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Objectives: To evaluate the alternate use of flash glucose monitoring (FGM) with self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Materials and methods: Two weeks of open FGM (P2), both preceded (P1) and followed by 2 weeks (P3) of SMBG with a blinded FGM system. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was calculated by (|FGMi − SMBGi|) / SMBGi, where it was a paired data sample. Results: In total, 34 patients were evaluated. Time in range (TIR) did not change between P1 and P2. In 12 patients (35.3%), TIR increased from 40% at P1 to 52% at P2 (p = 0.002) and in 22 (64.7%), TIR decreased or did not change. FGM use resulted in decreased % time spent in hypoglycemia (180 mg/dL) (44.5% to 51%; p = 0.046) with no significant change in % TIR. The proportion of patients who reached sensor-estimated glycated hemoglobin (eA1c) < 7% decreased from 23.5% at P1 to 12.9% at P2, p = 0.028. For the whole sample, the MARD between the two methods was 15.5% (95% CI 14.5-16.6%). For normal glucose range, hyperglycemic levels and hypoglycemic levels MARD were 16.0% (95% CI 15.0-17.0%), 13.3% (95% CI 11.5-15.2%) and 23.4% [95% CI 20.5-26.3%)], respectively. Conclusion: FGM after usual SMBG decreased the % time spent in hypoglycemia concomitant with an undesired increase in % time spent in hyperglycemia. Lower accuracy of FGM regarding hypoglycemia levels could result in overcorrection of hypoglycemia.

Objectives: To evaluate the performance of telemonitoring in detecting clinical and psychological needs and adherence to the protective measures imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to providing remote assistance for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a public university center in Brazil. Subjects and methods: Telemonitoring protocol included phone calls and e-mails. Patients were asked to rate COVID-19-like symptoms, psychological symptoms, epidemiological issues, and adherence to diabetes management (insulin, exercise, and diet) using a 0-to-10 scale. An e-mail address and phone number were offered for further contact if needed. Clinical, demographic, and laboratorial data from the consultations before the pandemic were collected from medical records. Results: Among 321 patients with a previously scheduled consultation over the first 15 weeks of social distancing, 237 (73.8%) could be successfully contacted. Of these, 207 (87.3%) were exclusively evaluated by telemonitoring (190 only by phone or text message and 17 who were also reached by email), and 30 (12.7%) patients attended the consultation for medical reasons detected during the telephone screening. Overall, 44 (18.5%) patients reported COVID-19-like symptoms. One (2.3%) patient was hospitalized and subsequently died. Psychological symptoms were reported by 137 (60.4%) patients and 30 (12.7%) required remote psychological assistance. Appropriate social distancing was performed by 203 (87.9%) patients, and 221 (97.8%) referred use of masks. Conclusions: Telemonitoring T1D patients during the pandemic helped reduce the need for in-person consultations, detect clinical and psychological needs, and offer support to patients in addition to monitoring suspected COVID-19 cases and the adherence to protective measures.

To find out an normality value for microvascular response (physiological and pharmacological) assessed through laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) based on Endo-PAT, which identifies the ones with Endothelial Dysfunction (ED) in patients with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D).Patients with T1D, aged ≥12years underwent a clinical-epidemiological questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were obtained (lipid profile, glycemic control and levels of C-reactive protein). Vascular reactivity was assessed in the forearm through the technique of LSCI at baseline, during post occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and during iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and peripheral arterial tonometry was performed by supplying the RHI through Endo-PAT device.189 patients were evaluated, 97 women (51.3%) with T1D, aged 32±13years and with a disease duration of 16 (6-21) years and mean A1c of 9.2% (±2.2). Receiver Operating Characteristics curve (ROC) analysis according to RHI showed that the Area under curve (AUC) of ACh of 10,369 Laser Speckle Perfusion Unit (LSPU) presented sensitivity and specificity of 65% and 87,5%, respectively, (p=0.002) in those patients with T1D's duration5years. Overall, no test of vascular reactivity was able to distinguish the ideal cuttoff based on RHI.In the present study, we could find an ideal cut off value of microcirculation assessment through endothelium-dependent vasodilation to ACh using LSCI according to Endo-PAT's score, only in those under 5years of disease duration. Further prospective studies shall be conducted to evaluate its predictive cardiovascular value.

