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Intermittent hemodialysis (IH) is an important therapy in the context of kidney dysfunction in dogs. However, its impact on pro-inflammatory cytokines is unclear. This study assessed IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α serum concentrations in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing one session of IH without bypass (IH group, n = 4) and with bypass (IH + bypass group, n = 4). The control group (CG) included four healthy dogs. Cytokine levels were measured before, during, and after the first IH session. Comparative analyses of each cytokine within each group and time point were performed, along with a global comparison between groups. No significant changes were observed in cytokines across evaluation times in the IH groups. IL-1β was significantly higher post-session in the IH and IH + bypass groups compared to CG. Globally, IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in the IH (11.41 pg/mL (10–16.17) and 2 pg/mL (2–88.54), respectively) and IH + bypass groups (10 pg/mL (10–10) and 2 pg/mL (2–215.5), respectively) compared to CG (0.96 pg/mL (0–3.56) and 0 pg/mL (0–0.003), respectively). The IH group also showed elevated IL-6 concentration (0.1 ng/mL (0.1–0.5)) compared to CG (0 ng/mL (0–0.1)). Higher IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations were observed in the IH group (11.41 pg/mL (10–16.17) and 0.1 ng/mL (0.1–0.1), respectively) compared to the IH + bypass group (10 pg/mL (10–10) and 0.1 ng/mL (0.1–0.5), respectively). In conclusion, a single IH session, with or without bypass, did not increase pro-inflammatory cytokines in CKD dogs with uremic syndrome but maintained the inflammatory state. Dogs undergoing IH without bypass may receive a stronger stimulus for cytokine release.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) extract has several health benefits and anti-obesogenic effects. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the medicinal properties attributable to HS would prevent or mitigate bladder changes induced by obesity in an experimental model. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were submitted to one of four different dietary interventions (12 animals each): G1, standard diet and water (controls); G2, standard diet and HS tea; G3, a palatable high-fat diet and water; and G4, high-fat diet diet and HS tea. The animals were monitored for body weight, feed, and water and tea intake, according to the allocated group. After 16 weeks, the animals were euthanized, and the levels of creatinine, inflammatory cytokines, testosterone, cholesterol, triglycerides, and electrolytes were evaluated. In addition, histopathological analysis of the animals’ bladder was performed. Results: Groups receiving HS (G2 and G4) showed decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1α. HS tea was able to reduce low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels in the G2 group compared to other groups. Only in the G3 there was a significant increase in the body weight when it was compared the 12th and 16th weeks. Leptin was shown to be elevated in the groups that received a high-fat diet. There was a significant decrease in the muscle fibers thickness and in the total collagen count in G4 bladder when compared with G1 and G3. Conclusions: HS has an anti-inflammatory role, can reverse hyperlipidemia in rats, and reduced deleterious effects of obesity on these animals’ bladder.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos e laboratoriais de cães com hipercortisolismo dependente do hormônio adrenocorticotrófico (ACTH) em uma série de casos (131). Predominaram fêmeas (63%), idade média de 10 anos, as raças mais frequentes foram Shih-tzu (15,27%), Poodle (14,5%) e Yorkshire (14,5%). Os achados laboratoriais mais comuns foram elevação da atividade de alanina aminotransferase (ALT) (49,56%) e fosfatase alcalina (FA) (75,65%), hipertrigliceridemia (74,34%) e hipercolesterolemia (51,72%). As manifestações clínicas mais frequentes foram poliúria (47,86%), polidipsia (54,70%) e polifagia (47%). As comorbidades mais encontradas foram hepatopatias (70,16%), alterações em vesícula biliar (66,13%) e dermatopatias (11,29%). Concluiu-se que a caracterização dos pacientes foi semelhante a estudos anteriores; porém, com uma frequência menor de manifestações clínicas, sugerindo um diagnóstico em estágios mais precoces.

This study aimed to compare renal function between obese and normal‑weight healthy cats, using intrarenal resistive index (RI), serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and serum creatinine, and to identify the variables that might influence intrarenal RI. Thirty crossbred client‑owned cats met the inclusion criteria and were allocated into two groups: Control and Obese. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), body condition score (BCS), SAP, serum SDMA, urea, and creatinine were evaluated. B‑mode and Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys were done. RI evaluation was in the interlobar artery. SDMA and intrarenal RI were compared between groups, also considering the gender of the cats. A correlation analysis between intrarenal RI with the other parameters was performed. SDMA was higher in the Obese group. Intrarenal RI was higher in females than males in the Obese group. Obese females presented higher RI and SDMA than Control females. A positive correlation was observed between RI, age, body weight, and BMI. Six obese cats (40%) showed increased RI. The increase in body weight, BCS, and BMI resulted in a simultaneous increase in RI and SDMA. The RI may assist in monitoring renal function, and may be associated with preclinical kidney changes in obese cats.

In chronic kidney disease dogs, the inflammatory process increases C-reactive protein concentrations. This study aimed to determine C-reactive protein serum concentrations in stage IV chronic kidney disease dogs treated with intermittent hemodialysis. A prospective cohort study was conducted with 23 dogs allocated into three groups: control group (CG, n = 7), intermittent hemodialysis group (IHG, n = 8) and clinical treatment group (CTG, n = 8), both comprised of stage IV chronic kidney disease dogs. One blood sample from CG (initial evaluation) and two samples from IHG and CTG (first- and last-moment) were obtained to determine C-reactive protein concentration, total leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes, total plasma protein, serum albumin, urea, creatinine, and phosphorus. C-reactive protein was higher in IHG compared to CG in the first- and last-moments (p

ABSTRACT: The Labrador Retriever is among the main breeds with the greatest predisposition to obesity. Several factors, especially the interrelationships between food management, exercise and social factors; influence the likelihood of a dog becoming obese. Furthermore, genetic factors are also responsible for obesity in dogs, and in Labrador Retriever, a frameshift mutation (P187fs) in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene is strongly associated with obesity. There is no knowledge of studies that have previously evaluated the prevalence of the canine POMC deletion (P187fs) in Brazilian Labrador Retriever. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate this mutation in Labrador Retriever dogs in Brazil. Of the 108 Labrador Retrievers that were assessed in this study, 59 were from a previous study, composed by animals assisted in a veterinary hospital with unknown lineage, and 49 were from a prospective study, composed of 19 pet and 30 assistance/rescue Labrador Retriever dogs. The obesity risk and appetite questionnaire were applied, with some modifications, to tutors of the animals used in the prospective study. Fragments of the DNA, containing the mutation, were amplified by PCR and submitted to direct gene sequencing. The allele frequency of the mutation was 21.3% and was out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P0.05). Although the mutation has increased the food-motivation in the assistance/rescue dogs, other variables, especially frequent exercising, favored that these animals maintained the ideal body weight (body condition score = 5). In summary, the Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium observed in the allele distribution of the deletion POMC_P187fs in this study, independently of the Labrador Retriever group assessed, suggesting the possibility of positive selection of the mutated allele, which may lead to the maintenance of this deleterious allele in the studied population.

Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement is a standard material used as antibiotic carrier in the orthopedic surgery. The ultrasonic energy method is capable of triggering biological effects based on both thermal and non-thermal mechanisms. The aim of the current study is to analyze methylene blue dispersion in polymethylmethacrylate beads, in association with the acoustic field generated by non-thermal ultrasound. Forty-nine specimens were used, and each specimen comprised one polymethylmethacrylate bead (0.6-mm diameter) doped with methylene blue and deposited in gelatin sample. Forty test specimens were divided into four groups comprising 10 samples, each, based on different ultrasound intensities (Group 1: 1.0 W/cm²; Group 2: 1.5 W/cm²) and polymethylmethacrylate bead depths (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) in gelatin sample. The control group comprised other nine specimens and statistically differed from the other groups. All groups irradiated with ultrasound have shown statistically significant differences in methylene blue dispersion, except for Groups 2A and 2B. Methylene blue dispersion in gelatin among groups was 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; and 2B> 1B. Low-intensity ultrasound enabled the highest methylene blue dispersion when polymethylmethacrylate bead was positioned superficial; bead depth associated with high-intensity ultrasound did not influence methylene blue dispersion. Keywords: phonophoresis; non-thermal ultrasound; osteomyelitis; treatment.

Abstract Background Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a methylated arginine derived from intranuclear methylation of l‐arginine by protein‐arginine methyltransferase and released into circulation after proteolysis. It is primarily eliminated by renal excretion, and its concentration is highly correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in animals and humans and is an earlier indicator of kidney dysfunction than serum creatinine concentration (sCr). Objectives To evaluate and quantify the effects of IV fluid therapy (IF) or intermittent hemodialysis (IH) on renal function in a randomized group of dogs previously diagnosed with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Animals Twenty‐four client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring CKD. Methods Serum from 14 dogs treated by IH and 10 dogs treated with IF was submitted for measurement of sCr and SDMA. Dogs in each treatment group received up to 5 treatment sessions, administered 48 hours apart. Results Significant differences (P ≤ .05) were seen between treatment groups, but dogs from the IH group were the most affected based on SDMA (P

Abstract Background The clinical applicability of sonography and sonoelastography (SOE) in the detection of lymph node malignancy in dogs has not been established. Objectives To compare sonographic and sonoelastographic findings between malignant and benign superficial lymph nodes and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of those methods. Animals One‐hundred sixteen lymph nodes of 54 dogs. Methods A prospective observational study was used to investigate sonographic features and elasticity scores of malignant and benign superficial lymph nodes. Lymph nodes were categorized as malignant or benign according to cytology or histopathology. Quantitative variables were compared using Student's unpaired t test. Prevalence of categorical variables was compared using nonparametric Mann‐Whitney U test. Diagnostic performance was calculated by receiver‐operating characteristic analysis. Results Forty‐nine malignant and 67 benign lymph nodes were included. Malignant nodes had larger long axis (LA; P = .0002), short axis (SA; P

Os tatus (Dasypus novemcinctus) são animais terrestres, solitários e de hábito crepuscular/noturno. Representam a maior espécie do gênero Dasypus, com ampla distribuição geográfica e são conhecidos por abrigar diversos agentes patogênicos, além de atuar como bioindicadores de doenças potencialmente patogênicas aos humanos. Deste modo, são muito utilizados para a pesquisa científica relacionada à saúde humana. Alimentam-se principalmente de insetos, sendo considerados animais insetívoros oportunistas, mas consomem também outros itens alimentares, como frutos, pequenos vertebrados, ovos, carniça, fungos, apresentando uma variabilidade sazonal na ingestão de alimentos, assim buscando alimento ao longo de todo o ano. Apesar de não constarem em lista de espécies ameaçadas, sofrem ameaças constantes em toda a sua extensão territorial, sendo cada vez mais encaminhados a centros de reabilitação e manutenção de animais silvestres. E mesmo sendo mantidos sob cuidados humanos para pesquisa científica relacionadas com a saúde humana, há pouco conhecimento biológico sobre a espécie, principalmente em relação às suas necessidades nutricionais e à criação artificial de filhotes. Portanto, o objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica foi reunir as informações sobre a biologia, os aspectos nutricionais e de criação artificial de tatus. A pesquisa inferiu que ainda há muitos pontos sobre a espécie que precisam de maiores investigações, principalmente quando relacionados à nutrição ex-situ e criação artificial.

This study aims at assessing the prevalence of glomerular alterations in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and comparing the clinical and laboratory parameters. The tests conducted include a double-blind histopathological assay conducted by two pathologists, urine tests including inactive sediment, urinary protein-to-creatinine (UPC), serum albumin and serum creatinine, as well as measurement of the systolic arterial blood pressure. The prevalence of glomerular injuries was determined and the predominant injury was compared with a group comprised of the remaining injuries. The study included 24 dogs with CKD. The results revealed a predominance of membranous glomerular alterations 17/24 (70,83%), followed by glomerulosclerosis 3/24 (12,50%), membranoproliferative injuries 2/24, glomerulocystic atrophy 1/24 and glomerular amyloidosis 1/24. Amyloidosis presented the highest UPC while the membranoproliferative injury presented the lowest mean concentration of serum albumin. Higher values in the UPC did not correspond with lower mean serum albumin values. Glomerulosclerosis presented the highest mean systolic blood pressure and glomerular atrophy presented the highest creatinine values. When comparing membranous injuries with a group comprised of the remaining injuries, the UPC did not present significant differences between the groups. Renal amyloidosis was included in the group with the lowest systolic arterial blood pressure values while membranoproliferative injury was included in the group with highest UPC. The group called “others” presented the highest creatinine value. Dogs with CKD may present several types of glomerular injuries with similar clinical and laboratory profiles. This study observed a predominance of membranous glomerular injuries, followed by membranoproliferative injuries, glomerulocystic atrophy and amyloidosis.

ABSTRACT: Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.

