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Introduction: supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children are associated with acute complications such as vascular complications that endanger the viability of the affected limb. Objective: to systematize acute vascular complications in patients with supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. Method: the search and analysis of the information was carried out over a period of 61 days (December 1, 2023 to January 31, 2024) and the following words were used: pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures AND vascular injury, pulseless hand AND pediatric supracondylar humeral fracture, complex fracture, compartment syndrome. Based on the information obtained, a bibliographic review of a total of 186 articles published in the databases was carried out. Results: reference is made to the behavior of the articles in the PubMed database in the last 10 years. The main characteristics of vascular lesions are mentioned in terms of their exploration and forms of presentation. The use of Doppler ultrasound and arteriography in these patients is discussed, as well as the procedure to follow. In relation to compartment syndrome, the incidence, forms of presentation and behavior to follow are described. Conclusions: acute vascular complications related to supracondylar fracture in pediatric patients constitute a challenge for medical personnel. Its variants are multiple with different interpretation and implementation, most of the complementary exams provide insufficient elements in the initial stages.

In this paper, the application of the stepped impedance synthesis technique in the design of tunable wideband substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Chebyshev filters is explored. By employing Chebyshev transfer functions and stepped impedances, achieved through impedance inverters, a Chebyshev bandpass response can be attained by combining the lowpass characteristics of this stepped impedance technique with the highpass behavior of the SIW (quasi-TE10 mode). The novel contribution of this work lies in extending this approach to designing tunable wideband SIW filters using varactor diode tuning elements. Unlike existing design methods of tunable SIW bandpass filters, the proposed technique fixes the lower cut-off frequency of the bandpass response around the cut-off frequency of the SIW TE10 mode, while essentially allowing adjustment of the higher cut-off frequency. This adjustment is facilitated by varying the impedance inverters and phase shifts of the filter sections. This is achieved by inserting varactor diodes between elliptic patterns and the SIW structure, and between SIW line sections and floating metallic posts. This innovative method has been applied to a third-order tunable wideband SIW filter. The measurements of the manufactured prototype have offered a significant tuning range (15.3%) with high-performance frequency responses (return loss higher than $RL =13$ dB and insertion loss lower than $IL =1$ dB), and a completely different tuning mechanism as compared to previous approaches.

Introducción: la osteomielitis es una infección ósea, que afecta con frecuencia a pacientes en edades pediátricas, con comportamiento variado en dependencia de la vía de llegada al hueso, tipo de germen y respuesta del huésped. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de un grupo de pacientes pediátricos con osteomielitis. Método: se realizó estudio observacional descriptivo en 39 pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico Provincial “Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña” de la ciudad de Camagüey, en el periodo comprendido desde el primero de enero de 2018 al 31 de diciembre del año 2022, y un total de 60 meses con diagnóstico de osteomielitis. Resultados: de los 39 pacientes investigados predominó el sexo masculino sobre el femenino (2,2:1). La edad promedio fue de 9 años. El promedio de estadía hospitalaria fue de 14,8 días. Las zonas más afectadas fueron las manos, el fémur y tibia distal. Predominó el tratamiento quirúrgico (2,2:1) con relación al conservador. La vía hematógena de llegada al hueso fue la más frecuente en el 86,4 % de los casos. El paso a la cronicidad fue la complicación más encontrada (el 33 %). El germen aislado con mayor frecuencia fue el Staphylococcus aureus (en el 85 % de los enfermos). Los antimicrobianos más indicados fueron la cefazolina, amikacina y fosfocina. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos en la investigación aportan elementos importantes desde el punto de vista epidemiológico en pacientes pediátricos que sufren de osteomielitis, lo que permite implementar estrategias de diagnósticas y terapéuticas en este grupo de pacientes.

