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Here in, we have designed two new unfused non-fullerene small molecules using asymmetric benzo[1,2-b:3.4-b', 6,5-b"]trithiophene (BTT) as the central donor core and different terminal units i. e., 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (NFA-4) and 1,3-diethyl-2-thioxodi hydropyrimidine-4,6 (1H,5H)-dione (NFA-5) and examined their optical and electrochemical properties. Using a wide band-gap copolymer D18, organic solar cells (OSCs) based on bulk heterojunction of D18:NFA-4 and D18:NFA-5 showed overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 17.07 % and 11.27 %, respectively. The increased PCE for the NFA-4-based OSC, compared to NFA-5 counterpart, is due higher value of short circuit current (J SC ), open circuit voltage (V OC ), and fill factor (FF). Following the addition of small amount of NFA-5 to the binary bulk heterojunction D18:NFA-4, the ternary organic solar cells attained a PCE of 18.05 %, surpassing that of the binary counterparts due to the higher values of which is higher than that for the binary counterparts and attributed to the increased values of J SC , FF, and V OC . The higher value of J SC is linked to the efficient use to excitons transferred from NFA-5 to NFA-4 with a greated dipole moment than NFA-5 and subsequently dissociated into a free charge carrier efficiently., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In this study, novel anion photo-responsive supramolecular hydrogels based on cysteine-silver sol (CSS) and iodate anions (IO 3 - ) were prepared. The peculiarities of the self-assembly process of gel formation in the dark and under visible-light exposure were studied using a complex of modern physico-chemical methods of analysis, including viscosimetry, UV spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In the dark phase, the formation of weak snot-like gels takes place in a quite narrow IO 3 - ion concentration range. The visible-light exposure of these gels leads to an increase in their viscosity and dramatic change in their color. The morphology of gels alters after light irradiation that is reflected in the formation of a huge number of spherical/elliptical particles and the thickening of the fibers of the gel network. The interaction of CSS with IO 3 - anions has features of a redox process, which leads to the formation of silver iodide/silver oxide nanoparticles inside and on the surface of CSS particles. CSS possesses selectivity only to IO 3 - anions compared to many other inorganic ions relevant for humans and the environment. Thus, the CSS/IO 3 - system is non-trivial and can be considered as a novel low-molecular-weight gelator with photosensitive properties, as another way to produce silver iodide nanoparticles, and as a new approach for IO 3 - ion detection.

Two D-A copolymers consisting of fused ring pyrrolo-dithieno-quinoxaline acceptors are synthesized with different donor units, i.e., benzodithiophene (BDT) with alkylthienyl (P134) and 2-ethylhexyloxy (P117) side chains. These copolymers are used as donors and a narrow bandgap acceptor Y6 to fabricate bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell devices. Owing to the strong electron-deficient fused ring pyrrolo-bithieno-quinoxaline and weak alkyl thienyl side chains in BDT, the polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on P134:Y6 attain the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.42%, which is higher than the P117:Y6 counterpart (12.14%). The superior value of PCE for P134:Y6 can be associated with more well-adjusted charge transport, weak charge recombination, proficient exciton generation, and dissociation into free charge carriers and their subsequent charge collection owing to the dense π-π stacking distance and more considerable crystal coherence length for the P134:Y6 thin films. This investigation confirms the great potential of a strong acceptor-weak donor tactic for developing efficient D-A copolymers consists of quinoxaline acceptor for PSCs., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

A new acceptor unit anthra[1,2-b: 4,3-b': 6,7-c'']trithiophene-8,12-dione (А3Т) (A2) is synthesized and used to design D-A 1 -D-A 2 medium bandgap donor copolymers with same thiophene (D) and A2 units but different A1, i.e., fluorinated benzothiadiazole (F-BTz) and benzothiadiazole (BTz) denoted as P130 and P131, respectively. Their detailed optical and electrochemical properties are examined. The copolymers show good solubility in common organic solvents, broad absorption in the visible spectral region from 300 to 700 nm, and deeper HOMO levels of -5.45 and -5.34 eV for P130 and P131, respectively. Finally, an optimized polymer solar cell (PSC) based on P131 as the donor and narrow bandgap non-fullerene small molecule acceptor Y6 demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of >11.13%. To further improve the efficiency of the non-fullerene PSC, the P130 is optimized by introducing a fluorine atom into the BTz unit, F-BTz acceptor unit, and PCE PSC based on P130: Y6 active layer increased to >15.28%, which is higher than that for the non-fluorinated analog P131:Y6. The increase in the PCE for former PSC is attributed to the more crystalline nature and compact π-π stacking distance, leading to more balanced charge transport and reduced charge recombination. These remarkable results demonstrate that A3T-based copolymer P130 with F-BTz as the second acceptor is a promising donor material for high-performance PSCs., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Early detection of drug-induced pulmonary parenchymal injuries is often hampered by nonspecific clinical and X-ray manifestations. The diagnosis is usually based on a history of drug use, clinical and X-ray presentation, and exclusion of other causes of lung tissue injury. Chemical preparations most commonly cause pathological pulmonary changes. Overall, about 10% of all patients receiving chemotherapy develop pathological changes in the lung parenchyma. The main chemical preparations causing lung injury are bleomycin, methotrexate, carmustine, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide. Out of all examination techniques, computed tomography is most sensitive in determining the presence, specific features, and trends in the development of drug-induced pulmonary parenchymal disease. The paper gives the data available in the literature and 2 clinical observations of pulmonary parenchymal disease induced by bleomycin and methotrexate.

