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1. Erratum: Towards a muon collider

Author

Carlotta Accettura, Dean Adams, Rohit Agarwal, Claudia Ahdida, Chiara Aimè, Nicola Amapane, David Amorim, Paolo Andreetto, Fabio Anulli, Robert Appleby, Artur Apresyan, Aram Apyan, Sergey Arsenyev, Pouya Asadi, Mohammed Attia Mahmoud, Aleksandr Azatov, John Back, Lorenzo Balconi, Laura Bandiera, Roger Barlow, Nazar Bartosik, Emanuela Barzi, Fabian Batsch, Matteo Bauce, J. Scott Berg, Andrea Bersani, Alessandro Bertarelli, Alessandro Bertolin, Kevin Black, Fulvio Boattini, Alex Bogacz, Maurizio Bonesini, Bernardo Bordini, Salvatore Bottaro, Luca Bottura, Alessandro Braghieri, Marco Breschi, Natalie Bruhwiler, Xavier Buffat, Laura Buonincontri, Philip N. Burrows, Graeme Burt, Dario Buttazzo, Barbara Caiffi, Marco Calviani, Simone Calzaferri, Daniele Calzolari, Rodolfo Capdevilla, Christian Carli, Fausto Casaburo, Massimo Casarsa, Luca Castelli, Maria Gabriella Catanesi, Lorenzo Cavallucci, Gianluca Cavoto, Francesco Giovanni Celiberto, Luigi Celona, Alessandro Cerri, Gianmario Cesarini, Cari Cesarotti, Grigorios Chachamis, Antoine Chance, Siyu Chen, Yang-Ting Chien, Mauro Chiesa, Anna Colaleo, Francesco Collamati, Gianmaria Collazuol, Marco Costa, Nathaniel Craig, Camilla Curatolo, David Curtin, Giacomo Da Molin, Magnus Dam, Heiko Damerau, Sridhara Dasu, Jorge de Blas, Stefania De Curtis, Ernesto De Matteis, Stefania De Rosa, Jean-Pierre Delahaye, Dmitri Denisov, Haluk Denizli, Christopher Densham, Radovan Dermisek, Luca Di Luzio, Elisa Di Meco, Biagio Di Micco, Keith Dienes, Eleonora Diociaiuti, Tommaso Dorigo, Alexey Dudarev, Robert Edgecock, Filippo Errico, Marco Fabbrichesi, Stefania Farinon, Anna Ferrari, Jose Antonio Ferreira Somoza, Frank Filthaut, Davide Fiorina, Elena Fol, Matthew Forslund, Roberto Franceschini, Rui Franqueira Ximenes, Emidio Gabrielli, Michele Gallinaro, Francesco Garosi, Luca Giambastiani, Alessio Gianelle, Simone Gilardoni, Dario Augusto Giove, Carlo Giraldin, Alfredo Glioti, Mario Greco, Admir Greljo, Ramona Groeber, Christophe Grojean, Alexej Grudiev, Jiayin Gu, Chengcheng Han, Tao Han, John Hauptman, Brian Henning, Keith Hermanek, Matthew Herndon, Tova Ray Holmes, Samuel Homiller, Guoyuan Huang, Sudip Jana, Sergo Jindariani, Paul Bogdan Jurj, Yonatan Kahn, Ivan Karpov, David Kelliher, Wolfgang Kilian, Antti Kolehmainen, Kyoungchul Kong, Patrick Koppenburg, Nils Kreher, Georgios Krintiras, Karol Krizka, Gordan Krnjaic, Benjamin T. Kuchma, Nilanjana Kumar, Anton Lechner, Lawrence Lee, Qiang Li, Roberto Li Voti, Ronald Lipton, Zhen Liu, Shivani Lomte, Kenneth Long, Jose Lorenzo Gomez, Roberto Losito, Ian Low, Qianshu Lu, Donatella Lucchesi, Lianliang Ma, Yang Ma, Shinji Machida, Fabio Maltoni, Marco Mandurrino, Bruno Mansoulie, Luca Mantani, Claude Marchand, Samuele Mariotto, Stewart Martin-Haugh, David Marzocca, Paola Mastrapasqua, Giorgio Mauro, Andrea Mazzolari, Navin McGinnis, Patrick Meade, Barbara Mele, Federico Meloni, Matthias Mentink, Claudia Merlassino, Elias Metral, Rebecca Miceli, Natalia Milas, Nikolai Mokhov, Alessandro Montella, Tim Mulder, Riccardo Musenich, Marco Nardecchia, Federico Nardi, Niko Neufeld, David Neuffer, Daniel Novelli, Yasar Onel, Domizia Orestano, Daniele Paesani, Simone Pagan Griso, Mark Palmer, Paolo Panci, Giuliano Panico, Rocco Paparella, Paride Paradisi, Antonio Passeri, Nadia Pastrone, Antonello Pellecchia, Fulvio Piccinini, Alfredo Portone, Karolos Potamianos, Marco Prioli, Lionel Quettier, Emilio Radicioni, Raffaella Radogna, Riccardo Rattazzi, Diego Redigolo, Laura Reina, Elodie Resseguie, Jürgen Reuter, Pier Luigi Ribani, Cristina Riccardi, Lorenzo Ricci, Stefania Ricciardi, Luciano Ristori, Tania Natalie Robens, Werner Rodejohann, Chris Rogers, Marco Romagnoni, Kevin Ronald, Lucio Rossi, Richard Ruiz, Farinaldo S. Queiroz, Filippo Sala, Jakub Salko, Paola Salvini, Ennio Salvioni, Jose Santiago, Ivano Sarra, Francisco Javier Saura Esteban, Jochen Schieck, Daniel Schulte, Michele Selvaggi, Carmine Senatore, Abdulkadir Senol, Daniele Sertore, Lorenzo Sestini, Varun Sharma, Vladimir Shiltsev, Jing Shu, Federica Maria Simone, Rosa Simoniello, Kyriacos Skoufaris, Massimo Sorbi, Stefano Sorti, Anna Stamerra, Steinar Stapnes, Giordon Holtsberg Stark, Marco Statera, Bernd Stechauner, Daniel Stolarski, Diktys Stratakis, Shufang Su, Wei Su, Olcyr Sumensari, Xiaohu Sun, Raman Sundrum, Maximilian J. Swiatlowski, Alexei Sytov, Tim M. P. Tait, Jingyu Tang, Jian Tang, Andrea Tesi, Pietro Testoni, Brooks Thomas, Emily Anne Thompson, Riccardo Torre, Ludovico Tortora, Luca Tortora, Sokratis Trifinopoulos, Ilaria Vai, Marco Valente, Riccardo Umberto Valente, Alessandro Valenti, Nicolò Valle, Ursula van Rienen, Rosamaria Venditti, Arjan Verweij, Piet Verwilligen, Ludovico Vittorio, Paolo Vitulo, Liantao Wang, Hannsjorg Weber, Mariusz Wozniak, Richard Wu, Yongcheng Wu, Andrea Wulzer, Keping Xie, Akira Yamamoto, Yifeng Yang, Katsuya Yonehara, Sangsik Yoon, Angela Zaza, Xiaoran Zhao, Alexander Zlobin, Davide Zuliani, and Jose Zurita

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Published
2024
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2. Towards a muon collider

Author

Carlotta Accettura, Dean Adams, Rohit Agarwal, Claudia Ahdida, Chiara Aimè, Nicola Amapane, David Amorim, Paolo Andreetto, Fabio Anulli, Robert Appleby, Artur Apresyan, Aram Apyan, Sergey Arsenyev, Pouya Asadi, Mohammed Attia Mahmoud, Aleksandr Azatov, John Back, Lorenzo Balconi, Laura Bandiera, Roger Barlow, Nazar Bartosik, Emanuela Barzi, Fabian Batsch, Matteo Bauce, J. Scott Berg, Andrea Bersani, Alessandro Bertarelli, Alessandro Bertolin, Kevin Black, Fulvio Boattini, Alex Bogacz, Maurizio Bonesini, Bernardo Bordini, Salvatore Bottaro, Luca Bottura, Alessandro Braghieri, Marco Breschi, Natalie Bruhwiler, Xavier Buffat, Laura Buonincontri, Philip N. Burrows, Graeme Burt, Dario Buttazzo, Barbara Caiffi, Marco Calviani, Simone Calzaferri, Daniele Calzolari, Rodolfo Capdevilla, Christian Carli, Fausto Casaburo, Massimo Casarsa, Luca Castelli, Maria Gabriella Catanesi, Lorenzo Cavallucci, Gianluca Cavoto, Francesco Giovanni Celiberto, Luigi Celona, Alessandro Cerri, Gianmario Cesarini, Cari Cesarotti, Grigorios Chachamis, Antoine Chance, Siyu Chen, Yang-Ting Chien, Mauro Chiesa, Anna Colaleo, Francesco Collamati, Gianmaria Collazuol, Marco Costa, Nathaniel Craig, Camilla Curatolo, David Curtin, Giacomo Da Molin, Magnus Dam, Heiko Damerau, Sridhara Dasu, Jorge de Blas, Stefania De Curtis, Ernesto De Matteis, Stefania De Rosa, Jean-Pierre Delahaye, Dmitri Denisov, Haluk Denizli, Christopher Densham, Radovan Dermisek, Luca Di Luzio, Elisa Di Meco, Biagio Di Micco, Keith Dienes, Eleonora Diociaiuti, Tommaso Dorigo, Alexey Dudarev, Robert Edgecock, Filippo Errico, Marco Fabbrichesi, Stefania Farinon, Anna Ferrari, Jose Antonio Ferreira Somoza, Frank Filthaut, Davide Fiorina, Elena Fol, Matthew Forslund, Roberto Franceschini, Rui Franqueira Ximenes, Emidio Gabrielli, Michele Gallinaro, Francesco Garosi, Luca Giambastiani, Alessio Gianelle, Simone Gilardoni, Dario Augusto Giove, Carlo Giraldin, Alfredo Glioti, Mario Greco, Admir Greljo, Ramona Groeber, Christophe Grojean, Alexej Grudiev, Jiayin Gu, Chengcheng Han, Tao Han, John Hauptman, Brian Henning, Keith Hermanek, Matthew Herndon, Tova Ray Holmes, Samuel Homiller, Guoyuan Huang, Sudip Jana, Sergo Jindariani, Paul Bogdan Jurj, Yonatan Kahn, Ivan Karpov, David Kelliher, Wolfgang Kilian, Antti Kolehmainen, Kyoungchul Kong, Patrick Koppenburg, Nils Kreher, Georgios Krintiras, Karol Krizka, Gordan Krnjaic, Benjamin T. Kuchma, Nilanjana Kumar, Anton Lechner, Lawrence Lee, Qiang Li, Roberto Li Voti, Ronald Lipton, Zhen Liu, Shivani Lomte, Kenneth Long, Jose Lorenzo Gomez, Roberto Losito, Ian Low, Qianshu Lu, Donatella Lucchesi, Lianliang Ma, Yang Ma, Shinji Machida, Fabio Maltoni, Marco Mandurrino, Bruno Mansoulie, Luca Mantani, Claude Marchand, Samuele Mariotto, Stewart Martin-Haugh, David Marzocca, Paola Mastrapasqua, Giorgio Mauro, Andrea Mazzolari, Navin McGinnis, Patrick Meade, Barbara Mele, Federico Meloni, Matthias Mentink, Claudia Merlassino, Elias Metral, Rebecca Miceli, Natalia Milas, Nikolai Mokhov, Alessandro Montella, Tim Mulder, Riccardo Musenich, Marco Nardecchia, Federico Nardi, Niko Neufeld, David Neuffer, Daniel Novelli, Yasar Onel, Domizia Orestano, Daniele Paesani, Simone Pagan Griso, Mark Palmer, Paolo Panci, Giuliano Panico, Rocco Paparella, Paride Paradisi, Antonio Passeri, Nadia Pastrone, Antonello Pellecchia, Fulvio Piccinini, Alfredo Portone, Karolos Potamianos, Marco Prioli, Lionel Quettier, Emilio Radicioni, Raffaella Radogna, Riccardo Rattazzi, Diego Redigolo, Laura Reina, Elodie Resseguie, Jürgen Reuter, Pier Luigi Ribani, Cristina Riccardi, Lorenzo Ricci, Stefania Ricciardi, Luciano Ristori, Tania Natalie Robens, Werner Rodejohann, Chris Rogers, Marco Romagnoni, Kevin Ronald, Lucio Rossi, Richard Ruiz, Farinaldo S. Queiroz, Filippo Sala, Jakub Salko, Paola Salvini, Ennio Salvioni, Jose Santiago, Ivano Sarra, Francisco Javier Saura Esteban, Jochen Schieck, Daniel Schulte, Michele Selvaggi, Carmine Senatore, Abdulkadir Senol, Daniele Sertore, Lorenzo Sestini, Varun Sharma, Vladimir Shiltsev, Jing Shu, Federica Maria Simone, Rosa Simoniello, Kyriacos Skoufaris, Massimo Sorbi, Stefano Sorti, Anna Stamerra, Steinar Stapnes, Giordon Holtsberg Stark, Marco Statera, Bernd Stechauner, Daniel Stolarski, Diktys Stratakis, Shufang Su, Wei Su, Olcyr Sumensari, Xiaohu Sun, Raman Sundrum, Maximilian J. Swiatlowski, Alexei Sytov, Tim M. P. Tait, Jingyu Tang, Jian Tang, Andrea Tesi, Pietro Testoni, Brooks Thomas, Emily Anne Thompson, Riccardo Torre, Ludovico Tortora, Luca Tortora, Sokratis Trifinopoulos, Ilaria Vai, Marco Valente, Riccardo Umberto Valente, Alessandro Valenti, Nicolò Valle, Ursula van Rienen, Rosamaria Venditti, Arjan Verweij, Piet Verwilligen, Ludovico Vittorio, Paolo Vitulo, Liantao Wang, Hannsjorg Weber, Mariusz Wozniak, Richard Wu, Yongcheng Wu, Andrea Wulzer, Keping Xie, Akira Yamamoto, Yifeng Yang, Katsuya Yonehara, Sangsik Yoon, Angela Zaza, Xiaoran Zhao, Alexander Zlobin, Davide Zuliani, and Jose Zurita

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work.

Published
2023
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3. Wave-particle interactions in copper diamond

Author

Marcus Portelli, Michele Pasquali, Federico Carra, Alessandro Bertarelli, Pierluigi Mollicone, and Nicholas Sammut

Subjects
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

In the context of wave propagation in solids caused by particle-matter interactions, the composite structure of copper diamond is believed to have a significant impact on the material’s response. This limits the accuracy of isotropic homogeneous elastic and elastic-plastic models used in earlier studies modeling the material’s behavior under such conditions. This study aims to investigate the mesoscopic behavior of the copper diamond and discusses the advantages and limitations of modeling the internal composite structure of the material. The material response of CuCD was modeled in a 2D finite element simulation, considering internal wave propagation as a result of external impact and an internal thermal shock. Various homogeneous models were considered and compared with a mesoscopic model. The homogeneous models tested were found to be able to capture wave propagation effects in the material, and the inclusion of a hardening model allowed their performance to approach that of the mesoscale model considered, which is significantly more computationally demanding.

Published
2023
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4. Thermomechanical Characterisation of Copper Diamond and Benchmarking with the MultiMat Experiment

Author

Marcus Portelli, Michele Pasquali, Federico Carra, Alessandro Bertarelli, Pierluigi Mollicone, Nicholas Sammut, Óscar Sacristán de Frutos, Jorge Guardia Valenzuela, Erich Neubauer, Michael Kitzmantel, and David Grech

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider upgrade at CERN will result in an increase in the energy stored in the circulating particle beams, making it necessary to assess the thermomechanical performance of currently used and newly developed materials for use in beam intercepting devices such as collimators and absorbers. This study describes the thermomechanical characterisation of a novel copper diamond grade selected for use in tertiary collimators of the HL-LHC. The data obtained are used to build an elastoplastic material model and implemented in numerical simulations performed to benchmark experimental data obtained from the recently completed MultiMat experiment conducted at CERN’s HiRadMat facility, where various materials shaped as slender rods were tested under particle beam impact. The analyses focus on the dynamic longitudinal and flexural response of the material, with results showing that the material model is capable of replicating the material behaviour to a satisfactory level in both thermal and structural domains, accurately matching experimental measurements in terms of temperature, frequency content, and amplitude.

