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With the increase in population, it is increasingly necessary to produce food more efficiently. This has expanded the market for additives, which are products that directly (nutritional effect) or indirectly (effect on animal health) favor productivity. Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural precursor of creatine. It acts as an energy reserve in skeletal muscle. In addition to being a compound with more significant bioavailability, it is more thermally stable and less expensive than creatine. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether adding GAA to the cattle diet would alter the meat’s composition and fatty acid profile. We used 24 Holstein cattle males (409 ± 5.6 kg), approximately 15 months old, and separated them into four homogeneous groups, one being the control group and three groups with various dosages of GAA in the diets (3.3; 6.6, and 9.9 g/animal/day), for an experimental period of 60 days. Blood, rumen fluid, and animal weighing were performed at three points (days 1, 30, and 60), and daily feed consumption was measured. Steers fed with GAA (9.9 g/d) showed a 16.9% increase in average daily gain (ADG) compared to the control group. These same animals (T-9.9 group) fed with GAA showed a 20% increase in fed efficiency compared to the control group. Lower leukocyte, lymphocyte, and granulocyte counts and lower cholesterol levels were observed in animals that consumed 6.6 g and 9.9 g/d GAA compared to the control group. Animals from the T-6.6 and T-9.9 groups showed 30% and 27.6% reduced bacterial activity in the rumen compared to the control group, respectively. Steers from the T-6.6 and T-9.9 groups fed with GAA showed a 20% and 37% increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) compared to the control group, respectively. A higher concentration of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids in the ruminal fluid of cattle T-9.9 group was observed at day 60. The two highest doses of GAA showed lower fat levels in the meat, just as the cattle that received 9.9 g/d showed higher levels of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Complementary data results draw attention to the dose of 9.9 g/d GAA in cattle diets, as anti-inflammatory action can be seen and combined with a higher concentration of SCFAs, consequently increases weight gain. We concluded that consuming this GAA increases the concentration of some unsaturated fatty acids (omegas) in the meat, which adds quality to the product for the consumer.

This study determined whether the isomeric or isoenergetic/isoproteic substitution of corn in the diet of Jersey heifers in the rearing phase with cracker residue would impair growth and health, as well as reducing production costs. Fourteen Jersey females in the growth phase were used, separated into two treatments with seven animals in each lot in collective pens. The experiment used 7-month-old animals (169.8 ± 2.89 kg) and lasted for four months. In Experiment I, the animals were divided into two groups: treatment, with the partial replacement of 40% corn with cracker residue, and control, in which the animals consumed the same diet with 100% corn (isometric diet kg for kg). In Experiment II, the animals with a body weight of 200.2 ± 3.85 kg were divided into two groups: Treatment, replacing 100% of the corn with cracker residue, and control, in which the animals consumed an isoprotein and isoenergetic diet but with 100% of the corn in the formulation. The diet consisted of concentrate, Tifton 85 hay, and corn silage, supplied twice a day individually, with animals contained in their feeders by kennels. There was water ad libitum in the bay. Biweekly weighing and monthly blood analysis were performed, totaling four collections per part for hematologic evaluation, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism variables. At the end of each experiment, ruminal fluid was collected to measure the volatile fatty acid profile, and feces were collected to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC). Experiments I and II showed no effect of treatment on body weight, weight gain, average daily weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. There was no effect of treatment on leukocyte, erythrocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, and eosinophil counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration (p > 0.05). Experiment I showed a difference between groups for the variables albumin, globulin, total proteins, cholesterol, glucose, and urea, which did not happen in Experiment II. In both experiments, a higher ADC of nutrients was found in the treatment group which had cracker residue (p > 0.05). The concentration of volatile fatty acids in Experiment I was higher in the control group, unlike in Experiment II, where the highest concentration was in the treatment group (p > 0.05). Because experiment I had an isometric substitution, the diets had different bromatological composition, which is the probable cause of the difference between groups; this did not happen in experiment II, in which the diets consumed by the animals was isoproteic and isoenergetic. Based on these data we conclude that the substitution of cracker residue in an isomeric or isoenergetic/isoproteic form does not negatively affect weight gain and animal health, as well as reduces the cost of the concentrate, consequently reducing the cost of production of these animals.

(1) Background: This study determined whether adding butyric acid and lauric acid glycerides in nursing pigs’ feed would improve growth performance, proteinogram, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status. (2) Methods: Ninety male pigs were divided into five groups with six repetitions per group: NC, negative control (no additive); TRI-BUT, addition of tributyrin in the basal ration; MDT-BUT, addition of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of butyric acid in the basal feed; MDT-LAU, the addition of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of lauric acid in the basal feed; and PC, positive control (addition of gentamicin in the basal feed). (3) Results: PC, TRI-BUT, and MDT-LAU resulted in a high average daily WG from days 1 to 39 (p < 0.01). MDT-LAU, MDT-BUT, and PC resulted in a greater feed:gain from days 1 to 39 than the NC (p = 0.03). Great concentrations of the gamma globulin fraction in all groups were observed than in the NC (p = 0.01). Ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein concentrations were lower in all groups than in the NC (p < 0.05). Higher serum glutathione S-transferase activity was observed in the TRI-BUT and MDT-BUT than in the PC (p = 0.04). (4) Conclusions: The addition of butyric acid and lauric acid glycerides in the diet of pigs in the nursery phase can replace growth promoters since the products improve the growth performance, reduce acute-phase proteins, and increase gamma globulin concentrations.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of different levels of capsaicin in the diet of female turkeys has beneficial effects on growth performance and the antioxidant and oxidant status in serum and meat. A total of 150 female turkeys were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments with five replicates per treatment and ten birds per experimental unit. Treatments were identified as control (without additive); T400 – basal diet containing 400 mg/kg of pepper extract per kg of feed; and T800 – basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg of pepper extract per kg of feed. Growth performance was measured on days 1 and 20 of the experiment. Blood samples were collected at 20 days of the experiment for analysis of the oxidant and antioxidant status, and at 20 days, five birds were euthanized per treatment for the analysis of the oxidant and antioxidant status of the meat. The turkeys fed diet supplemented with capsaicin had lower feed intake and better feed:gain ratio. Turkeys in the T800 treatment showed a reduction in serum levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid, and this same effect was observed for ROS in their breast meat. Capsaicin supplementation improves feed conversion and reduces feed intake without altering weight gain in female turkeys. Furthermore, the addition of 800 g/ton reduces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the serum and reduces protein oxidation in broiler turkey meat.

In present study, we carried out the non-covalent binding between ovalbumin and phenolic compounds extracted from the leaves of Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O.Berg. The phytochemical profile of extracts, structural, amino acids involved in the formation of the complexes and, antioxidant properties of ovalbumin and complexes were investigated. The phytochemical profile showed 32 phenolic compounds. More than 50% of the phenolic compounds in the extracts were non-covalently bound to ovalbumin. Structural changes were demonstrated in the complexes, with a peak in the amide I band corresponding to the β sheet. Changes in the A and B amide bands demonstrated the occurrence of molecular interactions. The possible formation of oligomers suggests that the quaternary structure of ovalbumin was not intact. The extracts and complexes showed similar antioxidant activity. Molecular docking showed that the interaction between the phenolic compounds and the protein is favored. The complexes can be used in the development of food for humans and animals, where antioxidant activity is required.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on metabolizable energy, feed digestibility, intestinal morphometric analysis, and antioxidant parameters in broilers. A completely randomized design with five treatments and eight replications of eight broilers (Cobb male) was used, and collections were carried out at 20 and 42 days of age. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde concentrations (mg/kg) were: 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200. Carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improved apparent metabolizable energy but did not change protein and ether extract digestibility. Supplementation increased intestinal villus height and villi:crypt ratio; in which 100 mg/kg produced the greatest villus height. Serum uric acid levels were lower in birds receiving supplementation. Improvement in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase was observed, while lower uric acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and reactive oxygen species levels were observed. Microencapsulated carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde improve apparent metabolizable energy and can be administered in broiler feed without risk to the bird’s health. These supplements may serve as alternative products to aid the performance of commercial poultry.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate whether feeding calves with replacers instead of cow's milk interferes with complete blood count, biochemistry variables, survival, and weight gain, and the cost-benefit of these feeds in the suckling phase. We used 16 calves of the Holstein breed with an average of 8±4 days and 39±6 kg of average body weight, randomly divided into two groups: Replacer Group (N=8), receiving four liters of replacer milk during the 60 experimental days; and the Milk Group (N=8), calves receiving four liters of cow's milk. We observed that animals fed with cow's milk had higher body weight and weight gain at all weightings compared to those who consumed the dairy replacer. There was no calve death during the study. The cost (R$) of the diet of the calves that consumed replacer was lower. However, if we consider the weight gain during the experiment, the cost to produce 1 kg of body weight was similar between the treatments, because the calves that consumed milk were weaned with an average of 19kg more body weight. In conclusion, the use of dairy replacers as a replacer for cow's milk caused calves to have an overall lower performance compared to those who received cow's milk during the suckling phase.

