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En mayo de 1597 el capitán William Parker, junto con medio centenar de hombres, incursionó sobre la villa y puerto de San Francisco de Campeche con el fin de obtener algún tipo de botín. El presente ensayo tiene como propósito analizar este caso para aproximarnos a la configuración y características de esta incursión a partir de las violencias suscitadas en ella. Dar cuenta de este proceso implica abordar los contextos que arroparon las violencias, así como develar a los sujetos involucrados y sus acciones en el marco de este acometimiento. Por tanto, el estudio de este caso es también una propuesta de análisis micro. Nuestra exposición conlleva las siguientes secciones: a) marcos de racionalidad, b) intencionalidades, c) despliegue de las violencias y d) conclusiones. Afirmamos que las incursiones fueron hechos sociales violentos multidimensionales, multifacéticos e históricamente situados.

En este trabajo nos planteamos analizar críticamente el concepto de desarrollo mediático. Para ello, realizamos una revisión de la literatura especializada, enmarcada por los debates sobre la desigualdad desde una perspectiva global. Encontramos una falta de definición clara del concepto de desarrollo mediático (media development). Esta situación corresponde a una dispersión de las tradiciones intelectuales desde las cuales se postula su estudio. Encontramos siete perspectivas que corresponden a cuatro tendencias para analizarlo. En la discusión de cierre proponemos considerar el desarrollo mediático en un programa investigativo desde dos acepciones: como proceso sociocultural y como sistema susceptible de ser evaluado en un nivel estructural.

Physical inactivity and ageing are associated with imbalances in anabolic/catabolic steroid hormones, jeopardizing health. We investigated the effects of three types of training on plasma steroid hormone levels in physically inactive, middle-aged adults. A 12-week randomized controlled trial was performed with a parallel-group design. A total of 67 (36 women) middle-aged adults (45–65 years old) were randomly assigned to (1) no exercise (control), (2) concurrent training based on the international physical activity recommendations (PAR), (3) high-intensity interval training (HIIT), or (4) HIIT plus whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT + EMS). The training volume in the PAR group was 150 min/week at 60–65% of the heart rate reserve for aerobic training and ~ 60 min/week at 40–50% of the one-repetition maximum for resistance training. The training volume in the HIIT and HIIT + EMS groups was 40–65 min/week at > 95% of the maximum oxygen uptake in long interval sessions, and > 120% of the maximum oxygen uptake in short interval sessions. Compared to the control group, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate increased in the PAR, HIIT, and HIIT + EMS groups (~ 14%, ~ 14%, and ~ 20%, respectively; all P

El artículo analiza el movimiento estudiantil de 1968 desde la historia social y cultural de las emociones, con énfasis en la construcción del miedo político. La metodología se centra en el análisis de editoriales y notas periodísticas del diario El Sol del Centro con objeto de identificar las expresiones relacionadas con el movimiento estudiantil. Aunque se concentra en una sola fuente periodística, el trabajo evidencia que hace falta una investigación mayor de los discursos alrededor del movimiento estudiantil del 68 en otros periódicos de provincia. Este artículo muestra una nueva perspectiva para estudiar el movimiento estudiantil de 1968: la historia social y cultural de las emociones a partir de las fuentes periodísticas. Se concluye que las emociones tuvieron un papel relevante en la concepción negativa del movimiento de 1968 producida por los diarios.

The aim of the study is to determine the differences in dietary parameters (energy and nutrient intake, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and consumption of food groups) in metabolically healthy overweight-obese (MHOO)v. metabolically unhealthy overweight-obese (MUOO) middle-aged adults. A total of fifty-one middle-aged adults were classified as MHOO or MUOO. BMI and blood pressure were evaluated following the recommendations. HDL, TAG and blood glycaemia were measured in blood samples. Blood pressure was also assessed. Dietary factors were assessed through three 24-h recalls, a validated FFQ and the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) questionnaire. All variables were evaluated between September and October 2016 and 2017. Our results showed that MHOO individuals registered a higher fish consumption (P= 0·035) and higher compliance (lower consumption) in the commercial sweets and confectionery item of the PREDIMED questionnaire (P= 0·036). No differences were noted in other dietary factors including energy and nutrient intake, consumption of other food groups and in the PREDIMED total score. A near-significant trend toward significance was observed in nuts consumption, wine and fish items of the PREDIMED questionnaire. In conclusion, higher fish consumption and a higher compliance in the commercial sweets and confectionery item of the PREDIMED questionnaire were observed in MHOO middle-aged adults.

S-klotho, the shed form of α-klotho, is thought to be an ageing suppressor with functions related to the physiology of energy metabolism. However, it remains unknown whether ageing biomarkers such as S-klotho and/or chronological ageing are associated in any way with basal metabolic rate (BMR) and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise. The present work investigates the association of BMR and fuel oxidation in basal conditions and during exercise, with plasma S-klotho in middle-aged, sedentary adults. BMR was measured by indirect calorimetry in 74 such subjects (53% women; age 53.7±5.1 years) following standard procedures, and their fuel oxidation estimated via stoichiometric equations. The maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity of exercise that elicits MFO (Fatmax) were determined using a walking graded exercise test. No relationship was seen between BMR and plasma S-klotho (P>0.1), although both basal fat oxidation and MFO showed positive associations with this protein (both P0.1). The present findings suggest that basal fat oxidation and MFO are strongly associated with plasma S-klotho in middle-aged sedentary adults. These results support the idea that metabolic flexibility is a powerful predictor of biological ageing.