Background The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the demographic, clinical, social-educational determinants and diabetes management factors that have influenced the agreement between glycaemia obtained from a glucometer and logbook; the second objective was to evaluate the influence of the above-mentioned factors on glycemic control and its trajectories in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) over 1 year follow-up period during routine clinical practice. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted at the Diabetes Unit at Rio de Janeiro’s State University, between May 2017 and May 2018. All consecutive patients with clinical diagnosis of T1D that attended the Diabetes Unit between April and June 2017 were enrolled in this study. Results Data were obtained from 158 patients. Overall, for 112 (73.2%) of the patients, we found no agreement between glycaemia obtained from a glucometer and the logbook (group 2). In 41 (26.8%) of the patients there was an agreement (group 1). Patients from group 1 presented a lower mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p = 0.03) and a tendency to have a lower baseline HbA1c (p = 0.08), they received more frequently strips for glucose monitoring from the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (p = 0.047) and were more adherent to the prescribed diet (p = 0.01) than patients from group 2. Multivariate analysis of this agreement (as a dependent variable) showed that adherence to diet was the only significant independent variable. Significant difference was noted between baseline and final HbA1c [(9.4 ± 2.2%) vs (9.03 ± 1.8%), p = 0.017], respectively. Conclusions Our study revealed that the majority of T1D patients that were followed at a tertiary center did not have significant agreement between glycaemia obtained from a glucometer and a logbook. Adherence to diet was the main factor related to the agreement, but the supply of strips by SUS should also be considered in clinical practice.

Objective To test whether laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) coupled with physiological post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) and pharmacological iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) as local vasodilator stimuli could distinguish between cutaneous microvascular responses of Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM)’s patients with endothelial dysfunction and that of healthy controls. Methods Patients with T1DM aged ≥ 12 years completed a clinical-epidemiological questionnaire. Data detailing patients' such as daily insulin dose, duration of diabetes, and use of pharmaceuticals such as antihypertensive drugs and statins that could interfere with endothelial function were obtained. Vascular reactivity was assessed in the forearm by LSCI and PORH at baseline and during iontophoresis of ACh using increasing anodic currents of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 μA in 10 second intervals. Results This study included 50 patients with T1DM and 30 control subjects. The mean resting flux did not differ between patients and control subjects. T1DM patients exhibited endothelial dysfunction upon challenge with physiological or pharmacological stimuli. The microvascular response to both ACh and PORH (i.e., maximum response at peak and amplitude) were significantly reduced in patients with diabetes compared with control subjects (p Conclusion We demonstrated that endothelium-dependent skin microvascular vasodilator responses are significantly impaired in patients with T1DM compared to healthy subjects investigated using LSCI coupled with ACh iontophoresis and PORH. Additionally, we find that LSCI is a promising methodology for studying physiological vascular reactivity in T1DM.

