levels in the adult left atrium. Intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cells are distributed throughout the adult myocardium and contain all the enzymes necessary for E synthesis. The PNMT gene promoter region contains a glucocorticoid response element; however, the initial development of brain and cardiac fetal PNMT is glucocorticoid independent. Rat fetal heart PNMT peaks at embryonic day 11 and becomes sensitive to glucocorticoid induction by day 12. PNMT-containing cells are concentrated in the atrioventricular canal and interventricular septum during cardiac development, areas important in the development of the cardiac conduction system. In the adult rat, cardiac PNMT is inducible by glucocorticoids and synthesizes E. Glucocorticoids are essential for development of the high levels of PNMT in the adrenal, but are less important outside the adrenal. The PNMT gene contains 3 exons and 2 introns. Adrenal PNMT mRNA exists as a single type, but in the heart PNMT mRNA is present as both an intronless and an intron-containing type. In some cardiac tissues, glucocorticoids decrease levels of intron-containing PNMT mRNA and increase intronless PNMT mRNA and PNMT activity. Studies in adrenalectomized animals suggest that extraadrenal PNMT increases blood pressure, blood glucose, and lymphocyte cytokine production. PNMT may also play a role in the regulation of fetal heart rate prior to development of the adrenal medulla.

Published
2002
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3. Hard Times Come Again No More : Suffering and Hope

Author

Alex Joyner and Alex Joyner

Abstract

Stephen Foster, Job, the Canaanite woman—what do they have in common, and what can we learn from them? Pastor and storyteller Alex Joyner takes us deep into the lives of these three people, exploring anger, audacity, hope, and joy. Through it all, he poses the question: Why do we suffer? Hard Times Come Again No More is a six-week study that affirms the goodness of God, the reality of evil, and the wonder and tragedy of living in hard times. Alex Joyner is the author of Restless Hearts: Where Do I Go Now, God? and writes for the popular FaithLink adult studies and the online magazine Catapult. A published poet and photographer, he has served as campus minister at the University of Virginia and is now pastor of Franktown United Methodist Church on Virginia's Eastern Shore.

Published
2010

4. What's in the Bible About the Holy Spirit? : What's in the Bible About the Holy Spirit?

Author

Alex Joyner, Abingdon Press, Alex Joyner, and Abingdon Press

Subjects
Holy Spirit--Biblical teaching--Problems, exercises, etc, Holy Spirit--Biblical teaching
Abstract

What's in the Bible about the Holy Spirit? What is the Bible is all about? What's in it? Why is it so important for Christians? Is it really relevant for people in the 21st century? Should I care about what's in the Bible? Why? What difference will it make in my life? The study series, What's in the Bible and Why Should I Care? offers opportunities to explore these questions and others by opening the Bible, reading it, prayerfully reflecting on what the Bible readings say, and applying the readings to daily life. The title of this unique and exciting Bible study series points to the two essential features of meaningful Bible study: reading the Bible and applying the Bible to life. First, we read the Bible to discover answers to the question What's in the Bible? and second, we reflect upon what we read in order to discover answers to the question, Why Should I Care? and apply these answers to our lives. What's in the Bible about the Holy Spirit? is one of the study books in the series, What's in the Bible and Why Should I Care? What's in the Bible about the Holy Spirit? will help readers explore the power and presence of God's Holy Spirit in the lives of God's people. Chapters include: The Holy Spirit Creates and Renews, The Holy Spirit Inspires, The Holy Spirit Empowers, and The Holy Spirit is with God's People. Each chapter contains the following features: Bible Readings - Each chapter explores specific readings from the Bible. The Questions – Each chapter begins with focus questions that will be explored in the Bible readings and the chapter information. A Psalm – Each chapter begins with verses from a psalm. These excerpts from the psalms give readers the experience of using the Bible for personal and group devotion. A Prayer – A brief two or three sentence prayer at the beginning and end of each chapter What's in the Bible? Participants will read and reflect upon key Bible readings in each chapter and use the space provided to write personal and private reflections. Reflection Questions – These questions are related to the chapter information and are designed to help the reader consider key ideas that emerge from this information and from the Bible readings. Bible Facts – Additional related information about the Bible readings. Here's Why I Care – This activity near the end of each chapter contains questions that invite the readers to grow in faith as they prayerfully reflect about what they have learned

Published
2008

5. Immunohistochemistry of Whole-Mount Mouse Embryos

Author

Nancy Wall and Alex Joyner

Subjects
Whole mount, Antigen, embryonic structures, biology.protein, Immunohistochemistry, Embryo, Biology, Antibody, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cell biology
Abstract

INTRODUCTIONThe technique presented this protocol is ideal for obtaining an overall, three-dimensional picture of the distribution of an antigen in embryos from the prestreak stage to ~10.5 dpc (days post-coitum). The embryos are fixed and permeabilized so that antibodies can penetrate all of the tissues. However, antibodies will not penetrate the embryo completely if it is too large, and so it is better to dissect specific organs (e.g., brain, lungs, and gut) and process them separately.

Published
2008
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