Objectives To determine the association between physical activity and physical fitness levels (i.e. cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength) and the shed form of the α-Klotho gene (S-Klotho plasma levels) in middle-aged sedentary adults. Study design and main outcome measures A total of 74 middle-aged sedentary adults (52.7% women; 53.7 ± 5.1 years old) were enrolled in the FIT-AGEING study. Physical activity and sedentary time were assessed with a wrist-worn accelerometer. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was determined by a maximum treadmill test using indirect calorimetry. Lower- and upper-body muscular strength were assessed by an isokinetic strength test and by the hand grip strength test, respectively. The S-Klotho plasma levels were measured in the EDTA plasma using a solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Based on the principal-component analysis, overall physical activity, moderate and vigorous physical activity levels, and sedentary time (as outcomes included in the ‘sedentary time and physical activity’ category) explained a total of 17.5% of the cumulative variance in S-Klotho plasma levels, while extension peak torque, hand grip strength, and maximal oxygen uptake (as outcomes included in the ‘physical fitness’ category) explained a total of 15.5% of the cumulative variance in S-Klotho plasma levels. Based on the loading of variables in these 2 categories, the percentage of the cumulative variance in S-Klotho plasma level explained was 28.9%s; this reached 33.0% of cumulative variance when sex was included in the model. Conclusions In summary, our results indicate that physical activity and physical fitness levels are associated with S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults. Therefore, the S-Klotho protein could be a key factor in the relationship between physical activity and physical fitness and health improvements during the ageing process.

Humans have long sought means to extend longevity and counteract the effects of aging on physical and mental functioning. Exercise is a highly effective way of treating and preventing the main causes of morbidity and mortality, most of which are associated with aging. Interestingly, the Klotho gene is involved in the aging process. Indeed, overexpression of the Klotho gene is associated with longevity, and experimental animals lacking this gene seem to develop multiple disorders resembling human aging and present a shortened lifespan. Three Klotho-related genes have been identified: α-Klotho, β-Klotho, and γ-Klotho. Exercise seems to play a key role on the secreted form of the α-Klotho gene (S-Klotho) in animal models as well as in humans. We systematically reviewed the available evidence on the associations between exercise and S-Klotho protein regulation.

Introduction Alcohol consumption is related to several diseases and injuries that accelerate the ageing process and increase the mortality and morbidity risk. The soluble form of the α-Klotho gene (called S-Klotho) is widely considered as a powerful anti-ageing biomarker. Aim The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between alcohol consumption and S-Klotho plasma levels in sedentary middle-aged adults. Methods 74 (39 women) middle-aged sedentary adults (40–65 years old) participated in the present study. Alcohol consumption was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire previously validated and with three non-consecutive 24-hours recall. The S-Klotho plasma levels were measured by ELISA using a soluble α-Klotho ELISA assay kit. Results Total alcoholic drinks consumption was negatively associated with S-Klotho plasma levels (β=-17.031; R2 = 0.096, P = 0.013). Furthermore, we observed that higher consumption of total alcoholic drinks is associated with lower S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults controlling for BMI (β=-16.372; R2 = 0.201, P = 0.011), LMI (β=-31.854; R2 = 0.305, P = 0.010) and for FMI β=-13.337; R2 = 0.075, P = 0.049). Conclusion: In conclusion, our study shows that total alcoholic drinks consumption is negatively associated with the S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults.

The main active metabolite of vitamin D, the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and the shed form of the α-Klotho gene (S-Klotho) play an important role in aging-related physiological processes ...

The study is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU14/04172 and FPU15/03960). The authors would like to thank all the participants that take part of the study for their time and effort. This study is part of a Ph.D. Thesis conducted in the Biomedicine Doctoral Studies of the University of Granada, Spain., Background: A growing body of scientific works investigating the physio-pathological mechanisms behind cardiovascular disease has suggested that vitamin D deficiency could play a key role on its development. However, it remains unclear whether its active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D] is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy individuals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships of 1,25(OH)(2)D plasma levels with cardiometabolic risk factors in a sample of healthy sedentary adults. Methods: A total of 73 adults (similar to 53% women; 54 +/- 5 years old) were included in the current cross-sectional study. A sex-specific cardiometabolic risk score (MetScore) was calculated for each subject based on clinical parameters (i.e., waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides) according to the International Diabetes Federation's clinical criteria. Plasma levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D were measured using a DiaSorin Liaison (R) immunochemiluminometric analyzer. Results: No significant association was detected between 1,25(OH)(2)D and MetScore (beta = 0.037, R-2 = 0.001, p = 0.77), independently of age, sex and fat body mass index. A significant inverse association were observed between 1,25(OH)(2)D and waist circumference (beta = -0,303, R-2 = 0.092, p = 0.01). These results were consistent after controlling by potential confounders. Conclusion: In summary, the present results suggest that 1,25(OH)(2)D plasma levels are not associated with either cardiometabolic risk factors or insulin resistance in healthy sedentary adults. However, an inverse association of 1,25(OH)(2)D plasma levels with central adiposity was observed in our study sample., Spanish Government FPU14/04172 FPU15/03960