Abstract Background Adipose tissue has gained attention due to its potential paracrine role. Periprostatic adipose tissue surrounds the prostate and the prostatic urethra, and it is an essential player in prostate cancer progression. Since obesity is directly related to human tumor progression, and adipose tissue depots are one of the significant components of the tumor microenvironment, the molecular mediators of the communication between adipocytes and epithelial cells are in the spotlight. Although periprostatic white adipose tissue contributes to prostate cancer progression, brown adipose tissue (BAT), which has beneficial effects in metabolic pathologies, has been scarcely investigated concerning cancer progression. Given that adipose tissue is a target of androgen signaling, the actual role of androgen removal on the periprostatic adipose tissue was the aim of this work. Methods Surgical castration of the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) was employed. By histology examination and software analysis, WAT and BAT tissue was quantified. 3T3-like adipocytes were used to study the role of Casodex® in modifying adipocyte differentiation and to investigate the function of the secretome of adipocytes on the proliferation of androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer cells. Finally, the role of cell communication was assayed by TRAMP-C1 xenograft implanted in the presence of 3T3-like adipocytes. Results Androgen removal increases brown/beige adipose tissue in the fat immediately surrounding the prostate glands of TRAMP mice, concomitant with an adjustment of the metabolism. Castration increases body temperature, respiratory exchange rate, and energy expenditure. Also, in vitro, it is described that blocking androgen signaling by Casodex® increases the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) marker in 3T3-like adipocytes. Finally, the effect of brown/beige adipocyte secretome was studied on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. The secretome of brown/beige adipocytes reduces the proliferation of prostate cancer cells mediated partly by the secretion of extracellular vesicles. Conclusions Consequently, we concluded that hampering androgen signaling plays a crucial role in the browning of the periprostatic adipose tissue. Also, the presence of brown adipocytes exhibits the opposite effect to that of white adipocytes in vitro regulating processes that govern the mechanisms of cell proliferation of prostate cancer cells. And finally, promoting the browning of adipose tissue in the periprostatic adipose tissue might be a way to handle prostate cancer cell progression. Video Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Environmental Justice Index is a tool released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that quantifies and ranks the environmental burden and social vulnerability of each census tract. Racial and ethnic disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes are well established. The relative contributions of individual (person-level) and environmental (neighborhood-level) risk factors to disease prevalence remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether the Environmental Justice Index is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes after adjustment for individual clinical and sociodemographic risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of all patients who delivered a singleton newborn at ≥23 weeks of gestation between January 2019 and February 2022 at 7 hospitals within a large academic health system in New York. Patients were excluded if their home address was not available, if the address could not be geocoded to a census tract, or if the census tract did not have corresponding Environmental Justice Index data. Patients were also excluded if they had preexisting diabetes or hypertension. For patients who had multiple pregnancies during the study period, only the first pregnancy was included for analysis. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from the electronic medical record. Environmental Justice Index score, the primary independent variable, ranges from 0 to 1. Higher Environmental Justice Index scores indicate communities with increased cumulative environmental burden and increased social vulnerability. The primary outcome was adverse pregnancy outcome, defined as the presence of ≥1 of any of the following conditions: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, low birthweight, small for gestational age newborn, placental abruption, and stillbirth. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to investigate the relationship between Environmental Justice Index score and adverse pregnancy outcome, adjusting for potential confounding variables, including body mass index group, race and ethnicity group, advanced maternal age, nulliparity, public health insurance, and English as the preferred language. RESULTS: A total of 65,273 pregnancies were included for analysis. Overall, adverse pregnancy outcomes occurred in 37.6% of pregnancies (n=24,545); hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (13.4%) and gestational diabetes (12.2%) were the most common adverse pregnancy outcome conditions. On unadjusted analysis, the strongest associations between Environmental Justice Index score and individual adverse pregnancy outcome conditions were observed for stillbirth (odds ratio, 1.079; 95% confidence interval, 1.025–1.135) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (odds ratio, 1.052; 95% confidence interval, 1.042–1.061). On multivariable logistic regression, every 0.1 increase in Environmental Justice Index score was associated with 1.4% higher odds of adverse pregnancy outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 1.014; 95% confidence interval, 1.007–1.021). The strongest associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes were observed with well-established clinical and social risk factors, including class 3 obesity (adjusted odds ratio, 1.710; 95% confidence interval, 1.580–1.849; reference: body mass index

Las lesiones de los músculos isquiotibiales están relacionadas con la práctica sistemática de actividades deportivas. El diagnóstico oportuno de las mismas así como el tratamiento temprano son claves para obtener un buen resultado. El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar información actualizada sobre los elementos más importantes de esta entidad traumática. La búsqueda y el análisis de la información se realizaron en el periodo desde el 1 de julio al 25 de noviembre de 2023. Se emplearon las siguientes palabras del idioma inglés: hamstring injury, hamstring avulsion, hamstring ruptura. A partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 402 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote. Se hace referencia a la presencia de factores de riesgo extrínsecos e intrínsecos, así como las divisiones de estos últimos. Se describen las formas de presentación clínica, así como los estudios imagenológicos más usados para el diagnóstico. Con relación al diagnóstico diferencial se describen un grupo de entidades relacionadas con la localización del dolor. Se mencionan las escalas para la evaluación de enfermos con esta afección y las modalidades de tratamiento, además las causas de fallo a la terapéutica, complicaciones y el retorno a la actividad deportiva. A manera de conclusión las lesiones de los músculos isquiotibiales son frecuentes en personas que practican de forma sistemática algún tipo de actividad física. El diagnóstico se basa en la presencia de dolor y limitación del movimiento articular. Palabras clave: músculos isquiotibiales, roturas musculares, factores de riesgo, tratamiento conservador, complicaciones

Introduction: currently, there is a lack of information in the national literature concerning joint loose bodies in the knee joint. These occur as a consequence of traumatic, degenerative, inflammatory and ischemic injuries. Objective: to update knowledge on the most general aspects concerning joint loose bodies in the knee and the use of the arthroscopy procedure on its treatment. Method: search and analysis of the information was performed on 59 days (January 1 to February 28, 2023) and the following keywords were used: foreing body AND knee, articular loose body AND knee, free body AND knee, locking knee arthroscopy AND locking. Based on the information obtained, a bibliographic review was made of a total of 211 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases. The EndNote search manager and reference manager was used. Of the total of articles, 33 contributions selected for the review were used, 32 were published the last five years. Development: it was refered in the study on the positive diagnosis based on the history, clinical picture and imaging. In relation to the differential diagnosis of this entity, special emphasis is made up with all the conditions that produce joint blockage. Specifically, meniscal lesions are reviewed, as well as the most commonly used classifications according to size, origin, quantity and mobility. In relation to the arthroscopic treatment, the following four stages were described: identification, trapping, extraction and revision. Final considerations: the arthroscopic approach, due to its multiple advantages, represents the most effective surgical modality for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with joint loose bodies in the knee.

