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This report presents the results of field activities in relation to the generation of reliable wild boar density values by camera trapping (CT) in 19 areas in Europe, mainly in East Europe. Random Encounter Model (REM) densities ranged from 0.35±0.24 to 15.25±2.41 (SE) individuals/km2. No statistical differences in density among bioregions were found. The number of contacts was the component of the trapping rate that determined the coefficient of variation (CV) the most. The daily range (DR) significantly varied as a function of management; the higher values were detected in hunting grounds compared to protected areas, indicating that movement parameters are population specific, and confirming the potential role of hunting activities in increasing wild boar movement and contact rates among individual or groups. The results presented in this report illustrate that a harmonized approach to actual wildlife density estimation (namely for terrestrial mammals) is possible at a European scale, sharing the same protocols, collaboratively designing the study, processing, and analysing the data. This report adds reliable wild boar density values that have the potential to be used for wild boar abundance spatial modelling, both directly or to calibrate outputs of model based on abundance (such as hunting bags) or occurrence data. Future REM developments should focus on improving the precision of estimates (probably through increased survey effort). Next steps require an exhaustive and representative design of a monitoring network to estimate reliable trends of wild boar populations as a function of different factors in Europe. In this regard, the newly created European Observatory of Wildlife will be a network of observation points provided by collaborators from all European countries capable to monitor wildlife population at European level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Widespread vaccination is considered as one of the best methods in combating any pandemic including COVID-19. Gam-COVID-Vac also known as Sputnik V, is one of the first vaccines that was registered in 74 countries and received an emergency approval for immunization. Monitoring anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over time is essential for evaluation of post-vaccination humoral immune response.To date, there are only a limited number of clinical studies regarding the analysis of immune response after Sputnik V administration. It is of crucial importance to report independently on safety and efficiency of this vaccine with the aim to speed up the process of its final approval by the WHO., Methods: Humoral immune response was monitored by seven immunoassays to analyze different classes of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig in five health workers after receiving the combined vector vaccination. This vaccine is based on two replication-deficient rAd26 and rAd5 viral vectors that carry the gene SARS-CoV-2 full-length glycoprotein S(rAd26-S and rAd5-S). Sputnik V was administered with a 21-day interval between the first and second dose. Venous blood was collected two hours before vaccination as a baseline, and then followed by 18 series up to 170-day post-vaccination., Results: The participants in this study used a self-report form in which they noted their observations on safety at 72 h post-immunization. One participant reported mild side effects, such as muscle pain and fever, while the other four individuals had no noticeable complications. Seroconversion was detected in all individuals at 28 days of post-vaccination. Plateau of seropositivity has been achieved by 50th day of vaccination, while titer values decreased after 6 months., Conclusion: This study provides some clinical data regarding the kinetics of antibody levels elicited after administration of heterologous rAd26-S and rAd5-S vaccine. Based on the preliminary data from this pilot study, it appears that Sputnik V vaccine generates a solid humoral immune response lasting at least 6 months after immunization., (Copyright © 2022 International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). All rights reserved.)