(1) Background: This study’s objective was to determine whether adding vegetable biocholine (VB) to pigs’ diets would minimize the negative effects caused by daily aflatoxin (B1 + B2) intake. (2) Methods: We used seventy-two whole male pigs weaned at an average of 26 days and divided them into four groups with six replicates each (2 × 2 factorial). The treatments were identified as Afla0VB0 (negative control, without aflatoxin and without VB); Afla500VB0 (positive control, 500 µg/kg of aflatoxins; Afla0VB800 (800 mg/kg of VB); and Afla500VB800 (500 µg/kg of aflatoxin +800 mg/kg of VB). (3) Results: In the first 20 days of the experiment, only the pigs from Afla500VB0 had less weight gain and less feed consumption, different from the 30th to 40th day, when all treatments had lower performance than the negative control. In the liver, higher levels of oxygen-reactive species and lipid peroxidation were observed in Afla500VB0, associated with greater activity of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. In the jejunum, oxidative stress was associated with nitrous stress in Afla500VB0. An increase in splenic glutathione S-transferase activity in the Afla500VB800 animals was observed. (4) Conclusions: Consuming a diet contaminated with 500 µg/kg of aflatoxin influences the health and performance in the nursing phase in a silent way; however, it generates high economic losses for producers. When VB was added to the pigs’ diet in the face of an aflatoxin challenge, it showed hepatoprotective potential.

Purpose The anaerobic digester for dead animals is the most eco-friendly and cost-effective way to dispose of this waste. The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal efficiency of organic matter and pathogenic microorganisms by an anaerobic co-digestion of whole dead animals and manure, both of swine origin. Methods Two test digesters coated with geomembrane were used. Samples were obtained from a private pig farm with 2000 sows in Southern Brazil from April to June of 2017. The analyses were performed in triplicate, at six treatment points and physicochemical and microbiological analyses were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the anaerobic co-digester system. Results We found the efficiency in the removal of chemical oxygen demand (87.88%), biological oxygen demand (83.57%) and total solids (75%), accorded with levels proposed in Resolution 430/2011 of the Brazilian National Environment Council. Furthermore, macro- and micronutrient values also accorded with the environmental parameters proposed by Brazilian legislation. Based on the total nitrogen (2222.00 mg L-1) and environmental critical phosphorus values (333.30 mg dm-³), a subsequent agronomic evaluation is suggested prior to the release of this effluent into the soil. The absence of Salmonella spp. and helminth eggs reinforced the notion of suitability of the system for the treatment of dead animals. Total coliform counts and E. coli counts were within the expected standards. Conclusion Treatment of dead animals and effluents using an anaerobic digestion process was efficient, suggesting that it could replace other methods such as composting and incineration.

O óleo de eucalipto possui funções antibacterianas, antisséptica, expectorante, e melhoradora de saúde respiratória. Entretanto, estimulam a atividade imune e resposta vacinal, junto aos efeitos antioxidantes destas moléculas, vem sendo alvo de estudos recentes na avicultura, pelo seu potencial. Com isso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do óleo de eucalipto sobre a titulação de anticorpos específicos contra Bronquite Infecciosa e sobre parâmetros antioxidantes séricos em frangos de corte (Cobb), do 1º até 42º dias de vida dos animais. A pesquisa foi conduzida nas instalações do setor de avicultura da UNOESC Xanxerê, utilizando 80 frangos de corte machos, da linhagem Cobb. Distribuídos no primeiro dia de idade, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, compostos por quatro tratamentos: Controle, 300 ppm óleo de eucalipto via água de bebida, 300 ppm óleo de eucalipto via nebulização e 300 ppm óleo de eucalipto via água de bebida + 300 ppm de óleo de eucalipto via nebulização, constituídos por 20 repetições, cada ave foi considerada uma unidade experimental. A adição do óleo de eucalipto aumentou a quantidade de anticorpos totais aos 28 dias de idade, no entanto, não propiciou alterações (P>0,05) sobre a titulação 42 dias de idade. Da mesma forma, a capacidade total antioxidante e capacidade de redução do ferro plasmático não sofreram influência (P>0,05) de acordo com as diferentes adições de óleo de eucalipto nas aves. Conclui-se que óleo de eucalipto, adicionado via água de bebida ou via nebulização, não altera a resposta vacinal contra a Bronquite Infecciosa, bem como não exerce efeito antioxidante no organismo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether there is an interaction between pepper extract (PE) supplementation and evaporative cooling regimens on the performance, thermal comfort, and metabolism of lactating cows. The experiment was designed as a double 4 × 4 Latin square using eight multiparous Holstein cows (days in milk 147 ± 43.8 days). Treatments were a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement; two evaporative cooling regimens [sprinkler cycles of 30 s on and 4.5 min off (R5) and 30 s on and 9.5 min off (R10)] were combined with no inclusion of pepper extract (CT) or 800 mg/cow daily of PE. The inclusion of PE allowed a greater reduction in the surface temperature of the coat, and the cows remained for longer periods in the feeding area. There was an interaction between the use of PE and the climate regimen for surface temperature, which was lower for PER5. Cows experiencing greater intermittency in the spraying cycles (R10) spent 35% more time at the feeding area. A significant interaction was observed for milk production, with greater production for CTR5 compared to the other treatments. The feed efficiency for R5 was higher than that for R10. The R5 treatment combined with PE reduced water intake. There was no significant difference in serum parameters other than gamma-glutamyl transferase, with an interaction between treatments and greater activity for PER10, and total protein and albumin, which had cooling effects that were higher for R10. The two factors tested interfered in different and dissociated ways. The evaporative cooling strategies were effective, and the R5 treatment resulted in higher feed efficiency and milk production. The inclusion of PE enhanced heat reduction in cows when they were subjected to a cooling regime.

Dogs with Giardia infections have diarrhea that persists for days, even after treatment. We managed canine giardiasis using two distinct approaches: treatment with the antiprotozoan secnidazole alone; and secnidazole plus a homeopathic product that is indicated for control of diarrhea in dogs. Treatment I: Ten beagle dogs showed clinical signs of severe diarrhea. Their feces revealed large numbers of cysts consistent with Giardia sp. Therefore, we treated the dogs with secnidazole (10 mg/kg, single dose) given orally. Five days after treatment, all dogs were negative for Giardia spp. Treatment II: Three months later, the same ten Beagles again presented with diarrhea. Feces were collected, revealing Giardia sp. in all dogs. This time, we treated them with an antiprotozoan (secnidazole, 10 mg/kg dose) combined with a commercial homeopathic drug for diarrhea control (3 g dose/animal at 12 h interval). We found that three to five homeopathic doses were needed to achieve normal fecal scores in all dogs. After 5 days of treatment, stool samples had normal consistency and were negative for Giardia. This is the first record of using secnidazole to control canine giardiasis associated with homeopathic drugs to prevent diarrhea.

The objective of this study was to measure the impact on part of soil fauna of application of non-stabilized (fresh) manure from post-weaning pigs fed diets formulated with or without dual-purpose wheat, and with or without the use of antimicrobial growth-promoting additives (100 mg kg-1 doxycycline + 50 mg kg-1 colistin + 250 mg kg-1 Zn oxide). Two species of edaphic organisms were evaluated, the springtails Folsomia candida and the earthworms Eisenia andrei, using ecotoxicological avoidance behavior tests. The treatments were swine manure from: RR: Reference Ration; WR: Wheat Reference; RA: Reference Ration + Antimicrobial Additives; WA: Wheat Reference + Antimicrobial Additives). The doses of waste used for treatments were as follows: 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 65 and 100 m³ ha-1 for the springtails and 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 65 m³ ha-1 for the earthworms, applied in the Oxisol. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates. The use of non-stabilized swine manure did not affect the avoidance behavior of F. candida at any dose, regardless of the use of antimicrobial or wheat additives. For E. andrei, there was avoidance behavior at all treatments and doses used. These avoidance behaviors were related to the sensitivity of each species of soil organism. The avoidance behavior for earthworms was related to the doses of non-stabilized swine manure in soil and not to the various diets and/or the use of growth-promoting additives.