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate time-modulated patch antennas able to exhibit opposite polarization ellipticity when operated in transmission or reception, effectively leading to nonreciprocal polarization responses. To this purpose, we merge a patch antenna fed from four symmetrical sides with a low-frequency time-modulation scheme. This configuration exploits the photonic Aharonov Bohm effect to individually manipulate the phase of surface currents flowing along orthogonal directions on the antenna with the phase of the modulation signals. The polarization states of the radiated/received waves can easily be calculated using diagrams in the Poincaré sphere together with the phase difference of the modulating signals. Experimental results at 2.2 GHz demonstrate high conversion efficiency in the time-modulation process, isolation levels over 40 dB in transmission/reception mode, and tunability to generate/receive electromagnetic waves with arbitrary polarization ellipticity. Our findings may enable exciting applications in full-duplex communications as well as in polarimetric radar, sensing and imaging systems.

Introduction: tibioperoneal syndesmosis injuries are frequent both in isolation or associated with posterior malleolus fractures. Clinical diagnosis is confirmed on imaging studies. Fixation methods might be rigid or dynamic as well. Objective: provide new aspects related to tibioperoneal syndesmosis injuries in terms of diagnosis, fixation methods and the use of arthroscopic procedure. Method: search and analysis of information needed were carried out in a period of 61 days (from October 1 to November 30, 2022) and the following words were used: syndesmosis injury, ankle syndesmosis instability, syndesmosis instability AND tight rope ankle instability, posterior maleolar fracture. Based on the information obtained, a bibliographic review of the total of 258 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases was carried out using the search engine and reference manager EndNote. Development: it was expressed in the study aspects related to clinical management used in diagnostic and classification on the types of CT scan for fracture associated with posterior malleolar fracture. The rigid and dynamic fixation methods and its characteristics were mentioned as well. The arthroscopic approaches and its advantages for both diagnosis and treatment were presented. Conclusions: distal tibioperoneal syndesmosis injuries are frequent ankle injury. Tomographic studies offer some advantages for determining how large the posterior malleolus fracture is. The arthroscopic approach offers multiple diagnostic and therapeutic advantages too.

La rótula baja es una enfermedad infrecuente, de causa congénita o adquirida, caracterizada por dolor en la zona anterior de la rodilla y limitación del movimiento articular. La radiografía simple, en proyección lateral, ayuda al diagnóstico a través de determinadas mediciones; asimismo, el tratamiento conservador no resulta muy exitoso, de ahí que las modalidades quirúrgicas son más empleadas. Debido a la importancia de esta temática y a la escasa información disponible en la bibliografía nacional e internacional, en el presente artículo se comenta brevemente al respecto, con el objetivo de brindar información sobre esta enfermedad para que sirva como guía de trabajo.

Introduction: traumatic injuries of the epiphysis are frequent in the pediatric age groups. The knee joint is one of the most involved, especially, distal femoral epiphysis. Objective: update and provide information concerning fractures of the distal femoral epiphysis. Method: search and analysis of information was gathered over a period of 61 days (April 1 to May 31, 2022) and the following words were used as a key: physeal injuries, physeal injuries and knee, physeal fractures aroundtheknee, distal femoral physeal fracture. Based on the information obtained, a bibliographic review was made of a total of 153 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases, using the search engine and reference manager EndNote: 34 selected citations were used for the review, 33 of them from the last five years. Development: the most important anatomical characteristics related to the mechanism of production were mentioned. The Salter Harris classification was pointed too. The main treatment modalities, both conservative and surgical, based on the classification, were presented. Regarding complications, the most reported in the literature were described. Conclusions: fractures of the distal femoral epiphysis are complex injuries. For a better understanding, it is important to know the mechanisms of production, as well as the classification based on the degree of severity. Both conservative and surgical therapeutics have precise indications based on the degree and displacement of epiphysis affection.

