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Objective To assess the change in temperature caused by different short wave diathermy (SWD) methods of application in different healthy tissues. Data sources The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Science Direct, CINAHL, SciELO, PEDro, ClinicalTrials.gov , Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials and the World Health Organization ICTRP were searched (1990–April 2020). Methods Randomized, quasi-randomized, and single-arm controlled trials assessing temperature change after SWD application in healthy adults were included. Group analysis was done according to SWD mode and where temperature was collected, risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool and the quality of evidence using GRADE. A narrative synthesis was conducted since methodological homogeneity was not sufficient to undertake a meta-analysis. Results Eleven studies were included, reporting data of 240 subjects. Regarding skin temperature change, the application that increased temperature the most was under the electrode using continuous SWD on coplanar arrangement of capacitive technique (7.9 [1.76] °C), coplanar arrangement also had the slowest temperature decay, and the lowest temperature found was through a low dose application of pulsed SWD (0.34 [0.69] °C). Regarding muscle temperature change, the application that increased temperature the most was using the inductive technique of pulsed SWD (4.58 [0.87] °C), this technique also had the slowest temperature decay, and the lowest temperature found was through ReBound shortwave diathermy (2.31 [0.87] °C). Conclusion SWD efficacy depends on setting choices. This review provides a detailed description of SWD methods of application and a quantitative data set of resulting temperature change.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of aquatic plyometric training (APT) on jump performance in volleyball players. Twelve female athletes (16.6 ± 0.9 years) were assessed through the following jump tests: spike height (SH), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and CMJ with an arm swing (CMJA). Jump height in each test and the eccentric utilization ratio (EUR) were the outcome measures. APT consisted of sets of drop jumps for 6 weeks (2 sessions/week) at a water depth of 0.75 m. Tests were performed at the beginning of a five-week pre-season period, before and after APT, and four weeks later for the follow-up. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to analyze data and Hedges’ g to estimate effect size (ES). Performance of all jumps did not change from baseline to Pre-APT. Performance improved in SH (p < 0.001, ES: 1.09), the SJ (p = 0.045, ES: 0.76) and the CMJA (p < 0.001, ES: 0.78) after APT when compared to Pre-APT. No changes were observed after the follow-up period. In conclusion, including six weeks of APT in the training routine of youth volleyball players improved performance of a sport-specific task (SH), the SJ and CMJA, with gains preserved after a four-week follow-up.

Introduction Continuous shortwave diathermy (CSWD) efficacy relies on change in temperature, which had been evaluated previously. However, the studies are not comparable enough, consequently the primary goal of this study was to analyze which SWD capacitive technique arrangement is the most effective in skin temperature change. Method A randomized, single-blinded crossover trial conducted in a university research laboratory. Twenty young healthy male subjects were randomly allocated using a website to receive 20 min of CSWD application to the anterior aspect of the thigh through coplanar, contraplanar and longitudinal arrangement. Skin temperature was collected under the proximal electrode and at the thigh center over 25 min after electrodes removal, using an infrared thermography camera. Results There were two losses to follow up, remaining 18 subjects for analysis (age = 21.4 ± 2.09 years, BMI = 23.6 ± 2.46 kg/m2). Under the electrode all arrangements achieved vigorous heating (coplanar = 7.9 ± 1.76 °C; contraplanar = 6.52 ± 2.68 °C; longitudinal = 7.46 ± 1.8 °C) immediately after electrodes removal and temperature decreased with a similar rate across arrangements. At the thigh center, coplanar arrangement achieved mild heating (1–2 °C) until 17 min after electrodes removal; meanwhile, the other arrangements did not increase temperature sufficiently for post intervention therapeutic effects. No unintended effect was detected. Conclusions Coplanar arrangement increased skin temperature the most, heated the greatest area, and had the slowest temperature decay. If the body part accommodates any of the capacitive technique arrangements, coplanar should be used to treat superficial tissues.

To examine the validity, and the relative and absolute within-day reliability of the TGlittre in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD).Thirty HD patients (52 ± 12 years) undertook the TGlittre twice on a single day, in a cross-sectional design. For validation purposes, participants TGlittre performance and accelerometry-based physical activity were correlated. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) were determined to assess within-day reliability.There was a moderate correlation between TGlittre performance and moderate to vigorous physical activity (TGlittre performance is associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity in HD patients, highlighting that those with higher levels of physical activity are likely to perform better on the TGlittre. Additionally, TGlittre shows a good to excellent intra-rater reliability and a low SEM. An MDC value was established.Implications for rehabilitationPatients on hemodialysis have a low physical capacity and often struggle to simply complete their physical activities of daily living.The TGlittre is a tool for assessing functional capacity through completion of multiple physical activities of daily living and can be easily applied in a clinical setting.TGlittre is a valid test that elicit reliable physiological, hemodynamic, and physical performance responses in HD patients.