The acaricidal effect of seven essential oils was examined in vitro against the cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus). Engorged female ticks were manually collected in farms of Southern Brazil and placed into petri dishes (n = 10) in order to test the following oils: juniper (Juniperus communis), palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii), cedar (Cedrus atlantica), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and bergamot (Citrus aurantium var bergamia) at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% each. A control group was used to validate the tests containing Triton X-100 only. Treatment effectiveness was measured considering inhibition of tick oviposition (partial or total), egg’s weight, and hatchability. C. martinii, C. citratus and C. atlantica essential oils showed efficacy higher than 99% at all concentrations tested. In addition, J. communis, Z. officinale, P. graveolens, and C. aurantium var bergamia oils showed efficiency ranging from 73% to 95%, depending on the concentration tested, where higher concentrations showed greater efficacy. It was concluded that essential oils can affect tick reproduction in vitro by inhibiting oviposition and hatchability.

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation among type and size of the farms related to the management of production and especially the presence and control of parasites. Materials and methods. To accomplish the above, 65 farms were used: 56 of semi-extensive system (cows in pastures), classified as low density farms (n=15, up to 15/cows), medium density farms (n=20; between 16-30/cows) and large density farms (n=21; over 31/cows). It was also included nine farms freestall system (n=9; confinement, over 70 cows) as part of the study population. Results. In the farms visited for the study can be noticed that the farms that had the higher level of technological improvement in managements practice were properties in high level (3) and freestall (4). In most of the farms there were observed the presence of ticks and flies, regardless of density of farms. Feces samples collected from 650 cows (n=10/farm), and analyzed using McMaster showed that 191 cows were positive for parasites. The presence of antibodies in bulk milk tank occurred in 36 (55.38%; CI95% 42-67) to Neospora caninum of the studied farms. Conclusions. We also conclude that N. caninum is present in cattle herds in Western Santa Catarina, and may be linked to reproductive problems in cows.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protected fat from palm oil on body weight and milk production and composition of lactating Lacaune ewes. Four treatments (0, 20, 40, and 60 g kg−1 as fed) of protected fat from palm oil were used to feed nine animals in each group. Isoproteic and isoenergetic diets were formulated and adjusted for each animal after milk weighing. Corn silage was used as roughage on the same proportion of concentrated to feed all animals. Milk samples were collected weekly for chemical analyses up to the seventh week of the lactation period and every other week after that until the end of the lactation period (182 days). Increased levels of protected fat in the diet of lactating ewes resulted in lower body weight gain and poor animal body condition. The production peak showed differences and was higher in the treatment of 40 g kg−1 of palm oil, but milk production during lactation was higher in animals that received 60 g kg−1 of protected fat supplementation. Animals fed 60 g kg−1 of protected fat showed the highest milk yield. We observed a positive linear effect on milk fat content, whereas the effect on milk protein, lactose, and nonfat solids was linearly negative after dairy sheep fed protected fat from palm oil. There were no changes in the amount (kg) of milk fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and nonfat solids in any of the treatments. Therefore, protected fat from palm oil is efficient to increase milk production and fat content.

Objective: To verify the trypanocidal effectiveness of aescin and aescin liposomes against Trypanosoma evansi in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Aescin and aescin liposomes were used in vitro on trypomastigotes at different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%) and exposure times (0, 1, 3, 6 and 9 h). In vivo tests were performed using mice as the experimental model. Trypanosome evansi infected mice were treated with aescin and aescin liposomes with doses of 60 and 100 mg/kg during 4 d. Results: The three concentrations tested in free form and nanoencapsulated showed trypanocidal activity in vitro, completely eliminating the parasites in small concentration after 6 h of assay. Animals treated with aescin (100 mg/kg) and aescin liposomes (100 mg/kg) showed increase in longevity, however without curative effect. Conclusions: Active compounds present in natural products, such as aescin, may potentiate the treatment of trypanosomosis when used in association with other trypanocidal drugs.

Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoa in dairy calves and to identify potential risk factors for this type of infection. Materials and methods. For this purpose, 243 fecal samples were collected from calves up to 60 days of age in 43 dairy farms located in the West region of Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Samples were examined by centrifugal-flotation technique. Results. As a result, Giardia was present in 26.75% (65/243) of all samples, Eimeria in 21.81% (53/243), and Cryptosporidium in 20.99% (51/243). Additionally, 46.50% (113/243) of the samples were negative for any protozoa, while 39.10% (95/243) and 14.40% (35/208) showed single and mixed infections, respectively. There was a higher association between Cryptosporidium and Giardia (6.99%) in cases of mixed infections. However, the triple protozoa association had the lowest prevalence in mixed infections (2.06%). Epidemiologically, a questionnaire was applied to determine risk factors for these parasitic infections. Based on the statistical model applied, some risk factors for Cryptosporidium infections were identified, highlighting feeding management, period of time that calves stayed with their mothers (cows), and contact with dogs; the risk of contracting Giardia increased according to the milk source, while the floor type bedding, and age were appointed as risks factors for Eimeria. Conclusions. Therefore, it is possible to confirm that Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Eimeria may infect dairy calves, and the knowledge of some risk factors associated to their infection in calves.

Rangelia vitalii is a protozoon that causes diseases in dogs, and anemia is the most common laboratory finding. However, few studies on the biochemical changes in dogs infected with this protozoon exist. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the biochemical changes in dogs experimentally infected with R. vitalii, during the acute phase of the infection. For this study, 12 female dogs (aged 6-12 months and weighing between 4 and 7 kg) were used, divided in two groups. Group A was composed of healthy dogs (n = 5); and group B consisted of infected animals (n = 7). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 10, 20 and 30 after infection, using tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum and analyze the biochemical parameters. An increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) on day 20 (P < 0.05) was observed. Also, increased creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were observed throughout the experimental period (P < 0.05). No changes in the serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, urea and creatinine levels were observed. Thus, is possible to conclude that experimental infection with R. vitalii in dogs causes changes to the biochemical profile, with increased ALT, AST and CK enzyme levels.Rangelia vitalii é um protozoário que causa doença em cães, sendo a anemia o achado laboratorial mais frequente. No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre as alterações bioquímicas em cães infectados com o protozoário. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo investigar as alterações bioquímicas de cães experimentalmente infectados com R. vitalii na fase aguda da infecção. Para o estudo, foram utilizados 12 cães fêmeas (com idade entre 6 a 12 meses e peso entre 4 a 7 kg), divididos em dois grupos. O grupo A (n = 5) foi composto de animais saudáveis e o grupo B (n = 7) de animais infectados. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias zero, dez, vinte e trinta PI, utilizando tubos sem anticoagulante para obtenção de soro e análise dos parâmetros bioquímicos. Foi observado um aumento na alanino aminotransferase (ALT) no dia 20 PI (P < 0,05) e aumento na creatinoquinase (CK) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST) em todo o período experimental (P < 0,05). Não foram observadas alterações séricas na gama-glutamiltransferase, uréia e creatinina. Portanto, é possível concluir que a infecção experimental por R. vitalii causa alterações no perfil bioquímico, com aumento na ALT, CK e AST.

This study aimed to test an alternative protocol with human plasma to control Trypanosoma evansi infection in mice. Plasma from an apparently 27-year-old healthy male, blood type A+, was used in the study. A concentration of 100 mg.dL-1 apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) was detected in the plasma. Forty mice were divided into four groups with 10 animals each. Group A comprised uninfected animals. Mice from groups B, C and D were inoculated with a T. evansi isolate. Group B was used as a positive control. At three days post-infection (DPI), the mice were administered intraperitoneally with human plasma. A single dose of 0.2 mL plasma was given to those in group C. The mice from group D were administered five doses of 0.2 mL plasma with a 24 hours interval between the doses. Group B showed high increasing parasitemia that led to their death within 5 DPI. Both treatments eliminated parasites from the blood and increased the longevity of animals. An efficacy of 50 (group C) and 80% (group D) of human plasma trypanocidal activity was found using PCR. This therapeutic success was likely achieved in the group D due to their higher levels of APOL1 compared with group C.Este estudo teve como objetivo testar um protocolo alternativo com plasma humano para controlar a infecção por Trypanosoma evansi em camundongos. O plasma foi oriundo de um homem aparentemente saudável, com idade entre 27 anos e tipo de sangue A+. Foi detectada uma concentração de 100 mg.dL -1 de apolipoproteína L1 (APOL1) no plasma. Quarenta camundongos foram divididos em quatro grupos, contendo dez animais cada. Grupo A, composto de animais não infectados. Os roedores dos grupos B, C e D foram inoculados intraperitonealmente com um isolado de T. evansi. O Grupo B foi usado como um controle positivo. Três dias pós-infecção (DPI), os camundongos foram tratados com plasma humano. Uma dose única de 0,2 mL de plasma foi administrada nos roedores do grupo C. Os ratos do grupo D receberam cinco doses de 0,2 mL de plasma em intervalos de 24 horas. Os ratos do grupo B apresentaram parasitemia crescente, o que ocasionou a morte dos animais em 5 DPI. Ambos os tratamentos foram capazes de eliminar o parasito do sangue e aumentar a longevidade dos animais. O método da PCR detectou uma eficácia de 50% (grupo C) e 80% (grupo D) no tratamento com plasma humano. Este sucesso terapêutico obtido nos animais do grupo D provavelmente foi por receber maiores níveis de APOL1, comparado ao grupo C.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungal microflora present in drinking water and domestic sewage from different districts of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Water and sewage samples were collected during the four seasons and analyzed by the technique of Colony Forming Units (CFU). Yeasts and fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus were observed in the water samples. The genus Geotrichum was also found in the sewage. Therefore, it is concluded that treatment of water held in the municipality is unable to remove these agents. objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a microbiota fúngica presente na água potável e no esgoto doméstico de distintos bairros de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Amostras de água e esgoto foram colhidas durante as quatro estações do ano e analisadas pela técnica de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC). Foi observada a presença dos gêneros Penicillium, Aspergillus e leveduras nas amostras de água. No esgoto, além dos agentes fúngicos reportados na água foi identificado o gênero Geotrichum. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o tratamento da água realizado no município não é capaz de eliminar estes agentes.