This paper presents for the first time a compact wideband bandpass filter in groove gap waveguide (GGW) technology. The structure is obtained by including metallic pins along the central part of the GGW bottom plate according to an n-order Chebyshev stepped impedance synthesis method. The bandpass response is achieved by combining the high-pass characteristic of the GGW and the low-pass behavior of the metallic pins, which act as impedance inverters. This simple structure together with the rigorous design technique allows for a reduction in the manufacturing complexity for the realization of high-performance filters. These capabilities are verified by designing a fifth-order GGW Chebyshev bandpass filter with a bandwidth BW = 3.7 GHz and return loss RL = 20 dB in the frequency range of the WR-75 standard, and by implementing it using computer numerical control (CNC) machining and three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques. Three prototypes have been manufactured: one using a computer numerical control (CNC) milling machine and two others by means of a stereolithography-based 3D printer and a photopolymer resin. One of the two resin-based prototypes has been metallized from a silver vacuum thermal evaporation deposition technique, while for the other a spray coating system has been used. The three prototypes have shown a good agreement between the measured and simulated S-parameters, with insertion losses better than IL = 1.2 dB. Reduced size and high-performance frequency responses with respect to other GGW bandpass filters were obtained. These wideband GGW filter prototypes could have a great potential for future emerging satellite communications systems.

Case summary An 8-year-old domestic longhair cat was evaluated for a right ventral subcutaneous cervical mass. Serial bloodwork and contrast-enhanced cranial and thoracic CT initially lacked ethmoturbinate lysis and showed a progressive, vascularized, right ventral cervical mass involving local lymph nodes. The mass was removed surgically on two occasions. Histopathology and fungal culture were diagnostic for a recurring sclerosing fungal granuloma and pyogranulomatous and eosinophilic lymphadenitis, consistent with Aspergillus species. The cat was treated with oral itraconazole; however, owing to the owner’s non-compliance in administering the medication and disease progression, the cat was humanely euthanized 3 years after diagnosis. Relevance and novel information The development of a cervical subcutaneous fungal granuloma of Aspergillus species in a domestic longhair cat before obvious maxillary, orbital or ethmoturbinate lysis on initial diagnostics is rare and suggests an early onset of lymphatic or hematogenous spread from a suspected nidus of infection within the sinonasal cavity.

Background: pure ankle dislocations are very rare injuries, they are caused by high-energy trauma especially traffic accidents and falls from heights. The treatment is usually surgical. Objective: to present a patient with traumatic, pure and open dislocation of the ankle joint. Case report: a 50-year-old woman, mixed race with no morbid health history, which suffers a height drop of approximately three meters and she is brought the Orthopedics and Traumatology service for presenting pain and total functional impotence of the right ankle. Through physical examination, open dislocation of the right ankle was detected with frank exposure of the articular surfaces of the distal tibia and the talus, as well as tendons and soft tissues. Taking into account all the above elements, it is decided to take the patient to the operating room, for surgical treatment. Immediately cleaning, pulsatile irrigation and debridement of the wound in the ankle joint, suture of the damaged soft tissue were performed; and external fixation type Hoffman® was placed in triangular type configuration. Conclusions: the treatment usually consists of the reduction and immobilization for six weeks, however in case of severe soft tissue involvement, where observation and wound healing is needed systematically, the use of external fixation is justified as the patient presented in this case. DeCS: ANKLE INJURIES/surgery; ANKLE FRACTURES/therapy; ORTHOPEDIC FIXATION DEVICES; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; EXTERNAL FIXATORS.

La inestabilidad patelofemoral es una entidad que afecta principalmente a adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. En su diagnóstico se consideran elementos clínicos e imagenológicos, en especial para medir la distancia entre la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia y el surco intercondíleo, que permite la selección de la técnica quirúrgica en cada paciente, en específico la transferencia de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia. En este artículo se exponen brevemente algunos aspectos de interés sobre el tema: métodos imagenológicos empleados en estos pacientes (radiografía simple, tomografía axial computarizada, imagen por resonancia magnética) y valores de referencia considerados como normales; también se describe por pasos cómo medir la distancia entre la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia y el surco intercondíleo.

Abstract Background The type VI protein secretion system (T6SS) is important in diverse cellular processes in Gram-negative bacteria, including interactions with other bacteria and with eukaryotic hosts. In this study we analyze the evolution of the T6SS in the genus Xanthomonas and evaluate its importance of the T6SS for virulence and in vitro motility in Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), the causal agent of bacterial blight in cassava (Manihot esculenta). We delineate the organization of the T6SS gene clusters in Xanthomonas and then characterize proteins of this secretion system in Xpm strain CIO151. Results We describe the presence of three different clusters in the genus Xanthomonas that vary in their organization and degree of synteny between species. Using a gene knockout strategy, we also found that vgrG and hcp are required for maximal aggressiveness of Xpm on cassava plants while clpV is important for both motility and maximal aggressiveness. Conclusion We characterized the T6SS in 15 different strains in Xanthomonas and our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the T6SS might have been acquired by a very ancient event of horizontal gene transfer and maintained through evolution, hinting at their importance for the adaptation of Xanthomonas to their hosts. Finally, we demonstrated that the T6SS of Xpm is functional, and significantly contributes to virulence and motility. This is the first experimental study that demonstrates the role of the T6SS in the Xpm-cassava interaction and the T6SS organization in the genus Xanthomonas.

