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U ovom radu razmatra se pristup zasnovan na sposobnostima kao pojmovni okvir za procenjivanje ljudskog blagostanja, te kao normativna paradigma za procenjivanje društvenog razvoja i društvene pravde. Pristup zasnovan na sposobnostima predstavlja alternativno i bogatije viđenje društvenog razvoja, odnosno viđenje koje podrazumeva da ljudi imaju slobodu da ostvare svoje potencijale i da vode živote koje imaju razloga da vrednuju. Pored toga, pristup zasnovan na sposobnostima brani ideju da društvena pravda zahteva obezbeđivanje određenih vrednih sposobnosti svim građanima i građankama barem do nivoa koji je potreban za minimalno dostojanstven život. Poseban akcenat ovog rada stavljen je na jedan ključan problem koji opseda pristup zasnovan na sposobnostima. Naime, koje su sposobnosti vredne? Kako ih treba odrediti? Analizirajući „teorijsko-refleksivni pristup” i „deliberativno-demokratski pristup” kao međusobno suprotstavljene pristupe projektu određenja vrednih ljudskih sposobnosti za normativne svrhe, nastojimo da pokažemo da je moguće kombinovati ova dva pristupa na plodonosan način.

Recommender algorithms shape societies by individually exposing online users to everything they see, hear and feel in real time. We examine the development of recommender algorithms from the Page Rank and advertising platforms to social media trending tools to draw conclusions about their social effects. Decisions on how to simplify the complex world around us into dozens of possibilities immensely affect societies and individuals. Similar to our perceptive apparatus, algorithms are eyes and ears in the online world, as they focus our attention towards what they "think" should be important, which is similar to news priming. That is why recommender algorithms are compared to mass media, given their similar roles to sell products and prolong content exposure of online users. This inquiry concludes that AI driven recommender algorithms represent the most powerful social force at present.

survey was conducted in 2012 and 2013 to detect the presence and distribution of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) in lavandin crops growing in continental parts of Croatia. A total of 73 lavandin samples from six crops in different localities were collected and analyzed for the presence of AMV and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using commercial double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits. AMV was detected serologically in 62 samples collected at three different localities, and none of the samples tested positive for CMV. For further analyses, six selected samples of naturally infected lavandin plants originating from different localities were mechanically transmitted to test plants: Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Nicotiana benthamiana and Ocimum basilicum, confirming the infectious nature of the disease. Molecular detection was performed by amplification of a 751 bp fragment in all tested samples, using the specific primers CP AMV1/CP AMV2 that amplify the part of the coat protein (CP) gene and 3’-UTR. The RT-PCR products derived from the isolates 371-13 and 373-13 were sequenced (KJ504107 and KJ504108, respectively) and compared with the AMV sequences available in GenBank. CP sequence analysis, conducted using the MEGA5 software, revealed that the isolate 371-13 had the highest nucleotide identity of 99.5% (100% amino acid identity) with an isolate from Argentina originating from Medicago sativa (KC881010), while the sequence of isolate 373-13 had the highest identity with an Italian AMV isolate from Lavandula stoechas (FN667967) of 98.6% (99% amino acid identity). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the clustering of selected isolates into four molecular groups and the lavandin AMV isolates from Croatia grouped into two distinct groups, implying a significant variability within the AMV lavandin population.

Different species of the genus Monilinia are common plant pathogens that endangerpome and stone fruit production worldwide. In Serbia, two species of this genus are widelydistributed – M. laxa and M. fructigena, while M. fructicola, which is officially on the A2 EPPOList of quarantine pest organisms in Europe and on the 1A part I List of quarantine pest organismsin Serbia, has so far been detected only on stored apple and nectarine fruits. The mostimportant control measures against these pathogens include chemical control in combinationwith adequate cultural practices, particularly under favourable conditions for diseasedevelopment. Concerning that species of this genus can cause significant economic losses,knowledge of the pathogen biology, disease epidemiology and pathogen-host interactionsis a necessary prerequisite for stable and profitable production of pome and stone fruits.

Viruses are responsible for numerous epidemics in different crops in all parts of the world.As a consequence of their presence great economic losses are being incurred. In addition tothe development of sensitive techniques for detection, identification and characterization ofviruses, substantial attention has also been paid to biotechnological methods for their eliminationfrom plants. In this review article, the following biotechnological in vitro culture techniquesfor virus elimination from ornamental plants are presented: meristem culture, thermotherapy,chemotherapy, cryotherapy or a combination of these methods. The plant species,as well as the type of virus determine the choice of a most suitable method. The state ofthe art in investigation of virus elimination from Impatiens sp. in Serbia is summarized.