A presente revisao tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir as particularidades no manejo do diabetes em duas populacoes distintas de pacientes, as criancas e os idosos, atraves da revisao das principais diretrizes na area, alem de revisao da literatura, abordando aspectos importantes de cada grupo etario que tenham impacto nas decisoes terapeuticas. O manejo do diabetes em criancas e idosos apresenta alguns pontos em comum. Ambas sao populacoes com caracteristicas clinicas e psicossociais bastante heterogeneas, nas quais a individualizacao do tratamento e crucial para a obtencao de sucesso terapeutico. Sao populacoes vulneraveis ao risco de hipoglicemia e hiperglicemia extremas e que na grande maioria dos casos o suporte social e familiar e determinante para o tratamento adequado. As metas terapeuticas em criancas preconizadas pela International Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) e seguidas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes sao nivel de hemoglobina glicada (A1c) < 7,5% para todos com menos de 18 anos, porem sempre se ressaltando a necessidade de evitar hipoglicemias graves e garantir crescimento e desenvolvimento normais. O tratamento consiste de dieta, atividade fisica e insulinoterapia exclusiva desde o diagnostico, para os casos de DM1, ou metformina associada ou nao a insulinoterapia, para os casos de diabetes tipo 2. Para idosos, os objetivos e metas de tratamento sao variaveis, dependendo da presenca de comorbidades, da fragilidade, do deficit cognitivo, da expectativa de vida e do suporte social/familiar do idoso. Sendo assim, as metas de A1c podem variar de 6,5% a 8,5-9,0% devendo sempre ser individualizadas. Para a escolha da medicacao, devemos considerar o tempo de duracao do diabetes, o peso do paciente, sintomas, niveis de glicemia e de HbA1c, o potencial da droga em reduzir a glicemia, seus efeitos extraglicemicos, seu perfil de seguranca, tolerabilidade, posologia e custo. Descritores : Criancas; Diabetes mellitus ; Idoso; Terapeutica.

Com a intensificação do controle glicêmico no tratamento do diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1), houve uma mudança progressiva das causas de mortalidade com destaque para a DCV. A identificação de fatores de risco, como a dislipidemia, tornou-se de grande importância para minimizar o risco de complicações crônicas micro e macrovasculares. As diretrizes para prevenção de doença coronariana em diabetes, geralmente, fazem referência ao diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2), com pouca recomendação específica para o DM1. Definir alvos terapêuticos ou indicação de intervenção farmacológica é mais controverso nesse tipo de diabetes, em virtude da faixa etária desses pacientes. O presente estudo busca destacar a importância de estabelecer o diagnósti-co da dislipidemia nesse grupo de pacientes e instituir terapêutica adequa- da e precoce, objetivando alcançar as metas estabelecidas para reduzir o perfil lipídico aterogênico desses pacientes. With the intensive glycemic control in the therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, cardiovascular disease has been the main cause of mortality. Identification of risk factors, such as dyslipidemia is considered of great importance in terms of avoiding chronic micro and macro vascular complications. The statements for prevention of coronary artery disease in diabetes are generally are related do type 2 diabetes mellitus and little attention is paid to T1DM. Defining therapeutical targets and indications for treatment are more controversial in these patients due to their young ages. The present study aims to emphasize the importance of establishing the diagnosis of dyslipidemia in this group of patients as well as indicate the appropriate and early treatment, in order to reach the targets of treatment and reduce the atherogenic lipid profile.

O Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1A diagnosticado antes do 1º ano de vida é uma condição rara, podendo haver uma associação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais (infecção) que explique tal precocidade. Foi descrita a presença do genoma do Citomegalovírus (CMV) nos linfócitos, em cerca de 15% de novos casos de DM1. Relatamos os casos de desenvolvimento do diabetes em gêmeos dizigóticos do sexo masculino, nos primeiros 9 meses de idade com identidade nos alelos HLA (DR3/DR4) e história de infecção pelo CMV em ambos, comprovada por IgG+ e PCR urinária. Apenas o 2º gemelar apresentava o anticorpo anti-GAD positivo (9,6 UI/mL). Apesar de tratar-se de gêmeos dizigóticos, cuja taxa de concordância para diabetes, na literatura, é de 3,8%, assumem risco equivalente a monozigóticos (de 40%) por apresentarem HLA de alto risco para o diabetes. Acreditamos que tanto a concordância temporal como o início precoce do diabetes são decorrentes da associação entre infecção por CMV e forte suscetibilidade genética. The onset of type 1A diabetes before the first year of age is a rare condition and is probably due to an interaction between genetic and environmental factors (infection), which, together, may explain such an early event. Studies say that about 15% of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients had human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific viral genome in their lymphocytes. We report two cases of dizygotic twins with type 1 diabetes onset in their first 9 months of age, with genetic homogeneity (for HLA DR3/DR4 alleles), a history of CMV infection (positive IgG and urinary PCR) and positive antibody anti-GAD (9.6 UI/ml), present only in the second twin. Although they were dizygotic twins, which concordance rate is 3.8%, they assume the equivalent risk as monozygotic (40%) as they have similar high risk genotype (HLA) for type 1 diabetes. We believe that both time concordance and also the early onset of diabetes are due to an association between infection and the high genetic liability.