Although several bandpass filters have been designed in the recently proposed empty substrate integrated waveguide (ESIW) technology to improve the quality factor and reduce losses with respect to those in SIW and planar technologies, all structures exhibit narrowband properties and none uses the design concept applied in this paper. The idea has been to insert a dielectric element in an ESIW section (DE-ESIW), which can work as a dielectric resonator or impedance inverter depending on the propagation nature of the fundamental mode. Thus, two novel Chebyshev bandpass filters for narrow and wide bandwidths based on this design concept have been designed in this paper in ESIW technology. The narrow bandpass filter has been realized by inserting four dielectric resonators in an evanescent ESIW section and using a coupling matrix synthesis method, whereas the wideband bandpass filter has been implemented by including six dielectric line sections in an ESIW line propagating the fundamental mode and applying a stepped impedance synthesis approach. A novel wideband microstrip to ESIW transition using cubic Bézier curves has also been designed for the successful integration of both narrow and wideband filters with other microstrip components. EM simulation and measurement frequency responses on manufactured prototypes have shown the versatility of the dielectric elements to efficiently implement narrowband and wideband ESIW bandpass filters, using the proposed design techniques based on coupling matrix and stepped impedances, respectively.

Background: soft tissue sarcomas are frequent lesions today and can affect a large number of patients at any age, their histological types are very varied hence the clinical behavior of these entities. Objective: to present a patient with myxofibrosarcoma in the anterior region of the right knee. Case report: 56-year-old white woman with a history of essential arterial hypertension, who goes to the outpatient department of Orthopedics and Traumatology for referring to having a tumor in the anterior part of the right knee that is accompanied by slight pain and functional disability. It appeared two years ago, but it has increased its size rapidly in the last three months. Taking into account all the previous elements, it was decided to take the patient to the operating room, for surgical treatment, where the tumor described above was removed surgically through the surrounding healthy tissue with safety margin, the piece was sent to the department of pathological anatomy for histological study, which later reported a tumor of myxofibrosarcoma type. Conclusions: myxofibrosarcoma is a malignant lesion that is located in the lower limb of slow growth with absence of pain, the imaging means provide very important information for its diagnosis, specifically high resolution ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Timely surgical treatment through extensive resection improves the prognosis. DeCS: KNEE/diagnostic imaging; SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASMS/surgery; SARCOMA/diagnostic imaging; SARCOMA/surgery; CASE REPORT.

Introduction: the aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare bone tumor that occurs in the first two decades of life. Case report: 25 year old white male patient with no known morbidity who came to the Orthopedic and Traumatology Clinic for moderate pain in his right heel. The computerized axial tomography detected osteolytic image at the level of the right calcaneus that does not break the cortical with partitions in its interior.It was decided to make a subsequent surgical incision, a bone window was opened and the location was checked by C-arc fluoroscopy. Curettage of the unfilled tumor was performed with bone grafting, the removed tissue was sent to the Department of Pathological Anatomy. Conclusions: the most used treatment for aneurysmal bone cyst is curettage with or without bone grafting depending on the amount of bone tissue involved in the lesion.

Background: the assessment of the current status and progression of gonarthrosis needs both clinical and imaging methods, the last ones require from medical personnel training, more time and acquaintance with digital technology. Objective: to describe two methods to measure the tibiofemoral space in patients suffering knee osteoarthritis. Methods: the information search and analysis was carried out from November 1 to December 26, 2018. The search terms in PubMed, Medline, Hinari and Scielo databases using the EndNote software were: tibiofemoral space measure AND knee osteoarthritis, knee joint space narrowing AND knee osteoarthritis, and knee joint space width. A total of 272 articles were obtained, from which we selected 31, 27 of them from the last five years. Results: here we show that measuring methods of the tibiofemoral space can be done with plain radiographies and digital ones, and also the radiographic image for the assessment, grading and analysis of the tibiofemoral joint space. We described two methods of measurement step by step. Conclusions: the tibiofemoral space measurement is important to establish the status of patients with gonarthrosis, and to evaluate by means of imagenology the outcome of conservative and surgical treatments of the disease. DeCS: OSTEOARTHRITIS, KNEE/diagnostic imaging; OSTEOARTHRITIS, KNEE/surgery; FEMUR/anatomy&histology; TIBIA/anatomy&histology; RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE ENHANCEMENT.

Background: tibial plateau fractures are common traumatic lesions due to vertical compression in varus and valgus. That is why open fractures associated to skin loss are not so frequent, because they are caused by direct mechanisms. Objective: to show a patient with an open tibial plateau fractures type VI according to Schatzker J classification system. Case report: a 61 year old mixed race, woman without health morbid antecedents, who after having a traffic accident was taken to emergency room of Orthopedics and Traumatology complaining of pain, swelling and limitation of movement of the left knee and leg. Simple imaging examination in antero-posterior and lateral views showed a structural break in the continuity of bone at epiphysis and metaphysis in the left proximal tibia. Definite treatment consisted of an osteosynthesis with cannulated screw and fixation by an external device type Hoffmann 1 with two pins in femur and tibia respectively. Conclusions: tibial plateau fractures type VI according to Schatzker J classification system are difficult to treat because of associated lesions and complications as open fractures and skin loss. External fixation is a useful and easy method to fix complex fractures as tibial plateau fractures. DeCS: TIBIAL FRACTURES/surgery; TIBIAL MENISCUS INJURIES/therapy; FRACTURES, COMPRESSION; FRACTURES, OPEN; EXTERNAL FIXATORS.