The aims of this study were to compare the internal training load (ITL) in soccer players of two competitive age groups (under-15 [U-15] and under-19 [U-19]) during an 8-week preseason training period and compare the associated changes in physical performance measures. Eighteen U-15 and twelve U-19 players were monitored over an 8-week period during the preseason phase. The ITL was monitored using the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method. Before and after the preseason period, physical performance was assessed by best (RSAbest) and mean (RSAmean) times in a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test and peak velocity derived from the Carminatti test (PVT-CAR). Total weekly ITL increased with age (U-15: 13770 ± 874 AU vs. U-19: 33584 ± 2506 AU; p < 0.001). In addition, U-19 players perceived training sessions as heavier than U-15 players (6.1 ± 0.3 vs. 5.3 ± 0.3 AU, respectively; p < 0.001). After the preseason period, very likely to almost certainly positive changes were observed for all performance measures in both age groups. However, the U-15 group had possibly superior gains in RSAbest (+1.40%, 90%CL -0.29 to 3.05, with ES = 0.35) and likely higher effects in RSAmean (+1.89%, 90%CL 0.04 to 3.70, with ES = 0.53) and PVT-CAR (+2.71%, 90%CL 0.35 to 5.01, with ES = 0.37) compared to the U-19 group. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the U-19 group accumulate higher total weekly ITLs than the U-15 group during the preseason phase due to longer and heavier training sessions. However, the U-15 group obtained superior gains in soccer-specific physical abilities while accumulating half the total ITLs during lighter training sessions.

Although lumbar mobilization (LM) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) are used to increase flexibility in clinical practice, remains unclear which technic is the most effective. This study aims to verify and compare the immediate effect of unilateral LM and hold-relax PNF on hamstring flexibility.A randomized, blinded, crossover trial carried out in university research laboratory. Thirty healthy young adults were randomly allocated to three groups, each group receive unilateral, central posterior-anterior LM grade III to the L4 joint, hold-relax PNF and control intervention in a different order with 48 h of washout period. Hamstring flexibility was measured using photogrammetry before and immediately after intervention through range of motion (ROM) change in the Straight Leg Raise Test. T-tests were used to compare ROM within groups, and ANOVA repeated measure followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests was used for between groups comparison.Two participants were lost to follow-up, leaving 28 for analysis (21.6 ± 2.2 years-old). LM increased 4.5° (95% CI 2.3-6.5°, p = 0.001, d = 0.29) on the straight leg raise test and PNF increased 10.0° (95% CI 7.7-12.2°, p = 0.001, d = 0.7). No statistically significant increase was observed on the control group (p = 0.151, d = 0.08). Further, the technique used significantly influenced ROM (p = 0.001, η²Although hold-relax PNF and unilateral LM techniques increased ROM, hold-relax PNF was more effective on increasing hamstring flexibility.

BACKGROUND High-impact sports can cause dysfunction to the female pelvic floor that leads to the occurrence of stress urinary incontinence. OBJECTIVE To identify and compare the presence of urine loss between professional and amateur female volleyball athletes during a competition. METHODS A cross-sectional and comparative study was conducted on 75 volleyball athletes, including 30 amateurs and 45 professional athletes. Female athletes 18 years of age or older were included. Urine loss during the competition was evaluated by self-report and measured by a pad test (in grams). Day-to-day urinary incontinence was identified using the Urinary Distress Inventory 6 (UDI-6). Before the beginning of the game, the instruments were applied by individual interview for data collection and the pad was positioned. After the game, the pad was removed and weighed again. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS Half of the professional (50.0%) and amateur (55.6%) athletes have symptoms of urine loss during a competition. Objective urine loss was higher among professional athletes (4.5 ± 1.4 g) compared to amateur athletes (3.8 ± 1.4 g). There was a significant difference (P

Cryotherapy is a therapeutic modality widely used for the treatment of muscle injuries to control pain and inflammatory processes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cryotherapy on the inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters and mechanical properties of, and pain in, the skeletal muscles of rats with lacerative muscle injury. The rats were anesthetized with 4% isoflurane and subjected to gastrocnemius muscle laceration injury. After injury, all animals in the intervention groups received cryotherapy treatment for 20 minutes using plastic bags containing crushed ice. The protocol comprised three daily applications at 3-hour intervals on the day of injury, with reapplication 24 hours later. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham, muscle injury (MI), and MI + cryotherapy (MI + cryo). Muscle mechanical properties were analyzed by mechanical tensile testing on day 7 after injury. The MI + cryo group showed reduced TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL1β levels; elevated IL4, IL6, and IL10 levels; reduced oxidant production and carbonyl levels; and elevated sulfhydryl contents. Animals that underwent tissue cooling showed superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels close to those of the animals in the sham group. The MI and MI + cryo groups showed reduced values of the evaluated mechanical properties and lower mechanical thresholds compared to those of the animals from the sham group. Our results demonstrated that the proposed cryotherapy protocol reduced the inflammatory process and controlled oxidative stress but did not reverse the changes in the mechanical properties of muscle tissues or provide analgesic effects within the time frame analyzed.

Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common degenerative disease in older people, causing pain, stiffness and dysfunction. Objective: To determine the influence of KOA on functional performance (FP), quality of life (QoL) and pain in older women. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, in which 50 older women diagnosed with KOA and 51 without KOA participated. Participants were assessed using FP tests: Sit-to-stand (STS); Gait speed test (GST); Timed Up and Go (TUG); 6-minute walk test (6 MWT) and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Pain was assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS); quality of life by applying the SF-36; and self-perception of the disease by using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Results: No intergroup statistical differences were found in the BBS (p: 0.42), STS (p: 0.59) and 6MWT (p: 0.97). However, the KOA group showed slower GS (p < 0.00) and longer time in TUG (p < 0.00). They also presented higher pain levels (p < 0.01), worse perceived health status regarding pain, stiffness and physical function (WOMAC) (p < 0.01), as well as worse QoL indices in functional capacity, physical limitations, pain and overall health status (p < 0.010). Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrate that older women with KOA showed a decline in FP, QoL and higher pain levels. Resumo Introdução: A osteoartrite de joelho (OAJ) é uma doença degenerativa comum em idosos que causa dor, rigidez e disfunção. Objetivo: Verificar a influência da OAJ sobre o desempenho funcional (DF), a qualidade de vida (QV) e a dor em idosas. Método: Tratou-se de estudo transversal cuja população participante foi composta por 50 idosas diagnosticadas com OAJ e 51 idosas sem OAJ. As voluntárias foram avaliadas com os testes do DF: Teste de sentar-levantar (TSL); velocidade da marcha (VM); Timed Up and Go (TUG); teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6’) e Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB). A dor foi avaliada pela escala analógica visual (EVA) e analisou-se a qualidade de vida pelo SF-36 e a da autopercepção da doença, pelo questionário Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Resultados: Nos testes funcionais não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos para os testes EEB (p: 0,42), TSL (p: 0,59) e TC6’ (p: 0,97). Contudo nota-se que o grupo OAJ teve menor VM (p < 0,00) e maior tempo no TGUG (p < 0,00). Além disso, apresentam maiores níveis de dor (p < 0,01), pior percepção do estado de saúde nos domínios de dor, rigidez e função física (WOMAC) (p < 0,01), bem como piores índices de QV nos domínios capacidade funcional, limitação por aspectos físicos, dor e estado geral de saúde (p < 0,01). Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que idosas com OAJ apresentam redução do DF na QV e maior nível de dor. Resumen Introducción: La artrosis de rodilla (AR) es una enfermedad degenerativa común en los ancianos que puede causar dolor, rigidez y disfunción. Objetivo: verificar la influencia de la AR en el rendimiento funcional, en la calidad de vida y el dolor en los ancianos. Método: Estudio transversal, y la población fue composta por 50 ancianas, diagnosticadas con AR, y 51 ancianas sin AR. Las voluntarias fueron evaluadas con pruebas de rendimiento funcional: sit-to-stand (STS); gait speed test (GST); Timed Up and Go (TUG); 6-minute walk test (6 MWT) y Berg Balance Scale (BBS). El dolor se evaluó mediante el cuestionario SF-36 y la autopercepción de la enfermedad con el cuestionario Western Ontario McMaster (WOMAC). Resultados: En las pruebas funcionales, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos para las pruebas BBS (p: 0.42), TSLC (p: 0.59) y TC6’(p: 0.97). Sin embargo, se observa que el grupo AR tuvo una velocidad de la marcha más baja (p < 0.00) y un tiempo de TUG más largo (p < 0.00). Además, presentan niveles de dolor más altos (p < 0.01), peor percepción del estado de salud en los dominios de dolor, rigidez y función física (WOMAC) (p < 0.01), así como peores índices de calidad de vida en los dominios capacidad funcional, limitación por aspectos físicos, dolor y salud general (p < 0.01). Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio mostraron que las mujeres ancianas con AR presentan una reducción en el DF, en la calidad de vida y un mayor nivel de dolor.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is perceived as a problem that affects older and multiparous women. However, recent studies report that involuntary loss of urine also affects athletes, young and nulliparous. There is controversy over the role of exercise in UI. Thus the purpose of the review is to describe and evaluate scientific evidence concerning the prevalence of UI in female volleyball athletes.The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The selected databases were PubMed, LILACS, PEDro, Medline, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect. The searches were performed between December 2016 and January 2017. The descriptors and Boolean operators used in the search were as follows: ‘urinary incontinence AND athletes AND volleyball.’ After peer evaluation, 47 studies were identified, and 6 articles were selected for review. The methodological evaluation was based on Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE).The review identified the UI prevalence of 9–30% during sports practice and 17–18% in the day-by-day life. Practising physical exercise of high impact appears to be a causing factor of UI in women.Practising volleyball in the female population can be an important UI risk factor. Owing to the high prevalence of UI, coaches and athletes must be aware of the importance of training the pelvic floor muscles simultaneously with the sports practice.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o uso do suporte de peso corporal (SPC) para o condicionamento fí­sico e a reabilitação do lesado medular. O levantamento foi realizado através da seleção e listagem de estudos relacionados ao tema em lí­ngua portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola a partir do ano de 1990. Pôde ser constatado que existem alguns consensos sobre a utilização do SPC na reabilitação e prática de atividade fí­sica adaptada para indiví­duos com lesão medular. Com esse sistema o tratamento é facilitado pela suspensão de uma parte do peso do paciente, pela ativação do gerador de padrão central (GPC) e pelo auxí­lio do terapeuta. Além disso, ocorre um menor gasto energético por parte do paciente e também não existem riscos de quedas. A utilização do SPC pode trazer benefí­cios motores como a reeducação da marcha e melhora da estabilização do tronco. Como uma forma de atividade fí­sica, promove alterações fisiológicas benéficas ao paciente, principalmente no sistema cardiovascular. Assim, pode auxiliar na diminuição da incidência das doenças secundárias í lesão medular.Palavras-chave: suporte de peso corporal, atividade fí­sica e reabilitação.