The objective of this study was to correlate cardiovascular parameters with obesity in adult cats. Forty mixed-breed cats (20 obese and 20 controls) underwent echocardiographic measurements and thoracic radiography to establish a relationship between the obtained data and the body condition score (BCS), body mass index (BMI), and vertebral heart size (VHS). Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was also studied in 15 obese cats. Compared to the control cats, obese cats presented higher VHS values across several measurements, but among the echocardiographic parameters, only the difference in the left ventricular free wall at diastole was statistically significant. A positive relationship was established between body weight, left ventricular internal diameter at diastole, and left ventricular free wall at diastole. Positive relationships were also observed between BMI and diameter of the aorta, BCS and the left ventricular free wall at diastole, VHS and the left atrium, and the left atrial to aortic root diameter ratio and the left ventricular internal diameter at diastole. SAP was higher in obese cats and presented a positive correlation with body weight. Obesity correlated with an increase in SAP and with some echocardiographic and radiographic cardiac measurements in adult cats. Further studies are needed to better assess the effects of obesity on the cardiovascular system of cats and to reassess the parameters related to body weight and condition.

Resveratrol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipolytic, and antifibrotic properties, which may be useful in supplementation of obese patients and with liver problems. This study evaluated the effects of 6-week resveratrol supplementation on the lipid profile and liver function of female Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity. Sixty-four Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 16): the control group (C); the control obese group (CO); the resveratrol group (R); and the resveratrol obese group (RO). At the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized for blood collection and subsequent euthanasia for collection of liver biopsy. The parameters for body weight, liver weight, retroperitoneal fat weight, serum lipid and liver profiles and histopathological analysis were evaluated. The 6-week resveratrol administration did not induce weight loss nor did it reduce the lipid profile; however, it decreased the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and reduced the incidence of steatosis (75.0%) in group RO compared with group CO (81.2%). Thus, we concluded that resveratrol supplementation for the short period of six weeks had a beneficial effect on liver function by reducing hepatic steatosis and the liver enzymes AST and ALP in obese female rats. Keywords: liver function; obesity; rats; resveratrol.

Intermittent haemodialysis (IHD) is used in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to reduce azotaemia. Monitoring the cardiovascular system plays an important role in this treatment to detect cardiovascular repercussions. Heart rate variability (HRV) and dispersions of the QT interval and P wave are important markers for mortality risk in humans. This study aimed to describe the time-domain and frequency-domain heart rate variability indexes, P and QT dispersions and electrocardiographic alterations observed in dogs with Stage IV CKD undergoing IHD. Thirty dogs of both sexes, of varying ages and breeds, and weighing between 15 and 30 kg were used. Animals were divided into three groups, control (10 healthy dogs), clinical treatment (10 dogs with CKD IV submitted to clinical treatment twice a week) and IHD (10 dogs with CKD IV submitted to clinical treatment and to dialysis treatment with intermittent haemodialysis twice a week). Clinical, laboratory, HRV indexes and electrocardiographic parameters, as well as QT and P-wave dispersions, were assessed in both CKD groups, prior to and after the end of each clinical treatment/IHD session during the first three sessions. Dogs with CKD IV undergoing IHD had clinically important electrolyte imbalances, primarily hypokalaemia, and pertinent electrocardiographic findings, such as the occurrence of supraventricular arrhythmias and increases in possible predictive parameters for arrhythmias. In spite of these observations, HRV indexes were better in animals undergoing haemodialysis and, in addition, IHD was more effective at reducing levels of creatinine, urea and phosphorus compared to intravenous fluid therapy treatment.

ABSTRACT. Guiot E.G., Guimarães-Okamoto P.T.C., Chacar F.C., Gomide P., Lourenço M.L.G. & Melchert A. [Reversal of acute renal injury after peritoneal dialysis in a dog.] Reversão da injúria renal aguda após diálise peritoneal em cão. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(2):153-157, 2015. Departamento de Clínica Cirúrgica de Pequenos Animais, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UnespBotucatu, Distrito de Ribião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brasil. E-mail: tatiana@fmvz.unesp.br Acute renal injury is characterized by a sudden injury in renal parenchyma that causes loss in its excretory, metabolic and endocrine function. The dialysis therapy has been instituted in the small animal clinic aimed at removing metabolic waste and correcting electrolyte disturbances of renal dysfunction. Peritoneal dialysis is a therapy based on the use of the peritoneum as a semipermeable membrane through which there is exchange of solutes and fluid between blood from the peritoneal capillaries and the dialysis solution. We describe a case of acute kidney injury refractory to drug therapy in a canine female mixed-breed, with 13 years old. The patient was presenting anorexia, vomiting, decubitus and anuria, had a history of prolonged treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, was azotemic and in metabolic acidosis. Anuria persisted after drug therapy (volume restoration, chemical and osmotic diuresis and renal vasodilation) then starting to peritoneal dialysis (PD). Were performed three cycles of PD, during the second cycle patient left anuria and at the end of the third cycle showed clinical improvement, reduction of azotemia, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. PD has shown satisfactory results, reversing the anuria, reducing azotemia and electrolyte disturbances, thereby providing clinical improvement.

ABSTRACT. Meneses A.M.C., Saito M.E., Moraes C.C.G., Souza N.F., Bastos R.K.G., Luz M.A., Seixas L.S., Melchert A. & Caramori J.C.T. [Evaluation of biocompatibility of the membrane of cellulose acetate in dogs with acute renal failure undergoing hemodialysis.] Avaliação da biocompatibilidade da membrana de acetato de celulose em cães com insuficiência renal aguda submetidos à hemodiálise. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 36(4):362-366, 2014. Instituto da saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, Montese, Belém, PA 66077-530, Brasil. E-mail: andre.meneses@ufra.edu.br In order to evaluate the biocompatibility of the membrane of cellulose acetate in dogs with acute renal failure (ARF), undergoing hemodialysis, were used two groups, one consisting of eight normal dogs and the other by eight dogs with ARF induced by gentamicin. Each animal underwent five hemodialysis sessions, with intervals of 24 hours between each one. A significant reduction in urea and creatinine, whereas the other biochemical values were not different between groups, as well as blood pressure, red cell count, white blood cell count and activated clotting time. High levels of TNF-α was found in sick animals, with no detection of this cytokine in normal animals.