Background: degenerative joint diseases of the lower limb have a high prevalence especially those that affect the knee joint. To evaluate the treatment modalities used, scales are used that are originated in other countries. Objective: to validate an evaluation instrument with modifications adapted to the national context. Methods: a development investigation was carried out to address the modification and validation of the The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale in the evaluation of patients with primary gonarthrosis; at the Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital in the city of Camagüey in the period from September 2018 to January 2019. Results: the validation was carried out through an initial process that included the translation into Spanish language and cultural translation, experts consultation, techniques and procedures broken down into five steps such as: definition and characterization of the object of study, selection of indicators, definition of the scale, construction of items and evaluative form of the instrument. To explore the validity the following components were defined: appearance, content based on Moriyama criteria, construct and criterion validity. For the modification and validation of the scale, the data was obtained from primary sources, which produced a database; in statistical processing, summary measures (average and standard deviation), Pearson's linear correlation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and factor analysis were used with the help of the SPSS 25.0 statistical package for Windows. Conclusions: the reliability and validity of the demonstrated modified scale makes it very useful for the evaluation of patients with primary gonarthrosis. DeCS: OSTEOARTHRITIS, KNEE/classification; OSTEOARTHRITIS, KNEE/epidemiology; OSTEOARTHRITIS, KNEE/therapy; Knee Joint; Validation Studies.

The poor patellofemoral alignment has multiple anatomical causes and one of them is the dysplasia of the distal femur trochlea, reason why its treatment depends on several factors. To deepen in the essential elements of the trochleoplasty technique, an exhaustive literature review was carried out where some aspects of interest were analyzed, that is: most used classification for the trochlear dysplasias, most important imagenologic elements, indications of the surgical technique, contraindications, main modalities of trochleoplasty and surgical approaches. It was concluded that this is a procedure with very specific indications and can be carried out by means of open surgery or arthroscopic way.

A new class of wideband bandpass filters based on using thick metallic bars as microwave resonators is presented in this work. These bars provide a series of advantages over fully planar printed technologies, including higher coupling levels between resonators, higher unloaded quality factors QU, and larger bandwidths implemented with compact structures. In comparison to dielectric and waveguide resonators filters, higher bandwidths together with lower weight and footprint reduction are achieved with the proposed thick bars technology. Moreover, thick bar resonators can easily be coupled to an additional resonance excited in a box used for shielding, allowing to realize transversal topologies able to implement transmission zeros at desired frequencies. To illustrate the capabilities of this technology, three microwave filters with different topologies have been designed. One of the designed filters has been manufactured and tested using copper bars inside an aluminum housing partially filled with Teflon. Measured data demonstrates a fractional bandwidth of FBW = 32%, spurious free range SFR > 50%, unloaded quality factor of QU = 1180, insertion losses over 0.16 dB and return losses over 20 dB, without requiring any post-tuning operation on the prototype. This result confirms the exciting performance of the proposed technology for wideband applications.

The analysis and design of reflectarray (RA) antennas based in delay lines is introduced for the first time from a filter perspective. To this purpose, each unit-cell of the RA is considered as a network composed of two ports, one being the delay line and the other one the free-space. This approach allows to borrow the coupling matrix formalism from filter theory and apply it to design unit-cells exhibiting broadband operation together with very sharp frequency responses. The concept is demonstrated with the aid of planar printed unit-cells coupled to substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs) through slots, a configuration that offers significant advantages to shape its frequency response while providing relatively low loss. With the aim of validation, a third order filter structure integrated in SIW-based unit-cells has been experimentally tested using the waveguide simulator technique, at a center frequency of 9 GHz. Measurements demonstrate a high-quality linear phase variation and range, and large frequency selectivity together with broadband response for the element of about 18%. The experimental results show the feasibility of this approach for the design of broadband reflectarray antennas exhibiting sharp gain responses. To illustrate the concept, a medium size reflectarray has been theoretically designed using the proposed unit cell at 9 GHz, showing a directive beam with 35.8 dB gain, sharp gain selectivity over 18 dB, and confirms the wide band operation with 20.3% bandwidth for a 3 dB gain variation.

El dolor de la rodilla obedece a múltiples causas, entre ellas el edema óseo que se asocia a un gran grupo de entidades. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de actualizar sobre los elementos más importantes respecto al edema óseo alrededor de la rodilla. Se señalan las características específicas detectadas mediante la imagen de resonancia magnética. Se hace referencia a la clasificación más utilizada para esta entidad que lo divide en cuatro grados. Se exponen los grupos principales en isquémicos, mecánicos y reactivos y su relación con las enfermedades. Con relación al tratamiento se mencionan las modalidades conservadoras y quirúrgicas, en la primera se incluyen el uso de analgésicos, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, suspensión del apoyo del peso corporal, entre otros. Las modalidades quirúrgicas están justificadas en los casos más avanzados, e incluyen las perforaciones, curetajes, trasplante osteocondral o de condrocitos. Palabras clave: edema de médula ósea, dolor óseo, edema de la rodilla.