Introduction: The risk of injuries related to physical activity and sports may increase if there is predisposition, inappropriate training and/or coach guidance, and absence of sports medicine follow-up. Objective: To assess the frequency of injuries in athletes treated at a physiotherapy center specialized in sports. Methods: For the data collection was carried out the survey of injuries in records of athletes treated in eight years of activities. The data collected included: characteristics of patients, sport, injury kind, injury characteristics and affected body part. Results: From 1090 patient/athlete records, the average age was 25 years old, the athletes were spread across 44 different sports modalities, being the great majority men (75%). The most common type of injury was joint injury, followed by muscular and bone injuries. Chronic injury was the most frequent (47%), while the most common body part injured was the knee, followed by ankle and shoulder. Among all the sports, soccer, futsal, and track and field presented the highest number of injured athletes, respectively. Conclusion: Soccer was the most common sport among the injured athletes, injury kind most frequent was joint injuries and knee was the body part most injured. Chronic injuries were the most common.

To compare the effects of different cryotherapeutic preparations.Randomised, single-blind, crossover trial.University laboratory.Sixteen healthy women.Participants were randomised to receive three cryotherapeutic preparations: pure ice (500g), watered ice (500g of ice in 500ml of water) and wetted ice (500g of ice in 50ml of water).The primary outcome was skin surface temperature after cryotherapy, measured at the central point of application, and the minimum temperature of the region of interest (ROI). The secondary outcome was the surface area cooled to13.6°C, which is the recommended temperature to achieve therapeutic effects.After application of ice, mean skin surface temperature at the central point was 4.6 [standard deviation (SD) 1.9] °C for the pure ice preparation, 4.9 (SD 2.5) °C for the wetted ice preparation, and 9.6 (SD 1.8) °C for the watered ice preparation. When compared with the watered ice preparation, this represented a mean difference (MD) of 5.0°C for the pure ice preparation [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0 to 6.0; P0.001] and an MD of 4.7°C for the wetted ice preparation (95% CI 2.5 to 6.8; P0.001). The minimum temperatures in the ROI were also lower for the pure ice preparation 3.0 (SD 0.9) °C and the wetted ice preparation 2.8 (SD 0.6) °C than the watered ice preparation 7.9 (SD 1.5) °C. This represented an MD of 4.8°C for the pure ice preparation (95% CI 4.0 to 5.7; P0.001) and 5.1°C for the wetted ice preparation (95% CI 4.0 to 6.2; P0.001].Application of pure ice or wetted ice led to a greater decrease in skin surface temperature compared with watered ice. For clinical purposes, combining equal parts of water and ice could decrease this effect.Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03414346).

Introduction: Due to the increasing number of postgraduate programs in rehabilitation science and of masters and doctoral researchers in Brazil, there has been significant improvement in the production and quality of these studies. However, this only addresses some research fields but not others, which highlights the need to show the current professional development process and discuss the role of these professionals in an interdisciplinary framework. Objective: To analyze the research lines and disciplines of Brazilians’ postgraduate programs in rehabilitation science. Method: A qualitative descriptive study used the Sucupira platform and data sought from websites properly registered on Capes (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel). Data frequency analysis and the relation between research lines and disciplines were achieved using TextStat (Simple Text Analysis Tool), version 3.0. Results: The most frequent fields of study among the postgraduate programs analyzed were neurology, cardiorespiratory, and musculoskeletal. The description of the research lines and their objectives aim the assessment or intervention for rehabilitation comprehension. Conclusion: The research lines and disciplines do not follow epistemological discussions, neither the change of concepts or paradigms necessary for the successful entry of these professionals into an interdisciplinary framework. Resumo Introdução: Devido ao crescimento no número de programas de pós-graduação em ciências da reabilitação e no número de mestres e doutores, ocorreu aumento significativo da produção e da qualidade de estudos publicados. Apesar disso, há grande produção em determinadas áreas de conhecimento e escassez de produção em outras, o que ocasiona a necessidade de retratar o panorama geral da formação dos profissionais e refletir sobre a adequação ao atual mercado interdisciplinar. Objetivo: Analisar as disciplinas e as linhas de pesquisa dos programas de pós-graduação ligados às ciências da reabilitação no Brasil. Método: Este é um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa a partir da análise de conteúdo. A análise foi realizada a partir de dados da plataforma Sucupira e sites dos programas cadastrados/regulares da Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior). Para contabilizar a frequência das palavras e relações entre as linhas e disciplinas/áreas de estudo, utilizou-se o programa TextStat (Simple Text Analysis Tool), versão 3.0. Resultados: Por meio das análises realizadas, percebe-se que as categorias de estudo predominantes estão relacionadas às áreas da neurologia, cardiorrespiratória e musculoesquelética. A descrição das linhas e seus objetivos visam, principalmente, a avaliação ou intervenção para o estudo da reabilitação. Conclusão: As disciplinas e as linhas de pesquisa não acompanham as discussões epistemológicas e as mudanças nos conceitos e paradigmas necessários à boa inserção do profissional no mercado interdisciplinar. Resumen Introducción: Debido al crecimiento del número de programas de postgrado en rehabilitación y del número de maestros y doctores, hubo un aumento significativo en la producción y calidad de los estudios publicados. A pesar de ello, hay gran producción en determinadas áreas del conocimiento y escasez de producción en otras, lo que hace necesario retratar el panorama general de la formación de profesionales y reflexionar sobre la adecuación al actual mercado interdisciplinario. Objectivo: Este es un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo para el análisis de contenido. Analizar las asignaturas y las líneas de investigación, de las carreras de posgrado en fisioterapia y ciencias de la reabilitación, en territorio Brasileño. Método: El análisis se realizó por la plataforma Sucupira y los sitios de los programas cadastrados/regulares de la Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior). Para contabilizar la frecuencia de palabras y relaciones entre las líneas y asignaturas/áreas de estudio, se utilizó el programa TextStat (Simple Text Analysis Tool), versión 3.0. Resultados: Por medio de análisis realizadas, se observó que las categorías de estudio predominantes son las relacionadas con las áreas de la neurología, cardiorespiratória y musculoesquelética. La descripción de las líneas y sus objetivos es principalmente, la evaluación o intervención para los estudios de la reabilitación. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran que las asignaturas y las líneas de investigación no siguen los cuestionamientos epistemológicos y los cambios en los conceptos y paradigmas son necesarios para una buena insercción del profesional que trabaja en ámbito interdisciplinar.