ABSTRACT: Intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) is a form of renal replacement that is used in veterinary medicine for cases involving drug removal, electrolyte imbalance, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of the present study was to verify the efficacy of IHD in dogs with CKD staged at grade III and to evaluate the effect of IHD on quality of life. Twelve dogs with CKD at stage III met the inclusion criteria and were divided equally into two groups. The control group (n=6) received only clinical treatment and intravenous fluid therapy, and the hemodialysis group (n=6) received clinical and IHD treatments. Blood samples were collected before and after treatments in both groups. We evaluated complications and clinical parameters of IHD every 30 minutes. Hemodialysis decreased serum urea, creatinine, and phosphorus. Despite the evident removal of nitrogen compounds, dialysis treatment did not increase survival time in these patients. The results of this study do not support the early use of dialysis in dogs with chronic kidney disease stage III.

Pet animals are closer to their owners and for this reason erroneously share the same alimentation. Several substances can cause intoxication or poisoning in dogs and cats, being many of those also found in human food. Some foods that are edible for humans or even to other animal species can be risky for dogs and cats due to different metabolic pathways, and further damage can be caused depending on the amount or concentration consumed. Poisoning in animals occur intentionally or accidentally in the household of its owner, occurring acute onset of clinical signs. Thus, the objective of this review was to present the food products for humans that cannot be given to dogs and cats as well as clinical signs characteristic of a toxicosis, also demonstrating the therapy for the damage created by consumption of those substances. This review explores the mechanisms of action and clinical signs of toxicosis caused by chocolate, xylitol, macadamia nuts, onions, garlic, grapes and raisins, avocado, alcoholic beverages and milk.

PURPOSE: To investigate the sedative and clinical effects of the pharmacopuncture with xylazine, compared to the conventional dose of a intramuscular injection in dogs. METHODS: Twelve dogs were randomly distributed in two groups of six animals and treated as follows: control group (X-IM): 1mg kg-1 of xylazine given intramuscularly (IM); pharmacopuncture group (X-Yintang): 0.1mg kg-1 of xylazine diluted to 0.5 mL of saline injected into the Yin Tang acupoint. Heart rate, cardiac rhythm (ECG), systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), blood glucose concentration, degree of sedation and adverse effects were evaluated. RESULTS: Sedative effect was observed in both groups. The degree of sedation was greater in X-IM only at 15 min when compared with X-Yintang group. Cardiovascular established was observed in X-Yintang group, while marked reduction in the HR and increased incidence of ECG abnormalities were detected in X-IM. In both treatment groups, minimal changes were observed in relation to SABP, RR, RT and blood glucose. High incidence (66%) of vomiting was observed in X-IM, while this adverse effect was absent in X-Yintang. CONCLUSION: Pharmacopuncture with xylazine induced clinically relevant sedative effects in dogs, with the advantage of reduction of undesirable side effects associated with α2-agonists, including bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, and emesis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the renal function in healthy dogs submitted to nonselective and preferential COX-2 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy. METHODS: Twenty four healthy dogs were distributed into four groups (G) (n=6): ketoprofenG - treated with ketoprofen; nimesulideG - treated with nimesulid; meloxicanG - treated with meloxican; and etodolacG - treated with etodolaco. All the dogs received the NSAIDs for 10 days by oral route. Physical examination and renal function (urinalysis, urinary sodium and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), serum urea, creatinine, potassium and sodium, and endogenous creatinine clearance) were evaluated before, after five and ten days (T0, T5 and T10) of the treatment in all groups. RESULTS: Changes were observed in urinalysis, with a significant increase in renal cells in the urine at T5 and T10 in nimesulideG. Significant reduction in urinary sodium in nimesulideG at T5 was observed. The clearance values were lower in ketoprofenG at T10. CONCLUSIONS: Meloxicam and etodolac were the drugs that have proven to be safer for short-term therapy in healthy dogs in relation to renal function. NSAIDs ketoprofen and nimesulide should be used judiciously in dogs with renal dysfunction, since there are promoted changes in renal function.

O presente trabalho objetivou determinar a atividade sérica dos microminerais ferro, cobre, zinco e manganês em 30 equinos atletas da raça Puro-sangue Lusitano (PSL), antes e depois de exercícios, atestados por avaliações clínicas e laboratoriais. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas, antes e imediatamente após 20 minutos de exercício físico de trote e galope suaves realizados em pista de areia, para a realização das dosagens dos microminerais. A concentração dos microelementos foi determinada por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Observou-se que após o exercício, a atividade sérica de ferro não sofreu variações (P=0,2365), enquanto os valores de cobre se elevaram significativamente após o treinamento (P

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da terapia prolongada com celecoxibe sobre a função renal, hepática e cardíaca em cães hígidos. Foram utilizados 12 cães fêmeas, divididos em 2 grupos: Gcelecoxibe: terapia com celecoxibe, na dose de 5mg kg-1 por via oral, a cada 12 horas, durante 20 dias (peso médio de 8,9±1,6); Gcontrole: terapia com placebo, a cada 12 horas, por via oral, 20 dias (peso médio de 9,8±1,8). O exame físico, a função renal (urinálise; gamaglutamil transpeptidase -GGT e sódio urinários; ureia, creatinina, sódio e potássio séricos; e clearance endógeno de creatinina), tempo de coagulação (TC), biomarcadores cardíacos (creatinofosfoquinase -CK e creatinofosfoquinase fração MB- CK-MB) e função hepática (alanina aminotransferase -ALT, aspartato aminotransferase -AST e albumina) foram avaliados antes, aos 5, 10 e 20 dias (T0, T5, T10 e T20) do tratamento. No Gcelecoxibe, os valores de clearance de creatinina revelaram diminuição significativa no T20, em relação ao T0 e T5, bem como redução em relação ao Gcontrole em T10 e T20. A urinálise, sódio, potássio, ureia e creatinina séricos, enzima GGT urinária e o TC não apresentaram variação entre os momentos ou grupos avaliados. Houve aumento significativo de CK-MB no T20 e ALT no T5, T10 e T20 no Gcelecoxibe, entretanto, com valores dentro da normalidade para cães. Conclui-se que o celecoxibe revelou-se seguro em relação ao perfil cardíaco e hepático em cães sadios, mesmo sob terapia prolongada. Sob vigência de terapia prolongada, deve ser usado cautelosamente em cães portadores de alterações renais.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term celecoxib therapy on renal, hepatic and cardiac profiles in healthy dogs. Twelve female were randomly assigned to 2 groups (G): Gcelecoxib: treated with celecoxib orally (5mg kg-1), every 12 hours, for 20 days (8.9±1.6 body weight); Gcontrol: received placebo orally, every 12 hours, for 20 days (9.8±1.8 body weight). Physical examination, renal function (urinalysis, urinary sodium and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase -GGT), serum urea, creatinine, potassium and sodium, and endogenous creatinine clearance), clotting time (CT), cardiac biomarkers (creatine phosphokinase -CK and CK-MB) and liver function (aspartate aminotransferase -AST, alanine aminotransferase -ALT and albumin) were evaluated before, at 5, 10 and 20 days (T0, T5, T10 and T20) of treatment. The creatinine clearance values showed significant decrease at T20, in relation to T0 and T5 in the Gcelecoxib, and reduction in relation to Gcontrol at T10 and T20. The urinalysis, values of sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine serum and urinary GGT enzyme showed no difference through the study between moments or groups. There was a significant increase on CK values at T20 and on ALT values at T5, T10 and T20 in the Gcelecoxib, however with normal range values for dogs. Celecoxib revealed to be safe in relation to cardiac and hepatic profiles, even under prolonged therapy. However, it should be used judiciously during long-term therapy in dogs with renal dysfunction.

