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Cel pracyBadanie koncentrowało się na związku pomiędzy objawami PTSD, poczuciem winy związanym z traumą, perspektywą czasową, oraz skłonnością do poczucia winy/wstydu u osadzonych sprawców wypadków samochodowych. Przeanalizowano także związki pomiędzy długością kary, objawami PTSD i poczuciem winy związanym z traumą.MetodaPróba badawcza składała się z 37 osadzonych sprawców wypadków drogowych. Poproszono ich o wypełnienie zestawu kwestionariuszy: Inwentarza Perspektywy Czasowej Zimbardo, Inwentarza Poczucia Winy i Wstydu, i Inwentarza Winy Związanej z Traumą.WynikiWyniki wykazały, że 50% sprawców spełniało kryteria DSM-5 dotyczące PTSD. Skłonność do poczucia winy i wstydu pozytywnie korelowała z poczuciem winy związanym z traumą. Podatność na poczucie wstydu jako konsekwencja negatywnej samooceny wiązała się także z większym poczuciem wstydu związanym z traumą. Nie wykazano korelacji pomiędzy skłonnością do poczucia winy/wstydu lub poczuciem winy związanym z traumą a objawami PTSD. Perspektywa czasowa wiązała się z objawami PTSD - im silniejsza u badanych była tendencja do koncentrowania się na teraźniejszości/przeszłości, tym większe objawy PTSD. Koncentracja na teraźniejszości pozytywnie korelowała z poczuciem winy związanym z traumą.WnioskiW badanej populacji co drugi sprawca wypadku dotknięty był PTSD, które wiązało się z przeszłą i teraźniejszą perspektywą czasową. Negatywna ocena siebie i swojego zachowania intensyfikowała poczucie winy związane z traumą i zmniejszała poszukiwanie usprawiedliwienia dla własnych czynów w okolicznościach zewnętrznych. Czas spędzony w więzieniu nie miał wpływu na postawę moralną i nie wpływał na moralną ocenę własnego zachowania, które spowodowało krzywdę innych osób. Wiązał się jednak z przeżywaniem stresu i skupieniem na własnym cierpieniu.

Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical mostly used in the manufacture of plastics, resins and thermal paper. Several studies have reported adverse health effects with BPA exposures, namely metabolic disorders and altered neurodevelopment in children, among others. The aim of this study was to explore BPA exposure, its socio-demographic and life-style related determinants, and its association with neurodevelopmental outcomes in early school age children from Poland. Methods A total of 250 urine samples of 7 year-old children from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study (REPRO_PL) were analyzed for BPA concentrations using high performance liquid chromatography with online sample clean-up coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (online-SPE-LC-MS/MS). Socio-demographic and lifestyle-related data was collected by questionnaires or additional biomarker measurements. Emotional and behavioral symptoms in children were assessed using mother-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Cognitive and psychomotor development was evaluated by Polish adaptation of the Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS) performed by trained psychologists. Results Urinary BPA concentrations and back-calculated daily intakes (medians of 1.8 μg/l and 46.3 ng/kg bw/day, respectively) were similar to other European studies. Urinary cotinine levels and body mass index, together with maternal educational level and socio-economic status, were the main determinants of BPA levels in Polish children. After adjusting for confounding factors, BPA has been found to be positively associated with emotional symptoms (β: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.022; 0.27). Cognitive and psychomotor development were not found to be related to BPA levels. Conclusions This study represents the first report of BPA levels and their determinants in school age children in Poland. The exposure level was found to be related to child emotional condition, which can have long-term consequences including social functioning and scholastic achievements. Further monitoring of this population in terms of overall chemical exposure is required.