The aim of this study was to report the gastrointestinal parasitism in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Brazil. Fecal samples of three animals kept in captivity in the state of Rio Grande do Sul were collected. Samples were analyzed by the centrifugal flotation technique with zinc sulfate and by the Kinyon staining method. All animals showed mixed infection by cysts of Giardia sp. and Balantidium sp. and by oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. and Eimeria sp. This is the first report of these four genera of protozoa in T. pecari. Este estudo teve como objetivo registrar o parasitismo gastrintestinal em queixada (Tayassu pecari) no Brasil. Foram colhidas amostras de fezes, de três exemplares mantidos em cativeiro no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras foram analisadas pelas técnicas de centrífugo flutuação com sulfato de zinco e coloração de kinyon para pesquisa de parasitos. Em todos os animais observou-se uma infecção mista por cistos de Giardia sp. e Balantidium sp., além de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp e Eimeria sp. Este estudo relata o primeiro registro destes quatro gêneros de protozoários em T. pecari.

This study aimed at evaluating the immunoglobulin levels in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Twenty animals were inoculated with 106 trypomastigote forms and ten rats were used as control. Parasitemia was monitored by examining daily blood smears. Rats were separated into three equal groups in the fifth day PI: groups A and B were formed by rats with low and moderate parasitemia, respectively; group C was formed by non-infected rats. IgG and IgM were evaluated by ELISA test and were superior when compared to group C. The IgM levels did not differ between the infected groups. It may be concluded that the infected rats showed an immunological response against T. evansi, although this was not enough to eliminate the parasite in acute infection.KEY WORDS: IgG, IgM, Ratus norvergicus, Trypanosoma evansi. Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de imunoglobulinas presentes em ratos infectados experimentalmente por Trypanosoma evansi. Para isso, inocularam-se vinte animais com 106 tripomastigotas de T. evansi e dez ratos usados como controle. Controlou-se a parasitemia através de esfregaço sanguíneo diário, sendo que no quinto dia após a inoculação os animais foram divididos em três grupos homogêneos. Formaram-se os grupos A e B por ratos que apresentaram elevada e baixa parasitemia, respectivamente, e o grupo C por ratos sadios. Submeteram-se as amostras de soro ao teste de ELISA para quantificação de imunoglobulinas. A IgG e IgM de ratos dos grupos A e B foram superiores aos do grupo C. Já a IgM de ambos os grupos infectados não diferiu, apesar do grau de parasitemia. Portanto, os ratos infectados por T. evansi apresentaram resposta imunológica frente à infecção pelo flagelado, embora esta não seja suficiente para eliminar o protozoário na infecção aguda. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: IgG, IgM, Ratus norvergicus, Trypanosoma evansi.Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de imunoglobulinas presentes em ratos infectados experimentalmente por Trypanosoma evansi. Para isso, inocularam-se vinte animais com 106 tripomastigotas de T. evansi e dez ratos usados como controle. Controlou-se a parasitemia através de esfregaço sanguíneo diário, sendo que no quinto dia após a inoculação os animais foram divididos em três grupos homogêneos. Formaram-se os grupos A e B por ratos que apresentaram elevada e baixa parasitemia, respectivamente, e o grupo C por ratos sadios. Submeteram-se as amostras de soro ao teste de ELISA para quantificação de imunoglobulinas. A IgG e IgM de ratos dos grupos A e B foram superiores aos do grupo C. Já a IgM de ambos os grupos infectados não diferiu, apesar do grau de parasitemia. Portanto, os ratos infectados por T. evansi apresentaram resposta imunológica frente à infecção pelo flagelado, embora esta não seja suficiente para eliminar o protozoário na infecção aguda. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: IgG, IgM, Ratus norvergicus, Trypanosoma evansi.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a suscetibilidade do Trypanosoma evansi in vitro e in vivo à anfotericina B. Nos testes in vitro, foram utilizadas quatro concentrações (0,06; 0,25; 1,0; 4,0µg mL-1) de anfotecicina B frente a uma suspensão de T. evansi em solução tampão fosfato rico em glicose (PBS - glicose). Para avaliar a eficácia in vivo, foram utilizados 15 ratos parasitados com T. evansi. Em dois grupos de cinco ratos infectados, doses únicas diárias de 1 (grupo A) e de 3mg kg-1 (grupo B) foram administradas via intraperitonial durante 10 dias, e a parasitemia foi avaliada por meio de esfregaço sanguíneo. Grupo C (n=5) foi utilizado como grupo controle positivo, infectados com T. evansi e não tratados, e o grupo D (n=5), como controle negativo. Os ensaios in vitro evidenciaram suscetibilidade de 100% do T. evansi à anfotericina B após 7h, em todas as concentrações avaliadas. Nos ratos, nem a maior dose testada curou os roedores, apesar de ter prolongado a vida destes em comparação à vida dos animais infectados, mas não tratados. Foi também investigada a função hepática e renal dos ratos após a terapia, e os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados mantiveram-se dentro da normalidade. Conclui-se que o T. evansi in vitro é suscetível à anfotericina B. A dose 3mg kg-1 testada aumentou a expectativa de vida de ratos infectados, porém não teve efeito curativo.The aim of this study was to evaluate the Trypanosoma evansi susceptibility to amphotericin B in vitro and in vivo. Four concentrations (0.06, 0.25, 1.0, and 4.0µg mL-1) of amphotericin B were tested against a suspension containing T. evansi and phosphate buffer solution with glucose in the in vitro assay. Fifteen rats infected with T. evansi were used for the in vivo assay. Groups A (n=5) and B (n=5) received daily doses of 1 and 3mg kg-1 during 10 days and the parasitemia was estimated daily by microscopic examination of smears. The rats from group C (n=5) were the positive control and were infected but not treated. Rats from group D (n=5) were used as negative control. in vitro assays showed a 100% of susceptibility of T. evansi to amphotericin B after 7 hours, at all concentrations tested. The higher dose tested did not cure the rats, although treated rats had a longer life span in comparison to the non-treated group. Adverse effects on renal and hepatic hemodynamics were also researched. Biochemical parameters obtained were within the normal ranges. It was concluded that T. evansi is susceptible to amphotericin B in vitro. The dose of 3 mg kg-1 tested in rats increased life span, but did not cure the animals.

Este estudo teve o objetivo de relatar a ocorrência de Trypanosoma vivax no Sul do Brasil. O protozoário foi diagnosticado em esfregaço sanguíneo de um bovino e a identificação baseada na morfologia das formas tripomastigotas e confirmada pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerases (PCR). O animal infectado apresentou sintomatologia compatível com a forma nervosa da infecção por T. vivax. Outros bovinos que compartilhavam o mesmo ambiente apresentaram resultados negativos para T. vivax por PCR. Este é o primeiro registro de T. vivax no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e na região Sul do Brasil.This study aimed at reporting the occurrence of Trypanosoma vivax in southern Brazil. The protozoan was diagnosed through peripheral blood smear evaluation of a bovine and confirmed by the evaluation of the trypomastigote forms morphology and by the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The animal showed clinical signs similar to the nervous form of the infection by T. vivax. Negative results for T. vivax were found in other bovines grazing in the same paddock. This is the first report of T. vivax in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and in the southern region of Brazil.