PURPOSE: Evaluate a new immobilization kidney method for collecting blind percutaneous renal biopsies (RB) in healthy cats. METHODS: Ten cats were biopsied by a modified blinded percutaneous technique using semi-automated needles. Were evaluated the operational aspects of the technique, its complications, and the quality of the obtained samples. The evaluation included physical examination, hemogram, urinalysis, abdominal ultrasound, renal function, and histopathology of the biopsy specimens. RESULTS: The developed technique was fast and easy to perform; it required two operators, and the right kidney was elected for specimen collection. After the RB, a decrease in hematocrit levels was observed in addition to hematuria and perirenal transient hematoma; however, no clinical consequences were observed, and normal parameters were restored within 48 hrs. There were no major complications or deaths, alterations in the physical examination or renal function, or signs of infection. Of the samples, 95% revealed the presence of renal tissue, and in 100% of the cats the samples were of diagnostic quality. CONCLUSION: The technique was easily performed, provided adequate material for diagnosis with minimal transient complications.OBJETIVO: Avaliar um novo método de imobilização do rim para coleta de biopsia renal (BR) percutânea às cegas em gatos hígidos. MÉTODOS: Dez gatos foram biopsiados por uma técnica de biopsia percutânea às cegas modificada, com uso de agulha semi-automática. Foram avaliados os aspectos operacionais da técnica, complicações e a qualidade das amostras obtidas. A avaliação incluiu exame físico, hemograma, urinálise, ultrassonografia abdominal, função renal e análise histopatológica do espécime de biopsia. RESULTADOS: A técnica foi de fácil realização; foram requeridos dois operadores, e o rim direito foi eleito para a coleta da BR. Após a BR, diminuição do hematócrito foi observada, em conjunto com hematúria e hematoma peri-renal transitório; entretanto, não foram observadas conseqüências clínicas, e os parâmetros normais foram restabelecidos em 48 horas. Não ocorreram complicações maiores ou óbitos, alterações ao exame físico, função renal ou sinais de infecção. Das amostras obtidas, 95% revelaram presença de tecido renal, e em 100% dos gatos as amostras apresentaram qualidade para diagnóstico. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica foi realizada facilmente, forneceu material adequado para diagnóstico, com complicações clínicas mínimas.

Otitis externa is a condition frequently observed in dogs at the small animal clinics. Malassezia spp. is the most frequently isolated microorganism in the ears of dogs, which is one of the major etiologic agents of ear infections. Identification of this agent may be based on fungal culture or cytology, and the first method is longer and more expensive. The aim of this study was to conduct a retrospective study of the incidence of Malassezia spp. in cases of canine otitis by cytology, in a period of five years. Ear cytology samples from 249 dogs with suspected otitis were evaluated, and were observed positive samples for Malassezia spp. in 44 cases (17.67%), among these 35 dogs (79.5%) with positive cytology in both ears, and 9 dogs (20.5%) were positive for Malassezia in only one ear. In conclusion, dogs with suspected otitis present high incidence of positive Malassezia spp. cytology counts. Cytology revealed to be a useful tool for diagnosis of canine ear infections involving this pathogen, representing diagnostic alternative in cases where the culture is not feasible. However, one must consider that there is no national standard cytological counting yeast cells/field set for cases of canine otitis, which may represent possible misdiagnosis.

The use of tests to evaluate athletic performance can be a valuable tool for maximizing the results of competitions in athletic horses. Exercise induces reversible changes in ultra structure of the skeletal muscle of horses, as the elevation of muscle enzymes that are released into circulation. There are few studies assessing the biochemical muscle enzyme pure bred Lusitano horses. This study evaluated the effects of exercise on muscle enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase MB fraction (CK-MB) of equine athletes before and immediately after exercise. We studied 30 healthy Pure bred Lusitano horses, male adult, undergoing physical exertion of trot and gallop, the animal's routine. The CK, CK-MB and AST are not significantly different after exercise even if the proportion of low concentration of these enzymes before and after exercise. In 83.33% of the animals studied, the LDH increased by 24.55% in the blood concentrations after exercise. The results obtained showed that equine bred Lusitano in training do not have elevated serum levels of CK, CK-MB and AST.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of aminophylline in dogs by intravenous andinhaled administration through check heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, systolic blood pressure and heart rate via electrocardiogram. Twelve dogs were distributed in two groups: group AE- received 10mg/kg intravenous aminophylline; group AI-received aminophylline inhaled through the nebulizer at a dose of 10mg/kg, diluted in 5ml of sodium chloride solution 0,9%. We evaluated the rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and electrocardiogram (ECG) at the time prior to drug administration, 30 minutes and 2, 6 and 8 hours after use of it. The average heart rate, TR faith that remained in the normal range for the species. However, some animals, both AE and AI group showed a slight increase in HR, RR and TR. The mean SBP was below the reference values in the AE group M6 and M30 and M8 in group AI. Sinus tachycardia was observed in both groups, earlier in the group AE. We conclude that intravenous aminophylline used both inhaled and causes clinical and electrocardiographic changes in dogs with a tendency to decrease systolic blood pressure, increased respiratory rate and rectal temperature as well as cardiac stimulation with increased heart rate and arrhythmia in the presence ofb animals the two groups with higher early manifestation of clinical signs in animals that received intravenous aminophylline.