Physical inactivity and ageing are associated with imbalances in anabolic/catabolic steroid hormones, jeopardizing health. We investigated the effects of three types of training on plasma steroid hormone levels in physically inactive, middle-aged adults.A 12-week randomized controlled trial was performed with a parallel-group design. A total of 67 (36 women) middle-aged adults (45-65 years old) were randomly assigned to (1) no exercise (control), (2) concurrent training based on the international physical activity recommendations (PAR), (3) high-intensity interval training (HIIT), or (4) HIIT plus whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT + EMS). The training volume in the PAR group was 150 min/week at 60-65% of the heart rate reserve for aerobic training and ~ 60 min/week at 40-50% of the one-repetition maximum for resistance training. The training volume in the HIIT and HIIT + EMS groups was 40-65 min/week at 95% of the maximum oxygen uptake in long interval sessions, and 120% of the maximum oxygen uptake in short interval sessions.Compared to the control group, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate increased in the PAR, HIIT, and HIIT + EMS groups (~ 14%, ~ 14%, and ~ 20%, respectively; all P 0.01). Cortisol decreased in the PAR, HIIT, and HIIT + EMS groups (~ - 17%, ~ - 10%, and ~ - 23%, respectively; all P ≤ 0.05). Testosterone increased in the HIIT and HIIT + EMS groups (~ 28%, and ~ 16%, respectively; all P ≤ 0.01). Free testosterone increased in the HIIT and HIIT + EMS groups (~ 30% and ~ 18% respectively; all P ≤ 0.01). No significant increase in sex hormone-binding globulin was observed (P = 0.869).Our findings suggest that HIIT, with or without whole-body EMS, can significantly enhance steroid hormones status in previously physically inactive middle-aged adults. The PAR program led to slight improvements than the HIIT and HIIT + EMS groups despite the application of a higher training volume.NCT03334357 (ClinicalTrials.gov). November 7, 2017 retrospectively registered.

BACKGROUND Exercise holds promise as a non-pharmacological intervention for the improvement of sleep quality. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different training modalities on sleep quality parameters. MATERIAL & METHODS A total of 69 (52.7% women) middle-aged sedentary adults were randomized to (a) control group, (b) physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization, (c) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and (d) high-intensity interval training group adding whole-body electromyostimulation training (HIITEMS). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale and accelerometers. RESULTS All intervention groups showed a lower PSQI global score (all P < .022). HIIT-EMS group improved all accelerometer parameters, with higher total sleep time and sleep efficiency, and lower wake after sleep onset (all P < .016). No differences were found between groups in any sleep quality parameter. CONCLUSION In conclusion, exercise training induced an improvement in subjective sleep quality in sedentary middleaged adults. Moreover, HIIT-EMS training showed an improvement in objective sleep quality parameters (total sleep time, sleep efficiency and wake after sleep onset) after 12 weeks of exercise intervention. The changes observed in the HIIT-EMS group were not statistically different to the other exercise modalities.

The present paper was presented as a poster in the 13th European Nutrition Conference in Dublin (Ireland)., [Purpose]: Psychosocial stressors derived from socioeconomic disadvantages in adolescents can result in higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to examine whether socioeconomic disadvantages were associated with MetS independent of lifestyle and whether there was a dose-response relationship between the number of cumulated socioeconomic disadvantages and risk of MetS., [Methods]: This study included 1,037 European adolescents (aged 12.5–17.5 years). Sociodemographic variables and lifestyle were assessed by self-reported questionnaires. Disadvantaged groups included adolescents with low-educated parents, low family affluence, migrant origin, unemployed parents, and nontraditional families. MetS risk score was calculated as the sum of sex- and age-specific z-scores of waist circumference, blood pressure, lipids, and insulin resistance. Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for sex, age, pubertal status, and lifestyle were used to study the association between social disadvantages and MetS risk score., [Results]: Adolescents with low-educated mothers showed a higher MetS score (.54 [.09–.98]; β estimate and 99% confidence interval) compared to those with high-educated mothers. Adolescents who accumulated more than three disadvantages (.69 [.08–1.31]) or with missing information on disadvantages (.72 [.04–1.40]) had a higher MetS risk score compared to nonsocioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Stronger associations between socioeconomic disadvantages and MetS were found in male than in female adolescents., [Conclusions]: Adolescents with low-educated mothers or with more than three socioeconomic disadvantages had a higher MetS risk, independent of lifestyle, potentially due to higher psychosocial stress exposure. Policy makers should focus on improving low-educated familiesa and more disadvantaged families' knowledge on nutrition and physical activity to help them cope better with stress., The HELENA Study was conducted with the financial support of the European Community sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOOD-CT-2005-007034).

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a psycho-physiological phenomenon with broad health implications. Different data analysis methods have been used to assess the autonomic nervous system activity, but the validation of new indexes that accurately describe its balance through non-invasive methods (i.e., HRV analysis) is of clinical interest. This study aimed: (i) to evaluate the association of the Stress Score (SS) and the Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Ratio (S/PS) with time domain and frequency domain analysis of HRV, and (ii) to set reference values of SS and S/PS in sedentary healthy adults. Methods: A total of 156 sedentary healthy adults (38.4 ± 15.57 years old, 81 women), aged were involved in this study. HRV was measured for 15 min in a supine position at rest. SS and S/PS were calculated from the non-linear HRV analyses based on Poincare Plot. Results: Stress Score showed a non-linear negative power-law relationship with SDNN (β = −0.969; R2 = 0.963; P < 0.001), RMSSD (β = −0.867; R2 = 0.722; P < 0.001), high frequency (β = −0.834; R2 = 0.752; P =< 0.001), low frequency (β = −0.627; R2 = 0.330; P < 0.001), SD1 (β = −0.867; R2 = 0.722; P < 0.001) and SD2 (β = −1.000; R2 > 0.999; P < 0.001). There was observed a negative cubic relationship between SS with PNN50 (β = −1.972; R2 = 0.644; P < 0.001). A linear regression model was conducted between SS with Ratio Low/High Frequency (β = 0.026; R2 < 0.001; P = 0.750). Non-linear power-law regression models were built between S/PS and SDNN (β = −0.990; R2 = 0.981; P < 0.001), RMSSD (β = −0.973; R2 = 0.939; P < 0.001), high frequency (β = −0.928; R2 = 0.970; P < 0.001), low frequency (β = −2.344; R2 = 0.557; P < 0.001), SD1 (β = −0.973; R2 = 0.939; P < 0.001) and SD2 (β = −0.611; R2 = 0.908; P < 0.001). A non-linear negative regression model was built between S/PS and PNN50 (β = −3.412; R2 = 0.868; P < 0.001). A linear regression model was conducted between S/PS and SD2/SD1 (β = 0.075; R2 = 0.006; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results support the use of SS as a sympathetic activity marker, and S/PS as an indicator of the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system in sedentary healthy adults., Spanish Government FPU14/04172 FPU15/03960, University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)