The study aimed to evaluate pathological findings, clinical signs and weight gain of naturally infected rabbits by Trypanosoma evansi. Nine male rabbits from two to six-month-old were divided into three groups (A, B, C) with three animals each. Rabbits from groups A and B were infected with T. evansi and evaluated daily through peripheral blood smears. Group C was used as control and the animals were inoculated with saline buffer only. The animals were sacrificed after 120 DPI. Irregular parasitemic peaks ranging from 0 to 5 trypomastigotes/field until 89 DPI, disappearing from circulation blood after 90 DPI. No macroscopically and microscopically alterations were observed in this study although the animals showed clinical signs as anorexia, apathy, pale mucosa and edema of the ears and eyelids when the number of protozoa increased into circulation blood. The animals infected by T. evansi showed lower body weigh gain than animals from the control group. The results showed that infection by T. evansi in rabbits is associated with systemic alterations although the animals did not die due to the consequences of the disease.O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os achados patológicos, sinais clínicos e ganho de peso de coelhos infectados experimentalmente por Trypanosoma evansi. Nove coelhos, machos com idade entre dois a seis meses, foram divididos em três grupos (A, B, C) com três animais cada. Os coelhos dos grupos A e B foram inoculados com T. evansi e avaliados diariamente através de esfregaço sanguíneo periférico. O grupo C foi utilizado como controle, isto é, inoculado somente com solução fisiológica. Os animais foram acompanhados por 120 dias e posteriormente sacrificados. Observou-se durante o experimento, que a parasitemia manteve-se com picos irregulares em variações de zero a cinco tripomastigotas/campo por até 89 dias após a inoculação, desaparecendo da circulação após 90 dias. Não se observou alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas nos animais, no entanto, foram observados sinais clínicos como anorexia, apatia e mucosas pálidas, além de edema nas orelhas e pálpebras quando o número de protozoários aumentava na circulação periférica. Verificou-se que os animais parasitados por T. evansi apresentaram ganho de peso corporal inferior aos do grupo controle. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que a infecção por T. evansi em coelhos acarreta alterações sistêmicas, embora os animais não venham a morrer em conseqüência da enfermidade.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a patogenicidade do isolado de Trypanosoma evansi (LPV-2005), em ratos (Rattus norvergicus), sob influência da imunidade passiva, de diferentes concentrações e de meios de conservação. Para tanto, foram utilizados 36 Rattus norvergicus, fêmeas, separados em seis grupos homogêneos. Os roedores dos grupos A e B foram infectados com 10(5) T. evansi, e os animais dos grupos C e D foram infectados com 10(6) tripomastigotas/animal. Os grupos E e F foram utilizados como grupo controle negativo, isto é, inoculados com sangue in natura e criopreservado sem o parasito, respectivamente. O grupo A foi formado por ratos filhos de fêmeas infectadas com protozoário, mas curadas após tratamento. Os grupos B, C e D continham roedores que nunca tiveram contato com o isolado LPV-2005. Os grupos B e C diferiram quanto à dose inoculada do flagelado mantida em cultura viva (ratos Wistar). Já os ratos do grupo D foram infectados com sangue criopreservado em nitrogênio líquido. A patogenicidade do isolado foi avaliada a partir do período pré-patente, da evolução da parasitemia e da longevidade dos animais. O grupo D apresentou um período pré-patente superior aos demais grupos. Em relação à longevidade dos animais de cada grupo, foi verificada diferença estatística significativa (PThis study aimed to evaluate the Trypanosoma evansi strain pathogenicity (LPV-2005) in rats under passive immunity influence, of different concentrations and media preservation. Thirty six adult female Rattus norvergicus were separated in six equal groups. Groups A and B were inoculated with 10(5) T. evansi and groups C and D with 10(6) blood trypomastigotes per animal. Groups E and F were used as negative control in which the animals were inoculated with fresh and cryopreserved blood, without the parasite. Group A were composed of T. evansi infected born rats and cured females. Groups B, C and D were composed with animals never exposed to the LPV-2005 strain. All groups B and C animals received different doses of blood trypomastigotes kept in Wistar rats, while animals from group D were infected with cryopreserved blood kept in liquid nitrogen. The the strain pathogenicity was estimated by prepatency evaluation period, levels of parasitemia and animals longevity. Group D showed a longer prepatency period in comparison with other groups. The longevity of group D (27.8 days) was significantly different (P

Este estudo avaliou o parasitismo gastrintestinal por protozoários em bugios (Alouatta sp.) mantidos em cativeiro no município de Santa Maria, RS. Foram analisadas amostras de fezes de oito macacos das espécies Alouatta caraya e Alouatta guariba, pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco. Observaram-se oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. nas fezes de todos os animais pesquisados, sendo que em três deles havia infecção mista com cistos de Giardia spp. Analisando a água oferecida aos primatas detectou-se a presença elevada de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. e raros oocistos de outro coccidio. Conclui-se que os macacos A. caraya e A. guariba, mantidos em cativeiro, são hospedeiros dos gêneros Giardia e Cryptosporidium.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Alouatta sp., bugio, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. This study evaluated the gastrointestinal parasitism by protozoa in captive howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) in the city of Santa Maria, RS. Fecal samples from eight monkeys of the Alouatta caraya and Alouatta guariba species were analyzed by the zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation method. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were observed in the feces of all the studied animals, three of which having mixed infection with Giardia spp. cysts. Analyzing the water offered to the primates it was detected elevated presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts and rare oocysts of other coccidium. In conclusion, A. caraya and A. guariba monkeys, kept in captivity, are hosts for Giardia and Cryptosporidium genus. KEY WORDS: Alouatta sp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., howler monkey.