There is some evidence showing that people with functional ankle instability (FAI) can present changes in postural control during the landing phase of a jump. These studies also show preliminary results indicating possible changes during phases prior to landing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether movement adjustments prior to a jump are different between people with and without FAI. Sixty participants with (n=30) and without (n=30) FAI participated in this study. The main outcome measures were the variability of range of motion in ankle inversion/eversion and dorsiflexion/plantarflexion; and variability of center of pressure for the directions anterior-posterior and medio-lateral during the pre-jump period for drop jump, vertical jump and during single-leg stance. The group with instability showed more variability of center of pressure in anterior-posterior direction (p=0.04) and variability of range of motion in ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion (p=0.04) compared to control in the single-leg stance test. For the within-group comparisons, the group with instability showed more variability of center of pressure in anterior-posterior direction in the drop jump higher than single-leg stance and vertical jump. The same pattern was seen for the control group. Thus, this study suggests that people with FAI have greater ankle range of motion variability and center of pressure variability in the anterior-posterior axis when compared to healthy individuals during single-leg stance. For those same two variables, preparation for a drop jump causes more postural instability when compared to the preparation for a vertical jump and to single-leg stance.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p41 Plyometric training in the aquatic environment has been used as way of reducing loads through the action of buoyancy. However, little is known about the biomechanical characteristics of plyometric exercises in water, which can assist in the prescription of training in this environment. This study aimed to analyze the vertical component of the ground reaction force and contact duration of drop jumps (DJ) performed on land and at hip level water immersion. Participants were 22 male athletes (19.1 ± 3.7 years), who performed three maximum DJs in water and on dry land. Peak force and duration of braking and propulsion sub-phases of the DJ contact were analyzed with the use of two underwater force platforms, a 2-D waterproofed electrogoniometer, acquisition systems ADS2000-IP and TeleMyo 2400TG2, and a signal synchronizer. The effect of immersion was investigated through comparison tests for dependent samples (p

Context Proprioception of the ankle is determined by the ability to perceive the sense of position of the ankle structures, as well as the speed and direction of movement. Few researchers have investigated proprioception by force-replication ability and particularly after skin cooling. Objective To analyze the ability of the ankle-dorsiflexor muscles to replicate isometric force after a period of skin cooling. Design Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Twenty healthy individuals (10 men, 10 women; age = 26.8 ± 5.2 years, height = 171 ± 7 cm, mass = 66.8 ± 10.5 kg). Intervention(s) Skin cooling was carried out using 2 ice applications: (1) after maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) performance and before data collection for the first target force, maintained for 20 minutes; and (2) before data collection for the second target force, maintained for 10 minutes. We measured skin temperature before and after ice applications to ensure skin cooling. Main Outcome Measure(s) A load cell was placed under an inclined board for data collection, and 10 attempts of force replication were carried out for 2 values of MVIC (20%, 50%) in each condition (ice, no ice). We assessed force sense with absolute and root mean square errors (the difference between the force developed by the dorsiflexors and the target force measured with the raw data and after root mean square analysis, respectively) and variable error (the variance around the mean absolute error score). A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results The absolute error was greater for the ice than for the no-ice condition (F1,19 = 9.05, P = .007) and for the target force at 50% of MVIC than at 20% of MVIC (F1,19 = 26.01, P < .001). Conclusions The error was greater in the ice condition and at 50% of MVIC. Skin cooling reduced the proprioceptive ability of the ankle-dorsiflexor muscles to replicate isometric force.

This study was aimed at analyzing the cadence (Cadmax) and the peak vertical ground reaction force (Fymax) during stationary running sprint on dry land and at hip and chest level of water immersion. We hypothesized that both Fymax and Cadmax depend on the level of immersion and that differences in Cadmax between immersions do not affect Fymax during stationary sprint. 32 subjects performed the exercise at maximum cadence at each immersion level and data were collected with force plates. The results show that Cadmax and Fymax decrease 17 and 58% from dry land to chest immersion respectively, with no effect of cadence on Fymax. While previous studies have shown similar neuromuscular responses between aquatic and on land stationary sprint, our results emphasize the differences in Fymax between environments and levels of immersion. Additionally, the characteristics of this exercise permit maximum movement speed in water to be close to the maximum speed on dry land. The valuable combination of reduced risk of orthopedic trauma with similar neuromuscular responses is provided by the stationary sprint exercise in water. The results of this study support the rationale behind the prescription of stationary sprinting in sports training sessions as well as rehabilitation programs.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cadence, immersion level as well as body density on the vertical component (Fymax) of ground reaction force (GRF) during stationary running (SR). Methods: In a controlled, laboratory study, thirty-two subjects ran at a wide range of cadences (85–210 steps/min) in water, immersed to the hip and to the chest, and on dry land. Fymax. was verified by a waterproof force measurement system and predicted based on a statistical model including cadence, immersion ratio and body density. Results: The effect of cadence was shown to depend on the environment: while Fymax increases linearly with increasing cadence on land; in water, Fymax reaches a plateau at both hip and chest immersions. All factors analyzed, cadence, immersion level and body density affected Fymax significantly, with immersion (aquatic × land environment) showing the greatest effect. In water, different cadences may lead to bigger changes in Fymax than the changes obtained by moving subjects from hip to chest immersion. A regression model able to predict 69% of Fymax variability in water was proposed and validated. Conclusion: Cadence, Immersion and body density affect Fymax in a significant and non-independent way. Besides a model of potential use in the prescription of stationary running in water, our analysis provides insights into the different responses of GRF to changes in exercise parameters between land and aquatic environment.

