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Il Manifesto di Ventotene viene considerato un fondamentale punto di riferimento per la costruzione di un’Europa federale fondata sulla democrazia e l’inclusione sociale. Il testo reca però forti critiche alla partecipazione democratica e non mette in discussione il mercato come strumento di redistribuzione della ricchezza. Spinelli ha poi avallato l’approccio tecnocratico alla costruzione europea e il suo sviluppo in senso neoliberale. Ci troviamo così di fronte a miti che occorre mettere in discussione per riflettere seriamente sull’ordine politico capace di realizzare un accettabile equilibrio tra capitalismo e democrazia.

Da tempo la comparazione non è l’occupazione esclusiva dei cultori del diritto comparato: vi ricorrono oramai tutti i cultori del diritto positivo. Ai giuscomparatisti spetta allora lo studio dei fondamenti della disciplina e dunque la riflessione sugli oggetti, gli scopi e il metodo della comparazione. Questo si deve però realizzare in dialogo con i cultori del diritto positivo, le cui ricerche costituiscono un punto di riferimento fondamentale, indispensabile a verificare e sviluppare i fondamenti della disciplina. Il volume discute le possibilità e l’agenda di una simile collaborazione e a tal fine raccoglie il punto di vista di cultori del diritto positivo particolarmente sensibili all’utilizzo della comparazione.

El neoliberalismo entrega al Estado la tarea de vigilar las leyes del mercado y emplea la competencia para guiar políticamente a los socios. La consecuencia es el aislamiento del individuo frente al mercado, que estará obligado solo a reaccionar automáticamente a sus estímulos. De ahí que valorice el constitucionalismo antifascista, que promueve la democracia económica, además de la política. Así las cosas, el Estado estará obligado a realizar la paridad sustancial fuera del mercado, con el Estado de bienestar, pero también en el mercado, equilibrando la debilidad social con la fuerza jurídica. Los poderes públicos deben redistribuir las armas del conflicto social y de ahí lograr la repoliticización del orden económico. Abstract: Neoliberalism gives the State the task of monitoring the laws of the market and, in this sense; it uses competition as a tool for the political direction of its members. The consequence is the isolation of the individual from the market, which condemns him to have only the behaviors that are automatic reactions to the stimuli produced by it. An alternative to this situation is to strengthen anti-fascist constitutionalism, which promotes economic democracy as well as political democracy. In this scenario, the State is obliged to implement substantial equality outside the market through welfare, but also in the market itself, balancing social weakness with legal force. Thus, it is the task of the public authorities to redistribute the weapons of social conflict and, in this way, to re-politicize the economic order. Neoliberalism gives the State the task of monitoring the laws of the market and, in this sense; it uses competition as a tool for the political direction of its members. The consequence is the isolation of the individual from the market, which condemns him to have only the behaviors that are automatic reactions to the stimuli produced by it. An alternative to this situation is to strengthen anti-fascist constitutionalism, which promotes economic democracy as well as political democracy. In this scenario, the State is obliged to implement substantial equality outside the market through welfare, but also in the market itself, balancing social weakness with legal force. Thus, it is the task of the public authorities to redistribute the weapons of social conflict and, in this way, to re-politicize the economic order.

Comparatists in the social sciences are supposed to analyze social phenomena from a static point of view, with no interest in their dynamic aspects. However, this is not true for comparative lawyers, since they are committed to analyzing legal change, which necessarily enhances aspects like the circulation of legal models as well as their transformation due to the variation of the space-time coordinates. The dynamic aspects are of such importance for comparatists that the building of legal families, reflecting a static approach to comparative law, is increasingly questioned in its foundations and capability to detect decisive similarities and differences between legal systems: the evolution within the common law–civil law divide and its connection with the ruling of the economic order. The building of legal families will not be removed from the comparative lawyer agenda, at least in recognition of its didactic function. However, comparative lawyers are increasingly aware of the ideological value of taxonomies and increasingly convinced about the necessity to replace them with genealogies.

La Repubblica di Weimar e stata un laboratorio per teorizzare e praticare la democrazia economica, ovvero un controllo politico sull’ordine economico volto a promuovere l’emancipazione individuale e sociale. Dopo la Seconda guerra mondiale questo controllo e stato concepito come argine contro il ripetersi delle condizioni che hanno prodotto la dittatura nazista. Lo scoppio della Guerra fredda ha pero condotto al rifiuto di qualsiasi soluzione capace di ostacolare il capitalismo, la cui diffusione e stata imposta con il fondamentale contributo di una retorica accattivante. Infatti, sebbene la costituzione economia della Repubblica di Bonn sia stata concepita come neutrale, un ordine neoliberale sotto l’ambigua formula ‘economia sociale di mercato’.