Introduction SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mexico has caused ~2.7 million confirmed cases; around 20%–25% of health workers will be infected by the virus at their workplace, with approximately 4.4% of mortality. High infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 is related with cell entry mechanism, through the ACE receptor. SARS-CoV-2 requires transmembrane protease serine 2 to cleave its spike glycoprotein and ensure fusion of host cell and virus membrane. We propose studying prophylactic treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and bromhexine (BHH), which have been shown to be effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection progression when administered in early stages. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of HCQ and BHH as prophylactic treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthy health workers exposed to the virus.Methods and analysis Double-blind randomised clinical trial, with parallel allocation at a 1:1 ratio with placebo, of low doses of HCQ plus BHH, for 60 days. Study groups will be defined as follows: (1) HCQ 200 mg/day+BHH 8 mg/8 hours versus (2) HCQ placebo plus BHH placebo. Primary endpoint will be efficacy of both interventions for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, determined by the risk ratio of infected personnel and the absolute risk. At least a 16% reduction in absolute risk is expected between the intervention and placebo groups; a minimum of 20% infection is expected in the placebo group. The sample size calculation estimated a total of 214 patients assigned: two groups of 107 participants each.Ethics and dissemination This protocol has been approved by the local Medical Ethics Committee (National Institute of Rehabilitation ‘Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra’, approval number INRLGII/25/20) and by the Federal Commission for Protection against Sanitary Risks (COFEPRIS, approval number 203 300 410A0058/2020). The results of the study will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated through conferences.Trial registration number NCT04340349.

Background: articular cartilage is an important avascular, alinphatic and aneural tissue in joints, it is mainly affected by degenerative disease. Objective: to update knowledge about normal, aging and degenerative articular cartilage. Methods: a three months research and analysis were conducted from October 1st, 2018 to December 31th, 2018. Our review included 164 articles published in PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases by using EndNote. The words used were cartilage AND osteoarthritis, cartilage AND knee osteoarthritis, cartilage. Fifty citations were selected, 48 of all them within the last five years, were used to write the present paper. Results: macro and microscopic features of articular cartilage were mentioned as well as its organization in zones and areas. Degenerative process was described at different levels, and in aging. Conclusions: articular cartilage is the most affected tissue in osteoarthritis. Cartilage is organized by zones and areas which are affected as degenerative disease progresses. The start point of osteoarthritis is enzymatic and gradually affects synovial tissue and sub-chondral bone. It is important to know the main differences between aging and degenerative cartilages. DeCS:CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR; OSTEOARTHRITIS/enzymology; JOINT DISEASES; OSTEOARTHRITIS, KNEE; SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.

Background: Monteggia's fracture is generally an uncommon traumatic injury, even more when it is one of its equivalent injuries. Objective: to show the evolution of a patient with an uncommon Monteggia's fracture. Case report: a 37 year-old black, woman, without health antecedents, who suffered a fall from her own feet in her bathroom, was taken to emergency room of Orthopedic and Traumatology complaining of pain, swelling and limitation of movement of the right elbow and distal. Because of the lesion features, surgical treatment was needed by open reduction and internal fixation of both fractures of the ulna. Conclusions: Monteggia's fracture is an unusual lesion, even more some equivalent type 1 lesions which occur more common in children than adults. DeCS: ELBOW/injuries; ELBOW/surgery; MONTEGGIA'S FRACTURE/surgery; MONTEGGIA'S FRACTURE /diagnostic imaging; FRACTURE FIXATION.

When exploring big amounts of data without a clear target, providing an interactive experience becomes really difficult, since this tentative inspection usually defeats any early decision on data structures or indexing strategies. This is also true in the physics domain, specifically in high-energy physics, where the huge volume of data generated by the detectors are normally explored via C++ code using batch processing, which introduces a considerable latency. An interactive tool, when integrated into the existing data management systems, can add a great value to the usability of these platforms. Here, we intend to review the current state-of-the-art of interactive data exploration, aiming at satisfying three requirements: access to raw data files, stored in a distributed environment, and with a reasonably low latency. This paper follows the guidelines for systematic mapping studies, which is well suited for gathering and classifying available studies. We summarize the results after classifying the 242 papers that passed our inclusion criteria. While there are many proposed solutions that tackle the problem in different manners, there is little evidence available about their implementation in practice. Almost all of the solutions found by this paper cover a subset of our requirements, with only one partially satisfying the three. The solutions for data exploration abound. It is an active research area and, considering the continuous growth of data volume and variety, is only to become harder. There is a niche for research on a solution that covers our requirements, and the required building blocks are there.