Published
2021
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5. A closed loop system to control transverse deformations in LHC collimators

Author

Thomas Furness, Simon Fletcher, James Williamson, Haydn Martin, Stefano Redaelli, Federico Carra, Alessandro Bertarelli, and Michele Pasquali

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, piezo, collimator deformation, control system, lhc, ifpi, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation
Abstract

This work presents a novel closed-loop control system for the detection and control of thermal deformations integrated in the secondary collimators of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Interactions between spurious particles lost transversally from the circulating beam core and the collimator jaws that make up the active area of the collimator will result in thermally induced deformations in those jaws. This interaction can push the jaw’s straightness out of the tolerance and force the jaw either into the beam core or away from it. This action can result in reductions in beam cleaning efficiency and increases in impedance on the beam. Whilst deformations in either direction are to be avoided, deformations into the beam are considered more of an issue as too much deformation can provoke beam dumps if beam losses are too high. To minimize this unavoidable thermal effect a novel adaptive closed-loop monitoring and actuation system, comprising of multiple intrinsic Fabry–Pérot interferometric (IFPI) optical sensors, and several integrated piezoelectric stack actuators, has been developed. When operating, this system can transiently monitor the jaws straightness and when required correct for deformations up to 500μm. In addition, subsequent steps to use this system as an active damper to reduce vibratory response, as experienced when the jaw undergoes a direct beam impact, are also discussed.

Published
2023

7. New Methodology to Derive the Mechanical Behavior of Epoxy-Impregnated Nb3Sn Cables

Author

Giorgio Vallone, Michael Guinchard, Alessandro Bertarelli, Paolo Ferracin, Oscar Sacristan de Frutos, and Claudio Fichera

Subjects
Superconductivity, Test bench, Materials science, Stiffness, Epoxy, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, visual_art, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, visual_art.visual_art_medium, medicine, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, medicine.symptom, 010306 general physics, Electrical conductor
Abstract

The Nb 3 Sn technology plays a crucial role in developing high-field superconducting magnets. The new-generation Nb 3 Sn cable greatly contributes to bring the magnetic field produced by the superconducting dipole magnets to the 16 T level; nevertheless, its mechanical properties are largely variable, making it difficult to predict the mechanical behavior of the magnet structure. For this reason, an extended experimental campaign on specimens made from a stack of ten Nb 3 Sn cables was launched at CERN. The ten-stack can be considered a representative sample of the magnet coil because it is produced following the same construction process: curing, reaction, and impregnation. The experimental campaign consists of compression tests along the three sample directions at room temperature and multiple loading and unloading cycles were performed as it occurs for real magnet coils. A dedicated test bench was designed to measure the vertical and lateral deformations of the sample. This work presents the stress-strain relationships, focusing on the cable-stack stiffness, which strongly depends on the stress level in each loading direction. Moreover, the transverse-longitudinal strain relationships give further information about the complex behavior of the Nb 3 Sn cable-stack, because the rearrangement of the conductors occurs during the test. A new analytical methodology is proposed to predict the nonlinear behavior of the Nb 3 Sn composite cable.

Published
2019

8. 200 MeV proton irradiation of the oxide-dispersion-strengthened copper alloy (GlidCop-Al15)

Author

Stefano Redaelli, Lance Lewis Snead, Nikolaos Simos, David J. Sprouster, Alessandro Bertarelli, Zhong Zhong, Nikolaos Charitonidis, E. Quaranta, Eric Dooryhee, H. Zhong, F. Camino, and Z. Kotsina

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Proton, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, Copper, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Glidcop, Hardening (metallurgy), Physics::Accelerator Physics, General Materials Science, Spallation, Neutron, Irradiation, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

In search to identify extremely stable materials to perform the collimation function of the 7-TeV proton beam halo at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), oxide dispersion strengthened (DS) copper alloys were explored. These internally oxidized copper alloys known as GlidCop are also leading candidates for high heat flux applications in fusion reactors and as divertor and first wall structure in ITER. These considerations have led to an extensive body of research on neutron-induced changes in the microstructure and physio-mechanical properties. This study focused primarily on the damage induced by 200 MeV protons on as wrought and cold-worked GlidCop Al15 DS copper ally selected as a candidate material of the LHC beam collimation structure to damage levels up to ∼10 displacements-per-atom (dpa) and irradiation temperatures up to ∼600 °C. For reference, low dose spallation neutron damage at sub-zero irradiation temperature was included in the study. Proton irradiation effects on dimensional stability, mechanical behavior, electrical resistivity and X-ray diffraction-based microstructural changes are presented in the paper. GlidCop Al15 exhibited excellent thermal stability and superior to pure Cu resistance to conductivity loss. Proton irradiation-induced hardening and embrittlement at distinct irradiation temperature regimes were shown to follow similar trends to what was reported under neutron exposure to even higher dpa damage. At T$_{\tt{irr}}$ ∼600 ± 20 °C the cold-worked DS copper alloy exhibited softening accompanied by elongation reduction while at T$_{\tt{irr}}$ ∼200 ± 10 °C the as-wrought experienced hardening with elongation increase. High resolution X-ray diffraction revealed that even low-dose neutron irradiation has a strong influence on the size and distribution of dispersed Al$_2$O$_3$ particles.

Published
2019

9. Novel LHC collimator materials: High-energy Hadron beam impact tests and nondestructive postirradiation examination

Author

Federico Carra, Stefano Redaelli, Alessandro Bertarelli, J. Guardia-Valenzuela, and G. Gobbi

Subjects
Thermal shock, Materials science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Mathematics, Hadron, 02 engineering and technology, Collimated light, law.invention, Optics, 0203 mechanical engineering, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, law, General Materials Science, Radiation hardening, Civil and Structural Engineering, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Collimator, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Accelerators and Storage Rings, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, Mechanics of Materials, 0210 nano-technology, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The LHC collimation system must adopt materials with excellent thermal shock resistance, high electrical conductivity, geometrical stability, and radiation hardness. Two novel composites, Molybdenum–Carbide–Graphite and Copper–Diamond, are proposed for the LHC collimation upgrade. A postirradiation examination was performed to assess the status of the composites, tested under intense proton beam impacts at the CERN HiRadMat facility. Metrology measurements, computed tomography, and 3D topography allowed to evaluate the localized spallation induced by the beam. This article provides an overview of the thermophysical characterization of the two composites before irradiation and nondestructive postirradiation results.

Published
2019

10. Radiation damage of a two-dimensional carbon fiber composite (CFC)

Author

Alessandro Bertarelli, A.I. Ryazanov, Ralph Assmann, Nikolaos Charitonidis, Z. Kotsina, Z. Zhong, Nikolaos Simos, Stefano Redaelli, E. Quaranta, Sanjit Ghose, and David J. Sprouster

Subjects
Diffraction, Range (particle radiation), Materials science, Proton, Annealing (metallurgy), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Fluence, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, Radiation damage, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Irradiation, Graphite, Composite material
Abstract

Carbon fiber composites (CFC) are, among other applications, already in use as low-impedance collimating elements for intercepting TeV-level protons machines, like the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Towards a comprehensive understanding of these materials’ properties and behavior, a series of radiation damage campaigns have been undertaken in order to quantitively investigate the response of AC-150 K CFC to high proton fluences. The CFCs dimensional changes, stability, micro-structural evolution, and structural integrity below and above 5 × 1020 p/cm2 fluence threshold were studied. The irradiating particles were protons of kinetic energies in the range of 130–200 MeV. The effects of the irradiation temperature (~90–180 °C and 280–500 °C) combined with the proton fluence on the dimensional stability and the microstructural evolution of this anisotropic two-dimensional composite structure were studied using precision dilatometry and X-ray diffraction. Our results shed light on the fluence-based limitations for these composite materials. Furthermore, we compare these results with reference unirradiated graphite, and we discuss the similarities and differences in the dimensional changes and post-irradiation annealing properties.

Published
2021

11. Thermomechanical Characterisation of Copper Diamond and Benchmarking with the MultiMat Experiment

Author

Michele Pasquali, Jorge Guardia Valenzuela, Alessandro Bertarelli, Michael Kitzmantel, David Grech, Erich Neubauer, Nicholas Sammut, Marcus Portelli, Federico Carra, Oscar Sacristan de Frutos, and Pierluigi Mollicone

Subjects
Materials science, Article Subject, Expansion (Heat) -- Measurement, Nuclear engineering, Particle beams, Colliding, QC1-999, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Rod, Metals -- Thermomechanical properties, Flexural strength, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Particle beam, Civil and Structural Engineering, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Diamond, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Condensed Matter Physics, elasto-plastic material models, material behaviour, colliding beam accelerators, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Mechanics of Materials, engineering, Particle, Physics::Accelerator Physics, 0210 nano-technology, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider upgrade at CERN will result in an increase in the energy stored in the circulating particle beams, making it necessary to assess the thermomechanical performance of currently used and newly developed materials for use in beam intercepting devices such as collimators and absorbers. This study describes the thermomechanical characterisation of a novel copper diamond grade selected for use in tertiary collimators of the HL-LHC. The data obtained are used to build an elastoplastic material model and implemented in numerical simulations performed to benchmark experimental data obtained from the recently completed MultiMat experiment conducted at CERN’s HiRadMat facility, where various materials shaped as slender rods were tested under particle beam impact. The analyses focus on the dynamic longitudinal and flexural response of the material, with results showing that the material model is capable of replicating the material behaviour to a satisfactory level in both thermal and structural domains, accurately matching experimental measurements in terms of temperature, frequency content, and amplitude., peer-reviewed