The paper describes the development of alopecia with a patient with echinocccosis alveolaris during treatment with Nemozole (albandazole). To decide to continue or to discontinue Nemozole treatment in the development of alopecia, the patient should be given full information on the risk of alopecia to his life and quality of life as compared to the sequels of recurrent hydatid disease when Nemozole is discontinued.

Up to 80% of all cases of pulmonary-renal syndrome are due to systemic vasculitis associated with antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasm (ANCA). Most patients die within the first year after the onset of the disease but adequate immunosuppressive therapy ensures the 5-year survival rate of 65-75%. We obtained clinical and morphological data for 34 patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis affecting lungs and kidneys treated at S. P. Botkin Hospital in 1994-2012. 16 patients presented with granulomatous polyangiitis (Wegener 's granulomatosis), 11 with microscopic polyangiitis, and 7 with eosinophilicpolyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). We made the definitive diagnosis in 79% of the cases. Pulmonary lesions were largely in the form offocal, nodular and infiltrative changes, one third of the patients suffered blood spitting/pulmonary hemorrhage and 15% respiratory distress. Most patients had renal dysfunction (16% required emergency hemodialysis), lesions of ENT skin, joints, peripheral nervous system, and eyes. Therapy with corticosteroids and cytostatics increased the total and renal survival rate up to 91 and 82% respectively despite unfavourable prognostic factors in most patients. Duration of observation was 32.5 [0.1;129] months, the survival rate depended on the severity of lung lesions whereas renal problems had no appreciable effect on life prognosis.

The paper is devoted to a topical problem of modern roentgenovascular surgery, i.e. endovascular embolization. The results of its application in S.P. Botkin City Clinical Hospital demonstrate high efficacy of this method for the arrest of hemorrhage and treatment of various diseases.

The paper concerns CT-semiotics of cavitary processes in the lungs. Their major forms are discussed with reference to underlying pathological changes. The most common manifestations of the diseases associated with the cavitary processes are described. CT is a highly informative method for the visualization of pulmonary cavitation and the surrounding chest structures; this method improves diagnostics of pulmonary pathology.

The paper presents the results of a clinical trial using the new modified gelatin-based drug hemofusin to correct dyshidria in patients with blood loss and sepsis. Based on the findings, the authors provide evidence for the high clinical efficacy of this drug and the expediency of its incorporation into a complex of infusion therapy in this patient contingent.

Visceral involvement was investigated in 168 patients with general peritonitis. Toxic hepatitis, toxic nephropathy, myocardia dystrophy, pulmonary impairment were determined in 85.7%, 83.3%, 69.6% and 19% of them, respectively. 44 (26.2%) patients with terminal peritonitis developed polyorganic insufficiency. Principal approaches to management of visceral pathology in peritonitis are analyzed.

Croupous pneumonia makes up to 7-8% of all pneumonia cases in different regions of the country. 83 lethal outcomes have been studied. In 46 cases pneumonia was primary illness and the direct cause of death. In case a pneumonia is diagnosed an urgent hospitalization and penicillin treatment (maximum effect on pneumococcus is ensured with 1.8-2.4 million units per day) are necessary. For the prevention of acute cardiovascular insufficiency camphor is prescribed for 2-3 days. Mucolytic preparations and--after normalization of temperature--physiotherapeutic methods and therapeutic exercises are used for treatment. In 25-46.6% of lethal cases pneumonia is not diagnosed in their lifetime. Late hospitalization influencing illness's outcome takes place in 73% of cases.

An ultrasonic investigation of the kidneys in patients with renal forms of acute renal failure (32 and 24 with ethylene glycol poisoning and leptospirosis, respectively) recorded in the oligo-anuric phase a specific ultrasonic picture of renal lesion demonstrable as long as full recovery of impaired functions. The picture was characterized by enlargement of the kidneys with good differentiation of the pyramids in enhanced parenchymal echogenicity. Ethylene glycol poisoning is characterized by limited renal mobility and an echo negative halo around them. These signs may appear helpful in the diagnosis of renal forms of acute renal failure.