Este trabalho visou avaliar o parasitismo gastrintestinal por protozoários em macacos mantidos em cativeiro na região Sul do Brasil. Foram analisadas amostras de fezes de 18 primatas de quatro espécies, Cebus apella, Macaca mulata, Callithrix jacchus e Callithrix penicillata pelo método de centrífugo flutuação com sulfato de zinco. Nos animais avaliados, foram verificados infecções simples e mistas pelos protozoários dos gêneros Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cystoisospora e Balantidium. Analisando a água oferecida aos primatas foi detectada a presença elevada de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp.This research aimed at evaluating the gastrointestinal parasitism by protozoa in monkeys kept in captivity in the Southern region of Brazil. Fecal samples from 18 primates of the species Cebus apella, Macaca mulata, Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata were analyzed by the zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation method. Simple and mixed infections by protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cystoisospora and Balantidium were observed. The water offered to the primates had elevated presence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de Trypanosoma evansi em eqüinos no município de Cruz Alta, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, abordando aspectos epidemiológicos e sinais clínicos da infecção. A tripanosomose ocorreu em uma propriedade rural no município de Cruz Alta. Ao exame clínico, observou-se que quatro dos animais apresentavam marcha oscilante, com incoordenação dos membros posteriores. No entanto, eles estavam em bom estado nutricional, sem febre, bem hidratados e alimentavam-se normalmente. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue das éguas para hemograma, sendo identificado aumento das proteínas plasmáticas, leucocitose, eosinofilia e linfocitose em animais com sinais clínicos. No esfregaço sangüíneo periférico, observou-se a forma flagelada do T. evansi em três dos eqüinos.This study aimed at describing the occurrence of Trypanosoma evansi in equines from the city of Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil, relating epidemiological aspects and clinical signs of the infection. The tripanosomiasis occurred in a rural area of Cruz Alta, RS. Clinical signs presented by four animals were stiff and incoordinated gait of the pelvic members, although they were in good nutritional status, without fever, well-hydrated and eating normally. Blood samples were collected from the mares for hemogram. Increased levels of plasmatic proteins, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, and limphocytosis were observed in animals with clinical signs. Flagellated forms of T. evansi were observed in the blood smear of three animals.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do aceturato de diminazeno e do dipropionato de imidocarb no controle da infecção por Trypanosoma evansi em ratos (Rattus norvegicus) infectados experimentalmente. Cinqüenta e quatro ratos machos foram inoculados via intraperitonial com 104 tripomastigotas de T. evansi/animal. Os ratos foram monitorados diariamente por meio de esfregaço sanguíneo periférico. No momento em que se observassem oito protozoários por campo microscópico de 1000x, era iniciado o tratamento com as drogas (dia zero). O estudo foi dividido em dois protocolos terapêuticos e os fármacos foram administrados via intramuscular. O primeiro protocolo foi aplicado nos grupos A, B, C e D e o segundo protocolo nos grupos E, F, G e H. O grupo controle foi identificado como grupo I, não medicados. No primeiro protocolo, os ratos receberam uma dose única dos fármacos no dia zero e sempre que se observasse T. evansi na circulação periférica. No segundo protocolo, os roedores receberam as mesmas doses, no entanto, por cinco dias consecutivos. No primeiro protocolo, os dois princípios ativos não apresentaram eficácia curativa, ocorrendo reincidência da parasitemia após alguns dias do tratamento. No segundo protocolo, o aceturato de diminazeno eliminou a forma tripomastigota da circulação e os ratos foram eutanasiados após 90 dias do início do tratamento. Os roedores tratados com dipropionato de imidocarb apresentaram recidiva da infecção após 30 dias. Na histopatologia não se observou alteração renal e hepática relacionada à doença ou aos medicamentos testados. Com base nos resultados, foi concluído que o aceturato de diminazeno, quando administrado por cinco dias consecutivos, é efetivo no tratamento da tripanossomose em ratos.The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of diminazene aceturate and imidocarb dipropionate in the control of Trypanosoma evansi infection in rats (Rattus norvegicus) experimentally infected. Fifty-four male rats were inoculated through intraperitoneal route with 104 T. evansi trypomastigotes. The rats were evaluated daily by periferic blood smears examination and treated when eight flagellated parasites were observed in 1000x microscopic field. Two therapeutics protocols were used. The first one included Groups A, B, C, D in which the rats were submitted to a single dose of the testing drugs administered by intramuscular route at the day 0 and again when T. evansi was observed in the blood smears. The rats of the second protocol (Groups E, F, G, H) were submitted to the same treatment by five consecutive days. Four rats (Group I) were used as control and were not submitted to any treatment. Tested drugs did not show any curative effect when used in the first protocol, since parasitaemia was evident few days after treatment. The use of diminazene aceturate in the second protocol resulted in elimination of the trypomastigotes from circulation. In this case the rats were euthanized at the day 90. The infection recurred 30 days after the administration of imidocarb dipropionate. Histologically, no lesions were found in the liver or kidney. Diminazene aceturate is effective in treating trypanosomosis in rats when used five days consecutively.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of metronidazole, fenbendazole and secnidazole against Giardia muris in mice naturally infected. Forty mice of the species Mus musculus were divided in four groups of ten each, being group A non treated, the control group and groups B, C and D treated with 4mg/ml of metronidazole, fenbendazole and secnidazole, respectively. Two feces collection, on day 0 and on day 10 after treatment, were done in order to evaluate the efficacy of the drugs. Samples were analyzed by the centrifugal-flotation method with zinc sulfate. Efficacy of 97,05% for metronidazole, 98,30% for fenbendazole and 100% for secnidazole were observed in the study. According to the results it was concluded that the tested drugs were effective for the treatment of mice parasitized by Giardia muris.Este estudo visou avaliar a eficácia do metronidazol, fenbendazole e secnidazol contra Giardia muris em camundongos naturalmente infectados. Foram utilizados 40 camundongos da espécie Mus musculus divididos em quatro grupos de 10 animais cada, sendo grupo A, grupo controle, não tratados, e grupos B, C e D tratados com 4mg/ml de metronidazol, fenbendazole e secnidazol, respectivamente. Para avaliar a eficácia dos medicamentos foram realizadas duas coletas de fezes uma no dia zero e outra 10 dias após tratamento. As amostras foram processadas e analisadas a partir do método de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco. No estudo observou-se eficácia de 97,05% para metronidazol, 98,30% para fenbendazole e 100% para secnidazol no tratamento de giardiase murina. Com base nos resultados concluí-se que as drogas testadas apresentaram eficácia no tratamento de camundongos parasitados por Giardia muris.

Avaliou-se o período pré-patente e a evolução da parasitemia de coelhos infectados experimentalmente por Trypanosoma evansi. Dividiram-se coelhos machos, com idade entre dois a seis meses, em quatro grupos (A, B, C, D) com três animais cada. Inocularam-se os coelhos dos grupos A, B e C com T. evansi e procedeu-se à avaliação diária, mediante esfregaços sangüíneos periféricos, observando-se que o período pré-patente nos grupos infectados (A, B e C) foi de seis, sete e onze dias, respectivamente. Infectaram-se os animais do grupo A com T. evansi e Eimeria spp. e eles tiveram uma longevidade de 56 dias após o início do trabalho. Já os animais do grupo B, infectados com T. evansi e tratados com coccidiostático, apresentaram longevidade semelhante ao grupo C, que continha coelhos parasitados somente por T. evansi. Nesses dois grupos a parasitemia manteve-se com picos irregulares em variações de zero a cinco tripomastigotas/campo por até 89 dias após a inoculação, desaparecendo da circulação após 90 dias. Os coelhos do grupo D, grupo-controle, não foram infectados. Os animais dos grupos B, C e D foram sacrificados após 120 dias do início do experimento. Palavras-chaveS: Coelho, parasitemia, Trypanosoma evansi. This work had the aim to evaluate the pre-patent period and the evolution of the parasitemy of rabbits experimentally infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Male rabbits from two to six months were divided in four groups of three animals each (A, B, C, D). Group A, B and C rabbits were infected with T. evansi and evaluated daily through peripheral blood smears. The daily analyses showed a pre-patent period in the infected groups (A, B and C) of six, seven and 11 days, respectively. Animals from group A, infected by T. evansi and Eimeria spp., had a longevity of 56 days after the start of the experiment. The animals from group B which were infected by T. evansi and received coccidiostatic treatment presented longevity similar to group C, that were formed by rabbits parasitized only by T. evansi. In both groups the parasitemy had irregular peaks ranging from zero to five trypomastigotes/field until 89 days after the inoculation, disappearing of the blood circulation after 90 days. Rabbits from group D, control group, were not infected. Animals from groups B, C and D were sacrificed 120 days after the start of the experiment. Key words: Parasitemy, rabbit, Trypanosoma evansi.

Dípteros da espécie Phaenicia sericata foram capturadas e mantidas em gaiolas teladas para avaliação de seu ciclo biológico e definição do melhor substrato para postura e desenvolvimento larval em temperatura e umidade constante (27°C e 80% UR). Foram utilizados quatro substratos em decomposição; carne bovina, de frango e de peixe bem como fígado bovino. Os três primeiros substratos não diferiram estatisticamente entre si quanto à preferência das moscas e no fígado não houve postura. Os mesmos substratos foram utilizados para alimentação das larvas, sendo observado não haver interferência no período larval. Observou-se também que a cópula ocorreu cinco dias após a pupação e a postura seis dias após a cópula. A longevidade das moscas adultas foi em média de 37 dias quando alimentadas com mel e água. Com base nesses resultados observou-se que o ciclo biológico da P. sericata foi em média de 51 dias em laboratório.Dipterans of the species Phaenicia sericata were captured and placed in cages in order to evaluate their biological cycle and to define the best substratum for posture and development of the larvae in controlled temperature and humidity (27°C e 80% UR). Four decomposing substrata were evaluated: bovine, chicken and fish meat as well as bovine liver. No statistical differences were observed in the three first substrata and no posture occurred in the liver. The same substrata were used for feeding larvae and no interference in the larval cycle was observed. The copula occurred five days after the pupation and the posture six days after the copula. The average longevity of the adult flies was 37 days when they were fed with honey and water. According to these results the biological cycle of P. sericata in laboratory was approximately of 51 days.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações hematológicas em coelhos infectados experimentalmente pelo Trypanosoma evansi. Foram utilizados seis coelhos, machos, divididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo controle composto de animais não infectados e o grupo teste formado por roedores infectados com T. evansi. Os animais foram mantidos em temperatura ambiente e analisados por 120 dias, através de cinco coletas de sangue nos dias 1, 20, 40, 60 e 120. As alterações hematológicas foram observadas na segunda e terceira coletas de sangue. Nos animais com parasitemia, foi observada uma redução no número de hemácias, de concentração de hemoglobina no hematócrito, na concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), e um aumento do volume corpuscular médio (VCM), sugerindo uma anemia macrocítica hipocrômica no período de 20, 40 e 60 dias. Os coelhos infectados também apresentaram leucopenia e linfopenia, além de uma redução significativa no número de neutrófilos e monócitos, quando comparados com os animais do grupo controle.The present paper was aimed at evaluating hematological changes in rabbits experimentally infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Six male rabbits divided in to two groups were used, being the control group composed of non-infected animals and the test group composed of animals infected by T. evansi. The animals were kept at room temperature and were analyzed during 120 days, by blood collections on days 1, 20, 40, 60 and 120. Hematological changes were observed in the second and third blood collections and the animals with parasitism had a decrease in blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and mean capsular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and an increase in the mean capsular volume (MCV) suggesting a macrocytic hypocrhomic anemia on days 20, 40 and 60. The infected rabbits also presented leucopenia and lymphopenia, as well a significant decrease of neutrophil and monocite counts in comparison to those of the control group.