El diálogo social es un componente indispensable del orden democrático; de ahí que se analice la importancia del nexo entre, de un lado, la libertad y el pluralismo de la información, y, del otro, la autonomía de la magistratura; ambos al servicio de un diálogo social productivo de participación democrática en la cuestión procesal. El derecho a la información es el derecho a entender, no solo bajo la perspectiva liberal tradicional, sino bajo la perspectiva radicada en el texto constitucional; es decir, el derecho a la información es un instrumento para asegurar la participación de los ciudadanos en la gestión de la cosa pública; derecho que está dirigido a garantizar la protección del individuo frente al poder

A market economy is not a product of free economic behavior but rather, of an order requiring the fulfillment of systemic tasks by market operators. Their performance needs to be guided by rules imposing competition as a political tool to functionalize their action, in such a way that market failures can be avoided. This is not only the case for coordinated market economies, typically making use of direct market regulations, but also for liberal market economies, even if these latter ones prefer an indirect regulation of economic life, by having to condition individual behavior. Different modes of regulation may be used to stabilize the same accumulation regime, which is understood as patterns of production and consumption reproducible over a long period. In other words, liberal market ideology, as well as liberalism, is anything but a theory on unlimited freedom: it “needs freedom”, but also needs to “consume” this freedom as a condition of historical and social possibilities for a free market economy. Even if differences may involve the way of assuring those possibilities, the necessity to force economic behavior into functionalizing schemes must be seen as unavoidable.

Set against the origins and consequences of the global financial crisis, this timely book offers an enriching and revealing narrative of the role that the state plays in regulating markets. Focusing on core areas of private law such as corporate, labour and banking law, the contributors offer a conceptual framework in which to examine the central tenets of the role of private law in today's global economy. In the current climate of ever increasing economic inequality and austerity measures, the authors highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive analysis of the continuing tension between ideas of market liberalism and theories of society. With a focus on both the domestic and transnational dimensions of market governance, the authors offer a crucial insight into the co-existence and interaction between state and market-based economic governance.

in Italiano: Economia sociale di mercato, la locuzione scelta per occultare l'ispirazione neoliberale dell'ordine economico tedesco, sta sempre piu mostrando il suo vero volto e, con questo, plasmando il processo di unificazione europea.Cio e dovuto anche all'esito delle scontro tra modelli di capitalismo, che vede quello neoamericano vittorioso sul renano.English Abstract: Social market economy, the expression chosen to hide the neo-liberal inspiration of the German economic order, is more and more showing its deep inspiration and influencing European unity. This is also due to the clash between neo-American and Rhine capitalism, which is leading to a quick victory of the first over the latter.

Spanish Abstract: La mirada que el comparatista dirige al derecho parte de un punto de observacion externo. Es la mirada de quien contempla el derecho en su estructura, pero tambien en su funcion; en su consideracion como conjunto de preceptos, pero tambien de instituciones que los ponen en accion para distribuir imperativamente bienes y valores. Es la mirada de quien, mas que el derecho, examina la experiencia juridica, tanto en su dimension empirica como en su esencia de practica discursiva.Asi es desde el nacimiento de la comparacion como ciencia autonoma a inicios del siglo XX, cuando comparecio en el escenario del saber juridico para refundarlo sobre bases criticas: para dislocar las convenciones y pensamientos unicos, como el legicentrismo y el dogmatismo tipico de los paradigmas cientificos imperantes en la epoca. De ahi la identidad del comparatista como estudioso llamado a analizar el fenomeno del derecho inmerso en su dimension espacio-temporal, valorando por tanto las interacciones entre el derecho y las otras ciencias sociales.English Abstract: This book tries to answer three main questions for comparative lawyers: (1) What to compare, pleading for a broad notion of “law” and “institutions”; (2) Why to compare, analysing recent debt restructuring mechanisms in the Eurozone as a means for obtaining forced legal change; (3) How to compare, connecting comparative law methods with the purpose of enhancing uniformity or diversity.

European private law, as it has been defined in the so-called Common Frame of Reference, reflects the will to build up a private law society based on ordoliberalism and social market economy, that is on the use of competition as political direction tool. This implicates a conflict with European national constitutionalism, considering individuals as carriers of structural social weakness which cannot be balanced through the reinstatement of the mythical capacity for self-determination. Yet, the market is in essence a tool of redistribution of wealth, which is to be regulated in order to give the possibility of accessing resources guaranteed by social rights, and not in order to ensure the survival of the economic order.

Latin-American legal systems are often classified as a periphery of the Western legal tradition, that part of the democratic and capitalist world whose center is represented by Europe and the US. Such a classification is ideologically oriented, since it aims at considering modernization from an evolutionist point of view, supported by a methodology enhancing ethnocentric approaches.Assuming the idea of alternative or multiple modernities, one can consider the Latin-American development of capitalism and democracy as combined with indigenous identity, and conceive the Latin-American legal tradition as characterized by a mixture of western and chthonic elements. The result is a tradition based both on individual emancipation and communitarian tensions, involving a responsible relationship with the environment and the democratic embeddedness of economy. Such a tradition leads to a balanced relationship between individual and order, since it is able to oppose the functionalizing tensions produced by the proprietary order if capitalism prevails over democracy.