Published
2021

12. HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4

Author

Pushpalatha C Bhat, B. Seeber, C. Pagliarone, Marco Statera, Victor P. Goncalves, Daria Astapovych, W. Bartmann, S. Iwamoto, M. Mentink, Alessandro Tricoli, E. R. Bielert, Laurent Chevalier, Patrick Koppenburg, Marco Calviani, C. Montag, P. Spiller, Jan Uythoven, P. Di Nezza, G. Guillermo Canton, B. Sailer, Markus Elsing, Sara Khatibi, Luca Vecchi, Luigi Palumbo, J. P. Penttinen, T. Podzorny, Maneesh Kumar, J. M. Rifflet, C. Kotnig, Jean Zinn-Justin, Christopher B. Verhaaren, A. Chernoded, Alessandro Bertarelli, L. M. Tkachenko, C. Koeberl, P. J. Mallon, M. Takeuchi, W. Venturini Delsolaro, G. Lamanna, S. Weinzierl, J. Gao, W. Kaabi, David D'Enterria, D. Barna, Paolo Castelnovo, Rajat Gupta, Oliver Boine-Frankenheim, Adarsh Pyarelal, Andreas Salzburger, Tessa Charles, M.E. Biagini, O. Panella, M. Stuart, A. Kollegger, V. Garcia Diaz, Olcay Bolukbasi, Maurizio Pierini, H. Aksakal, Tord Riemann, Abhishek M. Iyer, V. Shiltsev, D. Buttazzo, J. Blümlein, Prateek Agrawal, L. Sestini, Martin Bauer, Felicitas Pauss, S. Fiorendi, F. Bossu, Marco Nardecchia, C. Leonidopoulos, Wojciech Kotlarski, A. Saba, I. Bautista-Guzmán, W. Hillert, Giorgio Ambrosio, T. Lehtinen, Michael Andrew Parker, Silvia Taroni, Gian F. Giudice, Ph. Lebrun, Johann A. Briffa, T. Risselada, Giuseppe Lerner, A. Lechner, L. S. Miralles, M. Kuze, J. M. Valet, P. S. B. Dev, S. Holleis, Ph. Schwemling, M. Biglietti, S. Banerjee, Thomas Schörner-Sadenius, A. Sanz Ull, V. Tikhomirov, S. Savelyeva, Jiayin Gu, D. Zhou, Federico Ravotti, S. A. Bogacz, Daniele Mirarchi, R. Tomás García, Yann Coadou, F. Yu, Y. Cai, T. Lari, F. Holdener, D. Shwartz, C. Bhat, Ramesh Gupta, Markus Klute, E. Palmieri, P. Collier, Branislav Sitar, Yves Sirois, Livio Fanò, S. Rojas-Torres, E. Locci, Ruben Garcia Alia, I. Božović Jelisavić, R. Chehab, J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, M. Pasquali, A. Di Cicco, Bernhard Auchmann, Klaus Heinemann, Alessia Tricomi, D. Lucchesi, B. Haerer, M. Morrone, Paolo Giacomelli, Sonia Carra, A. Senol, Ivan Koop, Luca Silvestrini, Anna Stakia, Heather Gray, E. Skordis, A. D. Kovalenko, Paul Langacker, R. Li, Bernardo Bordini, R. Rata, Arjan Verweij, Shehu S. AbdusSalam, Andrey Karyukhin, U. van Rienen, Gianluigi Arduini, Bernhard Holzer, S. A. Nikitin, S. S. Kozub, Satoshi Mishima, B. Di Micco, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, N. Pukhaeva, Nigel Watson, F. Prino, Jean-Michel Sallese, Sotirios Vlachos, Alessandro Vicini, A. Valassi, Daniel Treille, F. Dordei, A. M. Fernandez Navarro, B. Dziewit, Marcello Abbrescia, J. M. Hauptman, I. Chaikovska, Paolo Giubellino, Michael J. Baker, V.V. Kashikhin, Friedrich Lackner, Filippo Sala, A. Langner, D. Pulikowski, H. Eriksson, Matteo Turri, Andrea Wulzer, M. Aiba, Lisa Borgonovi, I. Morozov, V. Haurylavets, J. F. Croteau, S. Boselli, L. A. Gonzalez Gomez, Claudia Tambasco, F. Mahmoudi, Sébastien Descotes-Genon, A. Luciani, Pavel Piminov, M. Varasteh, T. Herzig, Sandra Aumon, Cristina Bernini, Joseph Bramante, Roberta Arnaldi, G. Zick, Daniel Schulte, R. Santoro, Anna Kulesza, I. Turk Cakir, M. Nonis, Silvia Posada Arias, Livia Soffi, T. Wojtoń, E. Cennini, Florian Bauer, B. Rousset, J.-L. Grenard, C. Neubüser, Frederic Derue, Loukas Gouskos, Rainer Wallny, G. Calderini, M. Merk, M. Mühlegger, Roberto Cimino, M. Ramsey-Musolf, P. Rebello Teles, Mario Galanti, Mikhail Shaposhnikov, A. Andreazza, Maria Vittoria Garzelli, Masaya Ishino, José W. F. Valle, Colin Bernet, G. Velev, Cristina Botta, E. Fischer, J. Malclés, Giuseppe Montenero, Tripurari Srivastava, E. Renner, Shahnam Gorgi Zadeh, D. Cantore-Cavalli, Paul Laycock, J. Komppula, Simon C. Hopkins, Helmut Burkhardt, Eric Lancon, I. Aichinger, Andre Sznajder, F. Bordry, Massimo Giovannozzi, Aidan Robson, Anna Giunta, A. Carvalho, S. Farinon, Daniel Wollmann, M. Fouaidy, Martti Raidal, R. Gerard, Giovanni Volpini, U. Niedermayer, A. Alekou, Alexander J.G. Lunt, Vincenzo Cavasinni, Andrzej Siodmok, U. Kaya, Matthias Schott, Marumi Kado, S. A. Arsenyev, José Zurita, John Osborne, Patrick Meade, Gianmarco Bovone, G. Li, Klaus Schlenga, Antti Stenvall, D. Duellmann, Werner Riegler, I. Garzia, Yasuyuki Okumura, G. Pikurs, F. Maltoni, Massimo Sorbi, M. Arzeo, B. Strauss, Y. W. Baek, Mauro Chiesa, K. Ilyina-Brunner, Javier L. Albacete, R. Farinelli, C. Pes, Nicolas Morange, S. M. Zernov, U. Wagner, Emmanuelle Perez, G. G. Da Silveira, J. Neundorf, Néstor Armesto, T. Hahn, Roman N. Lee, Roderik Bruce, B. Y. Sharkov, T. du Pree, G. Cibinetto, Evelin Meoni, R. Rinaldesi, James A. Ellison, Radim Slovak, Silvia Franchino, Mikko Laine, T. Pugnat, S. P. Das, Yuji Enari, Emanuela Barzi, Cihan Bayindir, R. Boels, Jana Faltova, M. Moreno Llácer, Scott A. Yost, Michael Spannowsky, Florian Burkart, Marcin Chrzaszcz, K. Suzuki, Luca Trentadue, S. Masciocchi, Gilad Perez, Steve Peggs, K. Sugita, Eleonora Belli, Carmine Senatore, K. Y. Oyulmaz, Aldo Deandrea, Irakli Minashvili, Desmond P. Barber, M. I. Martínez-Hernández, A. Apyan, S. 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Kalinowski, Michele Cascella, Francesco Giffoni, Alessandro Polini, Georges Azuelos, M. Prioli, Wolfgang Altmannshofer, S. K. Patra, H. J. He, J. J. Aguilera-Verdugo, Hannu Paukkunen, P. Chomaz, Shoji Asai, Nicolas Magnin, Gavin P. Salam, R. Wang, F. Avino, Alexander Romanenko, A. Rossi, Steve Muanza, Richard Ruiz, Dmitry Teytelman, S. Klöppel, S. Atieh, M. Mohammadi Najafabadi, L. Apolinario, Andrea Tesi, M. Maggiora, A. Falkowski, Janusz Gluza, M. Sauvain, Hamzeh Khanpour, S. Chance, Ansgar Denner, Ma. Greco, Andreas Papaefstathiou, Manuela Boscolo, Joydeep Chakrabortty, E. Franco, R. R. Bosley, G. Peón, Fred Olness, Simone Alioli, Andrea Gaddi, M. K. Sullivan, M. Segreti, M. Panareo, Florian Goertz, Z. G. Zhao, H. Chanal, O. Martin, P. Azzurri, Agnieszka Chmielinska, M. Kordiaczyńska, O. Brunner, J. Von Ahnen, Jose Santiago, K. Foraz, Y. Alexahin, Marcello Mannelli, Christian Schwanenberger, S. Ganjour, Simone Marzani, T. M. Taylor, S. Di Vita, J. Womersley, I. 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Saez de Jauregui, Maria Rescigno, Stephan Eisenhardt, Andrea Dainese, Z. Drásal, G. H. Corral, J. M. Camalich, John Ellis, E. Gabrielli, L. Rumyantsev, A. Caliskan, K. Brunner, K. Tang, P. Sopicki, J. Fan, Marcin Kucharczyk, S. Gorgi Zadeh, Carlos A. Salgado, Simone Bologna, Y. Muttoni, A. Chancé, Patrick Jenny, Mark Boland, G. Yang, G. Wilkinson, Roger J. Hernández-Pinto, M. Novák, Gennady Stupakov, E. Jensen, Lance D. Cooley, Torbjörn Sjöstrand, S. Su, Matthew Luzum, J. Casas, Per Osland, T. Robens, Oscar A. Sampayo, Evgeny Levichev, P. N. Ratoff, G. Rolandi, M. A. Valdivia Garcia, Anthony Keith Morley, L. van Riesen-Haupt, A. Sublet, M. A. Mazzoni, J.L. Gutierrez, A. Abramov, Abbas Kenan Ciftci, A. Provino, L. Delle Rose, John Fox, Barry M. Dillon, V. Smirnov, G. N. Taylor, Anke-Susanne Müller, C. Pira, Fulvio Piccinini, A. Faus-Golfe, Pietro Antonioli, S. Sanfilippo, Julien Cogan, A. Ribon, Andrew Hutton, Frank Zimmermann, Lev Dudko, Erez Etzion, J. Polinski, G. Bencivenni, M. Gil Costa, L. K. Gladilin, Yannis Papaphilippou, Michael Spira, Maria Paola Lombardo, M. Fiascaris, Darius A. Faroughy, S. O. Kara, Peter Braun-Munzinger, A. Wohlfahrt, A. A. Krasnov, S.A. Gourlay, W. Da Silva, Jacqueline Keintzel, Radja Boughezal, Renat Sadykov, L. R. Sulak, Valentin V. Khoze, T. Tydecks, S. Puławski, Daniel de Florian, Pedro Schwaller, A. Akay, Nicola Serra, Sukanta Dutta, Christophe Royon, Alessandro Ricci, A. Kuendig, C. G. Honorato, K. Kołodziej, L. Deniau, Michael Kramer, J. Ferradas Troitino, A. Arbey, A. M. Staśto, Marcel Demarteau, Ralph Aßmann, O. Grimm, D. Forkel-Wirth, Owain Rhodri Jones, A. M. Kolano, G. Chiarello, William Trischuk, Andrea Dell'Acqua, Elisabetta Gallo, H. Song, Frank Petriello, N. Ibarrola, C. Colldelram, A. I. Ryazanov, A. Meier, Phillip Allport, J. de Blas, S. Chattopadhyay, Massimo Florio, X. Jiang, Bertrand Baudouy, T. Otto, Tevong You, Christoph Englert, Roberto Pittau, G. M. Bilei, Matthew McCullough, N. S. Ramírez-Uribe, J. Charles, Amalia Ballarino, Federico Antinori, A. V. Kotwal, P. Le Guen, Berndt Müller, Chiara Roda, Xavier Buffat, D. K. Hong, Matthias Liepe, G. Gorine, V. A. Okorokov, D. Bozzini, N. Simand, Giuseppe Francesco Tartarelli, C. Marquet, R. Contino, A. M. Teixeira, R. Trant, Roberto Losito, M. Quispe, Valery I. Telnov, Helga Timko, D. Lissauer, Giulio Aielli, Giorgio Chiarelli, M. J. Baldwin, A. Winter, X. Sarasola, E. E. Boos, Aleandro Nisati, Cedric Garion, Monica D'Onofrio, S. M. Gascon-Shotkin, Daniele Barducci, G. Rosaz, Nathaniel Craig, L. D’Aloia Schwartzentruber, A. Falou, A. Henriques, Tobias Hurth, Michael Eisterer, Andreas Grau, Austin Ball, D. Delikaris, P. A. McIntosh, E. Graverini, Kadri Ozdemir, F. Valchkova, Marco Zanetti, Guenakh Mitselmakher, S. Albergo, Peter Levai, Caterina Vernieri, F. Stivanello, Michael Barnes, Henri Bachacou, Daniel Fournier, L. T. Wang, D. Boutin, S. Moretti, B. Riemann, Michael Murray, Aleksandr Azatov, C. T. A. Cook, Valentina Maria Cairo, J. B. De Vivie De Regie, H. Schmickler, M. Schenk, Georgios Voutsinas, André Schöning, S. G. Bondarenko, Giorgio Bellomo, Andrei Seryi, Jane Nachtman, Clement Helsens, E. De Lucia, Jakob Salfeld-Nebgen, Lorenzo Pezzotti, Z. Townsend, B. Dalena, Mogens Dam, Yasar Onel, Yi-Ming Zhong, B. Curé, A. A. Kolomiets, A. M. Valente-Feliciano, Laurette Ponce, David Olivier Jamin, P. Krkotic, Alexandre Louzguiti, Marina Putti, Holger Podlech, Petr Volkov, M. Angelucci, F. Duval, I. Hiekkanen, W. M. Yao, Giancarlo Ferrera, C. Lorin, Y. Dydyshka, Kurt R. Peters, Gergely Gabor Barnafoldi, V. Vysotsky, V. Arı, E. Pilicer, M. Chamizo-Llatas, G. Kuhlmann, Hans Quack, R. Valizadeh, Tiina Salmi, Thomas Kramer, Adam Jeff, A. Abada, J. M. Duval, J. Abelleira Fernandez, A. Leveratto, E. Tal Hod, X. Wu, Laurent Serin, Sarah Aull, Samuele Mariotto, A. Poiron, Sabine Riemann, P. Selva, V. I. Pantsyrny, Gianluca Valentino, K. Kahle, S. Aune, K. Potamianos, Eros Cazzato, M. Giovannetti, Petr Mandrik, S. Sidorov, F. Collamati, Simone Gilardoni, S. Bertolucci, Alexander V. Zlobin, Mehmet Sahin, Marco Delmastro, G. Aydın, A. Doblhammer, Alan S. Cornell, S. J. De Jong, M. Caccia, M. Lueckhof, P. Sollander, Mauro Taborelli, J. Shelton, Frank Gerigk, Robert Rimmer, Ayres Freitas, Pierluigi Bruzzone, Brajesh K. Singh, K. Keppel, N. Alipour Tehrani, C. Prasse, Louis Rinolfi, Emma Slade, W. Flieger, Alexey Dudarev, H. J. Yang, T. Köttig, L. Mether, C. Weiland, Andrea Malagoli, Sunghoon Jung, F. Conventi, I. Tropin, G. H. A. Viehhauser, Tomas Davidek, Y. O. Günaydin, Daniel Andreas Britzger, F. Toral, James John Brooke, R. Steerenberg, G. Morello, Mauro Migliorati, Alexej Grudiev, C. Tetrel, Wolfgang Höfle, J. V. Minervini, L. García Tabarés, V. Yermolchik, Claude Guyot, D. Guadagnoli, Giorgio Vallone, N. De Filippis, Oleksii Beznosov, P. Charitos, N. Schwerg, Ahmed Hammad, P. Manil, F. Niccoli, Lydia Iconomidou-Fayard, R. Aleksan, K. Hahn, P. Meridiani, Peter Skands, Tobias Golling, Lucio Rossi, G. Gobbi, Michael Hance, A. J. Barr, V. Del Duca, V. Guzey, M. Pont, Michele Selvaggi, Oliver Brüning, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, A. Drago, Y. Zhang, Giovanni Punzi, Viktor Matveev, Anadi Canepa, Clemens Lange, B. L. Militsyn, Martijn Mulders, Max Klein, V. D’Auria, M. Mylona, Valeria Braccini, S. DasBakshi, David Calvet, Sophia Borowka, David Marzocca, S. Jadach, A. A. Pankov, Christophe Ochando, A. A. Tudora, I. Masina, Jure Zupan, A. Preinerstorfer, Benjamin Fuks, H. K. Soltveit, G. Rolando, E.E. Perepelkin, T. G. Rizzo, Saleh Sultansoy, Federico Roncarolo, K. Elsener, R. Q. Pan, P. Zhuang, David Attié, Jac Perez, K. Kravalis, F. Anulli, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, S. Malvezzi, Steffen A. Bass, E. La Francesca, Heinz Pernegger, K. Grzanka, M. T. Tiirakari, Alberto Ventura, Alessandro Cerri, Marco Peruzzi, Eric Montesinos, O. Etisken, F. Grancagnolo, S. Kartal, H. Humer, Oliver Fischer, M. Primavera, Marco Toliman Lucchini, P. Vedrine, Felix Kling, M. Altınlı, Sergio