Analgesia satisfatória tem sido relatada com a administração peridural de agonistas adrenérgicos em associação aos anestésicos locais. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito analgésico e cardiorrespiratório da lidocaína isolada ou associada à clonidina via peridural lombossacra em cães. Seis cães foram submetidos a dois tratamentos, com intervalo mínimo de 15 dias entre cada avaliação. No tratamento L, foi empregada lidocaína 2% com vasoconstrictor (5mg kg-1) e, no tratamento C, a clonidina (10µg kg-1) foi associada à lidocaína, de modo a perfazer um volume final de 0,25ml kg-1. Os animais foram tranquilizados com acepromazina (0,05mg kg-1 IV) e mantidos sob anestesia com isofluorano em máscara facial durante a punção do espaço peridural. Foram mensuradas: frequência cardíaca (FC), parâmetros eletrocardiográficos (ECG), frequência respiratória (f), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), gases sanguíneos, temperatura retal (T), duração e extensão do bloqueio anestésico. A estatística foi realizada com análise de variância, teste de Tukey e teste t pareado (PSatisfactory analgesia has been related with epidural 2 adrenoceptor agonists in combination with local anesthetics. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of lidocaine or lidocaine-clonidine epidural injections in healthy dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to two groups of six animals each. The L group received lidocaine (5mg kg-1 L) and the C group lidocaine plus clonidine (10µg kg-1 C). Preanaesthetic medication was carried out with acepromazine (0.05mg kg-1 IV). Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane by facial mask for epidural injection. Heart rate (HH), electrocardiography (ECG), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), rectal temperature (RT), blood gases, duration of anesthesia and sensitive block level were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA, Tukey test and paired t test. There was a decrease of HR at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after epidural injection in C group when compared with L group. Cardiac dysrhythmias did not observe in both treatments. The variables, SAP, RR, RT and blood gases did not differ between treatments. Duration of anesthesia was 71±13 and 75±26 minutes to L and C treatment, respectively, without difference between groups. The maximal extension of sensitive block was the fourth lumbar vertebra and the tenth thoracic vertebra in L and C treatment, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of clonidine to lidocaine in epidural anesthesia allowed more cranial sensory block in relation to the isolated use of local anesthetic, however, it produced bradycardia and did not prolong the duration of anesthesia.

In order to evaluate the ultrasound-guided percutaneousrenal biopsy technique in dogs, the complications of the procedureand the quality of the samples were studied in 43 health adult dogs,allocated into two groups: Group 1 (n=20) and 2 (n=23), that hadthree attempts of collection for the biopsy taken from the left endright kidney, respectively. The biopsies were obtained with “Trucut”semi-automatic, 16 gauge needles. The dogs were evaluatedbefore and after the procedure and the quality of the sample wasevaluated. The presence of at least five glomeruli was used as acriteria for sample quality. Following the renal biopsy, there wasa decrease in the hematocrit, without clinical consequences, presenceof blood in urine and transitory perirenal hematomas thatresolved in 72 hours. There were no major complications or death,what demonstrates the safety of the technique. Ninety-four percentof the biopsy samples had renal tissue and 76% presented five ormore glomeruli (32% and 44% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively). Inconclusion, the technique was safe and showed diagnostic value.

O objetivo deste estudo cego foi avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e analgésicos de diferentes doses de fentanil associado à lidocaína com vasoconstrictor via peridural em cães. Foram avaliados 28 cães adultos, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: 5mg kg-1 de lidocaína isolada (L) e associada ao fentanil nas doses de 2,5, 5 e 7mg kg-1 (F2,5, F5 e F7, respectivamente). Quinze minutos antes da punção peridural, todos os animais foram tranquilizados por via intravenosa (IV) com acepromazina (0,05mg kg-1), além de um bolus (IV) de fentanil (2,5mg kg-1), administrado imediatamente antes da injeção peridural. Foram avaliados: frequência cardíaca (FC), eletrocardiograma (ECG), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), frequência respiratória (f), gases sanguíneos, período de latência, duração e extensão do bloqueio sensitivo. Houve redução da FC após a anestesia peridural em relação ao basal em F2,5, F5 e F7. A FC foi superior no L em relação ao F5 e F7 aos 30 e 60 minutos após a anestesia peridural. O período de latência não variou entre os grupos, enquanto a duração do bloqueio foi superior no F5. Bloqueio sensitivo até a 6ª vértebra lombar foi observado em quatro animais no L. Bloqueio sensitivo até a 1ª vértebra lombar foi observado em cinco cães no F2,5 e F7 e em seis cães no F5. Conclui-se que a adição do fentanil à lidocaína determinou bloqueio sensitivo mais cranial em relação ao uso isolado desse anestésico local. Paralelamente, bloqueio anestésico mais duradouro foi determinado pela adição de 5mg kg-1 de fentanil à lidocaína em relação aos demais tratamentos.The objective of this blind study was to investigate the cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects of different doses of fentanyl combined with lidocaine by epidural route in dogs. Twenty-eight dogs were distributed in four treatments: 5mg kg-1 of lidocaine with vasoconstrictor alone (L) and in combination with 2.5, 5 e 7mg kg-1 of fentanyl (F2.5, F5 e F7). The preanaesthetic medication was intravenous acepromazine (0.05mg kg-1). An intravenous bolus of fentanyl (2.5mg kg-1) was administered immediately before epidural injection. Heart and respiratory rates, electrocardiography, systolic arterial blood pressure, rectal temperature, arterial blood gases, onset time, duration of anesthesia and sensitive block level were investigated. There was decrease of heart rate after epidural injection when compared with the baseline values in F2.5, F5 and F7 treatments. Heart rate was higher in L when compared with F5 and F7 at 30 and 60 minutes after epidural anesthesia. Onset time was not statically different among the treatments. Duration of anesthesia was longer in F5 when compared with the other treatments. Sensitive block until the sixth lumbar vertebra occurred in four dogs in L. Sensitive block until the first lumbar vertebra occurred in five dogs in F2.5 and F7 and in six dogs in F5. In conclusion, the addition of fentanyl to lidocaine in epidural anesthesia allowed cranial sensory block in relation to the isolated use of lidocaine. The addition of fentanyl (5mg kg-1) to lidocaine prolonged the anesthetic blockade when compared with others treatments.