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the attitudes of seizure-free patients toward the antiepileptic drug (AED) withdrawal and to highlight the factors that affect their perspectives., Methods: The study participants were recruited among the individuals attending the epilepsy outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Skopje between January 2018 and April 2019. Patients with epilepsy who had been seizure-free for at least 2 years on stable monotherapy were included., Results: Among the 90 participants, 43 were female, and the mean age was 36.3 years. The mean duration of active epilepsy before remission was 7.9 years, and the length of the seizure-free period at the time of evaluation was 2-20 years. Forty-four percent of participants aimed to taper their antiseizure medications because of concerns about the potential long-term side effects and teratogenicity, the burden of taking medication daily, stigma, as well as the impression of no longer having a chronic disease after withdrawal. The majority of them preferred slow versus rapid withdrawal. On the other side, 55% of patients choose to continue AED treatment, mainly feeling well-adjusted to it and being concern about possible seizure recurrence after withdrawal and subsequent loss of driving license or even their jobs. Previous unsuccessful attempts to discontinue AED together with previously uncontrolled seizures were additional motives against withdrawal. The patients' views toward stopping or withholding AED were significantly associated with their gender and marital status (male patients as well as single ones favored medication withdrawal). Patients' age to some extent, though not significantly, affected their viewpoints (younger participants tended to question the further necessity of AEDs and were more concerned about the potential adverse consequences). No other demographic or epilepsy-related data considerably predisposed the decisions., Conclusions: More than half of the patients with epilepsy preferred to continue their AED after 2 years of seizure freedom. Male gender, being single, and somewhat younger age were associated preferences to withdraw AED., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is evolving to become a threatening epidemy of the 21 st century. Only 21% of the predicted number of AD patients in Macedonia have been diagnosed and treated, which means that almost 80% are underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Apolipoprotein E gene ( APOE ) is recognised as the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD. Whether and when Alzheimer's disease develops, depends on the very complex interaction between genetic and modifiable risk factors. It has been known that vascular factors like hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and obesity increase the risk of developing both AD, vascular dementia and mixed AD and vascular pathology., Aim: This study aims to evaluate the influence of APOEε4 allele presence and modifiable vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia) as prognostic and risk factors for AD and their influence on the age of onset of AD symptoms among 144 AD patients from Macedonia., Material and Methods: Study group of a total of 144 patients diagnosed with AD was evaluated. APOE genotyping was performed using APOE haplotype-specific sequence specific-primer (SSP)-PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) methodology. The non-standardized questionnaire was used to obtain information about demographics, lifestyle and modifiable risk factors that could influence disease onset and phenotype., Results: Statistically significant association was found between the presences of APOEε4 allele in AD group versus controls. The presence of APOEε4 allele increases the risk of developing AD in a 3-fold manner. The average age of disease onset in the ε4 carrier group was 67.2 ± 8.3 and in the ε4 non-carrier group 69.7 ± 9.4. This confirms that the presence of APOEε4 allele shifts towards earlier disease onset, though the difference is not statistically significant. Out of the vascular risk factors, only hypertension was significantly associated with earlier AD onset. Out of total 144 patients, in 22.9% the first symptom onset was before the age of 65, that can be considered as early onset Alzheimer's Disease (EOAD), which is much higher than 5% for EOAD as most of the studies report., Conclusions: The average age of disease onset of 68.4 years could be considered earlier than the average age of AD onset worldwide. Out of all the vascular risk factors analysed in this study, only hypertension and dyslipidemia were found to significantly increase the risk for developing AD and only the presence of hypertension influences the age of onset, shifting towards earlier disease onset. Public awareness campaigns should be organised to influence general population knowledge about Alzheimer's disease, early recognition and the influence of modifiable vascular risk factors.

Objective: Prognostic models for Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), mainly based on clinical evaluation, have remained inherently confounded by subjective scoring assessments and limited accuracy. In this study, we aimed at assessing the risk for poor outcome after ICH based on peripheral biochemical markers (TNF-α, glutamate and glucose) and radiological variables (both at admission and five days after patient's care), for modeling purposes of prognostication., Patients and Methods: The defined initial variables of fifty non-comatose conservatively treated ICH patients without severe complications during the hospitalization process (as intraventricular bleeding, or hematoma expansion) were aligned with the evaluated parameters during re-evaluation (3 months later). A comprehensive statistical approach has been applied by using different modeling strategies for prediction of their functional status and outcome., Results: Higher blood plasma glutamate, TNF-α and initial ICH volume at admission, as well as higher volumes of ICH and perihematomal edema after five days of care were significantly more likely associated with the poor outcome. Nevertheless, in all of the constructed models, TNF-α was estimated as the only significant predictive risk factor, thus outperforming the capacity of the initial ICH volume and the radiological variables after 5 days, both in terms of prognostication of the functional status and the 3-month neurological outcome. The constructed canonical variable that has fairly marked off the different outcomes was also mainly weighed by the admission TNF-α levels. For the first time, we have carefully developed probability functions for the neurological outcome as a response to the admission TNF-α levels; TNF-α levels >110.35 pg/mL were assessed as an optimal cutoff point fairly identifying patients who will fall into the group with poor outcome., Conclusions: TNF-α based models and admission TNF-α screening might be appropriate as a key component that assists more objective prognostication and management of patient's care in clinical decision making, as rapid initial diagnosis and concentrated management are crucial for secondary prevention of further devastating neurological impairments after ICH., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the role and the relations between peripheral platelet serotonin content, blood plasma serotonin concentration and the function of platelet α 2 -adrenergic receptors (α 2 -AR) as potential state or trait biomarkers for recurrent depressive disorder (RDD)., Methods: 26 drug-free patients with life-long RDD and 31 healthy controls were included in the study. Several methodological improvements in blood collection and platelet isolation were implemented following the present standards in Haematology and Light transmission aggregometry., Results: Our results have shown lower platelet serotonin content, higher plasma serotonin concentration and desensitization of platelet α 2 -AR in patients with RDD. The variables were found heterogeneous and mainly influenced by the clinical characteristics of the current episode. High amplitude of the α 2 -AR correlated with severe anxious symptoms and high platelet serotonin content (as well as low plasma serotonin levels) were associated with psychotic symptoms., Conclusions: The evaluated peripheral markers reflect only state (but not trait) abnormalities in patients with current severe episode of RDD. The observed peripheral α 2 -AR and serotonin abnormalities are mutually not related and they are probably triggered by different mechanisms.