Despite being a key concept in rehabilitation, controlling weight-bearing load while walking, following lower limb injury is very hard to achieve. Walking in water provides an opportunity to prescribe load for people who have pain, weakness or weight bearing restrictions related to stages of healing. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate and validate regression models for predicting ground reaction forces while walking in water. One hundred and thirty seven individuals (24±5 years, 1.71±0.08 m and 68.7±12.5 kg) were randomly assigned to a regression group (n = 113) and a validation group (n = 24). Trials were performed at a randomly assigned water depth (0.75 to 1.35 m), and at a self-selected speed. Independent variables were: immersion ratio, velocity, body mass, and waist, thigh and leg circumferences. Stepwise regression was used for the prediction of ground reaction forces and validation included agreement and consistency statistical analyses. Data from a force plate were compared with predicted data from the created model in the validation group. Body mass, immersion ratio, and velocity independently predicted 95% of the vertical and resultant ground reaction force variability, while, together, velocity and thigh circumference explained 81% of antero-posterior ground reaction force variability. When tested against the data measured in validation samples, the models output resulted in statistically similar values, intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.88 to 0.90 and standard errors of measurement, 11.8 to 42.3 N. The models introduced in this study showed good predictive performance in our evaluation procedures and may be considered valid in the prediction of vertical, antero-posterior and resultant ground reaction forces while walking in water. All predictive variables can be easily determined in clinical practice. Future studies should focus on the validation of these models in specific populations.

Objectives To analyze the effect of depth of immersion, running speed and gender on ground reaction forces during water running. Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twenty adults (ten male and ten female) participated by running at two levels of immersion (hip and chest) and two speed conditions (slow and fast). Data were collected using an underwater force platform. The following variables were analyzed: vertical force peak ( Fy ), loading rate ( LR ) and anterior force peak ( Fx anterior ). Three-factor mixed ANOVA was used to analyze data. Results Significant effects of immersion level, speed and gender on Fy were observed, without interaction between factors. Fy was greater when females ran fast at the hip level. There was a significant increase in LR with a reduction in the level of immersion regardless of the speed and gender. No effect of speed or gender on LR was observed. Regarding Fx anterior , significant interaction between speed and immersion level was found: in the slow condition, participants presented greater values at chest immersion, whereas, during the fast running condition, greater values were observed at hip level. The effect of gender was only significant during fast water running, with Fx anterior being greater in the men group. Increasing speed raised Fx anterior significantly irrespective of the level of immersion and gender. Conclusions The magnitude of ground reaction forces during shallow water running are affected by immersion level, running speed and gender and, for this reason, these factors should be taken into account during exercise prescription.

Controlled laboratory study.To analyze the vertical and anteroposterior components of the ground reaction force during stationary running performed in water and on dry land, focusing on the effect of gender, level of immersion, and cadence.Stationary running, as a fundamental component of aquatic rehabilitation and training protocols, is little explored in the literature with regard to biomechanical variables, which makes it difficult to determine and control the mechanical load acting on the individuals.Twenty-two subjects performed 1 minute of stationary running on land, immersed to the hip, and immersed to the chest at 3 different cadences: 90 steps per minute, 110 steps per minute, and 130 steps per minute. Force data were acquired with a force plate, and the variables were vertical peak (Fy), loading rate (LR), anterior peak (Fx anterior), and posterior peak (Fx posterior). Data were normalized to subjects' body weight (BW) and analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance.Fy ranged from 0.98 to 2.11 BW, LR ranged from 5.38 to 11.52 BW/s, Fx anterior ranged from 0.07 to 0.14 BW, and Fx posterior ranged from 0.06 to 0.09 BW. The gender factor had no effect on the variables analyzed. A significant interaction between level of immersion and cadence was observed for Fy, Fx anterior, and Fx posterior. On dry land, Fy increased with increasing cadence, whereas in water this effect was seen only between 90 steps per minute and the 2 higher cadences. The higher the level of immersion, the lower the magnitude of Fy. LR was reduced under both water conditions and increased with increasing cadence, regardless of the level of immersion.Ground reaction forces during stationary running are similar between genders. Fy and LR are lower in water, though the values are increased at higher cadences.