The aim of the article was to summarize the results offered in the research on occupational functioning of women with endometriosis. We followed PRISMA guidelines. Database search was done in November 2017 using EBSCO. In the review were included the articles clearly referring to the relationships between endometriosis and work or any aspect of work (e.g., work productivity, work ability, absenteeism). Eight papers were included in the final review. Seven studies were cross-sectional, 1 retrospective. The majority of researchers used standardized research measures, such as Work Ability Index, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire or Health Related Productivity Questionnaire. Only in 2 studies the reference group was considered, one of them consisted of healthy women. The results clearly indicate that endometriosis is a disease that causes major disturbance in occupational functioning of the suffering women. In the future the researchers should search for individual and organizational correlates of the improvement of occupational functioning in this group of patients. The methodology of the existing studies has been evaluated and the methodological cues for future research has been given. Med Pr 2018;69(6):663-671. The aim of the article was to summarize the results offered in the research on occupational functioning of women with endometriosis. We followed PRISMA guidelines. Database search was done in November 2017 using EBSCO. In the review were included the articles clearly referring to the relationships between endometriosis and work or any aspect of work (e.g., work productivity, work ability, absenteeism). Eight papers were included in the final review. Seven studies were cross-sectional, 1 retrospective. The majority of researchers used standardized research measures, such as Work Ability Index, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire or Health Related Productivity Questionnaire. Only in 2 studies the reference group was considered, one of them consisted of healthy women. The results clearly indicate that endometriosis is a disease that causes major disturbance in occupational functioning of the suffering women. In the future the researchers should search for individual and organizational correlates of the improvement of occupational functioning in this group of patients. The methodology of the existing studies has been evaluated and the methodological cues for future research has been given. Med Pr 2018;69(6):663–671.

Background The aim of the study was to answer the following research questions: What percentage of women after breast cancer surgery experienced posttraumatic growth (PTG)? Which aspect of PTG was experienced to the greatest extent by the participants? Do age at the day of survey, age at diagnosis, time since diagnosis, type of surgery, non-surgical methods of treatment, participation in rehabilitation or physical activity significantly differentiate participants in PTG? Participants and procedure Forty-seven women after breast cancer surgery participated in the study. Posttraumatic growth was measured with the Polish version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) consisting of 4 scales: Self-Perception (SP), Relating to Others (RO), Appreciation of Life (AL) and Spiritual Change (SC). The demographic, disease and treatment related variables were controlled. Results Forty-three percent of participants experienced high, 23% moderate, and 34% little or no PTG. Posttraumatic growth manifested itself mainly positive changes in relationships with others. Age at the day of the survey did not correlate significantly with scores of PTGI. Age at diagnosis correlated significantly with total PTG (ρ = –0.37, p = .012), SP (ρ = –0.33, p = .029), RO (ρ = –0.40, p = .008) and AL (ρ = –0.39, p = .010). Women aged ≤ 50 at the day of the survey had significantly higher scores of AL than women > 50 (U = 117.50, p = .042). Women who were physically active at the day of the survey had significantly higher scores in total PTG (U = 118.50, p = .008), SP (U = 7.28, p = .007) and RO (U = 108.00, p = .003). Time since diagnosis, type of treatment and participation in rehabilitation after the surgery did not differentiate respondents significantly in PTG. Conclusions Posttraumatic growth was experienced by a considerable percentage of participants. The average level of PTG was moderate. Women physically active at the time of the survey showed higher levels of PTG. We recommend that women after breast cancer surgery should be encouraged by medical staff, family and friends to undertake physical activity as soon as possible.

Aim of the study : The following research is aimed at determining the effect of yoga on the quality of life of women after breast cancer surgery. Material and methods : A 10-week yoga programme included 90-minute yoga lessons once a week. To estimate the quality of life, questionnaires developed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23) were used. An experimental group consisted of 12 women who practised yoga, a control group – of 16 women who did not. Between groups there were no differences in age, time from operation and characteristics associated with disease, treatment and participation in rehabilitation. Results : Our results revealed an improvement of general health and quality of life, physical and social functioning as well as a reduction of difficulties in daily activities among exercising women. Also their future prospects enhanced – they worried less about their health than they used to before participating in the programme. As compared to baseline, among exercising women, fatigue, dyspnoea and discomfort (pain, swelling, sensitivity) in the arm and breast on the operated side decreased. Conclusions : Participation in the exercising programme resulted in an improvement of physical functioning, reduction of fatigue, dyspnoea, and discomfort in the area of the breast and arm on the operated side. Based on our results and those obtained in foreign studies, we conclude that rehabilitation with the use of yoga practice improves the quality of life of the patients after breast cancer surgery. However, we recommend further research on this issue in Poland.

Background: Occupational stress of social workers is associated with various psychosocial hazards in the work environment. Some of them affect person-organization fit (P-O fit). The aim of the study was to verify a hypothesis on the mediating role of P-O fit in the relationship between work environment and stress. Material and Methods: The research was based on a sample of 500 social workers directly involved in social work. The data were obtained using the Person-Organization Fit Questionnaire by Czarnota-Bojarska, the Work Environment Questionnaire developed by the Department of Occupational Psychology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) by Cohen et al. Results: As revealed by the regression analysis of the 4 analyzed work environment factors, only organizational politics was significantly related with perceived stress. Complementary and supplementary dimensions of P-O fit and identification with organization were the mediators of the relationship between organizational policies and stress, but only complementary fit proved to be a total mediator. Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that person-organization fit, especially its complementary aspect, is an essential determinant of accomplishing the core functions of social work and good practice among social workers. Med Pr 2014;65(2):219–228

Współczesna medycyna pozwala poprawiać wydolność niesprawnych organów i w znacznym stopniu uśmierzać ból fizyczny, niestety w procesie leczenia pacjentów wciąż zbyt mało miejsca poświęca się psychicznemu wymiarowi cierpienia. Tymczasem w populacji chorujących na przewlekłe choroby układu oddechowego znaczny odsetek osób doświadcza zaburzeń zdrowia psychicznego w postaci depresji i zaburzeń lękowych. Artykuł dotyczy czynników ryzyka wystąpienia problemów ze zdrowiem psychicznym, które są następstwem choroby somatycznej. Zwrócono uwagę na znaczenie poszerzania wśród lekarzy wiedzy na temat psychicznych konsekwencji przewlekłych chorób układu oddechowego, aby mogli dostrzegać symptomy pogarszania się stanu zdrowia psychicznego u pacjentów i w porę im przeciwdziałać. Wskazano także na konieczność współdziałania lekarzy ze specjalistami zajmującymi się zdrowiem psychicznym. Współpraca taka jest w wielu przypadkach warunkiem skuteczności leczenia i wpływa na poprawę jakości życia pacjentów.

In the member countries of the year Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), one in four people will reach the age of 65 or more by 2030 and their population aged over 80 will triple by 2050. Changes that occur in the demographic structure of developed countries will affect traffic area. Most of the on-road existing solutions is inadequate for older people with diminished cognitive and motor abilities. In this group, difficulties in driving performance are associated with reduced cognitive efficiency, vision and hearing loss, and general psychomotor slowing. The presented review focuses on the studies of a useful field of view, an indicator considered to be a valid predictor of road accidents, divided attention, susceptibility to distraction and visual search strategies. The major questions of these studies were: which vision parameters determine safe driving, what degree of their deterioration causes significant risk and whether there are opportunities for their rehabilitation. The results indicate that older drivers do exhibit vision and attention deficits, but their engagement in a wide range of compensatory behaviors and effective visual search strategies compensate for these deficits. This shows that older drivers cannot be clearly classified as a group of particular risk for causing road traffic accidents. We should not be alarmed by a growing group of active senior drivers. We should rather use the advantages of available methods, including driving simulators, to predict how the traffic environment will look like in the close future and how to make it friendly and safe for everyone.

Objectives: The aim of the presented research was to explore the links between complementary and supplementary dimensions of Person-Organization fit (P-O fit), organizational identification (OI) and negative (WHI-) versus positive (WHI+) work-home interactions. It was assumed that both complementary and supplementary P-O fit and OI were positively related to WHI+ and negatively to WHI-. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a large sample of Polish blue and white collar workers. The subjects were interviewed by means of questionnaires measuring: supplementary and complementary dimensions of P-O fit, OI and WHI. General work ability and demographic variables were also controlled in the study, and statistical analysis of ANOVA, pairwise comparison as well as regression were performed. Results: P-O fit and OI differentiated the subjects in terms of WHI. For women supplementary fit was a significant predictor of WHI- and explained 12% of its variance, for men it was complementary fit with the number of working days per week and the level of education, which explained 22% of variance. Supplementary fit and OI explained 16% of WHI+ variance in women; OI, tenure at the main place of employment and the level of education explained 8% of WHI+ variance in men. Conclusions: It has been proven that not only are the effects of P-O fit and OI limited to the work environment but they also permeate boundaries between work and home and influence private life - good level of P-O fit and good OI play facilitating role in the positive spillover between work and home. Gender differences in the significance and predictive values of P-O fit and OI for WHI were also found. The innovative aspect of the work is the inclusion of P-O fit and OI in the range of significant predictors of work-home interaction. The results can serve as rationale for employers that improvement of P-O fit and employees' organizational identification should be included in work-life balance programs.

Contemporary medicine allows to improve efficiency of sick organs and relief the pain to a large extent, but there is still too little awareness of psychological aspect of suffering among physicians. Although, considerable percentage of people with chronic lungs diseases experience mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, there is no common practice of including psychological care into the treatment protocol. Article highlights the importance of development of knowledge about psychological consequences of chronic lungs diseases among physicians as an early diagnosis of mental health disturbances is crucial for general health status and functioning in this group of patients. Necessity of cooperation with mental health specialists was also shown. It is important to create interdisciplinary teams for improvement of treatment outcomes and and patients' quality of life.

This article presents the results of the driving simulator studies of the effects of marijuana and amphetamines on driving performance. The majority of these studies have been focused on identifying the impact of the tested substances on cognitive and psychomotor functions. Most of the findings on marijuana reveal its modest effect on driving ability that increases with the increasing frequency of its use and when used in conjuction with other drugs and alcohol. Similarly, small doses of amphetamines can cause a positive stimulating effect, improving certain cognitive functions, such as vigilance, but it decreases when they are overused and combined with alcohol. The results of the research on drivers' behavior under the influence of amphetamines also indicate deficits in their cognitive functions and tendency to recklessness on the road. The authors also discuss strong and weak points of simulation studies of the effects of psychoactive substances on the driving ability. An attempt was also made to clarify certain ambiguities, which occur in this field of research. A central role of the ethical and methodological limitations of simulation studies were discussed as well.

Objectve: Person-Environment fit (P-E fit) paradigm, seems to be especially useful in explaining phenomena related to work attitudes and occupational health. The study explores the relationship between a specific facet of P-E fit as PersonOrganization fit (P-O fit) and health. Materials and Methods: Research was conducted on the random sample of 600 employees. Person-Organization Fit Questionnaire was used to asses the level of Person-Organization fit; mental health status was measured by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28); and items from Work Ability Index allowed for evaluation of somatic health. Data was analyzed using non parametric statistical tests. The predictive value of P-O fit for various aspects of health was checked by means of linear regression models. Results: A comparison between the groups distinguished on the basis of their somatic and mental health indicators showed significant differences in the level of overall P-O fit (χ2 = 23.178; p < 0.001) and its subdimensions: for complementary fit (χ2 = 29.272; p < 0.001), supplementary fit (χ2 = 23.059; p < 0.001), and identification with organization (χ2 = 8.688; p = 0.034). From the perspective of mental health, supplementary P-O fit seems to be important for men’s well-being and explains almost 9% of variance in GHQ-28 scores, while in women, complementary fit (5% explained variance in women’s GHQ score) and identification with organization (1% explained variance in GHQ score) are significant predictors of mental well-being. Interestingly, better supplementary and complementary fit are related to better mental health, but stronger identification with organization in women produces adverse effect on their mental health. Conclusions: The results show that obtaining the optimal level of P-O fit can be beneficial not only for the organization (e.g. lower turnover, better work effectiveness and commitment), but also for the employees themselves. Optimal level of P-O fit can be considered as a factor maintaining workers’ health. However, prospective research is needed to confirm the results obtained in this exploratory study.

Person-environment issue has long been in focus of researchers who explore the area of human labor. It is known that the level of fit is a predictor of many phenomena related to health and attitude to work. The aim of this study was to explore the association between the level of person- organization fit (P-O fit) and work ability, including indicators of somatic and mental health.Research was conducted on a representative sample of 600 Polish men and women at working age. The Person-Organization Fit Questionnaire was used to assess three dimensions of P-O fit (supplementary fit, complementary fit and identification with organization); mental health status was measured by GHQ-28; the number of diagnosed diseases was taken as an index of somatic health; work ability, ability to physical and mental efforts were measured by three items from the Work Ability Index.A significant relationship between P-O fit level and work ability was found. In men, work ability predictors were: age, supplementary fit and mental health status, which explained 25% of the variance in work ability. In women, work ability predictors were: the number of diagnosed somatic diseases, supplementary fit, age and complementary fit, which explained 27% of the variance in work ability. Some gender-related differences in the predictive value of variables under the study were also found.The results of this study indicate the importance of P-O fit in shaping the sense of work ability, a recognized predictor of workers' occupational activity and the frequency of taking sick leave in subsequent years. Therefore, this result may be a useful argument to motivate employers to employ workers adequately to their abilities and preferences.

The history of simulators dates back to the first decades of the twentieth century. At the beginning they were used to train pilots, and eventually they were used in the automotive industry for testing the strength of new vehicles and ergonomic solutions. With time research institutions and technical universities from outside the automotive industry have become more and more interested in simulators. Attractiveness of simulators for researchers is based on a number of important factors: they create the possibility of modeling, control and repeatability of different experimental situations, reducing at the same time the impact of confounding factors. Simulators have a great potential for data collection and processing. What's more, they are safe and ecologic. These values make them almost an ideal research tool. The article presents a review of psychological studies with use of vehicle driving simulators. It also points to advantages and disadvantages of these devices and outlines the future prospects for experimental research.

Managers influence the way organization works as well as the functioning of subordinates - in the context of their work life but non-professional functioning as well e.g., attitude towards work-life balance or taking care of health. We focused on the superior-subordinate relation, referring to social power bases theory by Raven. We identified the reasons why subordinates decide to follow their superiors' orders and determined specific styles of compliance with superiors' will. Understanding why employees listen to their superiors may be valuable in the context of supporting healthy organizational climate and atmosphere of co-operation or communicating values - for example, as regards taking care of own health. We discussed the results referring to the issue of influencing employees in the context of their health behavior.The research involved 100 Polish employees, aged 28 years old on average, who filled in the Interpersonal Power Inventory by Raven et al. for subordinates in a Polish adaptation by Zaleski. The questionnaire includes 11 subscales referring to power bases.Based on the cluster analysis results, we recognized people who complied because of: all kinds of power bases (typical for 46% of the respondents); the respect for superiors' professionalism (34%); and formal/objective reasons (20%).Employees differ in terms of their styles of compliance. Their motives to comply with superiors' instructions constitute compilations of power bases. The superiors' awareness of the reasons why their employees decide to follow orders is necessary for successful management. It may motivate employees to work but also to take care of their own health.Kierownicy mogą wpływać nie tylko na zachowania pracowników związane z wykonywaną pracą, ale także na pozazawodowe aspekty ich funkcjonowania, np. na podejście do kwestii równoważenia życia zawodowego i prywatnego czy zachowań zdrowotnych. W poniższym badaniu autorki skoncentrowały się na relacji przełożony–podwładny, odwołując się do koncepcji podstaw władzy Ravena. Celem było zbadanie, jakim podstawom władzy podporządkowują się polscy pracownicy i ustalenie specyficznych stylów podporządkowywania się woli przełożonego. Wiedza, dlaczego pracownik słucha swojego przełożonego może być cenna w kontekście wspierania zdrowego klimatu organizacyjnego i atmosfery współpracy czy przekazywania pracownikom wartości – np. odnoszących się do dbałości o własne zdrowie. Autorki przeanalizowały wyniki w kontekście wywierania przez przełożonych wpływu na zdrowotne zachowania pracowników.Badaniem objęto 100 polskich pracowników (średnia wieku: 28 lat), którzy wypełnili polską wersję Inwentarza Wpływu Społecznego (Interpersonal Power Inventory) Ravena i wsp. w wersji dla pracowników. Kwestionariusz zawiera 11 podskal odnoszących się do podstaw władzy.Na podstawie analizy skupień wyróżniono osoby podporządkowujące się przełożonemu ze względu na: wszystkie podstawy władzy (typowe dla 46% respondentów); szacunek dla profesjonalizmu przełożonego (34%) oraz formalne/obiektywne przyczyny (20%).Pracownicy różnią się w zakresie stylów podporządkowania się woli przełożonych. Przyczyny, dla których się podporządkowują, są kompilacją różnych motywów. Świadomość przełożonych na temat tego, co sprawia, że pracownicy wypełniają ich polecenia, jest warunkiem skutecznego kierowania ludźmi. Może to pomóc w motywowaniu ich nie tylko do pracy, ale także np. do podejmowania zachowań zdrowotnych. Med. Pr. 2015;66(5):605–614.