Background: In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) management, enhancing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is as important as good metabolic control and prevention of secondary complications. This study aims to evaluate possible regional differences in HRQoL, demographic features and clinical characteristics of patients with T1DM in Brazil, a country of continental proportions, as well as investigate which variables could influence the HRQoL of these individuals and contribute to these regional disparities. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study performed by the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group (BrazDiab1SG), by analyzing EuroQol scores from 3005 participants with T1DM, in 28 public clinics, among all geographical regions of Brazil. Data on demography, economic status, chronic complications, glycemic control and lipid profile were also collected. Results: We have found that the North-Northeast region presents a higher index in the assessment of the overall health status (EQ-VAS) compared to the Southeast (74.6 ± 30 and 70.4 ± 19, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, North- Northeast presented a lower frequency of self-reported anxiety-depression compared to all regions of the country (North-Northeast: 1.53 ± 0.6; Southeast: 1.65 ± 0.7; South: 1.72 ± 0.7; Midwest: 1.67 ± 0.7; p < 0.05). These findings could not be entirely explained by the HbA1c levels or the other variables examined. Conclusions: Our study points to the existence of additional factors not yet evaluated that could be determinant in the HRQoL of people with T1DM and contribute to these regional disparities.

The aim of this study was to assess the arterial stiffness in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with a control group and determine the associated potential risk factors for its occurrence. Fifty-seven subjects with type 1 diabetes and fifty-three healthy controls were submitted to clinical and laboratory evaluation. The peripheral waveform pressure was analyzed to assess arterial stiffness according to the reflection and stiffness index. Arterial stiffness did not differ between the controls and patients with type 1 diabetes. Pulse pressure showed no difference among both groups. In the group of patients with type 1 diabetes, the stiffness index was correlated with diabetes duration (r = 0.59, p

Background: To evaluate the determinants of intensive insulin regimens (ITs) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: This multicenter study was conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. Data were obtained from 3,591 patients (56.0% female, 57.1% Caucasian). Insulin regimens were classified as follows: group 1, conventional therapy (CT) (intermediate human insulin, one to two injections daily); group 2 (three or more insulin injections of intermediate plus regular human insulin); group 3 (three or more insulin injections of intermediate human insulin plus short-acting insulin analogues); group 4, basal-bolus (one or two insulin injections of long-acting plus short-acting insulin analogues or regular insulin); and group 5, basal-bolus with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Groups 2 to 5 were considered IT groups. Results: We obtained complete data from 2,961 patients. Combined intermediate plus regular human insulin was the most used therapeutic regimen. CSII was used by 37 (1.2%) patients and IT by 2,669 (90.2%) patients. More patients on IT performed self-monitoring of blood glucose and were treated at the tertiary care level compared to CT patients (p < 0.001). The majority of patients from all groups had HbA1c levels above the target. Overweight or obesity was not associated with insulin regimen. Logistic regression analysis showed that economic status, age, ethnicity, and level of care were associated with IT (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Given the prevalence of intensive treatment for T1D in Brazil, more effective therapeutic strategies are needed for long term-health benefits.

Background and aims Regional differences in the clinical care of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Brazil have been recently described. This study aimed to estimate the costs of T1D from the public health care system’s perspective across the regions of Brazil and to determine the components that influence these costs. Methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional and nationwide multicenter study conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The study included 3,180 T1D subjects receiving healthcare from the National Brazilian Healthcare System (NBHCS) with a follow-up of at least one year. The direct medical costs were derived from the costs of medications, supplies, examinations, visits to the center, medical procedures and hospitalizations that occurred during the previous year. Clinical and demographic factors that determined the differences in the cost across four geographic regions (southeast, south, north/northeast and mid-west) were investigated. Results The per capita mean annual direct medical costs of T1D in US$ were 1,466.36, 1,252.83, 1,148.09 and 1,396.30 in southeast, south, north/northeast and mid-west regions, respectively. The costs of T1D in the southeast region were higher compared to south (p < 0.001) and north/northeast regions (p = < 0.001), but not to the mid-west (p = 0.146) region. The frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) was different across the regions as well as the daily number of SMBG, use of insulin pumps or basal or prandial insulin analogs. Age, ethnicity, duration of diabetes, level of care, socioeconomic status and the prevalence of chronic diabetic complications differed among the regions. In a regression model the determinants of the costs were the presence of microvascular diabetes-related complications (p

Cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The proposed mechanisms that can link accelerated atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk in this population are poorly understood. It has been suggested that an association between hyperglycemia and intracellular metabolic changes can result in oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Recently, epigenetic factors by different types of reactions are known to be responsible for the interaction between genes and environment and for this reason can also account for the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The impact of clinical factors that may coexist with diabetes such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are also discussed. Furthermore, evidence that justify screening for subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients is controversial and is also matter of this review. The purpose of this paper is to describe the association between poor glycemic control, oxidative stress, markers of insulin resistance, and of low-grade inflammation that have been suggested as putative factors linking diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Objective. This study evaluated the prevalence, awareness, and type of treatment for hypertension in Brazil in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D).Methods. This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study that was conducted from December 2008 to December 2010 in 28 public clinics located in 20 Brazilian cities.Results. A total of 3,591 patients were studied, 56% female, average age21.2±11.7years, with a median duration of diabetes9.6±8.1years. Blood pressure levels were available for a total of 3,323 patients and 689 (19.2%) patients were hypertensive. Hypertensive patients were older, exhibited longer duration of diabetes, and had higher body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C values (P<0.001, for all comparisons), but only 370 (53.7%) received treatment. Patient awareness of hypertension was documented in 453 (65.5%) patients. However, only 76 (22.9%) of the treated patients attained the target systolic (sBP) and diastolic blood pressures (dBP).Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that a large number of T1D patients with hypertension do not receive appropriate treatment; few of the treated T1D patients achieved the target sBP and dBP values. Greater attention should be paid to blood pressure evaluation, hypertension diagnosis, and treatment of T1D patients in Brazil.

Background Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is considered to be one of the most significant risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the specific risk predictor models for T1DM are subject to many limitations. Case presentation We report the case of a 42-year-old Caucasian woman presenting with T1DM for 26 years. During her chronic hyperglycemic evolution (mean of HbA1c > 3 percentage points above the superior limit) without microvascular complications, this patient presented with early and aggressive coronary artery disease, despite the lack of classical risk factors for CAD Conclusions The rapidly progressive macrovascular disease observed in this case demonstrates the different degrees of aggressiveness and unpredictable clinical evolution observed in some cases. It also confirms the need for a multi-factorial, early and optimized clinical management regime.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of economic status on clinical care provided to Brazilian youths with type 1 diabetes in daily practice, according to the American Diabetes Association’s guidelines. This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted between 2008 and 2010 in 28 public clinics in Brazil. Data were obtained from 1,692 patients (55.3 % female, 56.4 % Caucasian), with a mean age of 13 years (range, 1–18), a mean age at diagnosis of 7.1 ± 4 years and diabetes duration of 5 ± 3.7 years. Overall, 75 % of the patients were of a low or very low economic status. HbA1c goals were reached by 23.2 %, LDL cholesterol by 57.9 %, systolic blood pressure by 83.9 % and diastolic blood pressure by 73.9 % of the patients. In total, 20.2 % of the patients were overweight and 9.2 % were obese. Patients from very low economic status were less likely to attend tertiary care level when compared with those from low, medium and high economic status, 64.2 % versus 75.5 % versus 78.3 % and 74.0 %; p

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o risco cardiovascular (RCV) em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) de acordo com os critérios de Framingham, e sua associação com outros fatores não incluídos no escore de Framingham. DESENHO DO ESTUDO E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, em corte transverso, 333 pacientes DM2 (215 do sexo feminino) com média de idade de 59,6 ± 9,7 anos, acompanhados no Serviço de Diabetes e Metabologia do HUPE no período de março de 2004 a fevereiro de 2005. A duração conhecida do diabetes foi de 12 (0 a 43) anos. Foi aplicado o escore de Framingham em todos os pacientes para determinação do risco de morte por doença coronariana. Os pacientes foram estratificados em grupos quanto ao RCV em 10 anos: < 20% e > 20% de probabilidade de apresentar um evento CV. RESULTADOS: O RCV, em 10 anos na amostra estudada, foi de 18,7 ± 10,8%, sendo maior no sexo masculino do que no feminino [20% (253) vs. 15% (127), p< 0,001]. A prevalência de risco > 20% do escore de Framingham foi maior no sexo masculino (55,1%) do que no feminino (38,6%) (p= 0,003). O RCV foi correlacionado à duração conhecida do DM, níveis de triglicerídeos (TGs), creatinina, glicemia pós-prandial e circunferência abdominal (CA). Houve associação do RCV com a CA, pela classificação da IDF (International Diabetes Federation) (p< 0,001) e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) (p= 0,003). Na regressão múltipla em stepwise, encontramos correlação significativa e independente do RCV com as seguintes variáveis: sexo masculino, duração conhecida do DM, creatinina plasmática, CA e TGs (p< 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A população diabética estudada apresentou alto risco para eventos cardiovasculares segundo os critérios de Framingham, principalmente os pacientes do sexo masculino. Considerando-se o elevado custo das investigações cardiológicas para o sistema de saúde público, estudos posteriores poderão ratificar se a aplicação rotineira deste escore, prático e não-invasivo, permitiria um melhor direcionamento na solicitação destas investigações. Isto poderia resultar na adoção de medidas de intervenção mais precoces e intensivas nos pacientes, no sentido de reduzir ou controlar o risco coronariano. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk (CR) in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients according to Framingham criteria and its possible relationship with other risk factors not included in the Framingham score. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 333 T2DM outpatients (215 females), aged 56.9 ± 9.7 years followed regularly from March 2004 to February 2005 in the Diabetes Unit in our Universitary Hospital. The known diabetes duration was 12 (043) years. In order to determinate the risk of death from coronary artery disease (CAD), we applied the Framingham score. Patients were classified in two groups, according to their probability of having a cardiovascular event in ten years: < 20% and > 20%. We intended to establish a correlation between the CR verified in this population and other variables probably related to CR not included on Framingham score. RESULTS: The CR in ten years was 18.7 ± 10.8% in the whole population, being higher in male than female [20% (253) vs. 15% (127); p< 0.001]. Fifty five percent of males and 38.6% of females had a CR > 20% according to Framingham score (p= 0.003). The CR was related to diabetes duration, triglycerides (TG), creatinine and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (2G) levels and abdominal circumference (AC) either according to International Diabetes Federation (p< 0.001) or World Health Organization (p= 0.003) criteria. In the stepwise multivariate analyses we found an independent and significant correlation of CR with the following variables: gender (male), diabetes duration, plasma creatinine levels, AC and TG (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our T2DM patients represent a high-risk population for cardiovascular events according to the Framingham score, mainly males. Routine use of Framingham score, which is feasible and noninvasive, could identify such patients and institute precocious and intensive measures in order to reduce their cardiovascular risk.

The aim of our study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk (CR) in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients according to Framingham criteria and its possible relationship with other risk factors not included in the Framingham score.We evaluated 333 T2DM outpatients (215 females), aged 56.9+/-9.7 years followed regularly from March 2004 to February 2005 in the Diabetes Unit in our University Hospital. The known diabetes duration was 12 (0-43) years. In order to determinate the risk of death from coronary artery disease (CAD), we applied the Framingham score. Patients were classified in two groups, according to their probability of having a cardiovascular event in ten years:or=20% and20%. We intended to establish a correlation between the CR verified in this population and other variables probably related to CR not included on Framingham score.The CR in ten years was 18.7+/-10.8% in the whole population, being higher in male than female [20% (2-53) vs. 15% (1-27); p0.001]. Fifty five percent of males and 38.6% of females had a CR20% according to Framingham score (p=0.003). The CR was related to diabetes duration, triglycerides (TG), creatinine and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (2G) levels and abdominal circumference (AC) either according to International Diabetes Federation (p0.001) or World Health Organization (p=0.003) criteria. In the stepwise multivariate analyses we found an independent and significant correlation of CR with the following variables: gender (male), diabetes duration, plasma creatinine levels, AC and TG (p0.001).Our T2DM patients represent a high-risk population for cardiovascular events according to the Framingham score, mainly males. Routine use of Framingham score, which is feasible and noninvasive, could identify such patients and institute precocious and intensive measures in order to reduce their cardiovascular risk.

The onset of type 1A diabetes before the first year of age is a rare condition and is probably due to an interaction between genetic and environmental factors (infection), which, together, may explain such an early event. Studies say that about 15% of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients had human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific viral genome in their lymphocytes. We report two cases of dizygotic twins with type 1 diabetes onset in their first 9 months of age, with genetic homogeneity (for HLA DR3/DR4 alleles), a history of CMV infection (positive IgG and urinary PCR) and positive antibody anti-GAD (9.6 UI/ml), present only in the second twin. Although they were dizygotic twins, which concordance rate is 3.8%, they assume the equivalent risk as monozygotic (40%) as they have similar high risk genotype (HLA) for type 1 diabetes. We believe that both time concordance and also the early onset of diabetes are due to an association between infection and the high genetic liability.

The evaluation of microvascular function is essential in the investigation of the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases [Struijker-Boudier, H.A. et al., 2007. Evaluation of the microcirculation in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Eur. Heart J. 28, 2834-2840]. In clinical research and practice, the study of microcirculation is of great value in the assessment of the effects of medical interventions and monitoring disease progression. It is well-known that patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes have microvascular dysfunction that results from numerous factors including hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and insulin resistance [Schalkwijk, C.G., Stehouwer, C.D., 2005. Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus: the role of endothelial dysfunction. Clin. Sci. (Lond). 109, 143-159]. Moreover, skin microvascular dysfunction in type 1 diabetes precedes symptoms of end-organ microvascular disease [Khan, F. et al., 2000. Impaired skin microvascular function in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23, 215-220]. In this study, we assessed skin microvascular function of patients with type 1 diabetes using laser-Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) coupled with physiological and pharmacological local vasodilator stimuli.

Background To determine the relationship between adherence to the diet reported by patients with type 1 diabetes under routine clinical care in Brazil, and demographic, socioeconomic status, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The data was obtained from 3,180 patients, aged 22 ± 11.8 years (56.3% females, 57.4% Caucasians and 43.6% non-Caucasians). The mean time since diabetes diagnosis was 11.7 ± 8.1 years. Results Overall, 1,722 (54.2%) of the patients reported to be adherent to the diet without difference in gender, duration of diabetes and socioeconomic status. Patients who reported adherence to the diet had lower BMI, HbA1c, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, non HDL-cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure and had more HbA1c at goal, performed more frequently self-monitoring of blood glucose (p