The aim of this study was to compare the first and second peaks of the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and kinematics at initial contact (IC) and final stance (FS) during walking in one of two directions (forward×backward) and two environments (on land×underwater). Twenty-two adults (24.6±2.6 years) walking forward (FW) and backward (BW) on a 7.5m walkway with a central force plate. Underwater immersion was at the height of the Xiphoid process. Ten trials were performed for each condition giving a total of 40 trials where the VGRF and kinematic data were recorded. Two-way repeated measures analysis of covariance was used with a combination of environment and direction of walking: FW on land, FW underwater, BW on land and BW underwater (entered as between-subjects factor) and repeated measures of VGRF peaks (first and second) or angles (at IC and FS). Walking velocity was included as a covariate. Both VGRF peaks were reduced when participants walked underwater compared to on land (p

INTRODUÇÃO: Avaliar a produção do conhecimento de uma área pode facilitar a compreensão de sua identidade, bem como apontar quais rumos está percorrendo. OBJETIVO: Verificar qual a área de estudos e os descritores de maior ocorrência em artigos publicados em revistas de circulação nacional voltadas à fisioterapia. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa dos dados por meio da análise de conteúdo e da contagem das aparições dos descritores. Foram incluídos resumos de periódicos de fisioterapia brasileiros, com classificação maior ou igual a B2 no WebQualis e acesso livre em sítio da internet. Com esses critérios foram selecionadas a Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia e a Fisioterapia em Movimento, de 1996 a 2009. Os itens analisados foram: palavras-chave e área de estudo. Utilizou-se o programa TextStat para a contagem das palavras. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 726 artigos. As áreas de estudo de maior ocorrência foram ortopedia, neurologia, pneumologia e pediatria, que somadas englobam 65% da produção em fisioterapia, sendo a ortopedia, isoladamente, responsável por 36% dos estudos. Em relação à palavra-chave, a prevalência foi maior do descritor "fisioterapia", seguido de "idoso" e "atividade física". DISCUSSÃO: Quanto à área de estudos, o destaque para a ortopedia reflete a atuação do fisioterapeuta, que historicamente concentrou-se em hospitais e clínicas de reabilitação sob a tutela dos médicos ortopedistas, buscando sua independência num segundo momento. Em relação aos descritores, a maior frequência da palavra "fisioterapia" deve ser reavaliada pelos pesquisadores, pois não reflete o conteúdo dos estudos. CONCLUSÃO: A produção científica em ortopedia teve maior ocorrência, refletindo a maior área de atuação profissional.

Este estudo visou desenvolver um modelo para a predição da força de reação do solo na corrida subaquática. Participaram 20 sujeitos (9 homens e 11 mulheres), que realizaram corrida subaquática em dois níveis de imersão e três velocidades. Para cada sujeito foram coletadas seis passagens válidas em cada condição, com a utilização de uma plataforma subaquática de força. O modelo para predição da força foi construído por regressão linear múltipla. Foram consideradas variáveis dependentes a componente vertical e a componente ântero-posterior da força de reação do solo. As variáveis imersão, sexo, velocidade, massa corporal, densidade corporal e percentual de gordura foram consideradas independentes. Permaneceu no modelo final de regressão para a componente vertical a velocidade (p

Este estudo visou desenvolver um modelo para a predição da força de reação do solo na corrida subaquática. Participaram 20 sujeitos (9 homens e 11 mulheres), que realizaram corrida subaquática em dois níveis de imersão e três velocidades. Para cada sujeito foram coletadas seis passagens válidas em cada condição, com a utilização de uma plataforma subaquática de força. O modelo para predição da força foi construído por regressão linear múltipla. Foram consideradas variáveis dependentes a componente vertical e a componente ântero-posterior da força de reação do solo. As variáveis imersão, sexo, velocidade, massa corporal, densidade corporal e percentual de gordura foram consideradas independentes. Permaneceu no modelo final de regressão para a componente vertical a velocidade (pThis study aimed at developing a model to predict ground reaction force during deep-water running. A total of 20 subjects ((9 men, 11 women) ran in water at two immersion levels and three different speeds. Each subject performed six valid trials in each condition, data being captured by an underwater force plate. The force prediction model was build by multiple linear regression. Dependent variables were the vertical and anteroposterior components of the ground reaction force; independent variables were runners' immersion, sex, speed, body mass, body density, and percentage of fat. At the final regression model for the vertical component, only speed remained (p