The objective of this work is reporting the parasitism in agouti (Dasyprocta leporine) in Rio Grande do Sul, for that 24 samples of feces of animals originating from of a commercial creation were collected. The samples analyzed by the centrifugal-floating method presented different nematodes eggs and protozoaires of the genus Giardia and Eimeria. Keywords: Dasyprocta, parasitism, Giardia, Eimeria, helmints O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o parasitismo em cutias (Dasyprocta leporina) no Rio Grande do Sul, para isso foram coletadas 24 amostras de fezes de animais oriundos de uma criação comercial. As amostras analisadas pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação apresentaram diferentes ovos de nematóides e protozoários do gênero Giardia e Eimeria. Palavras - chave: Dasyprocta, parasitismo, Giardia, Eimeria, helmintos.

O Trypanosoma evansi é um protozoário hemoflagelado que causa, em várias espécies, uma doença caracterizada por altos níveis de parasitemia, com rápido desenvolvimento de anemia. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre o grau de parasitemia e a alteração na eritropoese de ratos (Rattus norvegicus) da linhagem Wistar infectados experimentalmente com T. evansi. Foram utilizados 42 ratos, dos quais 36 foram inoculados pela via intraperitoneal com 0,2ml de sangue, contendo 2,5 x 104 parasitas. Seis ratos não-inoculados foram utilizados como controles. Após inoculação, a parasitemia foi avaliada a cada 12h. Os grupos para análise foram estipulados de acordo com a média de tripanossomas em 10 campos homogêneos focados aleatoriamente, sendo: A, controle; B, animais que apresentaram um grau de parasitemia entre 1-10 tripanossomas/campo; C, ratos com 11-20 tripanossomas/campo; D, ratos com 21-30 tripanossomas/campo; E, ratos com 31-40 tripanossomas/campo; F, 41-50 tripanossomas/campo; e G, ratos com mais de 51 tripanossomas/campo. Quando os animais apresentaram o número de protozoários equivalente ao grupo, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para realização de hemograma e dosagem de ferro, e foi realizada citologia de medula óssea para avaliação da relação mielóide:eritróide. A análise estatística mostrou redução significativa das hemácias e do hematócrito a partir de 31 tripanossomas/campo (grupos E, F e G; PTrypanosoma evansi is a flagellate protozoan that causes a disease characterized by high parasitemia and acute anemia in various species. This study was aimed at evaluating and establishing a relationship between different parasitemia levels and eritropoyesis in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) experimentally infected by T. evansi. Forty two animals were used. In 36 animals parasites were inoculated by intraperitoneal blood injection of 0.2ml containing 2.5x104 parasites. Six non-inoculated animals were used as controls. Parasitemia was evaluated every 12 hours and the animals were allocated in groups according to parasitemia levels. Then they were classified according to average number of parasites in 10 random homogeneous fields, Group A: control (not-inoculated); B: rats with 1-10 trypanosomes/field; C: 11-20 trypanosomes/field; D: 21-30 trypanosomes/field; E: 31-40 trypanosomes/field; F: 41-50 trypanosomes/field; G: more then 51. Blood samples were taken when the animals reached the correspondent group number of parasites. Hemogram and iron levels were evaluated and a bone marrow cytology was performed to detect the myeloid:erythroid ratio. Statistical analysis showed a significant reduction on red blood cells count and hematocrit from group E on and also hemoglobin on groups F and G. The myeloid:erythroid ratio reduced from 0.7 to 0.6 on groups F and G (P

Testou-se a infecção de Trypanosoma evansi pela via oral em ratos e camundongos, através de sangue contaminado de ambas as espécies. Dez ratos e dez camundongos foram alocados em quatro grupos iguais A e B (ratos), C e D (camundongos). Os grupos A e C receberam sangue contaminado de um rato e o grupo B e D de um camundongo, através de uma sonda. O volume de sangue administrado foi de 0,2ml, o qual apresentava uma concentração de 10(7) tripanossomas ml-1. Os animais foram mantidos em temperatura e umidade constantes (25°C e 80% UR), sendo realizados esfregaços sanguíneos diários para identificar o período pré-patente e a evolução do parasita na circulação. Nos grupos A e B, o período pré-patente variou de 19 a 25 dias, e o período entre a detecção dos parasitas e a morte dos animais foi em média de 12,7 dias. Os camundongos do grupo C e D não apresentaram infecção pelo parasita, sendo estes avaliados por 60 dias. Os ratos foram susceptíveis a infecção por T. evansi pela via oral; entretanto, os camundongos não se contaminaram com o protozoário por via digestiva.In this research, Trypanosoma evansi infection was tested in rats and mice by oral ingestion of contaminated blood. Groups of ten rats and ten mice were disposed in four experimental groups: A and B (rats), C and D (mice). The groups A and C were contaminated by rat-contaminated blood; B and C groups by mouse-contaminated blood. The blood was given using a probe filled with 0.2ml of contaminated blood with 10(7) trypanosomes ml-1. These animals were maintained at constant temperature and humidity (25°C and 80% UR). Dairy blood smear were done to identify the prepatent period and evolution of parasite in the circulation. In the A and B groups, the pre latency period varied from 19 to 25 days and the period of parasite detection and animals death was an average of 12.7 days. The C and D groups did not present infection by the parasite even when evaluated for 60 days. In conclusion, the rats had oral infection by T. evansi but this protozoan couldn’t contaminate the mice by digestive path.

This study aimed to assess the parameters of milk quality of properties with different technological standards. Twenty five properties were analyzed from 7 countries from the West of Santa Catarina, and classified according to production technologies (feeding, breeding and management practices in general), capital used in the activity, technological standard of machinery, equipment and infrastructure. Ten properties were classified as low technological standard, 8 intermediate standard and 7 high technological standard. The milk's quality data of each property (fat, protein, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC)) were supplied by dairy products, being used the average of the months of February, March and April of 2013. The data was subjected to multivariate statistical analysis and variance. It was found that the properties of low technological standard had higher fat content in milk, followed by intermediate and high standard which didn't differ. The protein contents were higher in the properties of low standard with relation to intermediate standard, being that the high-tech standard didn't differ from the other groups. With regard to TBC, the properties of low-tech showed higher values when compared to the other groups, while the SCC did not differ between the different technological standards. We concluded that the technological standard of the properties influenced the parameters of protein, fat and TBC, being that in according with increased of the level of technological of properties, there was a decrease in these parameters, except that SCC didn't show the same behavior, not being influenced by technological standards. The percentage variations in milk protein and fat were explained by racial pattern of the animals and the amount of concentrate supplied to the animals. The TBC was influenced by the milking hygiene practices, such as milking system's pre-disinfection and the use of hot water in the sanitation of the equipment.

O presente trabalho foi realizado para verificar a eficácia do fungo Beauveria bassiana em todas as etapas de desenvolvimento de Alphitobius diaperinus e assim saber em que fase ele é mais susceptível ao controle biológico. O fungo B. bassiana, isolado 986, foi testado em duas concentrações (3,4 X 10(6) e 3,4 X 10(8) conídios ml-1) mais um grupo controle. Foram realizadas duas leituras, uma sete e outra quatorze dias após a aplicação dos fungos. Na concentração 3,4 X 10(6), 54% dos ovos tratados estavam inférteis, ocorrendo 54% de mortalidade de larvas tratadas nos estádios I, II e III, 22,5% nos estádios IV, V e VI, 9,5% nos estádios VII e VIII e 24,5% de mortalidade das pupas. Na concentração 3,4 X 10(8), 66,8% dos ovos tratados estavam inviáveis, ocorrendo mortalidade de 56% das larvas tratadas nos estádios I, II e III, 34% nos estádios IV, V e VI, 24,5% nos estádios VII e VIII e 49,5% das pupas. Já no grupo controle, 13,3% dos ovos estavam inviáveis, ocorrendo mortalidade de 10% das larvas nos estádios I, II e III, 4% nos estádios IV, V e VI e 0% de mortalidade nos estádios VII, VIII e em pupas. Sobre o cascudinho adulto, o fungo não teve efeito nocivo em nenhum grupo analisado. Com base nesses resultados, observou-se que o fungo nas concentrações testadas apresentou efeito nocivo às fases do ciclo biológico do cascudinho, com exceção do inseto adulto.The present research was carried out to verify the Beauveria bassiana fungus efficacy in all development phases of Alphitobius diaperinus and to know in which phase it is more susceptible for biologic control. The B. bassiana, 986-isolated fungus, was tested in two different concentrations (3.4 x 10(6) and 3.4 x 10(8) conidium ml-1) and a control group. Two readings were realized, one after 7 days of fungus application and the other after 14 days. At concentration of 3.4 x 10(6) conidium ml-1, 54% of treated eggs were infertile, with larva death of 54% at I, II and III phase, 22.5% at IV, V, and IV phase and 9.5% at VII and VIII phase. For pupa stage 24.5% of death was found. At concentration of 3.4 x 10(8) conidium ml-1, 66.8% of treated eggs were impracticable occurring treated larva death of 56% at I, II and III phase; 34% at IV, V and VI phase, 24.5% at VII and VIII phase and 49.5% at pupa phase. For control group, 13.3% of eggs were not viable with larva death of 10% at I, II and III phase, 4% at IV, V and VI phase and 0% at pupa, VII and VIII phase. About the adult lesser mealworms, the fungus did not present noxious effect at all analyzed group. In conclusion, these results showed that the fungus at tested concentrations presented noxious effect at all biologic cycle phases of lesser mealworms, except for the adult insect.