La electroestimulacion de cuerpo completo (WB-EMS) es una metodologia de entrenamiento novedosa cuyo efecto sobre la composicion corporal no ha sido estudiado en profundidad en poblacion joven y fisicamente activa. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de dos programas de entrenamiento con WB-EMS sobre la composicion corporal, medida a traves del Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC), masa grasa (MG), masa libre de grasa (MLG) y densidad mineral osea (DMO) en corredores recreacionales entrenados durante un periodo de cese parcial en su entrenamiento convencional y comparar el efecto de dos programas de entrenamiento con WB-EMS, funcional y periodizado para corredores vs no funcional y no periodizado sobre el IMC, MG, MLG y DMO. Participaron un total de 18 corredores recreacionales sanos (27,1 anos; IMC= 23,2 Kg/m2). Los sujetos se distribuyeron al azar en tres grupos: (i) entrenamiento WB-EMS funcional y periodizado para corredores, (ii) entrenamiento WB-EMS no funcional y no periodizado, y (iii) grupo control. La composicion corporal se analizo por antropometria y bioimpedanciometria electrica determinandose el IMC, MG, MLG y DMO. Los resultados del estudio ponen de manifiesto que el entrenamiento con WB-EMS (independientemente de la modalidad) produjo descensos significativos en IMC y MG (P

Purpose Potential interactions between sedentary behaviour, physical activity (PA), and physical fitness with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status have been previously suggested. However, data are scarce concerning the association between these predictors of general health and the main active metabolite of vitamin D, the 1,25-dihidroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). This study aimed to analyse the relationship of sedentary time, PA levels, and physical fitness (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and muscular strength) with 1,25(OH)2D in middle-aged sedentary adults. Methods A total of 73 (39 women) middle-aged sedentary adults (53.7 ± 5.1 years old) participated in this cross-sectional study. Sedentary time and PA intensity levels were objectively measured with triaxial accelerometers for 7 consecutive days. VO2max was determined by a maximum treadmill test. Lower and upper limb muscular strength was assessed by an isokinetic strength test and by a handgrip strength test, respectively. 1,25(OH)2D plasma levels were measured using a DiaSorin Liaison® immunochemiluminometric assay. Results No significant relationships were found between objectively measured sedentary time, PA levels or physical fitness (i.e., VO2max, extension and flexion peak torque, and hand grip strength) and 1,25(OH)2D (all P > 0.05). All results persisted after controlling for age, sex, fat mass or energy, vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus intake. Conclusions In summary, our results show that vitamin D status is not affected by physical activity habits and sedentary behaviour in middle-aged sedentary adults.

This 12-week randomized controlled trial investigates the effects of different training modalities on cardiometabolic risk in sedentary, middle-aged adults, and examines whether alterations in cardiometabolic risk are associated with changes in those health-related variables that are modifiable by exercise training. The study subjects were 71 middle-aged adults (~54 years old, ~50% women) who were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: (1) no exercise (control group), (2) concurrent training based on international physical activity recommendations (PAR group), (3) high intensity interval training (HIIT) group, or (4) HIIT plus whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT+EMS group). A cardiometabolic risk score was calculated based on the International Diabetes Federation&rsquo, s clinical criteria. A significant reduction in cardiometabolic risk was observed for all exercise training groups compared to the control group (all p &lt, 0.05), which persisted after adjusting potential confounders (all p &lt, 0.05). However, the HIIT+EMS group experienced the most significant reduction (p &lt, 0.001). A significant inverse relationship was detected between the change in lean mass and the change in cardiometabolic risk (p = 0.045). A 12-week exercise training programs-especially the HIIT+EMS program-significantly reduced cardiometabolic risk in sedentary, middle-aged adults independent of sex, age, and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health problem that, in addition to its well-known negative effects on musculoskeletal health, has been related to a wide range of acute and chronic age-related diseases. However, little is known about the association of body composition with the active, hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D plasma levels (1,25(OH)2D). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of 1,25(OH)2D with body composition including lean and fat body mass as well as bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged sedentary adults. A total of 73 (39 women) middle-aged sedentary adults (53.7 &plusmn, 5.1 years old) participated in the current study. We measured weight and height, and we used dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure lean body mass, fat body mass and BMD. Body mass index (BMI), lean mass index (LMI), and fat mass index (FMI) were calculated. 1,25(OH)2D was measured using a DiaSorin Liaison&reg, immunochemiluminometric analyzer. The results showed a negative association of 1,25(OH)2D with BMI, LMI and BMD (&beta, = &minus, 0.274, R2 = 0.075, p = 0.019, &beta, 0.268, R2 = 0.072, p = 0.022, and &beta, 0.325, R2 = 0.105, p = 0.005, respectively), which persisted after controlling for age and sex. No significant differences in 1,25(OH)2D across body weight status were observed after controlling for the same covariates. In summary, our results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D could be negatively associated with BMI, LMI and BMD whereas no association was found with FMI in middle-aged sedentary adults.

Background Unhealthy lifestyle and aging negatively impact sexuality; consequently, the prevalence of sexual problems increases sharply in middle-aged adults, but the determinants of low sexual desire and sexual dysfunction are not fully elucidated. Aims To investigate the association of cardiometabolic profile, free testosterone plasma levels, body composition, physical fitness, and S-Klotho plasma levels with sexual desire and sexual function in middle-aged sedentary adults. Methods Seventy-four (39 women) sedentary middle-aged adults (45–65 years old) were recruited for the present cross-sectional study. Outcomes The blood samples were collected in the morning (12 h of fasting) to determine cardiometabolic biomarkers and free testosterone and S-Klotho plasma levels. The cardiometabolic risk score was calculated based on the International Diabetes Federation's clinical criteria, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index. A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner was used to determine the lean mass index (LMI) and the fat mass index. Maximal oxygen uptake was determined by a maximum treadmill test using indirect calorimetry. Muscular strength was measured with knee extensor isokinetic dynamometry (60° s−1). Sexual desire was assessed with the Sexual Desire Inventory 2. Sexual function was assessed with the Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire. Results After age adjustment, free testosterone plasma levels were associated with solitary sexual desire in women (R2 = 0.193, β = 0.342, P = .044). The LMI was associated with solitary sexual desire in men (R2 = 0.258, β = 0.445, P = .024) and sexual function in women (R2 = 0.470, β = −0.607, P < .001). S-Klotho plasma levels were associated with solitary sexual desire and sexual function in men (R2 = 0.412, β = 0.817, P = .001; R2 = 0.193, β = −0.659, P = .021, respectively) and with dyadic sexual desire and sexual function in women (R2 = 0.270, β = 0.508, P = .020; R2 = 0.467, β = −0.676, P < .001, respectively). Clinical Implications S-Klotho plasma levels may represent a potential new biomarker for sexual desire and sexual function. Lean body mass development may benefit sexual desire and sexual function. Strengths and Limitations Strengths include the analysis of novel and diverse biomarkers of health for sexual desire and sexual function. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and a relatively small sample size; thus, results should be interpreted cautiously and in the study population context. Conclusion S-Klotho plasma levels were strongly associated with dyadic sexual desire, solitary sexual desire, and sexual function in sedentary middle-aged adults. The LMI was also positively associated with solitary sexual desire and sexual function in men and women, respectively.

This study compares the influence of different exercise training programs on basal metabolic rate (BMR) and fat oxidation, in basal conditions (BFox) and during exercise (MFO), in sedentary, middle-aged adults.The study subjects of this 12 week-long, randomised controlled trial, were 71 middle-aged adults (age 53.5 ± 4.9 years; 52% women). Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: (1) no exercise, (2) concurrent training based on international physical activity recommendations (PAR group), (3) high intensity interval training (HIIT group), and (4) high intensity interval training plus whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT + EMS group). Subject BMR, BFox and MFO were determined by indirect calorimetry before and after the intervention.The HIIT + EMS subjects showed significant increases in BFox following the intervention compared with the control group (all P = 0.043); no such differences were seen in the PAR and HIIT compared with the control group (all P ≥ 0.1). A significant increase in post-intervention MFO was noted for the HIIT and HIIT + EMS group compared to the non-exercise control group (P 0.05); no such difference was seen in the PAR group compared to the control group (all P ≥ 0.05).Twelve weeks of high intensity interval training plus whole-body electromyostimulation may increase the BFox and MFO of middle-aged sedentary adults. These findings have important clinical implications; a well-designed high-intensity interval training program plus whole-body electromyostimulation might be followed to help combat the appearance of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by metabolic inflexibility in middle-aged sedentary adults, though it will be necessary to determine how long the effects last.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns (DPs) in European adolescents and to examine the association between perceptions of healthy eating and the obtained DPs.Met...

Background Exercise could influence energy and macronutrient intake, which could have an important role on body composition changes in response to exercise. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different training modalities in energy and macronutrient intake, and whether changes in energy and macronutrient intake influences changes in body composition in response to different training modalities. Methods A 12-week randomised controlled trial was conducted. Eighty middle-aged sedentary adults were randomised to: (i) a control group; (ii) physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization; (iii) high-intensity interval training; and (iv) whole-body electromyostimulation training. Dietary intake was assessed using the average of three 24-h recalls. Results High-intensity interval training and whole-body electromyostimulation training groups showed lower fibre intake and higher dietary energy density. Our results showed a negative association was found between changes in energy intake and changes in lean mass index. No association was found between changes in protein intake and changes in lean mass index. Conclusions In conclusion, we observed a higher dietary energy density and lower fibre intake in high-intensity training groups.