Introduction: Adverse effects with bleeding disorders are often associated with the administration of SSRI in depression, although the exact mechanisms remain contradicting. This study is aimed at detecting and exploring the mechanisms of SSRI-induced changes in platelet reactivity in non-responding patients with Recurrent Depressive Disorder (RDD) and life-long exposure to antidepressants., Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients and thirty-one healthy controls were included in the study. A comprehensive approach which includes evaluation of peripheral markers and microscopic analyses of platelet morphology changes has been used., Results: RDD SSRI patients have shown blunted aggregatory responses towards collagen and epinephrine. Evident differences in the microscopic evaluation of platelet morphology were observed between the groups, with inherent absence of micro-aggregates and platelet shape changes within the patients; after quantification, the sensitivity and specificity of this method were assessed as high. The abnormalities were found in association with lower platelet serotonin content and high fluctuations of free plasma serotonin levels. Changes in the levels of CRP, fibrinogen and nitric oxide were not observed. Macroplatelets were also detected within RDD SSRI patients via increased MPV, PDW and P-LCR, which were associated with discoid shape and without procoagulant activity., Conclusions: The microscopic evaluation might be useful as a simple method for detection of SSRI-reduced platelet function for research purposes or systematic correlations with other biochemical parameters. The mechanisms involved in SSRI-reduced platelet function in non-responding RDD patients are complex, including combined effects of lower platelet serotonin content, high fluctuations in plasma serotonin concentration and abnormal α-AR function., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the prognostic values, contribution and interactions of the peripheral blood plasma glutamate and tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels toward the formation of the perifocal edema in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)., Methods: Fifty patients with ICH and fifty healthy controls were included in the study. The peripheral markers were detected by high-sensitivity ELISA., Results: A highly significant differences in plasma glutamate and TNF-α levels with good separation of their values was detected between patients and healthy controls. The two variables correlated with the severity of the symptoms and the initial volume of the ICH at admission. Both peripheral glutamate and TNF-α levels at admission were estimated as significant predictors for the formation of the perifocal edema five days after ICH; nevertheless, it was shown that they independently contribute to the development of the edema, without effects of interaction and regardless the localization of the ICH., Conclusions: Our results support the idea for the significance of glutamate and TNF-α as peripheral markers for excitotoxicity and inflammation in ICH patients. The developed multiple regression model for prediction of the development of the edema could be beneficial in decision making between conservative treatment and surgical intervention in the clinical practice., (Copyright © 2017 Polish Neurological Society. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.)

Aim: We aimed to investigate the sensitivity, reproducibility and validity of the commercial ELISA kits for quantitative detection of TNF-α and their potential application for screening purposes in patients with ICH., Methods: Analysis of six independent standard series, evaluation of the deviation of the TNF-α concentration in patients with ICH, standard addition and visual analysis of whole UV-Vis spectra were carefully performed., Results: Low standard deviations of the absorbance were detected for every standard, as well as in the samples of healthy controls and patients with ICH. The standard addition series have also confirmed high sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay, with a congruent shift of the standard curves with the concentration of TNF-α for the added plasma. The visual analyses of the gained spectra have revealed the absence of any matrix effects from the addition of the human plasma in the reconstituted standards., Conclusion: The commercial ELISA kits can be used in the clinical practice for screening purposes of the plasma TNF-α levels in patients with ICH.