Calatroni, C. Han, Olivier Leroy, R. T. D’Agnolo, N. Klinkenberg, A. Audurier, Tatsushi Nakamoto, Ali Bozbey, Bernd A. Kniehl, Carl J. Debono, I. P. J. Shipsey, Gregorio Bernardi, Paolo Nason, William James Fawcett, J. M. Jiménez, D. Denisov, M. Serluca, David Curtin, Arif Akhundov, M. García Pérez, Iacopo Vivarelli, Emanuele Bacchiocchi, Markus Zerlauth, Julia Hrdinka, F. Butin, F. Müller, D. Tikhonov, Jorg Wenninger, A. Kilic, Fabrizio Ferro, J. Tanaka, S. A. Antipov, Miroslav Atanasov, S. Kuttimalai, A. Y. Starikov, F. R. Blánquez, S. V. Furuseth, G. Gaudio, L. Malgeri, J. Curti, B. Turbiarz, S. Li, A. Romanov, Costas G. Papadopoulos, Brennan Goddard, Frank Krauss, Lidija Zivkovic, Toms Torims, Michaela Lackner, D. A. Lyubimtsev, G. Borghello, J. F. Grosse-Oetringhaus, A. Bogomyagkov, H. Duran Yildiz, N. Foppiani, Arthur Schaffer, J. Zhou, D. Liberati, Vincenzo Guidi, Naeem A. Tahir, M. Besançon, Daniel Schoerling, Joe Incandela, Giacomo Polesello, O. Cakir, I. Ruehl, Ruggero Vaglio, Z. Zhang, Bruno Spataro, Davide Tommasini, F. Millet, H. D. Yoo, Carlo V. Fiorio, S. Deghaye, C. Bozzi, A. Shivaji, G. Corcella, I. Bellafont, Valentina Mariani, D. E. Martins, Michael Syphers, C. Hati, Peter Marquard, Nicola Bacchetta, Matthew Crouch, David Woog, Oliver Kortner, A. Milanese, Ricardo Gonçalo, Guido Montagna, Mikhail Zobov, F. Bedeschi, Eugene Bulyak, M. Aburaia, R. Tenchini, G. Marchiori, H. Rafique, G. Calderola, M. Antonello, Andrea Thamm, S. Glukhov, F. Hug, Robert Ruprecht, Veysi Erkcan Ozcan, K. Lee, Angelo Infantino, V. Makarenko, Z. Nergiz, Sergei Chekanov, Benjamin C. Allanach, C. Dachauer, H. Zhang, C. Biscari, A. J. Lankford, Scott Thomas, P. Kostka, Thomas Gehrmann, O. Azzolini, M. Ploskon, S. F. Ge, K. Oide, Andrea Bastianin, Daniela Bortoletto, Ingo Schienbein, J. L. Biarrotte, M. van Leeuwen, D. Stöckinger, Harald Ita, J. Katharina Behr, A. Cholakian, T. Kwon, L. Medina, Evgeny Starchenko, G. Mancinelli, L. Zanotto, F. Menez, L. Bellagamba, J. P. 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Béguin, Roberto Cardarelli, C. Milardi, G. Tassielli, Mario Campanelli, P. Fabbricatore, R. Rossmanith, Piergiulio Lenzi, D. P. Missiaen, R. Patterson, Sigve Haug, A. Farilla, Guilherme Milhano, D. El Khechen, Freya Blekman, O. B. Malyshev, Carlo Ferdeghini, A. Hannah, Michael Benedikt, E. Logothetis Agaliotis, M. Prausa, Maurizio Vignolo, M. Drewes, F. Marhauser, A. Ivanovs, M. Widorski, E. Santopinto, Javier Munilla, V. Mertens, Filip Moortgat, Salim Ogur, Michaela Schaumann, O. Rios Rubiras, Carsten Welsch, Fady Bishara, Michael Plagge, M. Czech, Giuseppe Iacobucci, I. Crespo Garrido, W. Dallapiazza, A. Moros, Wieslaw Placzek, A. E. Rentería-Olivo, M. Saito, H. U. Wienands, O. Verwilligen, L. Spallino, W. Snoeys, L. Duarte, A. Massimiliano, Greg Landsberg, Z. Liu, A. Ozansoy, Antonella Sciuto, T. Boccali, R. B. Appleby, M. Antonelli, J. A. Netto, Y. Nie, Johannes Gutleber, M. Skrzypek, N. Vignaroli, P. J. Clark, Emilio Bellingeri, Bennie F.L. Ward, P. Roloff, E. Perez Codina, Roman Martin, Elias Metral, B. Hegner, L. Zawiejski, Efe Yazgan, F. Couderc, G. Tonelli, G. Castorina, Patrizia Azzi, A. De Roeck, Jean-Philippe Lansberg, Riccardo Valente, A. David, F. Robert, Jeremi Niedziela, Anna Grassellino, Marie-Hélène Genest, V. Tisserand, A. Kilpinen, Y. K. Kim, A. Dominjon, Andrej Arbuzov, David Amorim, L. Kretzschmar, E. Bruna, Sergey Polozov, Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Hubert Kroha, O. Amstutz, A. Vitrano, Raymond Veness, Tilman Plehn, M. A. Mahmoud, Uşak Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fizik Bölümü, FCC Collaboration (Ukupan broj autora: 1363), FCC Collaboration, Abada, A., Abbrescia, M., Abdussalam, S. S., Abdyukhanov, I., Abelleira Fernandez, J., Abramov, A., Aburaia, M., Acar, A. O., Adzic, P. R., Agrawal, P., Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A., Aguilera-Verdugo, J. J., Aiba, M., Aichinger, I., Aielli, G., Akay, A., Akhundov, A., Aksakal, H., Albacete, J. L., Albergo, S., Alekou, A., Aleksa, M., Aleksan, R., Alemany Fernandez, R. 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C., Hati, C., Haug, S., Hauptman, J., Haurylavets, V., He, H. -J., Hegglin, A., Hegner, B., Heinemann, K., Heinemeyer, S., Helsens, C., Henriques, A., Hernandez, P., Hernandez-Pinto, R. J., Hernandez-Sanchez, J., Herzig, T., Hiekkanen, I., Hillert, W., Hoehn, T., Hofer, M., Hofle, W., Holdener, F., Holleis, S., Holzer, B., Hong, D. K., Honorato, C. G., Hopkins, S. C., Hrdinka, J., Hug, F., Humann, B., Humer, H., Hurth, T., Hutton, A., Iacobucci, G., Ibarrola, N., Iconomidou-Fayard, L., Ilyina-Brunner, K., Incandela, J., Infantino, A., Ippolito, V., Ishino, M., Islam, R., Ita, H., Ivanovs, A., Iwamoto, S., Iyer, A., Izquierdo Bermudez, S., Jadach, S., Jamin, D. O., Janot, P., Jarry, P., Jeff, A., Jenny, P., Jensen, E., Jensen, M., Jiang, X., Jimenez, J. M., Jones, M. A., Jones, O. R., Jowett, J. M., Jung, S., Kaabi, W., Kado, M., Kahle, K., Kalinovskaya, L., Kalinowski, J., Kamenik, J. F., Kannike, K., Kara, S. 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C., Perez, G., Perez, F., Perez Codina, E., Perez Morales, J., Perfilov, M., Pernegger, H., Peruzzi, M., Pes, C., Peters, K., Petracca, S., Petriello, F., Pezzotti, L., Pfeiffer, S., Piccinini, F., Pieloni, T., Pierini, M., Pikhartova, H., Pikurs, G., Pilicer, E., Piminov, P., Pira, C., Pittau, R., Placzek, W., Plagge, M., Plehn, T., Pleier, M. -A., Ploskon, M., Podeur, M., Podlech, H., Podzorny, T., Poggioli, L., Poiron, A., Polesello, G., Poli Lener, M., Polini, A., Polinski, J., Polozov, S. M., Ponce, L., Pont, M., Pontecorvo, L., Portaluri, T., Potamianos, K., Prasse, C., Prausa, M., Preinerstorfer, A., Premat, E., Price, T., Primavera, M., Prino, F., Prioli, M., Proudfoot, J., Provino, A., Pugnat, T., Pukhaeva, N., Pulawski, S., Pulikowski, D., Punzi, G., Putti, M., Pyarelal, A., Quack, H., Quispe, M., Racioppi, A., Rafique, H., Raginel, V., Raidal, M., Ramirez-Uribe, N. S., Ramsey-Musolf, M. 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Zurita, J, Işık Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Işık University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Bayındır, Cihan, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RF&MW - Grup de Recerca de sistemes, dispositius i materials de RF i microones, Abada A., Abbrescia M., AbdusSalam S.S., Abdyukhanov I., Abelleira Fernandez J., Abramov A., Aburaia M., Acar A.O., Adzic P.R., Agrawal P., Aguilar-Saavedra J.A., Aguilera-Verdugo J.J., Aiba M., Aichinger I., Aielli G., Akay A., Akhundov A., Aksakal H., Albacete J.L., Albergo S., Alekou A., Aleksa M., Aleksan R., Alemany Fernandez R.M., Alexahin Y., Alia R.G., Alioli S., Alipour Tehrani N., Allanach B.C., Allport P.P., Altinli M., Altmannshofer W., Ambrosio G., Amorim D., Amstutz O., Anderlini L., Andreazza A., Andreini M., Andriatis A., Andris C., Andronic A., Angelucci M., Antinori F., Antipov S.A., Antonelli M., Antonello M., Antonioli P., Antusch S., Anulli F., Apolinario L., Apollinari G., Apollonio A., Appelo D., Appleby R.B., Apyan A., Arbey A., Arbuzov A., Arduini G., Ari V., Arias S., Armesto N., Arnaldi R., Arsenyev S.A., Arzeo M., Asai S., Aslanides E., Assmann R.W., Astapovych D., Atanasov M., Atieh S., Attie D., Auchmann B., Audurier A., Aull S., Aumon S., Aune S., Avino F., Avrillaud G., Aydin G., Azatov A., Azuelos G., Azzi P., Azzolini O., Azzurri P., Bacchetta N., Bacchiocchi E., Bachacou H., Baek Y.W., Baglin V., Bai Y., Baird S., Baker M.J., Baldwin M.J., Ball A.H., Ballarino A., Banerjee S., Barber D.P., Barducci D., Barjhoux P., Barna D., Barnafoldi G.G., Barnes M.J., Barr A., Barranco Garcia J., Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa J., Bartmann W., Baryshevsky V., Barzi E., Bass S.A., Bastianin A., Baudouy B., Bauer F., Bauer M., Baumgartner T., Bautista-Guzman I., Bayindir C., Beaudette F., Bedeschi F., Beguin M., Bellafont I., Bellagamba L., Bellegarde N., Belli E., Bellingeri E., Bellini F., Bellomo G., Belomestnykh S., Bencivenni G., Benedikt M., Bernardi G., Bernardi J., Bernet C., Bernhardt J.M., Bernini C., Berriaud C., Bertarelli A., Bertolucci S., Besana M.I., Besancon M., Beznosov O., Bhat P., Bhat C., Biagini M.E., Biarrotte J.-L., Bibet Chevalier A., Bielert E.R., Biglietti M., Bilei G.M., Bilki B., Biscari C., Bishara F., Blanco-Garcia O.R., Blanquez F.R., Blekman F., Blondel A., Blumlein J., Boccali T., Boels R., Bogacz S.A., Bogomyagkov A., Boine-Frankenheim O., Boland M.J., Bologna S., Bolukbasi O., Bomben M., Bondarenko S., Bonvini M., Boos E., Bordini B., Bordry F., Borghello G., Borgonovi L., Borowka S., Bortoletto D., Boscherini D., Boscolo M., Boselli S., Bosley R.R., Bossu F., Botta C., Bottura L., Boughezal R., Boutin D., Bovone G., Bozovic Jelisavic I., Bozbey A., Bozzi C., Bozzini D., Braccini V., Braibant-Giacomelli S., Bramante J., Braun-Munzinger P., Briffa J.A., Britzger D., Brodsky S.J., Brooke J.J., Bruce R., Bruckman De Renstrom P., Bruna E., Bruning O., Brunner O., Brunner K., Bruzzone P., Buffat X., Bulyak E., Burkart F., Burkhardt H., Burnet J.-P., Butin F., Buttazzo D., Butterworth A., Caccia M., Cai Y., Caiffi B., Cairo V., Cakir O., Calaga R., Calatroni S., Calderini G., Calderola G., Caliskan A., Calvet D., Calviani M., Camalich J.M., Camarri P., Campanelli M., Camporesi T., Canbay A.C., Canepa A., Cantergiani E., Cantore-Cavalli D., Capeans M., Cardarelli R., Cardella U., Cardini A., Carloni Calame C.M., Carra F., Carra S., Carvalho A., Casalbuoni S., Casas J., Cascella M., Castelnovo P., Castorina G., Catalano G., Cavasinni V., Cazzato E., Cennini E., Cerri A., Cerutti F., Cervantes J., Chaikovska I., Chakrabortty J., Chala M., Chamizo-Llatas M., Chanal H., Chanal D., Chance S., Chance A., Charitos P., Charles J., Charles T.K., Chattopadhyay S., Chehab R., Chekanov S.V., Chen N., Chernoded A., Chetvertkova V., Chevalier L., Chiarelli G., Chiarello G., Chiesa M., Chiggiato P., Childers J.T., Chmielinska A., Cholakian A., Chomaz P., Chorowski M., Chou W., Chrzaszcz M., Chyhyrynets E., Cibinetto G., Ciftci A.K., Ciftci R., Cimino R., Ciuchini M., Clark P.J., Coadou Y., Cobal M., Coccaro A., Cogan J., Cogneras E., Collamati F., Colldelram C., Collier P., Collot J., Contino R., Conventi F., Cook C.T.A., Cooley L., Corcella G., Cornell A.S., Corral G.H., Correia-Rodrigues H., Costanza F., Costa Pinto P., Couderc F., Coupard J., Craig N., Crespo Garrido I., Crivellin A., Croteau J.F., Crouch M., Cruz Alaniz E., Cure B., Curti J., Curtin D., Czech M., Dachauer C., D'Agnolo R.T., Daibo M., Dainese A., Dalena B., Daljevec A., Dallapiazza W., D'Aloia Schwartzentruber L., Dam M., D'Ambrosio G., Das S.P., DasBakshi S., da Silva W., da Silveira G.G., D'Auria V., D'Auria S., David A., Davidek T., Deandrea A., de Blas J., Debono C.J., De Curtis S., De Filippis N., de Florian D., Deghaye S., de Jong S.J., Del Bo C., Del Duca V., Delikaris D., Deliot F., Dell'Acqua A., Delle Rose L., Delmastro M., De Lucia E., Demarteau M., Denegri D., Deniau L., Denisov D., Denizli H., Denner A., d'Enterria D., de Rijk G., De Roeck A., Derue F., Deschamps O., Descotes-Genon S., Dev P.S.B., de Vivie de Regie J.B., Dewanjee R.K., Di Ciaccio A., Di Cicco A., Dillon B.M., Di Micco B., Di Nezza P., Di Vita S., Doblhammer A., Dominjon A., D'Onofrio M., Dordei F., Drago A., Draper P., Drasal Z., Drewes M., Duarte L., Dubovyk I., Duda P., Dudarev A., Dudko L., Duellmann D., Dunser M., du Pree T., Durante M., Duran Yildiz H., Dutta S., Duval F., Duval J.M., Dydyshka Y., Dziewit B., Eisenhardt S., Eisterer M., Ekelof T., El Khechen D., Ellis S.A., Ellis J., Ellison J.A., Elsener K., Elsing M., Enari Y., Englert C., Eriksson H., Eskola K.J., Esposito L.S., Etisken O., Etzion E., Fabbricatore P., Falkowski A., Falou A., Faltova J., Fan J., Fano L., Farilla A., Farinelli R., Farinon S., Faroughy D.A., Fartoukh S.D., Faus-Golfe A., Fawcett W.J., Felici G., Felsberger L., Ferdeghini C., Fernandez Navarro A.M., Fernandez-Tellez A., Ferradas Troitino J., Ferrara G., Ferrari R., Ferreira L., Ferreira da Silva P., Ferrera G., Ferro F., Fiascaris M., Fiorendi S., Fiorio C., Fischer O., Fischer E., Flieger W., Florio M., Fonnesu D., Fontanesi E., Foppiani N., Foraz K., Forkel-Wirth D., Forte S., Fouaidy M., Fournier D., Fowler T., Fox J., Francavilla P., Franceschini R., Franchino S., Franco E., Freitas A., Fuks B., Furukawa K., Furuseth S.V., Gabrielli E., Gaddi A., Galanti M., Gallo E., Ganjour S., Gao J., Garcia Diaz V., Garcia Perez M., Garcia Tabares L., Garion C., Garzelli M.V., Garzia I., Gascon-Shotkin S.M., Gaudio G., Gay P., Ge S.