O primeiro passo para reduzir a incidência de lesões em atletas é avaliar as características dos acometimentos, fornecendo subsídios para a estruturação e aplicação de programas de prevenção. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a incidência de lesões em atletas iatismo de diferentes níveis técnicos. A amostra foi composta por 172 velejadores, divididos em três grupos: 89 velejadores iniciantes, participantes da Seletiva do Campeonato Mundial da Classe Optimist (grupo 1); 29 velejadores juvenis participantes, da Copa da Juventude de Vela (grupo 2); e 54 velejadores da elite nacional, participantes da Semana Pré-Olímpica de Vela (grupo 3). Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados um questionário do tipo misto e os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva. Cinco atletas do grupo 1 (5,6%), cinco atletas do grupo 2 (17,2%) e 15 atletas do grupo 3 (27,8%) relataram algum tipo de lesão relacionada com a modalidade. Observou-se maior incidência de lesões na coluna e no joelho e o diagnóstico mais citado foi a lesão muscular, seguida dos cortes, entorses e tendinites. A incidência de lesões no iatismo é baixa se comparada com a de outras modalidades esportivas, apesar da alta demanda física exigida durante as ações sobre o barco. Verificou-se que os atletas profissionais, que possuem maior média de idade e de tempo de prática, foram os mais acometidos por lesões. Em contrapartida, a incidência é menor entre os grupos de crianças e adolescentes. É importante, portanto, que programas de prevenção sejam iniciados desde os primeiros anos de prática, no intuito de reduzir o risco de acometimentos futuros, principalmente de natureza crônica. Com base nas informações acerca do tipo de lesão, sugere-se a inclusão de exercícios de condicionamento específico da musculatura e de compensação nos programas de treinamento, além de sessões de alongamento e relaxamento.The first step to reduce the incidence of injuries in athletes is to assess the characteristics of occurrence, providing background for the structure and application of prevention programs. This study had the aim to investigate the incidence of injuries in sailing athletes of different technical levels. The sample was composed of 172 sailors, divided in three groups: 89 beginners, participants in the Optimist qualifying of the World Championship (group 1); 29 juvenile sailors, participants in the Youth Sailing Cup (group 2) and 54 national elite sailors, participants in the Pre-Olympic Sailing Week (group 3). The data collection instrument was a mixed questionnaire and the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Five athletes from group 1 (5.6%); five athletes from group 2 (17.2%) and 15 athletes from group 3 (27.8%) reported some kind of injury related with the modality. Higher incidence of injury was observed in the back and knee and the most reported diagnostic was muscular injury, followed by cuts, sprains and tendinitis. The incidence in sailing is low if compared with other sport modalities, despite the high physical demand required during the actions on the boat. It was verified that the professional athletes, who had higher age mean and time of practice, suffered the most injuries. On the other hand, the lowest incidence was among children and adolescents. Therefore, it is important that prevention programs start from the first years of practice in order to reduce the risk to future outbreaks, especially of chronic nature. Based on this information concerning kinds of injury, we suggest inclusion of exercises specific to musculature conditioning and compensation in the training programs, as well as stretching and relaxation sessions.

Introduction The Subjective Daily Assessment Scale (ESAD) is based on the visual analog scale (VAS) and assesses six parameters (pain, edema, heat, mobility, sensitivity, and confidence).Objective This study aimed to examine the association between the analyzed variables as assessed by the ESAD and physical therapy clinical discharge and return-to-play of injured athletes.Method Eighty-one patient records of athletes were analyzed; mean sample age was 23.9 ± 6.3 years. The athletes received treatment through the Sports Physical Therapy program of Santa Catarina State University, Brazil, between 2008 and 2011. Six parameters were ranked on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being the best possible condition and 10 the worst. Data analysis was conducted using stepwise Cox regression.Results At the time of the injury, the mean score for confidence was 5.82 ± 0.48, and at the time of return-to-play, it was 0.48 ± 1.1; the mean score for pain decreased from 3.7 ± 2.64 to 0.34 ± 0.83. However, due to the strong association between pain and confidence, only confidence remained in the final model. For each reduction in the value reported for confidence, the probability of return-to-play was 0.62 times greater.Conclusion The results showed that confidence was the best variable for predicting athlete return-to-play. ResumoIntrodução A Escala Subjetiva de Avaliação Diária (ESAD) é uma escala baseada na Escala Analógica Visual (EVA), que avalia seis parâmetros (dor, edema, calor, mobilidade, sensibilidade e confiança).Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a associação das variáveis analisadas a partir da ESAD com a liberação da fisioterapia.Método Foram utilizados 81 prontuários de atletas com média de idade de 23,9 ± 6,3 anos, que foram atendidos entre 2008 e 2011 no Projeto de Fisioterapia Desportiva da Udesc e que responderam a ESAD, classificando os seis parâmetros numa escala de 0 a 10, sendo que 0 significa a melhor condição e 10 a pior. Os dados foram analisados a partir da regressão de Cox, por meio do método stepwise.Resultados No momento da lesão, a confiança, em média, era de 5,82 ± 0,48 e, no momento do retorno ao esporte, passou para 0,48 ± 1,1, e a dor de 3,7 ± 2,64 foi para 0,34 ± 0,83, porém devido à forte associação entre dor e confiança, apenas a confiança permaneceu no modelo final. A cada diminuição do valor relatado na confiança a chance de retorno ao esporte aumenta 0,62 vezes.Conclusão Os resultados demonstraram que a confiança é a variável que melhor prediz a liberação do atleta.

Background This work had the objective to analyze the values of the vertical and anteroposterior components of the ground reaction force (GRF) during the aquatic gait and the influence of the speed and the upper limb position on the GRF components values. Methods Sixty subjects, with average height between 1.6 and 1.85 m and average age of 23 years, were divided in three groups according to the immersion level. The citizens walked over a walking platform, which had two force plates attached. The platform was located at a depth of 1.3 m. The subjects walked over the platform in four different situations, with speed and upper limb position variations. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Findings For the vertical component, the force values varied between 20% and 40% of the subjects’ body weight according to the different data collection situations. For the anteroposterior component, the force values reached between 8% and 20% of the subjects’ body weight corporal, also according with the data collection situation. Interpretation (discussion) It was noted that for a given immersion level, the forces can vary according to the request that is imposed to the aquatic gait. It was concluded that either the speed as well as the position of the upper limb influence the values of the GRF components. An increase in the gait speed causes increase of the anteroposterior component (Fx), while an increase in the corporal mass out of the water causes increase mainly of the vertical component (Fy). Knowing the value of these alterations is important for the professional who prescribes activities in aquatic environment.