A grave complication of sepsis is a respiratory distress in adult persons observed by the authors in 11.3% of the examinees. The syndrome of respiratory distress could develop in the presence of toxico-infectious (septic) shock or severe allergic immediate responses to the administration of certain drugs. The main approaches to the treatment of respiratory distress in adult septic patients turned to be glucocorticoids, heparin and recurrent sessions of hemosorption.

Altogether 64 young patients with nonconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (NH) underwent clinico-morphological correlations to establish the nosological essence of pigment metabolism disorders revealed. 32 patients showed up the signs of chronic nonspecific hepatitis, including 7 patients with the signs of chronic aggressive hepatitis. The remainder 15 patients were found to have other inflammatory processes in the liver. Only 10 persons examined (15.6%) were diagnosed to have functional hyperbilirubinemia and 7 (10.9%) to have latent hemolytic anemia. The conclusion is made about the necessity of a comprehensive examination of young persons with NH. The morphological examination of the liver is a must to early verify the pathological process manifested by the impairment of pigment metabolism.

The authors propose an algorithm for an early etiological diagnosis of pneumonia. The microscopy of Gram-stained smear of sputum is one of the main components of the algorithm. The character of microflora obtained as the result of the analysis determines the further medical examination and treatment of patient.

The results of the catamnestic study of case reports and records of postmortem examination of 102 patients with bronchial asthma (BA) aged 47 to 88 years who died at a general hospital during 1976-1988 indicate that in the overwhelming majority of cases, there took place death "with asthma" rather than death "from asthma". At the same time the dominant pathology was coronary heart disease (acute coronary failure, myocardial infarction, progressive heart failure associated with atherosclerotic and postinfarction cardiosclerosis). Emphasis is laid on the fact that according to the autopsy data, the rate of the recognized stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries considerably exceeded the number of cases of coronary heart disease documented clinically (typical angina pectoris of effort, significant macrofocal myocardial infarction). The characteristic features of the group under observation included an unexpectedly frequent combination of BA and malignant neoplasms (24 cases), including lung cancer in 13 of these cases.

A study of bronchial permeability in 98 patients with acute pneumonia during clinico-roentgenological convalescence using a method of the analysis of the flow-volume loop diagram showed disorders of bronchial permeability in 73.46% of the patients, of them obvious disorders in 21.42% and latent ones in 52.04%. Hyperreactivity of the tracheobronchial tree to acetylcholine was established in 84.4% of the patients without signs of obvious obstruction and in some cases only to obsidan indicating the presence of disorders of vagotonic regulation without change in the functioning of beta-adrenoreceptors.

A study was made of the therapeutic efficacy of calcium antagonists (CA) in the treatment of bronchial asthma. It has been shown that CA, particularly nifedipine and verapamil, do not exert, in the course of an acute drug test, any significant effect on bronchial patency. At the same time CA produce an appreciable preventive effect when administered to bronchial asthma patients with the syndrome of bronchial tree hyperreactivity--cold and post-exercise bronchospasm. Special attention is drawn to CA synergism with inhalation sympathomimetics, which lies in the increase of the duration of the bronchodilating action of the latter ones. The paper provides the data concerned with the effective use of CA in multimodality treatment of the patients with associated bronchial asthma and coronary heart disease.

A study of patients with a stable course of bronchial asthma (BA) has confirmed the absence of a significant bronchodilating effect of nifedipine during an acute drug test (a single sublingual administration of the drug at a dose of 20 mg). Preliminary administration of nifedipine at a dose of 20 mg was noted to result in the prolongation of a bronchodilating effect of salbutamol inhaled at a dose of 200 micrograms, not influencing a degree of its expression. it has been assumed that prolonged use of nifedipine would result in reduced requirements of BA patients in inhalation sympathomimetics. This therapeutic trend especially holds promise for middle aged and aged BA patients with concomitant CHD, arterial hypertension. Reduced requirements in sympathomimetics in them would lead to the reduction of risk of iatrogenic exacerbations of cardiovascular diseases.

Using a method of circadian ECG monitoring, the authors detected a peculiar phenomenon of frequent arrhythmic action of sympathomimetic inhalants in patients with bronchial asthma, mainly during remission. Possible interpretation of the results obtained was as follows: reduction during remission of functional beta block including heart block determining "cardioprotective" action in sympathomimetic inhalations; depletion of reserves of myocardial sympathetic mediators at the height of exacerbation of bronchial asthma; peculiarities of absorption of sympathomimetic inhalants with relation to a stage of disease. The authors discussed the potentialities and limitations of the use of sympathomimetic inhalants during exacerbation and remission of bronchial asthma with relation to patients' age and concomitant coronary heart disease.

The article concerns one of the present-day problems in the teaching of the allergic diseases of the lungs, namely allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Discusses the disease diagnosis and clinical course, diagnostic approaches, efficient drug therapy, and prognostic aspects. Based on an analysis of the authors' own data, the problem of the possibility of the systemic pathoimmune manifestations associated with skin, eye and kidney injuries that occur during allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is discussed.