-F., Gehrmann T., Genest M.H., Gerard R., Gerigk F., Gerwig H., Giacomelli P., Giagu S., Gianfelice-Wendt E., Gianotti F., Giffoni F., Gilardoni S.S., Gil Costa M., Giovannetti M., Giovannozzi M., Giubellino P., Giudice G.F., Giunta A., Gladilin L.K., Glukhov S., Gluza J., Gobbi G., Goddard B., Goertz F., Golling T., Goncalves V.P., Goncalo R., Gonzalez Gomez L.A., Gorgi Zadeh S., Gorine G., Gorini E., Gourlay S.A., Gouskos L., Grancagnolo F., Grassellino A., Grau A., Graverini E., Gray H.M., Greco M., Grenard J.-L., Grimm O., Grojean C., Gromov V.A., Grosse-Oetringhaus J.F., Grudiev A., Grzanka K., Gu J., Guadagnoli D., Guidi V., Guiducci S., Guillermo Canton G., Gunaydin Y.O., Gupta R., Gupta R.S., Gutierrez J., Gutleber J., Guyot C., Guzey V., Gwenlan C., Haberstroh C., Hacisahinoglu B., Haerer B., Hahn K., Hahn T., Hammad A., Han C., Hance M., Hannah A., Harris P.C., Hati C., Haug S., Hauptman J., Haurylavets V., He H.-J., Hegglin A., Hegner B., Heinemann K., Heinemeyer S., Helsens C., Henriques A., Hernandez P., Hernandez-Pinto R.J., Hernandez-Sanchez J., Herzig T., Hiekkanen I., Hillert W., Hoehn T., Hofer M., Hofle W., Holdener F., Holleis S., Holzer B., Hong D.K., Honorato C.G., Hopkins S.C., Hrdinka J., Hug F., Humann B., Humer H., Hurth T., Hutton A., Iacobucci G., Ibarrola N., Iconomidou-Fayard L., Ilyina-Brunner K., Incandela J., Infantino A., Ippolito V., Ishino M., Islam R., Ita H., Ivanovs A., Iwamoto S., Iyer A., Izquierdo Bermudez S., Jadach S., Jamin D.O., Janot P., Jarry P., Jeff A., Jenny P., Jensen E., Jensen M., Jiang X., Jimenez J.M., Jones M.A., Jones O.R., Jowett J.M., Jung S., Kaabi W., Kado M., Kahle K., Kalinovskaya L., Kalinowski J., Kamenik J.F., Kannike K., Kara S.O., Karadeniz H., Karaventzas V., Karpov I., Kartal S., Karyukhin A., Kashikhin V., Katharina Behr J., Kaya U., Keintzel J., Keinz P.A., Keppel K., Kersevan R., Kershaw K., Khanpour H., Khatibi S., Khatiri Yanehsari M., Khoze V.V., Kieseler J., Kilic A., Kilpinen A., Kim Y.-K., Kim D.W., Klein U., Klein M., Kling F., Klinkenberg N., Kloppel S., Klute M., Klyukhin V.I., Knecht M., Kniehl B., Kocak F., Koeberl C., Kolano A.M., Kollegger A., Kolodziej K., Kolomiets A.A., Komppula J., Koop I., Koppenburg P., Koratzinos M., Kordiaczynska M., Korjik M., Kortner O., Kostka P., Kotlarski W., Kotnig C., Kottig T., Kotwal A.V., Kovalenko A.D., Kowalski S., Kozaczuk J., Kozlov G.A., Kozub S.S., Krainer A.M., Kramer T., Kramer M., Krammer M., Krasnov A.A., Krauss F., Kravalis K., Kretzschmar L., Kriske R.M., Kritscher H., Krkotic P., Kroha H., Kucharczyk M., Kuday S., Kuendig A., Kuhlmann G., Kulesza A., Kumar M., Kusina A., Kuttimalai S., Kuze M., Kwon T., Lackner F., Lackner M., La Francesca E., Laine M., Lamanna G., La Mendola S., Lancon E., Landsberg G., Langacker P., Lange C., Langner A., Lankford A.J., Lansberg J.P., Lari T., Laycock P.J., Lebrun P., Lechner A., Lee K., Lee S., Lee R., Lefevre T., Le Guen P., Lehtinen T., Leith S.B., Lenzi P., Leogrande E., Leonidopoulos C., Leon-Monzon I., Lerner G., Leroy O., Lesiak T., Levai P., Leveratto A., Levichev E., Li G., Li S., Li R., Liberati D., Liepe M., Lissauer D.A., Liu Z., Lobko A., Locci E., Logothetis Agaliotis E., Lombardo M.P., Long A.J., Lorin C., Losito R., Louzguiti A., Low I., Lucchesi D., Lucchini M.T., Luciani A., Lueckhof M., Lunt A.J.G., Luzum M., Lyubimtsev D.A., Maggiora M., Magnin N., Mahmoud M.A., Mahmoudi F., Maitre J., Makarenko V., Malagoli A., Malcles J., Malgeri L., Mallon P.J., Maltoni F., Malvezzi S., Malyshev O.B., Mancinelli G., Mandrik P., Manfrinetti P., Mangano M., Manil P., Mannelli M., Marchiori G., Marhauser F., Mariani V., Marinozzi V., Mariotto S., Marquard P., Marquet C., Marriott-Dodington T., Martin R., Martin O., Martin Camalich J., Martinez T., Martinez Bruzual H., Martinez-Hernandez M.I., Martins D.E., Marzani S., Marzocca D., Marzola L., Masciocchi S., Masina I., Massimiliano A., Massironi A., Masubuchi T., Matveev V.A., Mazzoni M.A., McCullough M., McIntosh P.A., Meade P., Medina L., Meier A., Meignan J., Mele B., Mendes Saraiva J.G., Menez F., Mentink M., Meoni E., Meridiani P., Merk M., Mermod P., Mertens V., Mether L., Metral E., Migliorati M., Milanese A., Milardi C., Milhano G., Militsyn B.L., Millet F., Minashvili I., Minervini J.V., Miralles L.S., Mirarchi D., Mishima S., Missiaen D.P., Mitselmakher G., Mitshuhashi T., Mnich J., Mohammadi Najafabadi M., Mohapatra R.N., Mokhov N., Molson J.G., Monge R., Montag C., Montagna G., Monteil S., Montenero G., Montesinos E., Moortgat F., Morange N., Morello G., Moreno Llacer M., Moretti M., Moretti S., Morley A.K., Moros A., Morozov I., Morretta V., Morrone M., Mostacci A., Muanza S., Muchnoi N., Muhlegger M., Mulder M., Mulders M., Muller B., Muller F., Muller A.-S., Munilla J., Murray M.J., Muttoni Y., Myers S., Mylona M., Nachtman J., Nakamoto T., Nardecchia M., Nardini G., Nason P., Nergiz Z., Nesterenko A.V., Netto J.A., Nettstrater A., Neubuser C., Neundorf J., Niccoli F., Nicrosini O., Nie Y., Niedermayer U., Niedziela J., Niemi A., Nikitin S.A., Nisati A., No J.M., Nonis M., Nosochkov Y., Novak M., Novokhatski A., O'Callaghan J.M., Ochando C., Ogur S., Ohmi K., Oide K., Okorokov V.A., Okumura Y., Oleari C., Olness F.I., Onel Y., Ortino M., Osborne J., Osland P., Otto T., Oyulmaz K.Y., Ozansoy A., Ozcan V., Ozdemir K., Pagliarone C.E., Pais da Silva H.F., Palmieri E., Palumbo L., Pampaloni A., Pan R.-Q., Panareo M., Panella O., Panico G., Panizzo G., Pankov A.A., Pantsyrny V., Papadopoulos C.G., Papaefstathiou A., Papaphilippou Y., Parker M.A., Parma V., Pasquali M., Patra S.K., Patterson R., Paukkunen H., Pauss F., Peggs S., Penttinen J.-P., Peon G., Perepelkin E.E., Perez E., Perez J.C., Perez G., Perez F., Perez Codina E., Perez Morales J., Perfilov M., Pernegger H., Peruzzi M., Pes C., Peters K., Petracca S., Petriello F., Pezzotti L., Pfeiffer S., Piccinini F., Pieloni T., Pierini M., Pikhartova H., Pikurs G., Pilicer E., Piminov P., Pira C., Pittau R., Placzek W., Plagge M., Plehn T., Pleier M.-A., Ploskon M., Podeur M., Podlech H., Podzorny T., Poggioli L., Poiron A., Polesello G., Poli Lener M., Polini A., Polinski J., Polozov S.M., Ponce L., Pont M., Pontecorvo L., Portaluri T., Potamianos K., Prasse C., Prausa M., Preinerstorfer A., Premat E., Price T., Primavera M., Prino F., Prioli M., Proudfoot J., Provino A., Pugnat T., Pukhaeva N., Pulawski S., Pulikowski D., Punzi G., Putti M., Pyarelal A., Quack H., Quispe M., Racioppi A., Rafique H., Raginel V., Raidal M., Ramirez-Uribe N.S., Ramsey-Musolf M.J., Rata R., Ratoff P., Ravotti F., Rebello Teles P., Reboud M., Redaelli S., Renner E., Renteria-Olivo A.E., Rescigno M., Reuter J., Ribon A., Ricci A.M., Riegler W., Riemann S., Riemann B., Riemann T., Rifflet J.M., Rimmer R.A., Rinaldesi R., Rinolfi L., Rios Rubiras O., Risselada T., Rivetti A., Rivkin L., Rizzo T., Robens T., Robert F., Robson A.J., Rochepault E., Roda C., Rodrigo G., Rodriguez-Cahuantzi M., Rogan C., Roig M., Rojas-Torres S., Rojo J., Rolandi G., Rolando G., Roloff P., Romanenko A., Romanov A., Roncarolo F., Rosado Sanchez A., Rosaz G., Rossi L., Rossi A., Rossmanith R., Rousset B., Royon C., Ruan X., Ruehl I., Ruhlmann-Kleider V., Ruiz R., Rumyantsev L., Ruprecht R., Ryazanov A.I., Saba A., Sadykov R., Saez de Jauregui D., Sahin M., Sailer B., Saito M., Sala F., Salam G.P., Salfeld-Nebgen J., Salgado C.A., Salini S., Sallese J.M., Salmi T., Salzburger A., Sampayo O.A., Sanfilippo S., Santiago J., Santopinto E., Santoro R., Sanz Ull A., Sarasola X., Sarpun I.H., Sauvain M., Savelyeva S., Sawada R., Sborlini G.F.R., Schaffer A., Schaumann M., Schenk M., Scheuerlein C., Schienbein I., Schlenga K., Schmickler H., Schmidt R., Schoerling D., Schoning A., Schorner-Sadenius T., Schott M., Schulte D., Schwaller P., Schwanenberger C., Schwemling P., Schwerg N., Scibile L., Sciuto A., Scomparin E., Sebastiani C., Seeber B., Segreti M., Selva P., Selvaggi M., Senatore C., Senol A., Serin L., Serluca M., Serra N., Seryi A., Sestini L., Sfyrla A., Shaposhnikov M., Shaposhnikova E., Sharkov B.Y., Shatilov D., Shelton J., Shiltsev V., Shipsey I.P., Shirkov G.D., Shivaji A., Shwartz D., Sian T., Sidorov S., Siemko A., Silvestrini L., Simand N., Simon F., Singh B.K., Siodmok A., Sirois Y., Sirtori E., Sirvinskaite R., Sitar B., Sjostrand T., Skands P., Skordis E., Skovpen K., Skrzypek M., Slade E., Slavich P., Slovak R., Smaluk V., Smirnov V., Snoeys W., Soffi L., Sollander P., Solovyanov O., Soltveit H.K., Song H., Sopicki P., Sorbi M., Spallino L., Spannowsky M., Spataro B., Sphicas P., Spiesberger H., Spiller P., Spira M., Srivastava T., Stachel J., Stakia A., Stanyard J.L., Starchenko E., Starikov A.Y., Stasto A.M., Statera M., Steerenberg R., Steggemann J., Stenvall A., Stivanello F., Stockinger D., Stoel L.S., Stoger-Pollach M., Strauss B., Stuart M., Stupakov G., Su S., Sublet A., Sugita K., Sulak L., Sullivan M.K., Sultansoy S., Sumida T., Suzuki K., Sylva G., Syphers M.J., Sznajder A., Taborelli M., Tahir N.A., Takeuchi M., Tal Hod E., Tambasco C., Tanaka J., Tang K., Tapan I., Taroni S., Tartarelli G.F., Tassielli G., Tavian L., Taylor T.M., Taylor G.N., Teixeira A.M., Tejeda-Munoz G., Telnov V.I., Tenchini R., ten Kate H.H.J., Terashi K., Tesi A., Testa M., Tetrel C., Teytelman D., Thaler J., Thamm A., Thomas S., Tiirakari M.T., Tikhomirov V., Tikhonov D., Timko H., Tisserand V., Tkachenko L.M., Tkaczuk J., Tock J.P., Todd B., Todesco E., Tomas Garcia R., Tommasini D., Tonelli G., Toral F., Torims T., Torre R., Townsend Z., Trant R., Treille D., Trentadue L., Tricoli A., Tricomi A., Trischuk W., Tropin I.S., Tuchming B., Tudora A.A., Turbiarz B., Turk Cakir I., Turri M., Tydecks T., Usovitsch J., Uythoven J., Vaglio R., Valassi A., Valchkova F., Valdivia Garcia M.A., Valente P., Valente R.U., Valente-Feliciano A.-M., Valentino G., Vale Silva L., Valet J.M., Valizadeh R., Valle J.W.F., Vallecorsa S., Vallone G., van Leeuwen M., van Rienen U.H., van Riesen-Haupt L., Varasteh M., Vecchi L., Vedrine P., Velev G., Veness R., Ventura A., Venturini Delsolaro W., Verducci M., Verhaaren C.B., Vernieri C., Verweij A.P., Verwilligen O., Viazlo O., Vicini A., Viehhauser G., Vignaroli N., Vignolo M., Vitrano A., Vivarelli I., Vlachos S., Vogel M., Vogt D.M., Volkl V., Volkov P., Volpini G., von Ahnen J., Vorotnikov G., Voutsinas G.G., Vysotsky V., Wagner U., Wallny R., Wang L.-T., Wang R., Wang K., Ward B.F.L., Watson T.P., Watson N.K., Ws Z., Weiland C., Weinzierl S., Welsch C.P., Wenninger J., Widorski M., Wiedemann U.A., Wienands H.-U., Wilkinson G., Williams P.H., Winter A., Wohlfahrt A., Wojton T., Wollmann D., Womersley J., Woog D., Wu X., Wulzer A., Yanehsari M.K., Yang G., Yang H.J., Yao W.-M., Yazgan E., Yermolchik V., Yilmaz A., Yoo H.-D., Yost S.A., You T., Young C., Yu T.-T., Yu F., Zaborowska A., Zadeh S.G., Zahnd M., Zanetti M., Zanotto L., Zawiejski L., Zeiler P., Zerlauth M., Zernov S.M., Zevi Dell Porta G., Zhang Z., Zhang Y., Zhang C., Zhang H., Zhao Z., Zhong Y.-M., Zhou J., Zhou D., Zhuang P., Zick G., Zimmermann F., Zinn-Justin J., Zivkovic L., Zlobin A.V., Zobov M., Zupan J., Zurita J., BAİBÜ, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fizik Bölümü, Denizli, Haluk, TOBB ETU, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, TOBB ETU, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB ETÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği Bölümü, TOBB ETÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Nanoteknoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Bozbey, Ali, Sultansoy, Saleh, Özdemir, Kadri, Giresun Üniversitesi, UCL - SST/IRMP - Institut de recherche en mathématique et physique, and Ege Üniversitesi