During 2010, Impatiens walleriana plants with symptoms of downy mildew were collected in a greenhouse in the vicinity of Mionica, Kolubara District. Disease incidence was extremely high, approaching 100%, and wilting and collapse of affected plants was very rapid, resulting in losses of more than 90%. White downy growth produced on the lower leaf surface consisted of hyaline, thin–walled sporangiophores with monopodial branching and numerous, ovoid and hyaline sporangia. Apical branchlets of sporangiophores were at right angles to the main axis, with no apical thickening. Pathogenicity tests included inoculation of young I. walleriana plants by spraying with a sporangial suspension, and downy mildew symptoms were observed after 13 to 15 days. The absence of well–defined spots on the infected impatiens leaves and straight sporangiophores indicated that the pathogen was P. obducens, which was further supported by molecular identification, the 5’–end of the nuclear DNA coding for the large ribosomal subunit (LSU rDNA) was amplified by PCR, using primers NL1 and NL4. A representative isolate, 28–10, was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis showed its grouping with other P. obducens isolates of different origin.Considering that impatiens downy mildew in Serbia is proved to be caused by P. obducens it is necessary to employ adequate phytosanitary measures to prevent further spread of the pathogen.

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is considered one of the most economically importantplant viruses and has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range including plantsfrom family Cucurbitaceae. In Serbia, on cucurbits CMV was detected in single and mixedinfections with Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV). Viruses,including CMV, are constantly present in cucurbit crops, but their frequency changesby year and locality. Surveys and sample collections were conducted in cucurbit crops inthe period from 2008 to 2009 at 15 localities in Vojvodina province, and sample testing wascarried out using the DAS-ELISA method and commercially available antisera for six economicallymost important cucurbit viruses. In 2008, a total of 51 samples were collected from13 cucurbit crops of oilseed pumpkin Olinka variety, squash, and bottle gourd and CMV wasdetected in a total of 55% of tested samples with symptoms of viral infection. The most commoninfectious type was mixed infection with ZYMV and WMV (35.3%), and then mixedinfection with ZYMV (17.7%) and WMV (2%). A total of 599 symptomatic samples of oilseedpumpkin Olinka variety, zucchini squash varieties Beogradska and Tosca, squash, and wintersquash were collected in 15 cucurbits crops in 2009. CMV was present in 4.4% of totalcollected samples, in single infections in 1.3%, and in mixed with WMV or ZYMV in 1.3%, and1.8%. Five CMV isolates were obtained by mechanical inoculations of N. glutinosa and oneof them was selected for further biological characterization. Test plants which were describedto be hosts of CMV expressed symptoms characteristic for those caused by CMV afterinoculations by isolate 115-08. CMV specific primers Au1u/Au2d were used to amplify an850 bp fragment using RT-PCR method. Amplified fragment encodes the entire viral coatprotein (CP) gene and partial 5’ and 3’ UTRs of two selected CMV isolates. Amplified fragmentswere sequenced and deposited in the NCBI, where they were assigned accessionnumbers, HM065510 (115-08) and HM065509 (151-08). The sequences of CMV isolates fromSerbia shared the highest nucleotide and amino acid identity with isolates from subgroupIA, from 99.5 to 97.4% and 99.1 to 97.4%, and the lowest identities were with the subgroup IIisolates from 66.9 to 64, 5%, from 75.8 to 74.1%.

Three-year investigation of the presence and distribution of tobacco viruses in Serbia revealed that Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) appeared every year with different frequency in tobacco crops. During 2008, the presence of AMV was detected in most of the tested samples(58.82%) and it was the second most common compared to all other viruses which presence was confirmed in Serbia. In 2006 and 2007, AMV was detected in a significantly lower percentage (2.80% and 13.64%, respectively). This study showed that Alfalfa mosaic virus was more commonly found in multiple infections with two, three or even four detected viruses. Single infections were detected only in 2006, in one tobacco field in the locality of Futog. During this investigation, a rapid and simple protocol was optimized and developed for molecular detection of AMV in tobacco leaves, using primers CPAMV1/CPAMV2 and commercially available kits for total RNA extraction as well as for RT-PCR (reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction). Using RT-PCR and these primers that flank the AMV coat protein gene, a DNA fragment of 751 bp was amplified, sequenced, and compared with the sequences available in GenBank database. The sequence of isolate 196-08 (GenBank Acc. No. FJ527749) proved to be identical at the nucleotide level of 99 to 93% withthose from other parts of the world. Phylogenetic analysis of 27 isolates based on 528 bp sequences of the coat protein gene did not show correlation of the isolates with their geographic origin or plant host and showed that these isolates fall into four molecular groups of strains. Serbian AMV isolate from tobacco belongs to group IV, the group that includes most of the isolates selected for phylogenetic analysis.

Peach rusty spot has regularly occurred in Serbia in recent years, causing significanteconomic losses in the production of late maturing cultivars (Summerset, Suncrest, Fayetteand O’Henry). Concerns regarding the etiology of this disease have been solved using molecularidentification and cross-pathogenicity tests, which have proved that peach rustyspot is caused by Podosphaera leucotricha. The usual recommended strategy for its control,by multiple treatments starting from petal fall phenophase, has not proved satisfactory inagro-ecological conditions in Serbia. After testing the fungicide efficacy, a three-year studywas carried out to determine the precise treatment terms and make the control of P. leucotrichamore efficient.The investigation was conducted in the conditions of natural infection in a Summersetcultivar orchard at the locality of Bela Crkva, during the period 2006-2008. Nine differentvariants of both single and mixed treatments were tested, covering six defined peachgrowth phenophases - from green top, until the phenophase of second fruit falling. In theconditions of high levels of natural infection in the control plots, in all three investigationyears the most efficient was the variant in which kresoxim-methyl was applied three times:in green top, pink bud and full bloom phenophases (91.69 - 91.92%), followed by the variantof treatments in the phenophases of rose bud, full bloom and petal fall (86.3-87.87%)and the variant of two treatments, performed in the phenophases of pink bud and full bloom(79.3-83.09%). The other tested variants showed significantly lower efficiency. The resultsobtained could significantly contribute to better peach fruit production, without lossescaused by peach rusty spot which is commercially very important disease in Serbia.

As there is a growing frequency of viral plant diseases in epidemic proportions, the possibilities for successful control are constantly being explored. Despite the fact that integral and simultaneous employment of numerous control measures may contribute to thedecreasing amount of yield losses, especially concerning non-persistently aphid-transmitted viruses, these measures are often not efficient enough. Research into the basis of resistance to viral infection and principles of its inheritance, introduction of sources of resistance in susceptible genotypes, by conventional or genetic manipulations, are very intensive for cucurbit crops, especially pumpkins. Pumpkin crops are being endangered by a great number of different viruses, among which the Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are present every year in Serbia, frequently causing epidemics.The majority of pumpkin cultivars are not resistant or tolerant to viral infections, but sources of resistance have been identified in various related species. So far, the identified sources of esistance to the ZYMV are found in Cucurbita moschata and Citrullus lanatus var.lanatus genotypes and consist of one or several major dominant genes of resistance. It is a similar case with WMV, although the sources of dominant major genes are identified in C. lanatus and C. colocynthis. The sources of resistance to CMV in the form of one dominant gene have been identified in the genotype C. moschata, although the introduction of this gene by conventional means proved to be very difficult. Besides the aforementioned, substantial efforts are being made in developing genotypes with multiple resistance against several viruses and even other pathogens, as well as genotypes with resistance to the most significant plant aphid species, through mechanisms of antixenosis or antibiosis. The other way of obtaining resistant genotypes includes genetic manipulation.Genetically modified resistant pumpkins have been among the first successfully developed crops. Genotypes with pathogen derived resistance can already be found in commercially grown pumpkins in some parts of the world, and they have been developed by introducingthe coat protein gene of one, two or all three viruses which are the most frequent,ZYMV, WMV and CMV. Yet, this approach to the control of pumpkin viral diseases is related to possible negative consequences, mostly through the already detected gene transferto wild plants and development of resistant transgenic weeds of unpredictable impact on the environment. Improved host plant genetic resistance to viral infections or biological vectors, developedby conventional or genetic engineering methods, represents the most dynamic and prominent field of research. It is economically and ecologically the most justified approach to the control of pumpkin and other plant diseases caused by viruses non-persistentlytransmitted by aphids.

Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) is widespread in cucurbit crops, most commonly occuring in temperate and Mediterranean regions. In Serbia WMV has been detected in single and mixed infections with Zucchini yellow mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus in field-grown pumpkin and squash crops. Among pumpkin-affecting viruses WMV is the most frequent one, both by the number of localities and its incidence at each location. During the growing season of 2009, samples from 583 plants of Cucurbita pepo cvs. Olinka, Belgrade zucchini and Tosca (Zucchini group), as well as from C. maxima and C. moschata showing symptoms of virus infection were collected from 12 commercial fields at eight localities and analyzed by DAS-ELISA using polyclonal antisera specific to six most important cucurbit viruses. Interestingly, WMV was detected at fewer sites and had lower ncidence rate than in two previous years. In single infections, WMV was found in 11% of tested plants in three fields; in mixed infections with ZYMV, it was recorded in 9.9% of plants in five fields and with CMV in only 0.2% in one field. The partial coat protein gene and 3’ non-translated region from two representativeisolates of WMV originating from different localities and host plant species were amplified by RT-PCR, sequenced, and compared with the sequences available in GenBank database. The PCR-amplified fragment of predicted size of approximately 1017 bp was obtained. The sequences of isolates 137-08 (Acc. No. GQ259958) and 159-08 (GU144020) proved to be 94-99% identical at the nucleotide level with those from other parts of the world. The sequences of these two isolates differed from each other only at two nucleotide positions, without any amino acid substitution. Phylogenetic analysis of 57 isolates based on 750 bp sequences of the coat protein gene showed no correlation between isolates and their geographic origin, and italso indicated that these isolates fell into three molecular groups of strains. Serbian WMV isolates belong to group I, the most widespread group of isolates of this virus in the world.

Rusty Spot has long been known as a harmful peach disease in many parts of the world. During the past several years, rusty spot infection of the late-maturing peach cultivars (Summerset, Suncrest, Fayette and O’Henry) caused significant yield losses in Serbia.Although the etiology of the disease is still unknown, there are numerous studies attempting to set a strategy for its control and recommend appropriate chemical and other peach protection methods. However, because of specific environmental conditions in Serbia, recommended protection method using repeated fungicide treatments, starting from petal fall, did not prove to be efficient and the rate of infection in some susceptible peach cultivars reached 100%. In 2003 and 2004 a field trial was conducted in order to test the efficacy of fungicides (a.i. kresoxim-methyl, flusilazole and sulfur) for the efficient control of Rusty Spot epidemics. The trial was carried out under conditions of natural infection on the peach cv. Summerset at the locality of Bela Crkva, Serbia. In the ntreated control plots,high disease incidence was recorded with the percentage of affected fruit surface ranging from 33.5% in the first, up to the 35.4% in the second year of the trail. Among fungicides included in the trial, kresoxim-methyl proved to be the most efficient (90.25% in the first and 91.12% in the second year of the trial), flusilazole exhibited lower efficacy (87.28% and 80.61%, respectively) while sulfur was the least efficient 82.33% and 80.30%, respectively). Determination of the most efficient fungicide for the peach rusty spot control in Serbia provides basic nformation for further investigations which will include optimization of treatment terms, as well as additional agro-technical control measures.

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) has become an important pathogen of cucurbits over the past 20 years. In our country, this virus also causes significant losses, especially in oil pumpkin production. Although ZYMV variability has been extensively studied worldwideby biological and molecular characterization, such information is still limited for the European region. Herein, we present the first analysis of phenotypic variations of ZYMV isolates sampled from oil pumpkin cv. Olinka from different locations in Serbia during 2008.Twelve isolates were obtained by mechanical inoculation on the C. pepo hybrid Ezra F1, and four of them were chosen for further detailed biological study. These investigated isolates exhibited different phenotypical features and thus represented different variants, concerning their host range, and type and severity of symptoms. A previously developed primer pair, ZYMV CPfwd/CPrev, was tested to determine its suitability for detection of Serbian ZYMV isolates. Amplification of Serbian ZYMV isolates of different origin, in single and mixed infection, resulted in one distinctive band. The used primer pair proved to be useful not only for routine molecular detection, but also for further molecular characterization of Serbian ZYMV isolates because it amplifies the hypervariable genomic region of ZYMV. The result obtained in this study is a contribution to investigation of genetic diversity of Serbian ZYMV isolates and their molecular relationship with ZYMV isolates fromother parts of the world.

Over the past decade, intensive spread of virus infections of oilseed pumpkin has resulted in significant economic losses in pumpkin crop production, which is currently expanding in our country. In 2007 and 2008, a survey for the presence and distribution of oilseed pumpkin viruses was carried out in order to identify viruses responsible for epidemics and incidences of very destructive symptoms on cucurbit leaves and fruits. Monitoring andcollecting samples of oil pumpkin, as well as other species such as winter and butternut squash and buffalo and bottle gourd with viral infection symptoms, was conducted in several localities of Vojvodina Province. The collected plant samples were tested by DAS-ELISA using polyclonal antisera specific for the detection of six most economically harmful pumpkin viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMW), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Tobaccoringspot virus (TRSV) that are included in A1 quarantine list of harmful organisms in Serbia.Identification of viruses in the collected samples indicated the presence of three viruses, ZYMV, WMV and CMV, in individual and mixed infections. Frequency of the identified viruses varied depending on locality and year of investigations. In 2007, WMV was the most frequent virus (94.2%), while ZYMV was prevalent (98.04%) in 2008. High frequency of ZYMV determined in both years of investigation indicated the need for its rapid and reliable molecular detection. During this investigation, a protocol for ZYMVdetection was developed and optimized using specific primers CPfwd/Cprev and commercial kits for total RNA extraction, as well as for RT-PCR. In RT-PCR reaction using these primers, a DNA fragment of approximately 1100 bp, which included coat protein gene, was amplified in the samples of infected pumkin leaves. Although serological methods are still useful for large-scale testing of a great number of samples, this protocol, due to its high sensitivity and specificity, is an important improvement in rapid diagnosis of diseases caused by this virus. In addition, the protocol provides a basis for further characterization of ZYMV isolates originating from Serbia.

Reliable detection of plant pathogens does not only mean the development of sufficiently sensitive laboratory techniques for their routine testing. Regardless of the sensitivity of applied methods, the proper selection of samples to be tested has crucial influence on method reliability. Due to uneven distribution of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in naturally infected systemic host plants, the collection and sampling of material for assaying is acritical moment upon which the reliability of laboratory procedure depends. The effect of irregular virus distribution on its serological detection was examined in tomato, pepper and four ornamental species, as its most important host plants in our country.The reliability of virus detection, depending on its uneven distribution, was assessed by serological testing of tomato and pepper symptomatic leaves and fruits, and symptomatic and asymptomatic young and old leaves, as well as flower petals of ornamentals. Although TSWV was detected using ELISA in the majority of plants included in the experiment, the tests indicated an uneven distribution and unequal concentrations of TSWV in different parts of the plants. The virus could not be detected in a certain number of subsamples, prepared from infected tomato and pepper fruits and older ornamental leaves. The virus also could not be detected in some ornamentals and tomato plants with intensive symptoms. Conversely, the virus was detected in three ornamental plants without any symptoms. Examining the virus distribution in different plant parts indicated that the reliability of ELISA could be reached not only by sampling younger ornamental leaves, but also by preparing compound samples with as much leaves as possible, or by testing a greater number of subsamples of the tested plant. Considering a small possibility of TSWV detection in tomato and pepper fruits, the infection of these should be established by testing their leaves. Besides, the data show that negative test results for the known host plants with characteristic symptoms require tests to be repeated using more sensitive methods than ELISA. These results are important as guidelines for growers and professionals who submit samples, as well as for laboratories performing routine testing.

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has one of the largest host ranges among plant viruses and is widespread in all climates. TSWV is responsible for numerous epidemics in many parts of the world in different crops, mainly vegetables, tobacco and ornamentals. Its highly polyphagous nature, effectiveness of virus transmission by the thrips as its vectors, rapidity with which new variants arise, as well as difficulties in controlling the vectors make TSWV one of the most dangerous plant viruses. The ability of this virus to cause such severe losses on a broad range of crops, as well as its intriguing biological and molecular characteristics place TSWV amongst the most extensively studied plant viruses in the world at present. This paper provides a general overview of TSWV, encompassing all the major aspects of its biology and current knowledge on host range, symptomatology, molecular biology, vectorrelationship, control and diagnosis.

Seven important tobacco viruses were investigated in Montenegro in 2005: Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), Potato Virus Y (PVY), Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV), Tobacco Ring Spot Virus (TRSV) and Potato Virus X(PVX). This investigation included sample collection from four tobacco growing regions in Montenegro and their serological testing by DAS-ELISA test. Presence of different strains of PVY was investigated as well using DAS ELISA test with specific monoclonal antibodies.Serological results proved the presence of four tobacco viruses (TMV, CMV, PVY and AMV), while TSWV, TRSV and PVX were not found in the tested samples of tobacco crops in Montenegro. The results also showed that TMV and CMV were the most frequent (44.6% and 41.5% of tested samples, respectively) followed by PVY (15.4%) and the least frequent AMV (3.1%). Most samples were infected with one of the examined viruses. In the PVY population found in Montenegro, its necrotic strain (PVYN) was absolutely predominant.The results indicated the significance of TMV and CMV concerning tobacco viral infections in Montenegro, as well as a necessity of their detailed characterization at biological and molecular level.

Five viruses: Potato Virus Y (PVY), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Alfalfa Mosaic Virus, of which PVY was predominant, were detected by serological testing of tobacco samples collected from many localities in Vojvodina in 2006. Viruses are the most important pathogens in tobacco and PVY causes considerable economic damages all over the world. A PVY population comprises several different strain groups, strain subgroups and recombinant strains. Among these, PVYN (necrotic strain) and PVYO (ordinary strain) cause the greatest yield and quality losses in tobacco. Identification of a prevalent strain in a PVY population is the basis of proper tobacco genotype selection for resistance against this significant virus. Typical symptoms caused by PVY were observed by monitoring tobacco crops in our country in 2006. The symptoms occurred as changes in the general plant appearance, as well as necrotic areas on leaves, petiols, stems and flowers. The initial symptoms of veinal necrosis were expanded throughout the leaf, causing reddish-brown (copper) plant color and premature death of lower leaves. Plants with these symptoms occurred in all monitoredlocalities and their frequency was high.In order to understand various epidemiological aspects of the diseases caused by PVY and to prevent its occurrence and spreading in tobacco crops, it is necessary to properly identify this virus in time. Biological, serological and molecular identification of the virus and its prevalent strain was carried out in order to determine tobacco disease ethiology. The results obtained suggest that this prevalent strain of PVY has been spreading progressively in our country in recent years. Although PVYN is widely spread in tobacco crops in Europe, its destructiveness, disease intensity and wide distribution in Serbia were established only in the last two years.PVY necrotic strain was detected mainly in single infections, although it was also present in mixed infections with other tobacco viruses.

Infection with a large number of plant viruses could imperil tobacco yield and quality. Tobacco is a natural host for more than 20 viruses, among which the most important and economically harmful are tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), potato virus Y (PVY), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), tobacco each virus (TEV) and tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV).The occurence and distribution of tobacco viruses were investigated for 4 years (2002-2005). During this period many different tobacco growing localities in Vojvodina and central Serbia were monitored and samples showing virus symptoms were collected. The collected samples were tested by DAS ELISA using polyclonal antisera, specific for the detection of PVY, TSWV, TMV, CMV, AMV and TRSV.The results obtained for the tobacco virus distribution during these four years of investigation proved the presence of four economically important viruses in our country, whose frequencies varied from year to year. In 2002, 2003 and 2004, the most frequent was TSWV(86.84%; 79% and 49.56%, respectively), while in 2005 PVY was prevalent (56.16%). All viruses detected in the samples tested were present in single or mixed infections. A corellation was established between the field symptoms on tobacco and the virus causal agents.The results obtained showed that TSWV and PVY were the most important tobacco viruses in our country, so that further research of tobacco virus diseases should be directed towards their more detailed characterization.

The author of the article helps to understand the relation patient-doctor in the light of axiological psychiatry developed by Antoni Kępiński. Kępiński was not a typical doctor who, with great dedication and reverence, fulfilled his duties towards patients. First of all, he paid special attention to the uniqueness and specificity of the level of contact between a doctor and a patient and pointed out its matey character. The article also introduces the sources of axiological psychiatry developed by Kępiński, which should be found in the philosophy of dialogue. In the light of the works of Kraków psychiatrist one can notice that his philosophical anthropology was saturated with the influence of dialogue thought. According to Kępiński, only a specific kind of emotional relationship based on empathy and trust could be the key to complete knowledge of the man fighting with mental illnesses.