The aim of this study was to standardize the transtracheal technique to collect the broncoalveolar lavage fluid without broncoscopy and to determine the normal cytologic and microbiologic findings of the lower respiratory tract wash, in healthy dogs. Thirty adult dogs (12 males and 18 females), age from one to eight years old, were submitted to sedation in order to permit the bronchoalveolar lavage. Bacterial and fungal microorganisms were isolated in 46.67% and 16.67 % of the lavage samples, respectively. In 43.3% out of the samples were isolated two or more microorganisms. Mean and standard deviation of colony-forming units (CFU)/ml were 21540±55298 and 13.33±43.4 for bacterial and fungal organisms, respectively. In cytological evaluation, alveolar macrophage was the predominant cell. Small amounts of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, epithelial cells and bacteria were observed, besides positive correlation between macrophage score and bacteria CFU. The technique was adequated and showed wide margin of security.Objetivando-se padronizar a técnica transtraqueal para coleta do lavado broncoalveolar não broncoscópico, bem como caracterizar a celularidade e microbiota residente em lavados do trato respiratório inferior (TRI) de cães normais, da região de Presidente Prudente, foram estudados 30 cães saudáveis, machos e fêmeas, sem raça definida, adultos. Os animais foram tranqüilizados e então submetidos à coleta do lavado, pela técnica transtraqueal. Foram isolados microrganismos bacterianos e fúngicos, respectivamente em 46,67% e 16,67% dos animais pesquisados. Em 43,3% das amostras foram isolados dois ou mais microrganismos. As médias de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) por mililitro de lavado broncoalveolar, para bactérias e fungos, foram de 21540 ± 55289 e 13,33 ± 43,4, respectivamente. A citologia revelou predominância de macrófagos alveolares e pequenas quantidades de neutrófilos, linfócitos, eosinófilos, células epiteliais e bactérias, além de correlação positiva entre o escore de macrófagos e as contagens de UFC de bactérias. A técnica avaliada mostrou-se adequada e segura.

A hemodiálise é uma modalidade terapêutica que pode sustentar a vida do paciente com insuficiência renal aguda (IRA), enquanto este recupera a função renal. Para sua realização, é necessário estabelecer circulação extracorpórea, para que seja realizada a filtração do sangue, impondo a necessidade de um acesso vascular viável e eficiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência e as complicações do acesso vascular para hemodiálise (HD), com cateter temporário de duplo lúmen inserido na veia jugular externa. Foram estudados 10 cães com IRA induzida por gentamicina, submetidos a sessões diárias de HD, com duração de uma hora, até a recuperação da função renal ou óbito. Foram realizadas 104 sessões de HD nos animais estudados, observando-se necessidade de troca do cateter em sete sessões (6,7%), devido à obstrução do lúmen do cateter em seis sessões (5,8%) ou por saída acidental do mesmo em uma sessão (1,0%). Não se observou migração do cateter, infecção, hemorragia ou hematoma no local de entrada do cateter na pele, obtendo-se fluxo sanguíneo patente em 90,4% das sessões. Concluiu-se que o acesso vascular na veia jugular externa com cateter temporário de duplo-lúmen mostrou-se viável, com ocorrência de poucas complicações, sendo, portanto, indicado como forma de acesso para a circulação extracorpórea para HD em cães com IRA.Hemodialysis is a therapeutic procedure that can sustain the patient's life in acute renal failure (ARF), during the renal function recover. To perform hemodialysis (HD), an extracorporeal circulation is established to blood filtration, imposing the need of a viable and efficient vascular access. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and complications of the HD vascular access with temporary double-lumen catheter inserted into the external jugular vein. Ten mongrel dogs with ARF, induced by gentamicin administration, were submitted to daily hemodialysis for one hour, until renal function recover or death. A total of 104 HD sessions were performed. Catheter replacement was accomplished in seven sessions (6.7%), due to catheter lumen mechanical obstruction in six sessions (5.8%) or accidental catheter output in one session (1.0%). No catheter migration, infection, bleeding or haematoma around the catheter insertion site was found. Effective blood flow rates were observed in 90.4% HD sessions. In conclusion, the vascular access in jugular external vein with temporary double-lumen catheter was valuable, with few complications, and should be indicated to vascular access in extracorporeal circulation to HD in ARF dogs.

Astenia cutânea é caracterizada por alterações na síntese de colágeno ou na formação de fibras que resulta em perda de elasticidade e fragilidade da pele.Atendeu-se no HV da UNOESTE um felino, sem raça definida, macho, 1 ano, não vacinado e vermifugado, com livre acesso à rua e com queixa de apatia e anorexia fazia uma semana, apresentando hiperextensibilidade e fragilidade cutânea da região da cabeça e do flanco direito, com rompimento da pele e visualização do subcutâneo sem hemorragia. A qualquer toque ou manipulação do animal, o desprendimento da pele aumentava. Foram colhidas amostras da pele para realização de biopsia e os achados histológicos demonstraram atrofia epidermo-dermal com depleção de anexos cutâneos e discretas áreas de hemorragias nos locais de laceração cutânea. Ao tricômico de Masson percebeu-se desorganização das fibras colágenas. Na microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, observou-se intensa variação de diâmetro das fibras colágenas. Com base nos achados físicos e histopatológicos, confirmou-se a suspeita de astenia cutânea, dermatopatia que não possui tratamento específico, somente medidas de manejo que visem minimizar possíveis traumas ou lacerações, como ambientes acolchoados e restrição à saída para rua, além de tratamento das lesões e do desprendimento da pele.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Astenia cutânea, gato, síndrome da fragilidade cutânea. Cutaneous asthenia is characterized by alterations in the synthesis of collagen or in the formation of fibers that results in loss of elasticity and fragility of the skin. It was attended in HV of UNOESTE, a crossbred male cat, 1 year, no vaccinated and dewormed, with free access to the street and with apathy and anorexia, presenting hyperextensible and cutaneous fragility of the head’s area and of the right flank, with skin disruption and visualization of the subcutaneous without bleeding. Any touch or manipulation of the animal the skin detachment increased. Skin samples were collect for biopsy and the histological examination demonstrated atrophy epidermo-dermal with depletion of annex and discreet areas of hemorrhages in the places of cutaneous laceration. To the Masson’s trichrome it was noticed disorganization of the fibers of collagen. In the electron microscopic intense variation of diameter of the fibers of collagen was observed. With base on the physical and histopathological findings it was confirmed the suspicion of cutaneous asthenia, pathology that doesn’t have specific treatment, only management measures to minimize possible traumas or lacerations, as padded ambient and restriction to the exit for street, besides treatment of the lesions and of the detachment of the skin. KEY WORDS: Cat, cutaneous asthenia, syndrome of the cutaneous fragility.