This study reports the gastrointestinal parasitism by Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. in blue macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) in the southern region of Brazil. Fecal samples of two species kept in captivity in the state of Rio Grande do Sul were analyzed by the direct smear method, centrifugal flotation technique with zinc sulfate and Kinyoun staining technique for research of parasites. Mixed infection by eggs of Capillaria, cysts of Giardia sp. and oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. was observed. This is the first report this protozoa in blue macaw.

Este trabalho visou avaliar o parasitismo gastrintestinal em furão (Mustela putorius furo) mantido em cativeiro no sul do Brasil. Foram analisadas fezes de dois furões, macho e fêmea, com três anos de idade, através das técnicas de exame direto, centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco e a coloração pelo método de Kinyoun para pesquisa de parasitos. Nas amostras constatou-se a presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. Este caso refere-se ao primeiro registro deste protozoário em furão no Brasil.

The aim of this research study was to evaluate the gastrointestinal parasitism in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) kept in captivity in the southern region of Brazil. Fecal samples of two three-year-old ferrets, a male and a female, were analyzed by the direct smear method, the centrifugal flotation technique with zinc sulfate, and tha Kinyoun staining method. Oocysts of Cryptosporidum sp. were observed in the faeces of both animals. This is the first report of this protozoan in ferrets in Brazil.

Este estudo visou registrar o parasitismo gastrintestinal por Giardia sp. e Cryptosporidium sp. em arara azul (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) na região sul do Brasil. Amostras de fezes de dois exemplares deste psitacídeo mantidos em cativeiro no estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram analisados pelas técnicas de centrífugo flutuação com sulfato de zinco, exame direto e Kinyoun para pesquisa de parasitos. Nas araras observou-se uma infecção mista por ovos de Capillaria, cistos de Giardia sp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. Este caso refere-se ao primeiro registro destes protozoários em arara azul.

The species Amblyomma longirostre Koch, 1844 is poorly known in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Usually the adult stage could be found on Sphigurus spp. and the immatures on birds (Passeriformes). Although A. longirostre is distributed in the Neotropical region, from Panama to Uruguay, it also occurs in Central America and the United States. The aim of this study was to report that Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus 1766 is a new host record for this tick species.A espécie Amblyomma longirostre Koch, 1844 é pouco conhecida no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Normalmente a fase adulta pode ser encontrada em porquinhos Sphigurus spp., e as fases imaturas podem ser encontradas em aves (Passeriformes). A. longirostre distribui-se na região neotropical, do Panamá ao Uruguai. Ela também ocorre na América Central e nos Estados Unidos. Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar que Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus 1766 é um novo hospedeiro dessa espécie de carrapato.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o possível parasitismo por Giardia sp. e Cryptosporidium sp. em amostras de fezes de ouriço-cacheiro (Coendou villosus). As amostras foram analisadas pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco e apresentaram elevada infecção por cistos de Giardia sp. e por oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp., embora os animais não apresentassem sinal clínico decorrente disso.This research was aimed at verifing the possible parasitism by Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. in porcupine (Coendou villosus) faeces samples. Samples were analyzed by the centrifugal-flotation method with zinc sulphate and showed high infection by cysts of Giardia sp. and by oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp., although the animals did not show any associated clinical sign.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um surto de infertilidade em vacas leiteiras de uma propriedade no Estado de Santa Catarina, que pode ter sido causado por Leptospira butembo. Foram utilizados 11 sorovares de Leptospira para testar 13 amostras de soro de fêmeas bovinas com a finalidade de realizar o diagnóstico por soroaglutinação microscópica (MAT). Observou-se que todos os animais reagiram com o sorovar L. butembo com títulos entre 100 e 800. Após tratamento com sulfato de estreptomicina, verificou-se que 92% dos animais voltaram à vida reprodutiva normal. Com base nestes resultados, conclui-se que L. butembo pode ter sido a causa do problema reprodutivo dos bovinos.This research was aimed at reporting an outbreak of infertility in milking cows at a farm in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, that could be caused by Leptospira butembo. Eleven serovars of Leptospira were used for testing 13 cow serum samples against leptospirosis by using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). All serum samples of the animals reacted with L. butembo serovar with titles between 100 and 800. After treatment with streptomycin sulfate, 92% of the animals returned to reproductive life. These results suggest that L. butembo may have been responsible for the bovines reproductive problems.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a presença de Temnocephala sp. em tartaruga de água doce (Hydromedusa tectifera) na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os platelmintos foram encontrados fixados no corpo, membros e casco do hospedeiro, sendo coletados através de raspagem cutânea. No laboratório, foram montados entre lâminas de vidro e identificados como pertencentes ao gênero Temnocephala.This study was aimed at reporting the presence of Temnocephala sp. in fresh water turtle (Hydromedusa tectifera) central area of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The platyhelminths have been found fastened in body, members, and shell of the host being collected through cutaneous scratching. In the laboratory they were assembled between glass sheets and identified as being belonging to the Temnocephala genus.

Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de imunoglobulinas presentes em ratos infectados experimentalmente por Trypanosoma evansi. Para isso, inocularam-se vinte animais com 106 tripomastigotas de T. evansi e dez ratos usados como controle. Controlou-se a parasitemia através de esfregaço sanguíneo diário, sendo que no quinto dia após a inoculação os animais foram divididos em três grupos homogêneos. Formaram-se os grupos A e B por ratos que apresentaram elevada e baixa parasitemia, respectivamente, e o grupo C por ratos sadios. Submeteram-se as amostras de soro ao teste de ELISA para quantificação de imunoglobulinas. A IgG e IgM de ratos dos grupos A e B foram superiores aos do grupo C. Já a IgM de ambos os grupos infectados não diferiu, apesar do grau de parasitemia. Portanto, os ratos infectados por T. evansi apresentaram resposta imunológica frente à infecção pelo flagelado, embora esta não seja suficiente para eliminar o protozoário na infecção aguda. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: IgG, IgM, Ratus norvergicus, Trypanosoma evansi. Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de imunoglobulinas presentes em ratos infectados experimentalmente por Trypanosoma evansi. Para isso, inocularam-se vinte animais com 106 tripomastigotas de T. evansi e dez ratos usados como controle. Controlou-se a parasitemia através de esfregaço sanguíneo diário, sendo que no quinto dia após a inoculação os animais foram divididos em três grupos homogêneos. Formaram-se os grupos A e B por ratos que apresentaram elevada e baixa parasitemia, respectivamente, e o grupo C por ratos sadios. Submeteram-se as amostras de soro ao teste de ELISA para quantificação de imunoglobulinas. A IgG e IgM de ratos dos grupos A e B foram superiores aos do grupo C. Já a IgM de ambos os grupos infectados não diferiu, apesar do grau de parasitemia. Portanto, os ratos infectados por T. evansi apresentaram resposta imunológica frente à infecção pelo flagelado, embora esta não seja suficiente para eliminar o protozoário na infecção aguda. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: IgG, IgM, Ratus norvergicus, Trypanosoma evansi.

Este estudo avaliou o parasitismo gastrintestinal por protozoários em bugios (Alouatta sp.) mantidos em cativeiro no município de Santa Maria, RS. Foram analisadas amostras de fezes de oito macacos das espécies Alouatta caraya e Alouatta guariba, pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco. Observaram-se oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. nas fezes de todos os animais pesquisados, sendo que em três deles havia infecção mista com cistos de Giardia spp. Analisando a água oferecida aos primatas detectou-se a presença elevada de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. e raros oocistos de outro coccidio. Conclui-se que os macacos A. caraya e A. guariba, mantidos em cativeiro, são hospedeiros dos gêneros Giardia e Cryptosporidium. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Alouatta sp., bugio, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp.