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2. Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Fig. 3) Diagnosis. Puparium black. Puparial margin covered with wax secretion. Margin toothed; at least 6 teeth occupying 0.1mm of margin (Martin 1987). Dorsal disc spines acute; submargin normally with 11 pairs of stout spines in a row, all similar in length. Korean quarantine notes. This species was described from Java (Oriental region) and was intercepted four times; China on Pieris japonica (Ericaceae), Japan on Camellia japonica and Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) and Thailand on Musa sapientum (Musaceae). It is distributed in South Korea (Lee 2019)., Published as part of Lee, Suhyeon & Suh, Soo-Jung, 2022, Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) intercepted on plant product imported to South Korea from 2013 - 2021, pp. 1-17 in Insecta Mundi 2022 (947) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7300688, {"references":["Martin JH. 1987. An identification guide to common whitefly pest species of the world (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Tropical Pest Management 33: 298 - 322.","Lee SH. 2019. National species list of Korea, III. Insects (Hexapoda). Designzip; Seoul. 988 p."]}

Narančin trnoviti štitasti moljac, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance 1903) (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) novi je karantenski štetnik Hrvatske. Polifagani je štetnik koji napada brojne biljne vrste iz čak 38 različitih porodica, a najznačajniji su domaćini biljke iz rodova Citrus, Pyrus i Vitis. U Hrvatskoj je vrsta A. spiniferus prvi put zabilježena 2012. godine na ukrasnim sadnicama naranče (Citrus x aurantium L., ) nakon čega je uspješno eradicirana. Tijekom 2018. godine potvrđena je prisutnost trnovitog štitastog moljca u Dubrovačko neretvanskoj županiji, u mjestu Vitaljina. Štetnik se zasada proširio na području Konavala, a utvrđen je i na otoku Hvaru. Njegovo širenje predstavlja visoku fitosanitarnu prijetnju proizvodnji ostalog poljoprivrednog bilja. U Hrvatskoj do sada nisu istraživana obilježja ovog štetnika. Cilj rada bio je prikazati biologiju štetnika od kraja srpnja do kraja prosinca 2019. godine u poljskim uvjetima u Vitaljini. Unutar nasada postavljen je insektarij bez regulacije temperature i vlage u kojemu je postavljena sadnica mandarine Citrus Unshiu Marc. 'Owari'. Da bi se utvrdio životni ciklus, sadnica mandarine umjetno je zaražena s 50 jedinaka odraslih oblika štetnika. Također, provedeno je i utvrđivanje razdoblja nazočnosti svih razvojnih stadija štetnika na listu. Uzorkovanje se provodilo svakih 7 do 10 dana u razdoblju vegetacije i jednom mjesečno u razdoblju mirovanja. Tijekom praćenja životnog ciklusa kukca, ovisno o klimatskim uvjetima, embrionalni razvoj A. spiniferusa trajao je 12 do 15 dana, razvoj ličinke 36 do 43 dana te puparija 12 do 17 dana. Ukupni razvoj od jaja do pojave odraslog oblika trajao je 60 do75 dana.

Narančin trnoviti štitasti moljac, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance 1903) (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) novi je karantenski štetnik Hrvatske. Polifagani je štetnik koji napada brojne biljne vrste iz čak 38 različitih porodica, a najznačajniji su domaćini biljke iz rodova Citrus, Pyrus i Vitis. U Hrvatskoj je vrsta A. spiniferus prvi put zabilježena 2012. godine na ukrasnim sadnicama naranče (Citrus x aurantium L.,) nakon čega je uspješno eradicirana. Tijekom 2018. godine potvrđena je prisutnost trnovitog štitastog moljca u Dubrovačko neretvanskoj županiji, u mjestu Vitaljina. Štetnik se zasada proširio na području Konavala, a utvrđen je i na otoku Hvaru. Njegovo širenje predstavlja visoku fitosanitarnu prijetnju proizvodnji ostalog poljoprivrednog bilja. U Hrvatskoj do sada nisu istraživana obilježja ovog štetnika. Cilj rada bio je prikazati biologiju štetnika od kraja srpnja do kraja prosinca 2019. godine u poljskim uvjetima u Vitaljini. Unutar nasada postavljen je insektarij bez regulacije temperature i vlage u kojemu je postavljena sadnica mandarine Citrus Unshiu Marc. 'Owari'. Da bi se utvrdio životni ciklus, sadnica mandarine umjetno je zaražena s 50 jedinaka odraslih oblika štetnika. Također, provedeno je i utvrđivanje razdoblja nazočnosti svih razvojnih stadija štetnika na listu. Uzorkovanje se provodilo svakih 7 do 10 dana u razdoblju vegetacije i jednom mjesečno u razdoblju mirovanja. Tijekom praćenja životnog ciklusa kukca, ovisno o klimatskim uvjetima, embrionalni razvoj A. spiniferusa trajao je 12 do 15 dana, razvoj ličinke 36 do 43 dana te puparija 12 do 17 dana. Ukupni razvoj od jaja do pojave odraslog oblika trajao je 60 do75 dana., Orange spiny whitefly (OSW), Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance, 1903) (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) is a new quarantine pest of Croatia. It is a polyphagous insect which infest plant species belonging to 38 plant families, but the main hosts are plants of the genera Citrus, Pyrus and Vitis. In Croatia, A. spiniferus was first found in 2012. on ornamental potted orange seedlings (Citrus x aurantium L) in one nursery garden in Split. After indentification, this pest was eradicated. During the 2018. the presence of OSW was reported in Dubrovnik –Neretva valley, in Vitaljina. This pest continued to spread through the area of Konavle and the presence of OSW on the island of Hvar was recorded, what presents high phytosanitary risk to various agricultural crops. The characteristics of this pest have not been studied in Croatia. Accordingly, the aim of this article is to present the biology of pest in field conditions in Vitaljina from July to December, 2019. Inside the nursery, an insectarium without temperature and humidity regulation was placed, in which a mandarin seedling Citrus Unshiu Marc 'Owari' was placed. To determine the life cycle, a mandarin seedling was artificially infected with 50 individuals of adult. Also, the period of presence of all developmental stages of pests on the leaf was determined. Sampling was performed every 7-10 days during the growing season and once a month during the dormant period. During the research and monitoring of the life cycle of the insect during August, depending on the climatic conditions, the embryonic development of Aleurocanthus spiniferus lasted 12-15 days, the development of the larvae 36 - 43 days and the "puparium" for 12-17 days. The total development from egg to adult form lasted 60-75 days. In early October, the adult emerged, ending the life cycle.

Orange spiny whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance, is a native pest of citrus in tropical Asia. In the early 1920s, pest outbreak infestation levels caused Japan to begin a biological control program. Primarily, orange spiny whitefly affects host plants by sucking the sap but it also causes indirect damage by producing honeydew and subsequently promoting the growth of sooty mold. Sooty mold is a black fungus that grows on honeydew. Heavy infestations of orange spiny whitefly, or other honeydew-producing insects such as scales, mealybugs, aphids, and other whitefly species, can cause sooty mold to completely cover the leaf surface and negatively affect photosynthesis. This document is EENY-341, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: January 2005. EENY341/IN618: Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (ufl.edu)

A check list of whiteflies in Croatia contains 31 species. This is the result of browsing the literature of faunistic investigations of whiteflies in Croatia from 1940 to 2007 and faunistic research done by the authors in the period 2005–2007. During faunistic investigations, 7 of the total 31 recorded species were whitefly species with dark puparia and pupal cases. These are the following species: Aleuroclava hikosanensisTakahashi 1938, Aleurolobus olivinus Silvestri 1911, Aleurolobus wunni Ryberg 1938, Aleurotuba jelinekii Frauenfeld 1867, Aleuroviggianus adrianae Iaccarino 1982, Simplaleurodes hemisphaerica Goux 1945 and Tetralicia ericae Harrison 1917. In addition to these, another 2 whitefly species with dark puparia and pupal cases were recorded later in Croatia. These are Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance 1903), which was reported for the first time in Croatia in 2012 and Aleuroclava aucubae (Kuwana 1911), first detected in Croatia in 2013

The biological development and feeding ability of Curinus coeruleus Mulsant on several phytophthires. The research was conducted to investigate the survival and feeding capability of Curinus coeruleus Mulsant on Heteropsylla cubana, Aleurocanthus spiniferus, Planococcus citri, and Aspidiotus destructor. The research was done in completely randomized design with eight replications. The result showed that C. coeruleus could not survive on A. spiniferus. The head width of C. coeruleus larvae did not differ significantly in A. destructor, P. citri, or H. cubana. The head width increase of C. coeruleus larvae feeding on A. destructor followed Dyar’s law with growth ratio of 1,4. Larval stadium of C. coeruleus, imago stadium, longevity, and the number of consumed preys were affected by phytophthires species. C. coeruleus could feed on more H. cubana than A. destructor, or P. citri.

The first observation that the citrus spiny whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus, which is a pest of citrus plants, attacked the tea plant Camellia sinensis in Japan was made in August 2004. We investigated the host plant suitability of three plant species, Ca. sinensis, Ca. sasanqua, and Citrus unshiu, for tea-infesting and citrus-infesting populations of A. spiniferus. Adult females of the citrus-infesting population laid no eggs on Ca. sinensis leaves. In the tea-infesting population, adult females laid a few eggs on Ci. unshiu leaves, but no nymphs settled on Ci. unshiu leaves. These results suggest that the Japanese tea-infesting population was derived from the reported Chinese or Taiwanese tea-infesting population, rather than from a Japanese citrus-infesting population. The host plant suitability of Ca. sasanqua for the tea-infesting population was equivalent to that of Ca. sinensis. Accordingly, the tea-infesting population of A. spiniferus might harm species closely related to Ca. sinensis, such as Ca. sasanqua.

チャ系統ミカントゲコナジラミにおけるシルベストリコバチの産卵と寄主体液摂取行動を室内条件下で観察した．寄主探索と産卵行動の連鎖は次のようにまとめられた．（1）ランダム歩行，（2）ドラミングを伴う歩行，（3）寄主をドラミング，（4）体の180°方向転換と産卵管の外転，（5）産卵管の挿入，（6）液体の注入，（7）産卵管を挿入したまま静止，（8）産卵管の清掃．寄主体液摂取行動の連鎖は，寄主探索と産卵行動の連鎖の〈（4）体の180°方向転換と産卵管の外転〉までは同じであるが，その後の行動は，次のようなものであった．（1′）産卵管の複数回挿入，（2′）体の180°方向転換，（3′）傷口の探索，（4′）体液摂取．雌バチ1匹あたりの生涯産卵数は67.6個であり，寄主体液摂取数は14.0匹であった．本種の産卵時間は1,682.7秒であり，これまでに報告された本種と同属の種の産卵時間に比べ，著しく長かった．

京都府のチャで発生したミカントゲコナジラミに対して有効な薬剤を選定するために,数種殺虫剤を供試して漬浸法により殺虫効果を検討した結果,DMTP,フェンプロパトリン,アセタミプリド,ブプロフェジン,スピロメシフェン,ミルベメクチンおよびトルフェンピラドの殺虫効果が高かった。殺虫効果の高かった薬剤のうち4薬剤の防除効果を確認したところ,ブプロフェジン,スピロメシフェン,トルフェンピラドの防除効果は高かったが,アセタミプリドはやや低かった。

The presence of Aleurocanthus spiniferus is reported for the first time in Italy. The orange spiny whitefly was identified in April 2008 in the Apulia region. This is also the first record of this citrus pest in Europe.

Vrsta štitastog moljca Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance, 1903 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) podrijetlom je iz jugoistočne Azije, otkuda se proširila u tropska i suptropska područja Azije, u Afriku te u područje Pacifika. Polifagan je štetnik kojemu su najvažniji domaćini biljke iz rodova Citrus, Pyres i Vitis. Štete na biljkama čine ličinke i odrasli razvojni stadiji štetnika sisanjem biljnih sokova na naličju listova te izlučivanjem obilne medne rose, na koju se sekundarno naseljavaju gljivice čađavice. Ta je karantenska vrsta u Europi prvi put nađena 2008. godine u nasadima agruma na jugu Italije, u provinciji Lecce (Porcelli, 2008). Nakon prvog nalaza u Italiji, vrsta je prebačena s EPPO A1 na EPPO A2 listu, a u Hrvatsko je sukladno EU direktivi 2000/29/EC, taj štetnik svrstan na Popis II Dio A Odjeljak I Pravilnika o mjerama za sprječavanje unošenja i širenja organizama štetnih za bilje, biljne proizvode i druge nadzirane predmete i mjerama suzbijanja tih organizama (NN 74/06). U Hrvatskoj, vrsta A. spiniferus nađena je prvi put 30. svibnja 2012. na ukrasnim sadnicama naranče (Citrus aurantium L.) iz vlastitog uzgoja, u jednom vrtnom centre u Splitu (42°30'29''N, 16°26'40"E; UTM 33T XJ 1919)., Orange spiny whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance, 1903 originated in south-east Asia and has spread widely in tropical and subtropical Asia, and into Africa and the Pacific. Citrus spp. are the main hosts of economic importance, but A. spiniferus has been recorded from woody hosts of 13 plant families. This species is listed as a quarantine threat to Europe and is included in the EU Annex IUA1 and in the EPPO A2 list. In Europe, it was reported for the first time in Italy, in 2008. In May 2012, A. spiniferus was first found in Croatia, on ornamental potted orange seedlings (Citrus x aurantium L) from domestic production in one nursery garden in Split. Infested orange plants have locally numerous small, brownish to black scales with a short fringe of white wax on the underside of leaves. The identification of the whitefly species was carried out by the Institute's Laboratory for Zoology and the result was confirmed in Plant Protection Service, Wageningen, The Netherlands. The origin of the infestation of this alien species is still unknown, but it is assumed that the infection originated from imported plant material from Italy. A. spiniferus causes general weakening of seriously infested plants due to sap loss and the growth of sooty mould. Dense colonies of whitefly immature stages develop on leaf undersides, whereas the adults fly actively when disturbed. Leaves and citrus fruits have spots of sticky, transparent honeydew, which become covered in black sooty mould fungus. A heavy infestation gives trees an almost completely black appearance. The potential host range of A. spiniferus in the EPPO region would be essentially citrus, with some possibility of establishment on other woody plantation crops growing in the southern part of the region in climatic conditions suitable for the pest. It presents a potential permanent risk to citrus in Croatia, especially to production of mandarin in Neretva river valley. For now, A. spiniferus has status of eradicated species in Croatia.

Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Figs 73���77) Aleurodes spinifera Quaintance 1903: 63 ���64. Lectotype Java, designated by Martin 1999: 29 (USNM) Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance), Quaintance & Baker, 1914: 102. Distribution. Australia ��� Qld, NT and likely to be present in NE NSW. Elsewhere widely distributed ��� Palearctic, Malagasian, Ethiopian, Oriental, SE Asian and Pacific regions (Martin, 1999; Mound & Halsey, 1978) Hosts. Many samples taken from Annona spp., see list in Table 1. Comments. This species is a common species in coastal Queensland and sometimes forms densely populated conspicuous colonies and can become a pest of some crops and ornamental plants. This highly polyphagous rainforest species has been recorded from a number of new native and ornamental hosts. Often recorded from roses elsewhere, the species has not yet been recorded on roses in Australia. Features outlined in the key should readily separate this species from other Australian species. TABLE 1. Hosts of Aleurocanthus spiniferus. Annonaceae: Persea zuihoensis (Evans, 2006) Annona cherimola x squamosa (Carver & Reid, 1996) Lecythidaceae: A. muricata (Carver & Reid, 1996, APPD) Barringtonia acutangula (Carver & Reid, 1996) A. reticulata (Mound & Halsey, 1978, APPD) Leguminosae: A. squamosa (Carver & Reid, 1996, APPD; Mound & Entada phaseoloides (Martin, 1999) Halsey, 1978) Malvaceae: A. sp. (ASCU, APPD) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Carver & Reid, 1996, APPD) Rollinia deliciosa (APPD) H. tileaceus (Carver & Reid, 1996; Martin, 1999) Apocynaceae: H. sp. (Carver & Reid, 1996, APPD) Plumeria rubra (Evans, 2006) Urena lobata (APPD) Arecaceae: Meliaceae: Cocos nucifera (Evans, 2006) Toona australis (Carver & Reid 1996) Asteraceae: Meliosmaceae: Synedrella nodiflora Gaertn. (APPD) Meliosma rigida (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Caesalpinaceae: Moraceae: Cassia siamea (Carver & Reid, 1996) Ficus sp. (Martin 1999) Chrysobalanaceae: Rosaceae: Maranthes corymbosa (APPD) Eriobotrya japonica (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Convolvulaceae: Prunus serotina (Evans, 2006) Erycibe acutifolia (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Pyrus serotina (Mound & Halsey, 1978)) Ebenaceae: Rosa indica (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Diospyros maritima (Carver & Reid, 1996, APPD) R. chinensis (Mound & Halsey, 1978) D. kaki (Mound & Halsey, 1978) R. sp. (ASCU) Elaeocarpaceae: Rutaceae: Sloanea dasycarpa (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Citrus limon (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Euphorbiaceae: C. sinensis (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Macaranga tanarius (Martin, 1999) Citrus sp. (ASCU) Macaranga sp. (APPD) Flindersia sp. (ASCU) Manihot esculenta (Carver & Reid, 1996, APPD) Zanthoxylum [Fagara] nitidum (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Sapium sebiferum (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Salicaceae: Fabaceae: Salix sp. (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Bauhinia championii (Evans, 2006) Sapindaceae: Vigna sesquipedalis (Evans, 2006) Cupaniopsis anacardiodes (ASCU, APPD) Flacourtiaceae: Ganophyllum falcatum (APPD) Casearia aculeata (Evans, 2006) Ulmaceae: Myroxylon japonicum (Evans, 2006) Aphananthe philippinensis (ASCU) Hamamelidaceae: Vitaceae: Liquidambar formosana (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Vitis vinifera (Mound & Halsey 1978, APPD) Lardizabalaceae: Akebia labata (Mound & Halsey, 1978) Lauraceae: Persea Americana (Carver & Reid, 1996, APPD), Published as part of Gillespie, Peter S., 2012, A review of the whitefly genus Aleurocanthus Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Australia, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3252 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246421, {"references":["Martin, J. H. (1999) The whitefly fauna of Australia (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae). A taxonomic account and identification guide. CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra, 197 pp.","Mound, L. A. & Halsey, S. H. (1978) Whitefly of the world. A systematic catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) with host plant and natural enemy data. John Wiley and Sons., Chichester, UK, 340 pp.","Evans, G. A. (2006) The Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the world and Their Host Plants and Natural Enemies, p. 1 - 762. Vol. 715 p.. USDA / Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Riverdale, Maryland, USA.","Carver, M. & Reid, I. A. (1996) Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) of Australia. Systematic catalogue, host plant spectra, distribution, natural enemies and biological control. CSIRO Division of Entomology Technical Paper, Canberra, 55 pp."]}

Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance), namely tea spiny whitefly (TSW), belongs to the family Aleyrodidae in the order Homoptera, widespread in tea trees and fruit trees in many countries or regions. In this study, the preference of TSW for different colours was evaluated in tea gardens. Yellow was the colour most preferred by TSW, followed by pink, red, white and other colours. The controlling technologies about the number of sticky traps in a certain area of tea garden and the height of sticky traps above tea canopy were also evaluated, the results indicated that the attractive effect of 20 traps/667 m2 of trials area and the height of 10 cm above tea canopy were significantly higher than others treatments. In addition, more TSW was caught at 11:00-15:00, followed by 7:00-11:00, and 15:00-19:00 in a daytime; higher activity level of male adults was at 7:00-11:00 and 11:00-15:00 in day time (95.13% and 94.97% of caught TSW), indicating a higher activity level for male adult.

1. 1966∼1967年に山口県大島郡の2地点において,ミカントゲコナジラミの年間の発生経過についての調査を行なった。2. その結果,橘町油良では,1966年には3世代を経過して第3世代の3令幼虫∼蛹で越冬し,1967年においては4世代を経過して第4世代の卵∼初期幼虫を主に,一部は第3世代の蛹で越冬した。東和町地家室では,1966年には4世代を経過して第4世代の卵∼初期幼虫で越冬し,また,1967年にはその経過は不明であった。3. 山口県大島郡においては本虫の年間の発生経過が3世代と4世代の間を地域的にも年次的にも微妙に流動しており,各世代の発生時期に差異がある。4. 日本のカンキツ栽培地帯における本虫の越冬令期は,第3世代の3令幼虫から第4世代の3令幼虫に至るまで温度傾斜にしたがって広く分布し,特に,両世代にわたって流動的な中間地帯においては,年次的にそれが本虫の越冬に不利な比率で構成される場合があり,地域個体群の急速な密度低下の原因になっている。

The egg pedicel of the following whitefly species was inserted into host plant stomata during oviposition: Orchamoplatus mammaeferus (Quaintance and Baker), Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), Singhius hibisci (Kotinsky), Aleurodicus dispersus (Russell), Crenidorsum sp., Dialeurodes citrifolii (Morgan), D. kirkaldyi (Kotinsky), Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance), Odontaleyrodes rhododendri (Takahashi), Paraleyrodes naranjae (Dozier), P. perseae (Quaintance), and Aleyrodes shizuokensis Kuwana. The egg pedicel of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) were inserted nonstomatally, directly into host plant tissues.