Megaesophagus is a common cause of regurgitation being one of the possible etiologies the myasthenia gravis characterized by a neuromuscular disorder that result in weakness of the skeletal muscles, of the esophagus, of the larynx and of the pharynx. The present report describes a case of a female German shepherd dog, with report of muscles weakness and frequent vomits, which was diagnosed as a megaesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis. The radiograph of the animal presented an accentuated cervical and thoracic megaesophagus. After the institution of the recommended therapeutic protocol the animal presented visible improvement when walking, however the regurgitations worsened and it began to present cough. New radiograph was accomplished with presence, besides megaesophagus, of aspiration pneumonia. The owner opted for the euthanasia of the animal and the necropsy revealed severe pneumonia and an accentuated dilation of the posterior portion of the esophagus, collaborating with subsidies for an unfavorable prognostic of the case.Megaesôfago é uma causa comum de regurgitação sendo uma das possíveis etiologias a miastenia grave caracterizada por uma desordem neuromuscular que resulta em fraqueza dos músculos esqueléticos, do esôfago, da laringe e da faringe. O presente relato descreve um caso de uma cadela da raça Pastor Alemão, com histórico de fraqueza muscular e vômitos freqüentes, que foi diagnosticada como megaesôfago secundário à miastenia grave. A radiografia do animal apresentou um acentuado megaesôfago cervical e torácico. Após a instituição do protocolo terapêutico recomendado o animal apresentou melhora visível ao caminhar, porém as regurgitações pioraram e começou a apresentar tosse. Foi realizado novo exame radiográfico com presença, além de megaesôfago, de pneumonia aspirativa. A proprietária optou pela eutanásia do animal e a necropsia revelou severa pneumonia e dilatação acentuada da porção caudal do esôfago, caracterizando um megaesôfago de grande dimensão, colaborando com subsídios para um prognóstico desfavorável do caso.

O emprego de testes que avaliem o desempenho atlético pode ser uma valiosa ferramenta para maximização dos resultados obtidos nas competições de cavalos atletas. O exercício induz mudanças reversíveis na ultra-estrutura do músculo esquelético dos cavalos, como a elevação de enzimas musculares que são liberadas na circulação. Na literatura, há carência de estudos que avaliem o perfil bioquímico enzimático muscular em cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Lusitano. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do exercício físico sobre as enzimas musculares creatinoquinase (CK), creatinoquinase fração MB (CKMB), aspartato amino transferase (AST) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH), de eqüinos atletas antes e imediatamente após o exercício físico. Foram estudados 30 cavalos hígidos, da raça Puro Sangue Lusitano, machos, adultos, submetidos a esforço físico de trote e galope, de rotina do animal. As enzimas CK, CK-MB e AST não apresentam diferença significativa após o exercício físico mesmo quando verificou - se a proporção reduzida da concentração dessas enzimas ante e após o exercício físico. Em 83,33% dos animais avaliados, a LDH apresentou aumento de 24,55% em sua concentração sérica após o exercício. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que equinos da raça Puro Sangue Lusitano, em fase de treinamento não apresentam elevação dos valores séricos das enzimas CK, CK-MB e AST, devido ao treinamento prévio a que foram submetidos.

A otite externa é uma afecção freqüentemente observada em cães na clínica de pequenos animais. A Malassezia pachydermatis é o microrganismo isolado em maior frequência nos ouvidos de cães, sendo um dos principais agentes etiológicos causadores de infecções otológicas. A identificação deste agente pode ser baseada citologia do cerúmen ou cultura do agente, sendo o último método mais demorado e de maior custo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo retrospectivo da incidência de Malassezia pachydermatis em citologias dos casos de otite canina, no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2009. Amostras citológicas do ouvido de 249 cães com suspeita de otite foram avaliadas, observando-se amostras positivas para Malassezia pachydermatis em 51 casos (20,48%), sendo 41 cães (80,4%) com citologia positiva nos 2 ouvidos e 10 cães (19,6%) com positividade para a malassezíase em apenas um dos ouvidos. Conclui-se que cães com suspeita de otite apresentam elevada incidência de citologia com contagens positivas para Malassezia pachydermatis. A citologia revela-se, deste modo, método útil no diagnostico de otites caninas com envolvimento deste patógeno, representando alternativa diagnóstica naqueles casos onde a realização da cultura é inviável.

Doze cães foram distribuídos em dois grupos sendo: grupo AE-recebeu 10 mg/kg de aminofilina endovenosa; grupo AI-recebeu aminofilina inalatória através do nebulizador, na dose de 10 mg/kg, diluída em 5ml de solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9%. Avaliou-se temperatura retal (TR), freqüência cardíaca (FC), freqüência respiratória (f), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e eletrocardiograma (ECG) no momento antes da administração do fármaco, 30 minutos e 2, 6 e 8 horas após uso do mesmo. A média da FC, f e TR se mantiveram na normalidade referida para a espécie. Entretanto, alguns animais, tanto do grupo AE quanto AI apresentou aumento discreto da FC, f e TR. A média da PAS ficou abaixo dos valores de referência em M6 no grupo AE e em M30 e M8 no grupo AI. Taquicardia sinusal foi observada em ambos os grupos, mais precoce no grupo AE. Conclui-se que aminofilina usada tanto via endovenosa como inalatória provoca alterações clínicas e eletrocardiográficas em cães, com tendência de diminuição da pressão arterial sistólica, aumento da freqüência respiratória e temperatura retal além de estimulação cardíaca com aumento da freqüência cardíaca e presença de arritmia nos animais dos dois grupos com maior precocidade de aparecimento dos sinais clínicos nos animais que receberam aminofilina por via endovenosa.

ABSTRACT: The objective was to verify the effectiveness of ketoanalogues in dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) stage 3. Controlled randomized clinical trial was performed with twenty dogs with CKD stage 3. Animals were subjected to: Group 1 (control): conventional therapy (CT) for CKD; Group 2: CT and 60mg/kg, OA, q48h of keto-supplementa; Group 3, CT and 60mg/kg, OA, q24h of keto-supplementa; and Group 4, CT and 120mg/kg, OA, q12h of keto-supplementa. All dogs received canine renal diet. Animals were evaluated at the beginning of therapy and after 15 and 30 days. Complete blood count (CBC), serum urea, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and sodium and urine protein/creatinine (UPC) ratio were analyzed. The use of ketoanalogues in dogs with CKD stage 3 during the period of 30 days showed no efficacy, in any of the studies dosages, to improve signs and symptoms of the disease, improve the values of CBC, reduce serum urea and creatinine, normalize electrolytes or reduce UPC. It is concluded that the use of ketoanalogues does not impact the clinical outcomes in dogs with CKD stage 3.