Los eventos de violencias y actividades de contrabando, derivados del fenómeno de la piratería, representan los ámbitos de mayor visibilidad de esa historia, en el Golfo-Caribe, durante la época colonial. Esto, sin embargo, soslaya otras dinámicas sociales estrechamente vinculadas a la acción y presencia de nautas franceses e ingleses en aquella parte de América. Nuestro propósito es atender la perspectiva hispana al respecto. La sociedad colonial Golfo-Caribeña conformó miedos colectivos alrededor de la otredad del navegante extranjero. El recorrido consiste en traer a escena los componentes que dieron sustento al temor hispano. Fueron, al menos, tres rasgos: 1) el arribo de naves no hispanas fue vista, en un principio, como novedosa para luego ser definida como habitual y peligrosa; 2) el carácter amenazante atribuido al corsario descansó en el repertorio de afectaciones realizadas; 3) todo lo anterior fue motivo para la visibilidad del conjunto de vulnerabilidades de la sociedad colonial según las autoridades españolas. Al observar las diferentes expresiones del miedo podemos dar cuenta de cómo este coadyuvó en la construcción de sentido del otro, a la vez que fue una vía para comprender la propia región Golfo-Caribeña.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different training modalities on the soluble Klotho (S-Klotho) plasma levels in sedentary middle-aged adults. A total of 74 middle-aged adults (53.4 ± 5.0 years old; 52.7% women) were enrolled in the FIT-AGEING study. We conducted a 12-week randomised controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to 4 different groups: (i) a control group (no exercise), (ii) a physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization group (PAR), (iii) a high intensity interval training group (HIIT), and (iv) a high intensity interval training group adding whole-body electromyostimulation training group (HIIT-EMS). S-Klotho plasma levels, anthropometric measurements, and body composition variables were measured before and after the intervention programme. All exercise training modalities induced an increase in the S-Klotho plasma levels (all P ≤ 0.019) without statistical differences between them (all P ≥ 0.696). We found a positive association between changes in lean mass index and changes in the S-Klotho plasma levels, whereas a negative association was reported between changes in fat mass outcomes and changes in the S-Klotho plasma levels after our intervention study. In conclusion, our results suggest that the link between exercise training and the increase in S-Klotho plasma levels could be mediated by a decrease of fat mass and an increase of lean mass.

Maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the exercise intensity eliciting MFO (Fatmax ) are considered biological markers of metabolic health and performance. A wide range of studies have been performed to increase our knowledge about their regulation by exercise and/or nutritional intervention. However, numerous data collection and analysis approaches have been applied, which may have affected the MFO and Fatmax estimation. We aimed to systematically review the available studies describing and/or comparing different data collection and analysis approach factors that could affect MFO and Fatmax estimation in healthy individuals and patients. Two independent researchers performed the search. We included all original studies in which MFO and/or Fatmax were estimated by indirect calorimetry through an incremental graded exercise protocol published from 2002 to 2019. This systematic review provides key information about the factors that could affect MFO and Fatmax estimation: ergometer type, metabolic cart used, warm-up duration and intensity, stage duration and intensities imposed in the graded exercise protocol, time interval selected for data analysis, stoichiometric equation selected to estimate fat oxidation, data analysis approach, time of the day when the test was performed, fasting time/previous meal before the test, and testing days for MFO/Fatmax and maximal oxygen uptake assessment. We suggest that researchers measuring MFO and Fatmax should take into account these key methodological issues that can considerably affect the accuracy, validity, and reliability of the measurement. Likewise, when comparing different studies, it is important to check whether the above-mentioned key methodological issues are similar in such studies to avoid ambiguous and unacceptable comparisons.

La cavidad ósea de Stafne es un hallazgo radiográfi co encontrado accidentalmente durante la exploración imagenológica de rutina. Este suceso se aprecia como una zona radiolúcida, bien delimitada y unilateral, encontrada en la parte posterior de la mandíbula. La mayoría de las ocasiones este hallazgo radiográfi co es confundido con patologías de origen tumoral o quístico. Sin embargo, al tratarse de una variante anatómica no requiere tratamiento alguno. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar el caso de un niño de ocho años de edad quien fue referido por presentar una lesión aislada a nivel mandibular encontrada accidentalmente durante un estudio radiográfi co, confundida inicialmente con un tumor, mismo que al ser estudiado a profundidad, no era más que un hallazgo anatómico no patológico: la cavidad ósea de de Stafne.

The α-Klotho gene was identified as a possible "aging-suppressor" agent that extends life span when overexpressed. However, little is known about the association of the body composition with the secreted protein form of the α-Klotho gene (S-Klotho). Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the association of body composition, including lean and fat mass as well as bone mineral density (BMD), with S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults. A total of 74 (39 women) middle-aged sedentary adults (53.7 ± 5.1 years old; 75.7 ± 14.0 kg; 167.8 ± 9.8 cm) participated in the study. We measured weight and height, and we used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure fat mass and lean mass. We calculated the body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), and lean mass index (LMI). The S-Klotho plasma levels were measured in the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid plasma using a solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was a strong positive association between LMI and S-Klotho plasma levels (

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is promoted as a time-efficient strategy to improve body composition but concomitant beer intake, which is common among physically active individuals, may interfere with these effects. The primary aim of this study is to determine the effects of a 10-week (2 days/week) HIIT program on anthropometric and body composition measurements, and to assess whether those effects are influenced by the moderate consumption of beer (at least 5 days/week), or its alcohol equivalent. Young (24 &plusmn, 6 years old) healthy adults (n = 72, 35 females) volunteered for a non-training group (Non-Training group) or for HIIT training. Those going for training choose whether they preferred to receive alcohol or not. Those choosing alcohol were randomly allocated for receiving beer (5.4%, T-Beer group) or the equivalent amount of alcohol (vodka, T-Ethanol group) in sparkling water. Those choosing no-alcohol were randomly allocated for receiving alcohol-free beer (0.0%, T-0.0Beer group) or sparkling water (T-Water group). From Monday through Friday, men ingested 330 mL of the beverage with lunch and 330 mL with dinner, women ingested 330 mL with dinner. Before and after the intervention, anthropometry and body composition, through dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry, were measured. No changes in body mass, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, visceral adipose tissue or bone mineral density occurred in any of the groups. By contrast, in all the training groups, significant decreases in fat mass together with increases in lean mass (all p &lt, 0.05) occurred. These positive effects were not influenced by the regular intake of beer or alcohol. In conclusion, a moderate beer intake does not blunt the positive effect of 10-week HIIT on body composition in young healthy adults.

La perspectiva espacial es uno de los aspectos soslayados dentro del estudio del fenómeno de la piratería en el Golfo-Caribe durante la época colonial. El objetivo del texto es arrojar luz en torno a las características generales de la geografía de la presencia y actividad de corsarios, piratas, bucaneros y filibusteros. Para ello, nos delimitamos a la conformación del espacio marítimo del corso francés entre 1536 y 1566. Lo anterior es posible gracias a la reconstrucción, parcial o toral, de rutas corsarias galas. El resultado es la identificación de un proceso de construcción espacial, alterno al hispano, en aquella región.

Fryer, SM, Giles, D, Garrido Palomino, I, de la O Puerta, A, and Espana-Romero, V. Hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory predictors of sport rock climbing performance. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3543-3550, 2018-Rock climbing performance has been suggested to involve a notable contribution from aerobic metabolism. Previously, it has been shown that forearm oxygenation kinetics can be used to distinguish ability groups and predict red-point sport climbing performance. Currently, it is not known if forearm oxygenation kinetics or a sport-specific assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness best predicts sport rock climbing performance. The aim of the study was to determine whether forearm oxidative capacity index, maximal deoxygenation (Δ score) during a treadwall V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak test, treadwall V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, or running V[Combining Dot Above]O2max best predicts self-reported sport climbing performance. Twenty-one male sport rock climbers completed a treadwall V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, running V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, and an assessment of near-infrared spectroscopy-derived oxidative capacity index. Linear regression, adjusted for age and experience (years), revealed that forearm oxidative capacity index, treadwall maximal deoxygenation (Δ), and treadwall V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak all significantly predicted self-reported red-point sport climbing ability (Adj R = -0.398, -0.255, and 0.374, respectively), whereas treadmill running V[Combining Dot Above]O2max did not (Adj R = -0.052). Additionally, multiple regression suggested that the combined significant aerobic predictors accounted for 67% of the variance in red-point climbing ability. Findings suggest that training for sport rock climbing performance should look to incorporate modalities that focus on (a) improving local forearm aerobic capacity and (b) improving whole-body aerobic capacity using sport-specific apparatus, such as treadwalls.

Introduction The ageing process can be influenced by different dietary patterns and dietary factors. Aim To analyse the association of dietary factors, which include the Mediterranean diet adherence, the compliance with the “Sociedad Espanola de Nutricion Comunitaria” food portion recommendations, and the intake of different food groups, with the secreted form of the α-Klotho gene (S-Klotho as an anti-ageing marker) in middle-aged sedentary adults. Methods A total of 74 (39 women) middle-aged sedentary adults participated in the study. Dietary factors were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and the PREDIMED questionnaire. The S-Klotho plasma levels were measured using a soluble α-Klotho ELISA assay kit. Results We observed: (i) a negative association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the S-Klotho plasma levels (β = −53.219; R2 = 0.078; P = 0.020), (ii) a higher intake of wine (>7 glasses/week), was associated with lower S-Klotho plasma levels (P = 0.039), and (iii) a positive association between nuts portion intake and the S-Klotho plasma levels (β = 26.087; R2 = 0.070; P = 0.029). All the associations disappeared after controlling for lean mass index (LMI) (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Our study suggests that, although dietary factors could be related to S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults, LMI is the main determinant in this regard.

Background α-Klotho is a recently discovered gene that accelerates ageing when disrupted and extends lifespan when overexpressed. The age-related decline in DHEAS and testosterone secretion and the increase in cortisol are associated with a rise of frailty and mortality. Objective To investigate the association of DHEAS, cortisol and testosterone plasma levels with S-Klotho plasma levels in healthy sedentary middle-aged adults. Methods 73 (39 women) healthy middle-aged sedentary adults (45–65 years old) were recruited for the present study. The blood samples were collected in the morning after fasting for 12 h. Results DHEAS was positively associated with S-Klotho in men (β = 0.521, R2 = 0.248, P = 0.002), whereas no association was observed in women (P ≥ 0.201). Testosterone was positively associated with S-Klotho in both men and women (β = 0.360, R2 = 0.099, P = 0.047; β = 0.431, R2 = 0.161, P = 0.010, respectively). No association was found between cortisol and S-Klotho neither in men nor in women (all P ≥ 0.141). The association between DHEAS and testosterone with S-Klotho in men disappeared after adjusting by age (all P ≥ 0.151). Nevertheless, the association between testosterone (β = 0.397, R2 = 0.423, P = 0.011) and S-Klotho in women remained after adjusting by age. Conclusions DHEAS and testosterone were positively associated with S-Klotho in healthy sedentary middle-aged men while only testosterone was positively associated in women.

Purpose: To analyze the diurnal variation of maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) in trained male athletes. Methods: A total of 12 endurance-trained male athletes age 24.7 (4.1) y participated in the study. The authors measured MFO, Fatmax, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and VO2 percentage at ventilatory threshold 2 with a graded exercise protocol performed on 2 days separated by 1 wk. One test was performed in the morning and the other in the afternoon. The authors assessed the participants’ chronotype using the HÖME questionnaire. Results: MFO and Fatmax were greater in the afternoon than in the morning (Δ = 13%, P P = .001, respectively), whereas there were similar VO2max and ventilatory threshold 2 in the morning, than in the afternoon test (Δ = 0.2%, P = .158 and Δ = 7%, P = .650, respectively). There was a strong positive association between VO2max and MFO in both morning and afternoon assessments (R2 = .783, P = .001 and R2 = .663, P 2max and Fatmax in both morning and afternoon assessments (R2 = .406, P = .024 and R2 = .414, P = .026, respectively). Conclusion: MFO and Fatmax may partially explain some of the observed diurnal variation in the performance of endurance sports.

Background: Ageing is associated with sleep pattern changes and body composition changes, which are related to several diseases. Purpose: This study aimed to analyse the association between sleep quality and an extensive set of body composition parameters (waist-hip ratio, body mass index, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, lean mass, lean mass index, fat mass, fat mass percentage, fat mass index, visceral adipose tissue) and sleep quality in sedentary middle-aged adults. We also aimed to evaluate whether the possible associations accord between subjective and objective measurements of sleep quality. Methods: 74 (39 women) middle-aged sedentary adults (40&ndash, 65 years old) participated in the present study. The sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scale and accelerometers. A PSQI global score more than 5 indicates poor sleep quality. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index and waist-hip ratio were also calculated. Body composition was assessed with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner. Results: The PSQI global score was negatively associated with bone mineral content, bone mineral density, lean mass, lean mass index and positively associated with fat mass percentage. No association was found between accelerometer parameters and body composition variables. Conclusion: We showed that a subjective poor sleep quality was negatively associated with bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), lean mass and lean mass index (LMI) whereas was positively associated with fat mass percentage in middle-aged adults. We also observed that these associations did not accord with objective sleep quality measurements.

On behalf of the HELENA study group: et al., [Objectives]: To determine dietary patterns (DPs) and explain the highest variance of vitamin B6, folate, and B12 intake and related concentrations among European adolescents., [Methods]: A total of 2173 adolescents who participated in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study met the eligibility criteria for the vitamin B intake analysis (46% boys) and 586 adolescents for the biomarkers analysis (47% boys). Two non-consecutive, 24-h, dietary recalls were used to assess the mean intakes. Concentrations were measured by chromatography and immunoassay testing. A reduced rank regression was applied to elucidate the combined effect of food intake of vitamin B and related concentrations., [Results]: The identified DPs (one per vitamin B intake and biomarker and by sex) explained a variability between 34.2% and 23.7% of the vitamin B intake and between 17.2% and 7% of the biomarkers. In the reduced rank regression models, fish, eggs, cheese, whole milk and buttermilk intakes were loaded positively for vitamin B intake in both sexes; however, soft drinks and chocolate were loaded negatively. For the biomarkers, a higher variability was observed in the patterns in terms of food loads such as alcoholic drinks, sugars, and soft drinks. Some food items were loaded differently between intakes and biomarkers such as fish products, which was loaded positively for intakes but negatively for plasma folate in girls., [Conclusions]: The identified DPs explained up to 34.2% and 17.2% of the variability of the vitamin B intake and plasma concentrations, respectively, in European adolescents. Further studies are needed to elucidate the factors that determine such patterns., HELENA study received funding from the European Union’s Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOODCT-2005-007034). Additional support from the Spanish Ministry of Education (AGL2007-29784-E/ALI), Axis-Shield Diagnostics Ltd (Oslo, Norway), Abbot Científica S.A. (Spain). This analysis was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (JCI-2010-07055) with the contribution of the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The first author is supported by a grant from the Spanish Carlos III Health Institute: RD08/0072/0025 (Red SAMID: Maternal, Child Health and Development Research Network).

Indirect calorimetry (IC) is considered the reference method to determine the resting energy expenditure (REE), but its use in a clinical context is limited. Alternatively, there is a number of REE predictive equations to estimate the REE. However, it has been shown that the available REE predictive equations could either overestimate or underestimate the REE as measured by IC. Moreover, the role of the weight status in the accuracy and validity of the REE predictive equations requires further attention. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the accuracy and validity of REE predictive equations in normal-weight, overweight, and obese sedentary middle-aged adults. A total of 73 sedentary middle-aged adults (53% women, 40–65 years old) participated in the study. We measured REE by indirect calorimetry, strictly following the standard procedures, and we compared it with the values obtained from 33 predictive equations. The most accurate predictive equations in middle-aged sedentary adults were: (i) the equation of FAO/WHO/UNU in normal-weight individuals (50.0% of prediction accuracy), (ii) the equation of Livingston in overweight individuals (46.9% of prediction accuracy), and (iii) the equation of Owen in individuals with obesity (52.9% of prediction accuracy). Our study shows that the weight status plays an important role in the accuracy and validity of different REE predictive equations in middle-aged adults., The study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU14/04172 and FPU15/03960) and by University of Granada; Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES).

We compared the level of attention capacity between adolescents from the center and south of Europe. The study included 627 European adolescents (54% girls), aged 12.5-17.5 years, who participated in the HELENA Study. The d2 Test of Attention was administered to assess attention capacity. The main results showed that adolescents from the south of Europe had significantly higher score in attention capacity compared with adolescents from central Europe (score + 8.1; 95%CI, 2.44-13.61) after adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic indicators, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness and diet quality index (p = 0.012).Adolescents from the south of Europe had higher levels of attention capacity than their counterparts from central Europe independently of sociodemographic and health-related factors. These differences should be taken into account by educational institutions when promoting new approaches for putting into the practice student's capacities. What is Known? • Attention is a crucial capacity during adolescence. • Several health-related factors (i.e., physical activity, fitness or fatness) may influence attention capacity in adolescents. What is New? • Adolescents from the south of Europe had higher levels of attention capacity than their counterparts from the center, after accounting for socioeconomic factors, fitness, fatness and quality of diet. • These differences should be taken into account by educational institutions when promoting new approaches for putting into the practice student's capacities.