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The state of the Russian tractor industry is characterized by deep restructuring processes. This problem is particularly acute in the development of modern mobile low-power tools for mechanization of work in peasant farms. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in substantiating the initial requirements for a new-generation agricultural universal block-modular power tool that meets world standards in terms of technical level, economic and ergonomic requirements, versatility and competitiveness. (Materials and methods) According to the monitoring, the production of agricultural tractors in Russia for the period 1990-2019 decreased by 23.4 times. A new technological direction for the development of mobile power tools was to increase energy efficiency in the full life cycle by reducing the structural weight, fuel consumption and increasing productivity. The article offers innovative design and technological solutions. (Results and discussion) The article describes the initial requirements for agricultural mobile power tools based on statistical analysis of data on the need for agricultural mobile power tools, analysis of existing and future technologies and agricultural machines, as well as current standards for mobile power tools. (Conclusion) The article presents developed initial requirements for an agricultural universal block-modular energy tool that will ensure environmental safety, competitiveness, reduce the total specific energy intensity of performing a unit of useful work by 1.4-1.6 times, and will also significantly increase the level of marketability and profitability of agricultural production in peasant farms.

In this article I study medieval concepts of locus studii : how they were constructed, proclaimed and discussed by social actors before producing any real university space in the first Iberian higher schools. I mark out three general types of university spatial concepts in early juridical documents from the universities of Palencia, Salamanca, Lisbon-Coimbra and Lleida. The first group is connected to the universal locale of the studium : “light of science” and scholars’ privileges should extend over the whole Christian world. In political rhetoric “universal” locus studii (that was based on the authorities of the Pope or the Emperor) was imitated by temporal sovereigns. The second type of loci studii is a city. Such conceptions (including civitas regia ) considered urban space as integrated and homogeneous place of university activity leaving municipal law out of account. The third group described locus limitadus , a special university quarter. In the last part of my article I observe the use of spatial concepts in social and legal practices of Iberian medieval university corporations. En mi articulo estudio conceptos medievales de locus studii , como se construyeron, se proclamaron y se discutieron por los actores sociales antes de ser producido algun espacio universitario real en las primeras escuelas superiores Ibericas. Destaco tres tipos generales de los conceptos espaciales en primeros documentos juridicos de las Universidades de Palencia, Salamanca, Coimbra y Lleida. El primer tipo se vincula con el sitio ‘universal’ del studium : “la luz de ciencia” y los privilegios de escolares tenian que extenderse por todo el mundo cristiano. En la retorica politica el locus universal (que se baso en las autoridades del Papa y del Emperador) fue imitado por soberanos temporales. El segundo tipo del locus studii es una ciudad. Tales concepciones (incluyendo civitas regia ) estimaron espacio urbano como un lugar integrado y homogeneo para actividad universitaria sin tener en cuenta fuero municipal. El tercer grupo describio locus limitadus , un barrio academico especial. En la ultima parte de mi articulo analizo el uso de los conceptos espaciales en las practicas sociales y legales de las corporaciones universitarias Ibericas.

The paper reviews the problem of caesuras and continuity of Portuguese University’s history. A study of the University papers showed gaps in its institutional history caused by several relocations from Coimbra to Lisbon. Sometimes such caesuras raise doubts in the continuity of the University’s history and suggest the existence of different studia generalia that alternated with each other for the period under study. However, contemporary historians and members of the university community view the different universities as parts of one and the same university. Our case-study demonstrates that this view is based on the documents concerning economic privileges granted to the University by the country’s rulers and the Roman popes. If recognized as a new university, the studium generale would have lost its former privileges. Thus, the logic of collective memory of Portuguese University was based on the image of its historical continuity.