Subjects
Beam losses, IMPACT, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics beyond the Standard Model, EVENT BUILDER, hadron collider, General Physics and Astronomy, Mathematics and natural science: 400::Physics: 430::Nuclear and elementary particle physics: 431 [VDP], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Subatomär fysik, chemistry.chemical_compound, Conceptual design, Colliding beam accelerators, law, HE-LHC, Subatomic Physics, General Materials Science, Hadron colliders, Física::Física de partícules::Hadrons [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Large Hadron Collider, Acceleradors de partícules, Physics, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Beams (radiation), Settore FIS/02 - Fisica Teorica, Modelli e Metodi Matematici, Upgrade, Impact, collimators, partikkelfysikk, Future Circular Collider, High-Energy, Systems engineering, HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider, Col·lisionadors d'hadrons, Applied physics, Collimators, Socio-culturale, Fizik, Hadrons, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, HE-LHC physics, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, beam losses, ddc:530, High Energy Physics, partikkelakselerator, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Collider, Particle Physics, Beams (radiation) | Collimators | Beam losses, Energies::Energia nuclear [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Large Hadron Collider HE-LHC, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Event builder, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Particle accelerators, chemistry, Experimental High Energy Physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Future Colliders
Abstract

Authors: A. AbadaM. AbbresciaS. S. AbdusSalamI. AbdyukhanovJ. Abelleira FernandezA. AbramovM. AburaiaA. O. AcarP. R. AdzicP. AgrawalJ. A. Aguilar-SaavedraJ. J. Aguilera-VerdugoM. AibaI. AichingerG. AielliA. AkayA. AkhundovH. AksakalJ. L. AlbaceteS. AlbergoA. AlekouM. AleksaR. AleksanR. M. Alemany FernandezY. AlexahinR. G. AlíaS. AlioliN. Alipour TehraniB. C. AllanachP. P. AllportM. AltınlıW. AltmannshoferG. AmbrosioD. AmorimO. AmstutzL. AnderliniA. AndreazzaM. AndreiniA. AndriatisC. AndrisA. AndronicM. AngelucciF. AntinoriS. A. AntipovM. AntonelliM. AntonelloP. AntonioliS. AntuschF. AnulliL. ApolinárioG. ApollinariA. ApollonioD. AppelöR. B. ApplebyA. ApyanA. ApyanA. ArbeyA. ArbuzovG. ArduiniV. ArıS. AriasN. ArmestoR. ArnaldiS. A. ArsenyevM. ArzeoS. AsaiE. AslanidesR. W. AßmannD. AstapovychM. AtanasovS. AtiehD. AttiéB. AuchmannA. AudurierS. AullS. AumonS. AuneF. AvinoG. AvrillaudG. AydınA. AzatovG. AzuelosP. AzziO. AzzoliniP. AzzurriN. BacchettaE. BacchiocchiH. BachacouY. W. BaekV. BaglinY. BaiS. BairdM. J. BakerM. J. BaldwinA. H. BallA. BallarinoS. BanerjeeD. P. BarberD. BarducciP. BarjhouxD. BarnaG. G. BarnaföldiM. J. BarnesA. BarrJ. Barranco GarcíaJ. Barreiro Guimarães da CostaW. BartmannV. BaryshevskyE. BarziS. A. BassA. BastianinB. BaudouyF. BauerM. BauerT. BaumgartnerI. Bautista-GuzmánC. BayındırF. BeaudetteF. BedeschiM. BéguinI. BellafontL. BellagambaN. BellegardeE. BelliE. BellingeriF. BelliniG. BellomoS. BelomestnykhG. BencivenniM. BenediktG. BernardiJ. BernardiC. BernetJ. M. BernhardtC. BerniniC. BerriaudA. BertarelliS. BertolucciM. I. BesanaM. BesançonO. BeznosovP. BhatC. BhatM. E. BiaginiJ. -L. BiarrotteA. Bibet ChevalierE. R. BielertM. BigliettiG. M. BileiB. BilkiC. BiscariF. BisharaO. R. Blanco-GarcíaF. R. BlánquezF. BlekmanA. BlondelJ. BlümleinT. BoccaliR. BoelsS. A. BogaczA. BogomyagkovO. Boine-FrankenheimM. J. BolandS. BolognaO. BolukbasiM. BombenS. BondarenkoM. BonviniE. BoosB. BordiniF. BordryG. BorghelloL. BorgonoviS. BorowkaD. BortolettoD. 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GuiducciG. Guillermo CantonY. O. GünaydinR. GuptaR. S. GuptaJ. GutierrezJ. GutleberC. GuyotV. GuzeyC. GwenlanC. HaberstrohB. HacışahinoğluB. HaererK. HahnT. HahnA. HammadC. HanM. HanceA. HannahP. C. HarrisC. HatiS. HaugJ. HauptmanV. HaurylavetsH. -J. HeA. HegglinB. HegnerK. HeinemannS. HeinemeyerC. HelsensA. HenriquesA. HenriquesP. HernandezR. J. Hernández-PintoJ. Hernandez-SanchezT. HerzigI. HiekkanenW. HillertT. HoehnM. HoferW. HöfleF. HoldenerS. HolleisB. HolzerD. K. HongC. G. HonoratoS. C. HopkinsJ. HrdinkaF. HugB. HumannH. HumerT. HurthA. HuttonG. IacobucciN. IbarrolaL. Iconomidou-FayardK. Ilyina-BrunnerJ. IncandelaA. InfantinoV. IppolitoM. IshinoR. IslamH. ItaA. IvanovsS. IwamotoA. IyerS. Izquierdo BermudezS. JadachD. O. JaminP. JanotP. JarryA. JeffP. JennyE. JensenM. JensenX. JiangJ. M. JiménezM. A. JonesO. R. JonesJ. M. JowettS. JungW. KaabiM. KadoK. KahleL. KalinovskayaJ. KalinowskiJ. F. KamenikK. KannikeS. O. KaraH. KaradenizV. KaraventzasI. KarpovS. KartalA. KaryukhinV. KashikhinJ. Katharina BehrU. KayaJ. KeintzelP. A. KeinzK. KeppelR. KersevanK. KershawH. KhanpourS. KhatibiM. Khatiri YanehsariV. V. KhozeJ. KieselerA. KilicA. KilpinenY. -K. KimD. W. KimU. KleinM. KleinF. KlingN. KlinkenbergS. KlöppelM. KluteV. I. KlyukhinM. KnechtB. KniehlF. KocakC. KoeberlA. M. KolanoA. KolleggerK. KołodziejA. A. KolomietsJ. KomppulaI. KoopP. KoppenburgM. KoratzinosM. KordiaczyńskaM. KorjikO. KortnerP. KostkaW. KotlarskiC. KotnigT. KöttigA. V. KotwalA. D. KovalenkoS. KowalskiJ. KozaczukG. A. KozlovS. S. KozubA. M. KrainerT. KramerM. KrämerM. KrammerA. A. KrasnovF. KraussK. KravalisL. KretzschmarR. M. KriskeH. KritscherP. KrkoticH. KrohaM. KucharczykS. KudayA. KuendigG. KuhlmannA. KuleszaM. KumarM. KumarA. KusinaS. KuttimalaiM. KuzeT. KwonF. LacknerM. LacknerE. La FrancescaM. LaineG. LamannaS. La MendolaE. LançonG. LandsbergP. LangackerC. LangeA. LangnerA. J. LankfordJ. P. LansbergT. LariP. J. LaycockP. LebrunA. LechnerK. LeeS. LeeR. LeeT. LefevreP. Le GuenT. LehtinenS. B. LeithP. LenziE. LeograndeC. LeonidopoulosI. Leon-MonzonG. LernerO. LeroyT. LesiakP. LévaiA. LeverattoE. LevichevG. LiS. LiR. LiD. LiberatiM. LiepeD. A. LissauerZ. LiuA. LobkoE. LocciE. Logothetis AgaliotisM. P. LombardoA. J. LongC. LorinR. LositoA. LouzguitiI. LowD. LucchesiM. T. LucchiniA. LucianiM. LueckhofA. J. G. LuntM. LuzumD. A. LyubimtsevM. MaggioraN. MagninM. A. MahmoudF. MahmoudiJ. MaitreV. MakarenkoA. MalagoliJ. MalclésL. MalgeriP. J. MallonF. MaltoniS. MalvezziO. B. MalyshevG. MancinelliP. MandrikP. ManfrinettiM. ManganoP. ManilM. MannelliG. MarchioriF. MarhauserV. MarianiV. MarinozziS. MariottoP. MarquardC. MarquetT. Marriott-DodingtonR. MartinO. MartinJ. Martin CamalichT. MartinezH. Martinez BruzualM. I. Martínez-HernándezD. E. MartinsS. MarzaniD. MarzoccaL. MarzolaS. MasciocchiI. MasinaA. MassimilianoA. MassironiT. MasubuchiV. A. MatveevM. A. MazzoniM. McCulloughP. A. McIntoshP. MeadeL. MedinaA. MeierJ. MeignanB. MeleJ. G. Mendes SaraivaF. MenezM. MentinkE. MeoniP. MeridianiM. MerkP. MermodV. MertensL. MetherE. MétralM. MiglioratiA. MilaneseC. MilardiG. MilhanoB. L. MilitsynF. MilletI. MinashviliJ. V. MinerviniL. S. MirallesD. MirarchiS. MishimaD. P. MissiaenG. MitselmakherT. MitshuhashiJ. MnichM. Mohammadi NajafabadiR. N. MohapatraN. MokhovJ. G. MolsonR. MongeC. MontagG. MontagnaS. MonteilG. MonteneroE. MontesinosF. MoortgatN. MorangeG. MorelloM. Moreno LlácerM. MorettiS. MorettiA. K. MorleyA. MorosI. MorozovV. MorrettaM. MorroneA. MostacciS. MuanzaN. MuchnoiM. MühleggerM. MulderM. MuldersB. MüllerF. MüllerA. -S. MüllerJ. MunillaM. J. MurrayY. MuttoniS. MyersM. MylonaJ. NachtmanT. NakamotoM. NardecchiaG. NardiniP. NasonZ. NergizA. V. NesterenkoJ. A. NettoA. NettsträterC. NeubüserJ. NeundorfF. NiccoliO. NicrosiniY. NieU. NiedermayerJ. NiedzielaA. NiemiS. A. NikitinA. NisatiJ. M. NoM. NonisY. NosochkovM. NovákA. NovokhatskiJ. M. O’CallaghanC. OchandoS. OgurK. OhmiK. OideV. A. OkorokovY. OkumuraC. OleariF. I. OlnessY. OnelM. OrtinoJ. OsborneP. OslandT. OttoK. Y. OyulmazA. OzansoyV. ÖzcanK. ÖzdemirC. E. PagliaroneH. F. Pais da SilvaE. PalmieriL. PalumboA. PampaloniR. -Q. PanM. PanareoO. PanellaG. PanicoG. PanizzoA. A. PankovV. PantsyrnyC. G. PapadopoulosA. PapaefstathiouY. PapaphilippouM. A. ParkerV. ParmaM. PasqualiS. K. PatraR. PattersonH. PaukkunenF. PaussS. PeggsJ. -P. PenttinenG. PeónE. E. PerepelkinE. PerezJ. C. PerezG. PerezF. PérezE. Perez CodinaJ. Perez MoralesM. PerfilovH. PerneggerM. PeruzziC. PesK. PetersS. PetraccaF. PetrielloL. PezzottiS. PfeifferF. PiccininiT. PieloniM. PieriniH. PikhartovaG. PikursE. PilicerP. PiminovC. PiraR. PittauW. PłaczekM. PlaggeT. PlehnM. -A. PleierM. PłoskońM. PodeurH. PodlechT. PodzornyL. PoggioliA. PoironG. PoleselloM. Poli LenerA. PoliniJ. PolinskiS. M. PolozovL. PonceM. PontL. PontecorvoT. PortaluriK. PotamianosC. PrasseM. PrausaA. PreinerstorferE. PrematT. PriceM. PrimaveraF. PrinoM. PrioliJ. ProudfootA. ProvinoT. PugnatN. PukhaevaS. PuławskiD. PulikowskiG. PunziM. PuttiA. PyarelalH. QuackM. QuispeA. RacioppiH. RafiqueV. RaginelM. RaidalN. S. Ramírez-UribeM. J. Ramsey-MusolfR. RataP. RatoffF. RavottiP. Rebello TelesM. ReboudS. RedaelliE. RennerA. E. Rentería-OlivoM. RescignoJ. ReuterA. RibonA. M. RicciW. RieglerS. RiemannB. RiemannT. RiemannJ. M. RiffletR. A. RimmerR. RinaldesiL. RinolfiO. Rios RubirasT. RisseladaA. RivettiL. RivkinT. RizzoT. RobensF. RobertA. J. RobsonE. RochepaultC. RodaG. RodrigoM. Rodríguez-CahuantziC. RoganM. RoigS. Rojas-TorresJ. RojoG. RolandiG. RolandoP. RoloffA. RomanenkoA. RomanovF. RoncaroloA. Rosado SanchezG. RosazL. RossiA. RossiR. RossmanithB. RoussetC. RoyonX. RuanI. RuehlV. Ruhlmann-KleiderR. RuizL. RumyantsevR. RuprechtA. I. RyazanovA. SabaR. SadykovD. Saez de JaureguiM. SahinB. SailerM. SaitoF. SalaG. P. SalamJ. Salfeld-NebgenC. A. SalgadoS. SaliniJ. M. SalleseT. SalmiA. SalzburgerO. A. SampayoS. SanfilippoJ. SantiagoE. SantopintoR. SantoroA. Sanz UllX. SarasolaI. H. SarpünM. SauvainS. SavelyevaR. SawadaG. F. R. SborliniA. SchafferM. SchaumannM. SchenkC. ScheuerleinI. SchienbeinK. SchlengaH. SchmicklerR. SchmidtD. SchoerlingA. SchoningT. Schörner-SadeniusM. SchottD. SchulteP. SchwallerC. SchwanenbergerP. SchwemlingN. SchwergL. ScibileA. SciutoE. ScomparinC. SebastianiB. SeeberM. SegretiP. SelvaM. SelvaggiC. SenatoreA. SenolL. SerinM. SerlucaN. SerraA. SeryiL. SestiniA. SfyrlaM. ShaposhnikovE. ShaposhnikovaB. Y. SharkovD. ShatilovJ. SheltonV. ShiltsevI. P. ShipseyG. D. ShirkovA. ShivajiD. ShwartzT. SianS. SidorovA. SiemkoL. SilvestriniN. SimandF. SimonB. K. SinghA. SiódmokY. SiroisE. SirtoriR. SirvinskaiteB. SitarT. SjöstrandP. SkandsE. SkordisK. SkovpenM. SkrzypekE. SladeP. SlavichR. SlovakV. SmalukV. SmirnovW. SnoeysL. SoffiP. SollanderO. SolovyanovH. K. SoltveitH. SongP. SopickiM. SorbiL. SpallinoM. SpannowskyB. SpataroP. SphicasH. SpiesbergerP. SpillerM. SpiraT. SrivastavaJ. StachelA. StakiaJ. L. StanyardE. StarchenkoA. Y. StarikovA. M. StaśtoM. StateraR. SteerenbergJ. SteggemannA. StenvallF. StivanelloD. StöckingerL. S. StoelM. Stöger-PollachB. StraussM. StuartG. StupakovS. SuA. SubletK. SugitaL. SulakM. K. SullivanS. SultansoyT. SumidaK. SuzukiG. SylvaM. J. SyphersA. SznajderM. TaborelliN. A. TahirM. TakeuchiE. Tal HodC. TambascoJ. TanakaK. TangI. TapanS. TaroniG. F. TartarelliG. TassielliL. TavianT. M. TaylorG. N. TaylorA. M. TeixeiraG. Tejeda-MuñozV. I. TelnovR. TenchiniH. H. J. ten KateK. TerashiA. TesiM. TestaC. TetrelD. TeytelmanJ. ThalerA. ThammS. ThomasM. T. TiirakariV. TikhomirovD. TikhonovH. TimkoV. TisserandL. M. TkachenkoJ. TkaczukJ. P. TockB. ToddE. TodescoR. Tomás GarciaD. TommasiniG. TonelliF. ToralT. TorimsR. TorreZ. TownsendR. TrantD. TreilleL. TrentadueA. TricoliA. TricomiW. TrischukI. S. TropinB. TuchmingA. A. TudoraB. TurbiarzI. Turk CakirM. TurriT. TydecksJ. UsovitschJ. UythovenR. VaglioA. ValassiF. ValchkovaM. A. Valdivia GarciaP. ValenteR. U. ValenteA. -M. Valente-FelicianoG. ValentinoL. Vale SilvaJ. M. ValetR. ValizadehJ. W. F. ValleS. VallecorsaG. ValloneM. van LeeuwenU. H. van RienenL. van Riesen-HauptM. VarastehL. VecchiP. VedrineG. VelevR. VenessA. VenturaW. Venturini DelsolaroM. VerducciC. B. VerhaarenC. VernieriA. P. VerweijO. VerwilligenO. ViazloA. ViciniG. ViehhauserN. VignaroliM. VignoloA. VitranoI. VivarelliS. VlachosM. VogelD. M. VogtV. VölklP. VolkovG. VolpiniJ. von AhnenG. VorotnikovG. G. VoutsinasV. VysotskyU. WagnerR. WallnyL. -T. WangR. WangK. WangB. F. L. WardT. P. WatsonN. K. WatsonZ. WsC. WeilandS. WeinzierlC. P. WelschJ. WenningerM. WidorskiU. A. WiedemannH. -U. WienandsG. WilkinsonP. H. WilliamsA. WinterA. WohlfahrtT. WojtońD. WollmannJ. WomersleyD. WoogX. WuA. WulzerM. K. YanehsariG. YangH. J. YangW. -M. YaoE. YazganV. YermolchikA. YilmazA. YilmazH. -D. YooS. A. YostT. YouC. YoungT. -T. YuF. YuA. ZaborowskaS. G. ZadehM. ZahndM. ZanettiL. ZanottoL. ZawiejskiP. ZeilerM. ZerlauthS. M. ZernovG. Zevi Dell PortaZ. ZhangY. ZhangC. ZhangH. ZhangZ. ZhaoY. -M. ZhongJ. ZhouD. ZhouP. ZhuangG. ZickF. ZimmermannEmail authorJ. Zinn-JustinL. ZivkovicA. V. ZlobinM. ZobovJ. ZupanJ. Zuritathe FCC Collaboration, In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the fourth volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the High-Energy Large Hadron Collider HE-LHC. It summarizes the HE-LHC physics discovery opportunities, presents the HE-LHC accelerator design, performance reach, and operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the HE-LHC design aims at a hadron collider with about twice the centre-of-mass collision energy that the LHC can reach. Its performance aims at exploring physics beyond the Standard Model, signi cantly extending the LHC's direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics and discoveries.

Published
2020

13. Proton irradiation effects in Molybdenum-Carbide-Graphite composites

Author

Zhong Zhong, Nikolaos Charitonidis, Nikolaos Simos, Z. Kotsina, Stefano Redaelli, J. Guardia-Valenzuela, E. Quaranta, C. Accettura, P. Simon, Sanjit Ghose, David J. Sprouster, M. Whitaker, Alessandro Bertarelli, and H. Zhong

Subjects
Diffraction, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Titanium carbide, Materials science, Proton, High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Radiation damage, General Materials Science, Graphite, Irradiation, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) has prompted the investigation of novel materials for beam-intercepting devices, and in particular for the collimators responsible for protecting the machine from beam losses. The HL-LHC collimation system will inevitably experience increased levels of radiation damage and undergo changes in their crucial physio-mechanical properties. Graphite-matrix composite materials containing molybdenum carbide particles, along with small amounts of titanium carbide, were developed with the objective of enhanced in-beam performance and tested under proton irradiation. The physical degradation observed in early grades of molybdenum carbide compounds, even after modest proton fluences, has prompted the development of advanced compounds. In this work, we examine the effects of proton irradiation on the microstructural and thermophysical properties of new grades of Molybdenum-carbide-graphite compounds up to fluences of ~2 × 1020 p/cm2. We employ a combination of precision dilatometry and high-energy X-ray diffraction to quantify the dimensional stability and crystallographic phase evolution both pre- and post-irradiation. Our results reveal that these new compounds exhibit superior resilience to radiation damage than their predecessors.

Published
2021

14. Simulation of hydrodynamic tunneling induced by high-energy proton beam in copper by coupling computer codes

Author

Naeem A. Tahir, Daniel Wollmann, L. K. Mettler, Yuancun Nie, Alessandro Bertarelli, R. Schmidt, Federico Carra, and Claudio Fichera

Subjects
Coupling, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, chemistry.chemical_element, Surfaces and Interfaces, Copper, Molecular physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, chemistry, High energy proton, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, ddc:530, Penetration depth, Quantum tunnelling, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Physical review accelerators and beams 22(1), 014501 (2019). doi:10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.22.014501, The design of machine protection systems for high-energy accelerators with high-intensity beams requires analyzing a large number of failures leading to beam loss. One of the most serious failures is an accidental impact of a large number of bunches at one location, for example, due to a deflection of the particle beams by the extraction kicker magnets with the wrong strength. The numerical assessment of such an event requires an iterative execution of an energy-deposition code and a hydrodynamic code, in case the hydrodynamic tunneling effect plays an important role in the beam-matter interactions. Such calculations have been performed for the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), since the energy stored in the LHC beams exceeds previous accelerators by 2 orders of magnitude. This was done using the particle shower code fluka and the hydrodynamic code big2 [Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 15, (2012)]. Later, simulations for a number of cases for other accelerators at CERN and the Future Circular Collider (FCC) were performed [Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 19, (2016)]. These simulations showed that the penetration depth of the beam in copper or graphite could be an order of magnitude deeper when considering the hydrodynamic tunneling, compared to a static approximation. big2 is very efficient and used at GSI. It is always advantageous to cross-check the simulation results with different codes, because dedicated experiments are very complex or even impossible to carry out. For this purpose, it was decided to study the use of a commercial tool (Autodyn) for such calculations and to compare the results with previous work. This paper reports a benchmarking study against beam experiments performed at the HiRadMat (High-Radiation to Materials) facility using beams at 440 GeV from the Super Proton Synchrotron. Good agreement has been found between the simulation results and the experiments as well as previous simulations with fluka and big2 [Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. E 90, (2014)], particularly in terms of the penetration depth of the beam in copper. This makes the coupling of fluka and Autodyn an alternative solution to the simulation of the hydrodynamic tunneling, at least in the parameter range of this case study. Studies with other parameters are planned for FCC and other high-beam-power accelerators., Published by American Physical Society, College Park, MD

Published
2019

15. Transverse Beam Stability with Low-Impedance Collimators in the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider: Status and Challenges

Author

David Amorim, Elias Metral, S. A. Antipov, E. Carideo, J. Guardia Valenzuela, C. Accettura, Daniel Valuch, Alessandro Bertarelli, Stefano Redaelli, Federico Carra, Alessio Mereghetti, R. Bruce, Nicolo Biancacci, and B. Salvant

Subjects
Physics, Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, FOS: Physical sciences, Collimator, Surfaces and Interfaces, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Collimated light, law.invention, Optics, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:QC770-798, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Physics - Accelerator Physics, business, Electrical impedance, Beam (structure), physics.acc-ph
Abstract

The High-Luminosity LHC Project aims to increase the integrated luminosity that will be collected by the Large Hadron Collider for the needs of the high energy physics frontier by the end of its Run 3 by more than a factor ten. This will require doubling the beam intensity, and in order to ensure coherent stability until the brighter beams are put in collision, the transverse impedance of the machine has to be reduced. As the major portion of the ring impedance is generated by its collimation system, several low resistivity jaw materials have been considered to lower the collimator impedance and a special collimator has been built and installed in the machine to study their effect. In order to assess the performance of each material we performed a series of tune shift measurements with LHC beams. The results show a significant reduction of the resistive wall tune shift with novel materials, in good agreement with the impedance model and the bench impedance and resistivity measurements. The largest improvement is obtained with a molybdenum coating of a molybdenum-graphite jaw. This coating, applied to the most critical collimators, is estimated to lower the machine impedance by up to 30% and the stabilizing Landau octupole threshold by up to 240 A after accounting for uncertainties of the model and other destabilising effects. A half of the overall improvement can be obtained by coating the jaws of a subset of 4 out of 11 collimators identified as the highest contributors to machine impedance. This subset of low-impedance collimators is being installed during the Long Shutdown 2 in 2019-2020. The High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will double its beam intensity for the needs of High Energy Physics frontier. In order to ensure coherent stability until the beams are put in collision, the transverse impedance has to be reduced. As the major portion of the ring impedance is sup

Published
2019
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16. Development and properties of high thermal conductivity molybdenum carbide - graphite composites

Author

Federico Carra, Stefano Bizzaro, Nicola Mariani, Alessandro Bertarelli, Raul Arenal, and J. Guardia-Valenzuela

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Spark plasma sintering, Sintering, Carbon composites, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Microstructure, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Thermal expansion, Carbide, Thermal conductivity, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Graphite, Thermal management, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Dispersion (chemistry)
Abstract

A family of novel graphite-based composites reinforced with a dispersion of molybdenum carbide particles, with very high thermal and electrical properties, has been recently developed at CERN, in collaboration with Brevetti Bizz (IT), for applications in particle accelerators. These materials, produced by spark plasma sintering, assisted by liquid phase, have been extensively investigated and characterized. The influence of the initial constituents, together with the sintering parameters, have been studied in view of optimizing the thermo-physical and mechanical properties as well as ultra-high vacuum compatibility. The carbide phases and the microstructures have been analysed. Their excellent thermal conductivity (approaching 800 W m − 1 K − 1 ), low thermal expansion and low density make these materials appealing for high-end thermal management applications.

