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Abstract Core-collapse supernovae are explosions of massive stars at the end of their evolution. They are responsible for metal production and for halting star formation, having a significant impact on galaxy evolution. The details of these processes depend on the nature of supernova progenitors, but it is unclear if Type Ic supernovae (without hydrogen or helium lines in their spectra) originate from core-collapses of very massive stars (>30 M⊙) or from less massive stars in binary systems. Here we show that Type II (with hydrogen lines) and Ic supernovae are located in environments with similar molecular gas densities, therefore their progenitors have comparable lifetimes and initial masses. This supports a binary interaction for most Type Ic supernova progenitors, which explains the lack of hydrogen and helium lines. This finding can be implemented in sub-grid prescriptions in numerical cosmological simulations to improve the feedback and chemical mixing.

Abstract Oncologic patients are subjected to four major treatment types: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. All nonsurgical forms of cancer management are known to potentially violate the structural and functional integrity of the cardiovascular system. The prevalence and severity of cardiotoxicity and vascular abnormalities led to the emergence of a clinical subdiscipline, called cardiooncology. This relatively new, but rapidly expanding area of knowledge, primarily focuses on clinical observations linking the adverse effects of cancer therapy with deteriorated quality of life of cancer survivors and their increased morbidity and mortality. Cellular and molecular determinants of these relations are far less understood, mainly because of several unsolved paths and contradicting findings in the literature. In this article, we provide a comprehensive view of the cellular and molecular etiology of cardiooncology. We pay particular attention to various intracellular processes that arise in cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells treated in experimentally-controlled conditions in vitro and in vivo with ionizing radiation and drugs representing diverse modes of anti-cancer activity.

The core idea of the research consists in a formulation of boundary conditions of a mechanical accelerator pedal’s strength in an Ansys environment, whose conditions are equivalent to full-scale tests under the critical loads defined by the UNECE’s Regulation No. 13. The lack of regulatory requirements for the strength of pedal types other than brake pedals is a major gap in vehicle certification, especially when it comes to agricultural machinery. In such cases, the authors suggest being guided by UNECE R 13 regarding the strength of the accelerator and other types of pedals and checking their behavior under loads of at least 1000 N. The real value of the yield strength of the material (Silumin 4000) is very important, both in the physical real-life experiments and in FEA simulation. The critical case of a short-term shock loading of the pedal in its extreme position has been considered separately. With the help of the Ansys Explicit Dynamics module, results of a pedal’s behavior were obtained; it lost its integrity and suffered destruction. It is also necessary to check the intermediate stress values depending on the loads for direct and hybrid tasks using the Transient Structural module in order to estimate other critical cases of the pedal behavior.

Star-forming galaxies populate a main sequence (MS), a well-defined relation between stellar mass ( M _* ) and star formation rate (SFR). Starburst (SB) galaxies lie significantly above the relation, whereas quenched galaxies lie below the sequence. In order to study the evolution of galaxies on the SFR– M _* plane and its connection to the gas content, we use the fact that recent episodes of star formation can be pinpointed by the existence of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Here we present sensitive [C i ] nondetections of z ∼ 2 ultraluminous infrared (ULIRG) GRB host galaxies. We find that our GRB hosts have similar molecular masses to those of other ULIRGs. However, unlike other ULIRGs, the GRB hosts are located at the MS or only a factor of a few above it. Hence, our GRB hosts are caught in the transition toward the SB phase. This is further supported by the estimated depletion times, which are similar to those of other transitioning galaxies. The GRB hosts are [C i ]-dark galaxies, defined as having a [C i ]/CO temperature brightness ratio of 10 ^4 cm ^−3 ) where CO is shielded from photodissociation, leading to underabundances of [C i ]. This is consistent with the merger process that is indeed suggested for our GRB hosts by their morphologies.

The mechanism by which galaxies stop forming stars and get rid of their interstellar medium (ISM) remains elusive. Here, we study a sample of more than 2000 elliptical galaxies in which dust emission has been detected. This is the largest sample of such galaxies ever analyzed. We infer the timescale for removal of dust in these galaxies and investigate its dependence on physical and environmental properties. We obtain a dust-removal timescale in elliptical galaxies of τ = 2.26 ± 0.18 Gyr, corresponding to a half-life time of 1.57 ± 0.12 Gyr. This timescale does not depend on environment, stellar mass, or redshift. We observe a departure of dusty elliptical galaxies from the relation between star formation rate and dust mass. This is caused by the star formation rates declining faster than the dust masses and indicates that there exists an internal mechanism that affects star formation but leaves the ISM intact. Morphological quenching together with ionization or outflows caused by older stellar populations (Type Ia supernovae or planetary nebulae) is consistent with these observations.

Introduction: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a condition involving the mechanical part of the closure of the pulmonary arterial thrombus or other embolic material. Is the third the most typical cardiovascular disease - vascular, immediately after a heart attack and stroke. Clinical symptoms are often nonspecific and may result in an incorrect diagnosis. The most common complications of PE include: attack the lungs, impaired heart function, superinfection and development of pulmonary hypertension. Objective: The purpose of the work was to discuss of the technical aspects and the use of multi-slice computed tomography in the diagnosis of PE. The presentation emphasized new directions of development of tomographic methods in imaging thromboembolic events of pulmonary arteries, including multi-energy CT and low-dose techniques. Description of the state of knowledge: Angiography-CT is currently the gold standard in the diagnosis of PE, especially in patients with high and indirect clinical risk. It is characterized by high sensitivity and specificity in contrast enhancement imaging defects within the pulmonary vasculature and blood changes in the pulmonary parenchyma, which may accompany the EP. It also allows to assess the features of right heart overload in the course of massive PE or radiological symptoms associated with the development of chronic PE. Summary: Nowadays, the greatest challenges of CT diagnostics in PE are the improvement of image quality, minimization of artifacts and reduction of the radiation dose to which the patient is exposed. Effective diagnosis of PE is not only good quality CT imaging, but also the efficiency of the process of diagnosis. Hence the development of new applications of CT - called. computer aided diagnosis (CAD).

In this article the structural features of friction pairs of brakes are analyzed. Heat transfer processes with new boundary conditions are described analytically with the addition of flow conditions and the appearance of a boundary thermal layer to convective heat transfer. The joint action of heat conduction and convection fields is presented. The release of heat during friction is due to the destruction of adhesive bonds in the actual contact zones, and the stress–strain state of micro-roughnesses. It should be said that due to the presence of accompanying transfer processes, complex heat transfer is much more complex compared to purely conductive, convective, and radiative heat transfer, which significantly complicates its analytical and experimental study. In this regard, the processes of complex heat transfer are currently studied little. From the point of view of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the main task of describing the transfer process is to establish a relationship between the magnitude of the specific flux and the surface-volume temperatures that it causes in the metallic friction elements of the brakes. Additionally, as a result, an assessment of conductive and convective heat transfer in friction pairs of brake devices was made.

Research interest in the issues of building the relational capital, relational resources and cooperation between organizations, especially those that compete with each other, is recently seen in the literature of the subject, especially in the sciences of management. Concepts of building a competitive advantage specify various factors, tools, methods and ways of creating them. The aim of the article is to present the results of own research on the identification of cooperation and coopetition with competitors on the market of commercial sports services. The phenomenon of simultaneous cooperation and competition is noticed in the research mainly in the production sectors, while poorly is recognized in the service industries, and especially in sport and recreation. The specifics of cooperation relations and network of relationships leads to different functioning from other partners, which may contribute to the creation of a new quality of functioning, increased innovation supported by creativity, as well as cost reduction. Organizations that provide their services in the sports environment also fit into the phenomenon of resource use, in order to multiply the advantages and create new values for their clients.

Research interest in the issues of building the relational capital, relational resources and cooperation between organizations, especially those that compete with each other, is recently seen in the literature of the subject, especially in the sciences of management. Concepts of building a competitive advantage specify various factors, tools, methods and ways of creating them. The aim of the article is to present the results of own research on the identification of cooperation and coopetition with competitors on the market of commercial sports services. The phenomenon of simultaneous cooperation and competition is noticed in the research mainly in the production sectors, while poorly is recognized in the service industries, and especially in sport and recreation. The specifics of cooperation relations and network of relationships leads to different functioning from other partners, which may contribute to the creation of a new quality of functioning, increased innovation supported by creativity, as well as cost reduction. Organizations that provide their services in the sports environment also fit into the phenomenon of resource use, in order to multiply the advantages and create new values for their clients.

Fitness service market is currently dynamically growing in Poland. As a result fitness services portfolio is rapidly broadening and clients interest in that matter escalates as well, therefore personal trainers profession seemed to be a great opportunity of employment for fitness enthusiasts nowadays. The main purpose of this study was to identify personal trainers occupational choices as there is very little publications in the field. For that purpose diagnostic survey with individual in-depth interviews among working personal trainers was conducted. Respondents stated that among many determinants the most important were: highly profitable job, easy access to the profession in Poland, independence and flexibility, interpersonal relations with clients, work as a passion and further professional opportunities.

One of the most important aspects of leading service organizations is searching for advantages and creative solutions. Organizations look for new qualitative assets, create new values for their clients and create processes on the basis of their key competences. That kind of approach enable to improve organizational effectiveness and economic efficiency but more important to gain competitive advantages. Sport and recreational services develops extremely dynamically. Changes of lifestyle and social norms impose on clients non-standard actions and looking for individualized services. Personal training became a response for specific client’s needs. Personal trainers help not only to shape bodies and build fitness for clients, but also provide professional and individualized services by their competency complementarity. To achieve this personal trainers need to look for support and cooperation with other specialists and trainers in the whole customer service process. Building competitive advantages by cooperation with competitors cause a situation where personal trainers have to cooperate and compete with them at the same time - this phenomenon is called co-opetition and becomes more often a standard in recreational services.

Stosik A., Leśniewska A., Ku koopetycji w sporcie. Wyzwania dla rynku o wysokiej konkurencji = Towards coopetition in sport. Challenges for the market of high competition. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(9):975-982. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.213149 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/769867 Original Text published © The Author (s) 2016. Stosik Aneta, Leśniewska Aleksandra. Wyzwania dla rynku o wysokiej konkurencji = Towards coopetition in sport. Challenges for the market of high competition. Quality in Sport. 2016;2(4):67-75. eISSN 2450-3118. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.212848, PBN: https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/769845. The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the1publication of this paper. Received: 6.11.2016. Revised 16.11.2016. Accepted: 24.11.2016. Streszczenie Główną determinantą działań organizacji usługowych stają się kreatywne poszukiwania przewag oraz niestandardowe rozwiązania systemowe. Poszukuje się nowych domen jakościowych oraz tworzy się nowe wartości dla klienta. Realizuje się procesy w oparciu o kluczowe kompetencje firm. Wszystkie działania mają prowadzić do zwiększenia efektywności organizacyjnej oraz skuteczności ekonomicznej, a nade wszystko tworzenia przewag w pozycji konkurencyjnej na rynku. Ostatnie lata rozwoju usług sportowych i rekreacyjnych wydają się niezwykle dynamiczne. Zmiana stylu życia i norm społecznych wymuszają na klientach poszukiwanie niestandardowych działań i indywidualizacji usług. Odpowiedzią na potrzeby klientów stają się specyficzne usługi trenerów personalnych, których działalność nie ogranicza się wyłącznie do kształtowania sylwetki klienta i jego kondycji fizycznej. Usługi te stają się coraz bardziej zindywidualizowane i oparte o komplementarność kompetencyjną. Wymogi klientów wymuszają zatem na trenerach personalnych poszukiwanie wsparcia i kooperowanie z innymi trenerami w branży w zakresie tworzenia specyficznych usług dla wysokich wymagań klienta indywidualnego. Tworzenie się przewagi konkurencyjnej poprzez współdziałanie z konkurentami stawia organizację w relacji jednoczesnego konkurowania i współdziałania, co określa się mianem koopetycji (Bengtsson, Kock 2000), stającej się normą na rynku usług rekreacyjnych. Dzieje się to szczególnie w obszarze usług trenerów personalnych. One of the most important aspects of leading service organizations is searching for advantages and creative solutions. Organizations look for new qualitative assets, create new values for their clients and create processes on the basis of their key competences. That kind of approach enable to improve organizational effectiveness and economic efficiency but more important to gain competitive advantages. Sport and recreational services develops extremely dynamically. Changes of lifestyle and social norms impose on clients non-standard actions and looking for individualized services. Personal training became a response for specific client’s needs. Personal trainers help not only to shape bodies and build fitness for clients, but also provide professional and individualized services by their competency complementarity. To achieve this personal trainers need to look for support and cooperation with other specialists and trainers in the whole customer service process. Building competitive advantages by cooperation with competitors cause a situation where personal trainers have to cooperate and compete with them at the same time - this phenomenon is called co-opetition and becomes more often a standard in recreational services.

Leśniewska Aleksandra, Stosik Aneta. Kwalifikacje i kompetencje trenerów personalnych a oczekiwania rynku pracy = Personal trainers professional qualifications - demands of the labour market. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(9):25-35. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.61707 http://www.ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3831 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Pola nd Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.08.2016. Revised 25.08.2016. Accepted: 06.09.2016. Streszczenie Rynek usług fitness w Polsce nieustannie i dynamicznie się rozwija. Kluby fitness oferują obecnie swoim klientom szeroką gamę usług, od zorganizowanych zajęć grupowych po indywidualne formy treningowe, takie jak trening personalny, który cieszy się coraz większym zainteresowaniem. Jednak trenerzy personalni, mimo tak sprzyjających trendów rynkowych, borykają się aktualnie z problemem braku standardów kwalifikacji zawodowych oraz niespójnym systemem kształcenia w Polsce. Celem artykułu była analiza oczekiwań kwalifikacji i kompetencji trenerów personalnych z perspektywy wymagań rynku pracy – czyli oczekiwań pracodawców prowadzących rekrutacje w swoich organizacjach. Słowa kluczowe: trener personalny, usługi fitness, kwalifikacje i kompetencje, rynek pracy Abstract Fitness has been a growth industry over the past years and seems not to be saturated on the polish ground. Fitness clubs offer a wide range of services to their clients from group classes to individual trainings such as personal training. However, personal trainers in Poland have conducive and effortless way to access to their profession, they still struggle with the lack of professional standards and incoherent educationa; system. The main purpose of this article was to define what are the demands of the labour market in terms of required qualifications and competences for personal trainers who are taking part in recruitment process. Keywords: personal trainer, fitness services, qualifications and competencies, labour market

Fitness has been a growth industry over the past years and seems not to be saturated on the polish ground. Fitness clubs offer a wide range of services to their clients from group classes to individual trainings such as personal training. However, personal trainers in Poland have conducive and effortless way to access to their profession, they still struggle with the lack of professional standards and incoherent education; system. The main purpose of this article was to define what are the demands of the labour market in terms of required qualifications and competences for personal trainers who are taking part in recruitment process.