Published
2018

17. Thermostructural characterization and structural elastic property optimization of novel high luminosity LHC collimation materials at CERN

Author

Pierluigi Mollicone, G. Arnau Izquierdo, Nicholas Sammut, P. Gradassi, O. Sacristan-de-Frutos, Michael Guinchard, Federico Carra, J. Guardia-Valenzuela, M. Borg, and Alessandro Bertarelli

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Collimated light, 0203 mechanical engineering, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Graphite, Hadron colliders, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Diamond, Surfaces and Interfaces, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Collimators (Optical instrument), Characterization (materials science), 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:QC770-798, Beam energy, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The CERN Large Hadron Collider is currently being upgraded to operate at a stored beam energy of 680 MJ through the High Luminosity upgrade. The LHC performance is dependent on the functionality of beam collimation systems, essential for safe beam cleaning and machine protection. A dedicated beam experiment at the CERN High Radiation to Materials facility is created under the HRMT-23 experimental campaign. This experiment investigates the behavior of three collimation jaws having novel composite absorbers made of copper diamond, molybdenum carbide graphite, and carbon fiber carbon, experiencing accidental scenarios involving the direct beam impact on the material. Material characterization is imperative for the design, execution, and analysis of such experiments. This paper presents new data and analysis of the thermostructural characteristics of some of the absorber materials commissioned within CERN facilities. In turn, characterized elastic properties are optimized through the development and implementation of a mixed numerical-experimental optimization technique., peer-reviewed

Published
2018

18. Numerical simulation of long rods impacted by particle beams

Author

Pierluigi Mollicone, Alessandro Bertarelli, Nicholas Sammut, Federico Carra, Marcus Portelli, and L. K. Mettler

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Computer simulation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Modal analysis, Colliders (Nuclear physics), 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, Mechanics, Hadrons, Accelerators and Storage Rings, 01 natural sciences, Collimators (Optical instrument), Rod, Finite element method, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:QC770-798, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Particle beam, Dispersion (water waves), Longitudinal wave, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Analytical solutions detailing the propagation of longitudinal waves in slender rods subjected to a sudden increase of internal energy provide simple tools for the calculation of the temperature distribution in impacted rods as well as the resulting mechanical response. The topic is of great interest in particle accelerator technology, especially with regards to collimation systems, where beam intercepting devices can be generally approximated to one-dimensional (1D) elements potentially subjected, in accidental scenarios, to abrupt thermal energy depositions induced by the impacting particles. In this study, two finite element numerical models are presented and compared to the analytical solutions by Bertarelli, Dallocchio and Kurtyka, discussing the rapid temperature increase in slender rods due to particle beam impacts and the resulting dynamic longitudinal response. The first model is a sequentially coupled thermomechanical analysis; the second is based on a modal analysis to find the harmonic response of the system. The results indicate that phenomena neglected in analytical solutions, primarily dispersion of the longitudinal wave due to interactions with the free external surface of the rod, can be included in numerical models and can be observed in simulation results. The study further shows how numerical methods can be utilized to predict the frequencies and amplitudes of high-frequency disturbances in the longitudinal wave signal, and how these effects can be mitigated in preparation for experimental scenarios by fine-tuning the geometry of the rod and varying the duration of the pulse. This is especially useful with regards to experiments conducted in the HiRadMat facility at CERN, such as the recently conducted HRMT36 experiment, where high-frequency components can distort the signal to be observed., peer-reviewed

Published
2018

19. Radiation damage and thermal shock response of carbon-fiber-reinforced materials to intense high-energy proton beams

Author

N. Simos, Harold Kirk, Alessandro Bertarelli, Nikolai Mokhov, Robert Zwaska, Z. Kotsina, Zhong Zhong, P. Nocera, L. P. Trung, A. Rossi, Stefano Redaelli, Kavin Ammigan, Sanjit Ghose, Kirk T. McDonald, E. Quaranta, P. Hurh, and R W Assmann

Subjects
Diffraction, Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, Nuclear Theory, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Fluence, Crystal, 0103 physical sciences, Radiation damage, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, ddc:530, Graphite, Irradiation, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Nuclear Experiment, Surfaces and Interfaces, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Accelerators and Storage Rings, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

A comprehensive study on the effects of energetic protons on carbon-fiber composites and compounds under consideration for use as low-Z pion production targets in future high-power accelerators and low-impedance collimating elements for intercepting TeV-level protons at the Large Hadron Collider has been undertaken addressing two key areas, namely, thermal shock absorption and resistance to irradiation damage., Comment: 20 pp

Published
2017
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20. Proton Irradiation Effects on the Physio-Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Cold-Worked Molybdenum$

Author

Alessandro Bertarelli, Hui Zhong, Z. Kotsina, Stefano Redaelli, Nikolaos Charitonidis, Nikolaos Simos, N. Mariani, Sanjit Ghose, Zhong Zhong, E Doorhyee, and E. Quaranta

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Proton, Metallurgy, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, chemistry.chemical_element, Particle accelerator, Microstructure, Accelerators and Storage Rings, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Molybdenum, Neutron, Spallation, Texture (crystalline), Irradiation, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Waste Management and Disposal
Abstract

High temperature refractory materials and alloys including Mo and TZM have been considered and studied to assess their applicability in fusion reactor applications in addition to spallation targets in particle accelerators. The impacts of neutron, proton and ion irradiation on the properties and microstructure of pure Mo and its combination TZM have been evaluated through illumination damage studies. Cold-worked molybdenum (CW half), described by a microstructure comprising of non-consistently extended grains, has been considered for use in the Large Hadron Collider 7 TeV shaft halo cleaning framework has incited the present investigation. To assess the degradation of key physio-mechanical properties of the cold-worked structure following protracted exposure to proton irradiation as well as the impact of the irradiation temperature on the degradation irradiations with 200 MeV protons at 960°C to fluencies $\sim 2 \times 10^{21}$ p/cm$^{2}$ and with 28 MeV at below 600°C to fluency of $\sim 6 \times 10^{20}$ p/cm$^{2}$ were performed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. High energy X-rays at the NSLS and NSLS II synchrotrons were utilized in the post-irradiation evaluation (PIE) to assess the evolution of the microstructure. It was revealed that the cold-worked Mo and in agreement with neutron irradiation studies at high temperatures, suffers serious reduction in tensile strength due to the evolution of defects into dislocation networks. Further, irradiation at temperatures near the full re-crystallization temperature of the cold-worked structure removes the texture of the microstructure induced by cold working.

Published
2017

21. Modeling of beam-induced damage of the LHC tertiary collimators

Author

P. Gradassi, R. Bruce, Federico Carra, F. Cerutti, E. Skordis, E. Quaranta, A. Lechner, Alessandro Bertarelli, and Stefano Redaelli

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Luminosity (scattering theory), Large Hadron Collider, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Aperture, Nuclear engineering, Surfaces and Interfaces, Tracking (particle physics), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Halo, 010306 general physics, Intensity (heat transfer), Energy (signal processing), Beam (structure)
Abstract

Modern hadron machines with high beam intensity may suffer from material damage in the case of large beam losses and even beam-intercepting devices, such as collimators, can be harmed. A systematic method to evaluate thresholds of damage owing to the impact of high energy particles is therefore crucial for safe operation and for predicting possible limitations in the overall machine performance. For this, a three-step simulation approach is presented, based on tracking simulations followed by calculations of energy deposited in the impacted material and hydrodynamic simulations to predict the thermomechanical effect of the impact. This approach is applied to metallic collimators at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which in standard operation intercept halo protons, but risk to be damaged in the case of extraction kicker malfunction. In particular, tertiary collimators protect the aperture bottlenecks, their settings constrain the reach in ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{*}$ and hence the achievable luminosity at the LHC experiments. Our calculated damage levels provide a very important input on how close to the beam these collimators can be operated without risk of damage. The results of this approach have been used already to push further the performance of the present machine. The risk of damage is even higher in the upgraded high-luminosity LHC with higher beam intensity, for which we quantify existing margins before equipment damage for the proposed baseline settings.

Published
2017

22. Cleaning Insertions and Collimation Challenges

Author

Stefano Redaelli, Roberto Losito, J. M. Jowett, Alessandro Bertarelli, A. Lechner, R. B. Appleby, and Roderik Bruce

Subjects
Engineering drawing, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Computer science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics::Medical Physics, Operating system, Physics::Accelerator Physics, computer.software_genre, Accelerators and Storage Rings, computer, Collimated light
Abstract

High-performance collimation systems are essential for operating efficiently modern hadron machine with large beam intensities. In particular, at the LHC the collimation system ensures a clean disposal of beam halos in the superconducting environment. The challenges of the HL-LHC study pose various demanding requests for beam collimation. In this paper we review the present collimation system and its performance during the LHC Run 1 in 2010–2013. Various collimation solutions under study to address the HL-LHC requirements are then reviewed, identifying the main upgrade baseline and pointing out advanced collimation concept for further enhancement of the performance.

Published
2015

23. Innovative MoC – graphite composite for thermal management and thermal shock applications

Author

Federico Carra, P. Gradassi, T. Tsarfati, J. Guardia Valenzuela, Marco Garlaschè, Alessandro Bertarelli, and S. Sgobba

Subjects
High energy particle, Large Hadron Collider, Materials science, business.industry, Electronic packaging, Mechanical engineering, Solar energy, Thermal expansion, Thermal conductivity, Thermal, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Composite material, Aerospace, business
Abstract

Innovative collimators are being investigated to handle the high energy particle beams foreseen in future upgrades of CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This calls for the development of novel advanced materials, as no existing metal- or carbon-based material possesses the combination of physical, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties, imposed by extreme collimator's working conditions. An ambitious research program has been undertaken at CERN and collaborating partners to investigate, process and characterize novel composite materials. A promising new family of materials has been identified in metal/ceramiccarbon composites: these are intended to combine optimum mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, such as mechanical strength, melting temperature, thermal shock resistance, electrical conductivity, and energy absorption. Besides High Energy Physics equipment, these materials are of particular interest for thermal management applications such as high power density electronic packaging, aerospace, automotive, nuclear fusion and solar energy. With that in mind, this paper aims at discussing the properties of investigated materials with respect to their relevance for the various application domains.

Published
2015

24. Thermomechanical assessment of the effects of a jaw-beam angle during beam impact on Large Hadron Collider collimators

Author

M Cauchi, Federico Carra, Alessandro Bertarelli, Pierluigi Mollicone, Luisella Lari, Adriana Rossi, R W Assmann, and Nicholas Sammut

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Collimator Materials for fast High Density Energy Deposition (COMA-HDED) [11], Physics::Medical Physics, Beam optics, Mechanical engineering, 01 natural sciences, Collimated light, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Beam dump, Large Hadron Collider (France and Switzerland), Electronic circuit, Material mechanical modelling [11.3], 010302 applied physics, Physics, Downtime, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Collimator, Particle accelerator, Surfaces and Interfaces, Collimators (Optical instrument), Accelerators and Storage Rings, 13. Climate action, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The correct functioning of a collimation system is crucial to safely and successfully operate high-energy particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). However, the requirements to handle high- intensity beams can be demanding, and accident scenarios must be well studied in order to assess if the collimator design is robust against possible error scenarios. One of the catastrophic, though not very probable, accident scenarios identified within the LHC is an asynchronous beam dump. In this case, one (or more) of the 15 precharged kicker circuits fires out of time with the abort gap, spraying beam pulses onto LHC machine elements before the machine protection system can fire the remaining kicker circuits and bring the beam to the dump. If a proton bunch directly hits a collimator during such an event, severe beam-induced damage such as magnet quenches and other equipment damage might result, with consequent downtime for the machine. This study investigates a number of newly defined jaw error cases, which include angular misalignment errors of the collimator jaw. A numerical finite element method approach is presented in order to precisely evaluate the thermomechanical response of tertiary collimators to beam impact. We identify the most critical and interesting cases, and show that a tilt of the jaw can actually mitigate the effect of an asynchronous dump on the collimators. Relevant collimator damage limits are taken into account, with the aim to identify optimal operational conditions for the LHC., peer-reviewed

Published
2015

25. Thermomechanical response of Large Hadron Collider collimators to proton and ion beam impacts

Author

Alessandro Bertarelli, Pierluigi Mollicone, Ralph Assmann, Stefano Redaelli, M Cauchi, F. Cerutti, Nicholas Sammut, Luisella Lari, and Federico Carra

Subjects
Physics, Material mechanical modelling [11.3], Tungsten alloys -- Thermal properties, Particle physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Computer simulation, Ion beam, Proton, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Collimator Materials for fast High Density Energy Deposition (COMA-HDED) [11], Surfaces and Interfaces, 7. Clean energy, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Collimators (Optical instrument), Nuclear physics, 13. Climate action, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, ddc:530, Nuclear Experiment, Large Hadron Collider (France and Switzerland)
Abstract

The CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is designed to accelerate and bring into collision high-energy protons as well as heavy ions. Accidents involving direct beam impacts on collimators can happen in both cases. The LHC collimation system is designed to handle the demanding requirements of high-intensity proton beams. Although proton beams have 100 times higher beam power than the nominal LHC lead ion beams, specific problems might arise in case of ion losses due to different particle-collimator interaction mechanisms when compared to protons. This paper investigates and compares direct ion and proton beam impacts on collimators, in particular tertiary collimators (TCTs), made of the tungsten heavy alloy INERMET 180. Recent measurements of the mechanical behavior of this alloy under static and dynamic loading conditions at different temperatures have been done and used for realistic estimates of the collimator response to beam impact. Using these new measurements, a numerical finite element method (FEM) approach is presented in this paper. Sequential fast-transient thermostructural analyses are performed in the elastic-plastic domain in order to evaluate and compare the thermomechanical response of TCTs in case of critical beam load cases involving proton and heavy ion beam impacts., peer-reviewed

Published
2015

26. Long Term Stability of the LHC Superconducting Cryodipoles After Outdoor Storage

Author

A. Poncet, F. Seyvet, Andrzej Siemko, Frederic Savary, J.B. Jeanneret, Elena Wildner, O. Denis, Paolo Fessia, P. Pugnat, D. Letant, Alessandro Bertarelli, Stefano Sgobba, P. El-Kallassi, B. Vullierme, G.A. Izquierdo, Ezio Todesco, E.D.F. Cano, R. Veness, S.D. Ilie, and Davide Tommasini

Subjects
Cryostat, Materials science, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Nuclear engineering, Multi-layer insulation, Cryogenics, Welding, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, Thermal insulation, Magnet, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

The main superconducting dipoles for the LHC are being stored outdoors for periods from a few weeks to several years after conditioning with dry nitrogen gas. Such a storage before installation in the 27 km circumference tunnel may affect not only the mechanical and cryogenic functionality of the cryodipoles but also their quench and field performance. A dedicated task force was established to study all aspects of long term behaviour of the stored cryodipoles, with particular emphasis on electrical and vacuum integrity, quench training behaviour, magnetic field quality, performance of the thermal insulation, mechanical stability of magnet shape and of the interface between cold mass and cryostat, degradation ofmaterials and welds. In particular, one specifically selected cryodipole stored outdoors for more than one year, was retested at cold. In addition, various tests have been carried out on the cryodipole assembly and on the most critical subcomponents to study aspects such as the hygrothermal behaviour of the supporting system and the possible oxidation of the Multi Layer Insulation reflective films. This paper summarizes the main investigations carried out and their results.

Published
2006

27. High energy beam impact tests on a LHC tertiary collimator at the CERN high-radiation to materials facility

Author

Nicholas Sammut, M Cauchi, Belen Salvachua, Federico Carra, Alessandro Dallocchio, Stefano Redaelli, Karel Cornelis, D Deboy, Alessandro Bertarelli, R W Assmann, Adriana Rossi, Oliver Aberle, Pierluigi Mollicone, and Luisella Lari

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Nuclear engineering, Beam optics, Impact test, Collimated light, law.invention, Nuclear physics, High-Energy Accelerators and Colliders, Robustness (computer science), law, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Large Hadron Collider (France and Switzerland), Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Computer simulation, Mechanical Engineering, Collimator, Particle accelerator, Surfaces and Interfaces, Collimators (Optical instrument), Accelerators and Storage Rings, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:QC770-798, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The correct functioning of a collimation system is crucial to safely operate highly energetic particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The requirements to handle high intensity beams can be demanding. In this respect, investigating the consequences of LHC particle beams hitting tertiary collimators (TCTs) in the experimental regions is a fundamental issue for machine protection. An experimental test was designed to investigate the robustness and effects of beam accidents on a fully assembled collimator, based on accident scenarios in the LHC. This experiment, carried out at the CERN High-Radiation to Materials (HiRadMat) facility, involved 440 GeV proton beam impacts of different intensities on the jaws of a horizontal TCT. This paper presents the experimental setup and the preliminary results obtained, together with some first outcomes from visual inspection and a comparison of such results with numerical simulations., peer-reviewed

Published
2014

28. Beam feasibility study of a collimator with in-jaw beam position monitors

Author

Stefano Redaelli, Adriana Rossi, Alessandro Dallocchio, Eva Calvo, Luisella Lari, Florian Burkart, Gianluca Valentino, Verena Kain, Oliver Aberle, Ralph Aßmann, Alessandro Bertarelli, M. Gasior, C Boccard, Roderik Bruce, D Deboy, R. W.L. Jones, M Cauchi, Daniel Wollmann, and A A Nosych

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Medical Physics, Nuclear physics, Circular collider, Collimated light, law.invention, Beam halo, Optics, law, Position (vector), ddc:530, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation, Large Hadron Collider (France and Switzerland), Collimation, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Continuous monitoring, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Beam position monitor, Collimator, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Orbit (dynamics), Physics::Accelerator Physics, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

At present, the beam-based alignment of the LHC collimators is performed by touching the beam halo with both jaws of each collimator. This method requires dedicated fills at low intensities that are done infrequently and makes this procedure time consuming. This limits the operational flexibility, in particular in the case of changes of optics and orbit configuration in the experimental regions. The performance of the LHC collimation system relies on the machine reproducibility and regular loss maps to validate the settings of the collimator jaws. To overcome these limitations and to allow a continuous monitoring of the beam position at the collimators, a design with jaw-integrated Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) was proposed and successfully tested with a prototype (mock-up) collimator in the CERN SPS. Extensive beam experiments allowed to determine the achievable accuracy of the jaw alignment for single and multi-turn operation. In this paper, the results of these experiments are discussed. The non-linear response of the BPMs is compared to the predictions from electromagnetic simulations. Finally, the measured alignment accuracy is compared to the one achieved with the present collimators in the LHC., peer-reviewed

Published
2014

29. High Luminosity LHC: challenges and plans

Author

Massimo Giovannozzi, Nicolo Biancacci, Oliver Brüning, Stephane Fartoukh, Yunhai Cai, Giovanni Iadarola, F. F. Van der Veken, Ji Qiang, Anna Lisa Romano, Xavier Buffat, Kevin Li, Gianluigi Arduini, Lucio Rossi, C. Tambasco, J. Barranco, Yannis Papaphilippou, Dario Pellegrini, Tatiana Pieloni, Lee Robert Carver, Alessandro Bertarelli, Elias Metral, A. Lechner, M. Schenk, B. Salvant, S. Valishev, Rogelio Tomás, L. Medina Medrano, Roderik Bruce, Yuri Nosochkov, Giovanni Rumolo, and Stefano Redaelli

Subjects
Scientific instrument, Physics, Particle physics, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), Electromagnet, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Particle accelerator, Superconducting magnet, Accelerators and Storage Rings, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Upgrade, law, 0103 physical sciences, Coordination and Communication [6.1], Low Emittance Rings (LOW-e-RING) [6], Physics::Accelerator Physics, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest scientific instruments ever built. Since opening up a new energy frontier for exploration in 2010, it has gathered a global user community working in fundamental particle physics and the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density. To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the LHC will undergo a major upgrade in the 2020s. This will increase its rate of collisions by a factor of five beyond the original design value and the integrated luminosity by a factor ten. The new configuration, known as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), will rely on a number of key innovations that push accelerator technology beyond its present limits. Among these are cutting-edge 11–12 T superconducting magnets, including Nb(3)Sn-based magnets never used in accelerators before, compact superconducting cavities for longitudinal beam rotation, new technology and physical processes for beam collimation. The dynamics of the HL-LHC beams will be also particularly challenging and this aspect is the main focus of this paper.

Published
2016

30. An experiment to test advanced materials impacted by intense proton pulses at CERN HiRadMat facility

Author

Luca Gentini, Alessandro Dallocchio, P. Francon, P Fernandez Carmona, P. Moyret, E. Berthome, Nikolaos Charitonidis, Michael Guinchard, Martina Scapin, Alessandro Masi, C. Charrondiere, F. Cerutti, Federico Carra, Vittorio Boccone, Stefano Redaelli, Nicola Mariani, Lorenzo Peroni, S. D. Marques dos Santos, and Alessandro Bertarelli

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Embedded instrumentation, Nuclear engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Shock waves, law, 0103 physical sciences, CERN, Hydrocodes, High power target systems, HiRadMat, Particle accelerators, Beam intercepting devices, Instrumentation, Strain gauge, Collimators & materials for higher beam power beam [8], Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Particle accelerator, Collimator, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Measuring instrument, 0210 nano-technology, Laser Doppler vibrometer, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Predicting the consequences of highly energetic particle beams impacting protection devices as collimators or high power target stations is a fundamental issue in the design of state-of-the-art facilities for high-energy particle physics. These complex dynamic phenomena can be successfully simulated resorting to highly non-linear numerical tools (Hydrocodes). In order to produce accurate results, however, these codes require reliable material constitutive models that, at the extreme conditions induced by a destructive beam impact, are scarce and often inaccurate. In order to derive or validate such models a comprehensive, first-of-its-kind experiment has been recently carried out at CERN HiRadMat facility: performed tests entailed the controlled impact of intense and energetic proton pulses on a number of specimens made of six different materials. Experimental data were acquired relying on embedded instrumentation (strain gauges, temperature probes and vacuum sensors) and on remote-acquisition devices (laser Doppler vibrometer and high-speed camera). The method presented in this paper, combining experimental measurements with numerical simulations, may find applications to assess materials under very high strain rates and temperatures in domains well beyond particle physics (severe accidents in fusion and fission nuclear facilities, space debris impacts, fast and intense loadings on materials and structures etc.). (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2013

31. Behaviour of advanced materials impacted by high energy particle beams

Author

Nicola Mariani, Marco Garlaschè, Michael Guinchard, Lorenzo Peroni, S. D. Marques dos Santos, Federico Carra, Alessandro Bertarelli, F. Cerutti, Vittorio Boccone, Martina Scapin, and Alessandro Dallocchio

Subjects
History, High energy particle, Materials science, High-speed camera, business.industry, Nuclear engineering, Particle accelerator, Structural engineering, Impulse (physics), Computer Science Applications, Education, law.invention, law, Advanced composite materials, Measuring instrument, business, Laser Doppler vibrometer, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Beam Intercepting Devices (BID) are designed to operate in a harsh radioactive environment and are highly loaded from a thermo-structural point of view. Moreover, modern particle accelerators, storing unprecedented energy, may be exposed to severe accidental events triggered by direct beam impacts. In this context, impulse has been given to the development of novel materials for advanced thermal management with high thermal shock resistance like metal-diamond and metal-graphite composites on top of refractory metals such as molybdenum, tungsten and copper alloys. This paper presents the results of a first-of-its-kind experiment which exploited 440 GeV proton beams at different intensities to impact samples of the aforementioned materials. Effects of thermally induced shockwaves were acquired via high speed acquisition system including strain gauges, laser Doppler vibrometer and high speed camera. Preliminary information of beam induced damages on materials were also collected. State-of-the-art hydrodynamic codes (like Autodyn®), relying on complex material models including equation of state (EOS), strength and failure models, have been used for the simulation of the experiment. Preliminary results confirm the effectiveness and reliability of these numerical methods when material constitutive models are completely available (W and Cu alloys). For novel composite materials a reverse engineering approach will be used to build appropriate constitutive models, thus allowing a realistic representation of these complex phenomena. These results are of paramount importance for understanding and predicting the response of novel advanced composites to beam impacts in modern particle accelerators.

Published
2013

33. Shock loads induced on metal structures by LHC proton beams: modelling of thermo-mechanical effects

Author

Lorenzo Peroni, Alessandro Bertarelli, Alessandro Dallocchio, and Martina Scapin

Subjects
Shock wave, Physics, Work (thermodynamics), High energy particle, Large Hadron Collider, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 020101 civil engineering, 02 engineering and technology, General Medicine, Mechanics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Finite element method, 0201 civil engineering, Shock (mechanics), Cascade, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, Beam (structure), Collimators & materials for higher beam power beam [8], 021106 design practice & management
Abstract

In this work, the numerical simulations of the LHC high energy particle beam impact against a metal structure are performed using the commercial FEM code LS-DYNA. The evaluation of thermal loads on the hit material is performed using a statistical code, called FLUKA, based on the Monte-Carlo method, which returns an energy map on a particular geometry (taking into account all the particles in the cascade generated by the interaction between the proton beam and the target). The FLUKA results are then used as input for thermo-structural studies. The first step of this work is the validation of the numerical procedure on a simple geometry for two different materials (copper and tungsten) and constitutive material models. In particular, the high energy particle impact is examined on a facially irradiated cylindrical bar: the beam hits the component directly on the centre of the basis. Then the final step is the study of the impact on a real structure with an energy beam of 5 TeV (the next target in the energy value of LHC beam).

Published
2011

34. Dynamic Response of Rapidly Heated Cylindrical Rods: Longitudinal and Flexural Behavior

Author

Alessandro Dallocchio, Tadeusz Kurtyka, and Alessandro Bertarelli

Subjects
Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Linear elasticity, Isotropy, Thermodynamics, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermoelastic damping, Flexural strength, Mechanics of Materials, Deflection (engineering), Heat generation, Bending moment, Quasistatic process
Abstract

A very fast temperature increase, produced by a nonuniform heat generation, induces in a simply supported, isotropic, cylindrical rod both longitudinal and flexural vibrations. This paper presents an analytical method to study these vibrations and determine the stresses they provoke. The proposed procedure relies on three main steps: an exact solution for the temperature field is first obtained, by means of Fourier–Bessel expansions; quasistatic thermal stresses are then computed as a function of the calculated temperature distribution, making use of the thermoelastic displacement potential and of the solution to the equivalent isothermal two-dimensional stress problem; finally, longitudinal and flexural vibrations excited by an equivalent thermal force and thermal bending moment are determined using the mode-summation method. The influence of thermal shock duration on the maximum value of the longitudinal dynamic stress and of the ratio between the characteristic thermal time and structural response time on the dynamic bending deflection is analyzed and discussed. Finally, a comparison between the analytical model and experimental measurements is presented. The analytical model described in this paper allows the complete evaluation, within the linear elastic domain, of quasistatic and dynamic thermal stresses induced in an isotropic cylindrical rod by rapid internal heating.

Published
2008

35. LHC Collimation: Design and Results from Prototyping and Beam Tests

Author

J. Wenninger, M. Brugger, Gianluigi Arduini, Stefano Redaelli, G. Spiezia, P. Sievers, Helmut Burkhardt, M. Mayer, M. Magistris, O. Aberle, E. Chiaveri, R. Perret, I. Kurochkin, D. Schulte, Guillaume Robert-Demolaize, R W Assmann, Bernd Dehning, Arnaud Ferrari, M. Santana, Vasilis Vlachoudis, M. Gasior, Alexej Grudiev, Eva Barbara Holzer, Fritz Caspers, J. M. Jimenez, Roberto Losito, A. Dallochio, Sergio Calatroni, Yacine Kadi, A. Masi, Alessandro Bertarelli, C. Rathjen, H. Vincke, J.B. Jeanneret, K. Tsoulou, Elias Metral, S. Roesler, H. M. Braun, and I. Baishev

Subjects
Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Focused Impedance Measurement, Robustness (computer science), Electronic engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Mechanical engineering, Superconducting magnet, Robust control, Electrical impedance, Collimated light
Abstract

The problem of collimation and beam cleaning is one of the most challenging aspects of the LHC project. A collimation system must be designed, built, installed and commissioned with parameters that extend the present state-of-the-art by 2-3 orders of magnitude. Problems include robustness, cleaning efficiency, impedance and operational aspects. A strong design effort has been performed at CERN over the last two years. The adopted phased approach is described. Robust and precisely controllable collimators have been designed. Several LHC prototype collimators have been built and tested with the highest beam intensities that are presently available at CERN. The successful beam tests are presented, including beam-based setup procedures, a 2 MJ robustness test and measurements of the collimator-induced impedance. Finally, an outlook is presented on the challenges that are ahead in the coming years.

Published
2006

36. Mechanical Design for Robustness of the LHC Collimators

Author

Stefano Redaelli, G. Robert-Demolaize, Tadeusz Kurtyka, R. Perret, Sergio Calatroni, Alessandro Bertarelli, R W Assmann, Oliver Aberle, Alessandro Dallocchio, and M. Mayer

Subjects
Materials science, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Numerical analysis, Transfer line, Mechanical engineering, Collimator, Structural engineering, Collimated light, law.invention, Transverse plane, law, Robustness (computer science), Beam dump, business
Abstract

The functional specification of the LHC Collimators requires, for the start-up of the machine and the initial luminosity runs (Phase 1), a collimation system with maximum robustness against abnormal beam operating conditions. The most severe cases to be considered in the mechanical design are the asynchronous beam dump at 7TeV and the 450GeV injection error. To ensure that the collimator jaws survive such accident scenarios, low-Z materials were chosen, driving the design towards Graphite or Carbon reinforced Carbon composites. Furthermore, in-depth thermo-mechanical simulations, both static and dynamic, were necessary. This paper presents the results of the numerical analyses performed for the 450GeV accident case, along with the experimental results of the tests conducted on a collimator prototype in CERN TT40 transfer line, impacted by a 450GeV beam of 3.2e13 protons, with impact transverse offsets from 1 to 5 mm.

Published
2006

37. In-situ displacement measurement for use in LHC collimators

Author

Thomas Furness, James Williamson, Simon Fletcher, Ali Iqbal, Andrew Bell, Andrew Henning, Haydn Martin, Xiangqian Jiang, Alessandro Bertarelli, Federico Carra, Michele Pasquali, and Stefano Redaelli

Subjects
Interferometry, Collimator, LHC, Strain measurement

38. Ultra-High Vacuum characterization of Molybdenum-Carbide Graphite for HL-LHC collimators

Author

Stefano Redaelli, Alessandro Bertarelli, J. Guardia-Valenzuela, Marco Beghi, Federico Carra, Mauro Taborelli, Giuseppe Bregliozzi, G. Cattenoz, and C. Accettura

Subjects
History, Materials science, Residual gas analyzer, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, Ultra-high vacuum, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Education, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, accelerators, law, 0103 physical sciences, Graphite, Collider, 010302 applied physics, Ultra-High Vacuum, graphite, collimators, accelerators, Large Hadron Collider, graphite, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Computer Science Applications, Characterization (materials science), Outgassing, Upgrade, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Ultra-High Vacuum, 0210 nano-technology, collimators
Abstract

In view of the High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collimation system, a family of novel molybdenum-carbide graphite (MoGr) composites was developed to meet the challenging requirements of HL-LHC beam-halo collimation, in particular the electrical conductivity and thermo-mechanical performances. The Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) behaviour of this material was extensively characterized to assess its compatibility with the accelerator’s specifications. The results presented in this paper correlate the outgassing behaviour with the microscopic features of MoGr compared to other graphite-based materials. Residual gas analysis (RGA) was exploited to optimize post-production treatments.

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