Standardized islet characterization assays that can provide results in a timely manner are essential for successful islet cell transplantation. A critical component of islet cell quality is β-cell function, and perifusion-based assessments of dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) are the most informative method to assess this, as they provide the most complex in vitro evaluation of GSIS. However, protocols used vary considerably among centers and investigators as they often use different low- and high-glucose concentrations, exposure-times, flow-rates, oxygen concentrations, islet numbers, analytical methods, measurement units, and instruments, which result in different readouts and make comparisons across platforms difficult. Additionally, the conditions of islet storage and shipment prior to assessment may also affect islet function. Establishing improved standardized protocols for perifusion GSIS assays should be an integral part of the ongoing effort to increase the rigor of human islet studies. Here, we performed detailed evaluation of GSIS of human islets using a fully automated multichannel perifusion instrument following various warm-up recovery times after cold storage that corresponds to current shipping conditions (8°C). We found that recovery times shorter than 18 h (overnight) resulted in impaired insulin secretion. While the effects were relatively moderate on second-phase insulin secretion, first-phase peaks were restored only following 18-h incubation. Hence, the biphasic profile of dynamic GSIS was considerably affected when islets were not allowed to recover for a sufficient time after being maintained in cold. Accordingly, while cold storage might improve islet cell survival during shipment and prolong the length of culture, functional assessments should be performed only after allowing for at least overnight recovery at physiological temperatures.

Background: shoulder instability is a common desease, affecting mainly young patients, before surgery measures of anterior glenoid bone loss is crucial to define surgical treatment modality in each patient. Objective: this review aims to provide a method to measure anterior glenoid bone loss in patients suffering from unstable shoulders. Methods: a four month research was conducted from May 1st 2018 to August 31th 2018. Our review included 352 articles published in PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases by using EndNote. The words used were glenoid bone loss, Bankart lesions, shoulder instability, unstable shoulder. Forty six selected citations, all them within the last five years, were used to write the present paper. Results: incidence and importance of measure methods of anterior glenoid bone loss were mentioned, among them: diameter based and surface area methods, beside comparative one. In regards to the first two, advantages and disadvantages were pointed out. The technique was described by steps to measure bone defect. Conclusions: the proposed measure methods can be used in our health institutions and are useful to decide surgical plan. DeCS: SHOULDER JOINT/surgery; SHOULDER INJURIES/surgery; ARTHROSCOPY; BANKART LESIONS/surgery; JOINT INSTABILITY.

Glucose, chief metabolic support for cancer cell survival and growth, is mainly imported into cells by facilitated glucose transporters (GLUTs). The increase in glucose uptake along with tumor progression is due to an increment of facilitative glucose transporters as GLUT1. GLUT1 prevents cell death of cancer cells caused by growth factors deprivation, but there is scarce information about its role on the damage caused by glucose deprivation, which usually occurs within the core of a growing tumor. In prostate cancer (PCa), GLUT1 is found in the most aggressive tumors, and it is regulated by androgens. To study the response of androgen-sensitive and insensitive PCa cells to glucose deprivation and the role of GLUT1 on survival mechanisms, androgen-sensitive LNCaP and castration-resistant LNCaP-R cells were employed. Results demonstrated that glucose deprivation induced a necrotic type of cell death which is prevented by antioxidants. Androgen-sensitive cells show a higher resistance to cell death triggered by glucose deprivation than castration-resistant cells. Glucose removal causes an increment of H2O2, an activation of androgen receptor (AR) and a stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase activity. In addition, glucose removal increases GLUT1 production in androgen sensitive PCa cells. GLUT1 ectopic overexpression makes PCa cells more resistant to glucose deprivation and oxidative stress-induced cell death. Under glucose deprivation, GLUT1 overexpressing PCa cells sustains mitochondrial SOD2 activity, compromised after glucose removal, and significantly increases reduced glutathione (GSH). In conclusion, androgen-sensitive PCa cells are more resistant to glucose deprivation-induced cell death by a GLUT1 upregulation through an enhancement of reduced glutathione levels. Keywords: Glut1, Prostate cancer, Glucose deprivation, Androgen receptor, Glutathione, Oxidative stress

The main objective of this paper is to shows the audit results to the compensation process in 29 public and private organizations. The audit program is mainly focused in revising each stage of the compensation process previously identified and consists of the following: twelve attributes for the stage of diagnosis and analysis, thirty-three attributes for the planning and design phase, four attributes for the communication and review stage, eleven attributes to audit the implementation phase, six attributes to the evaluation stage and finally there are three attributes for the reformulation stage. Each one of these attributes have been defined by a number of risks. We have developed a series of procedures that the auditor should perform in order to have sufficient and competent evidence that support his opinion of the compensation process in the entity under analysis.

Purpose: Service-learning (SL) shows potential to respond to the global policy agenda of education for sustainable development (ESD) by increasing pro-sustainability competences through direct involvement of students in projects that satisfy identified community needs. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of studies that attempt to measure the impact of SL on students' sustainability competences, especially the action competence. This study aims to address this gap by examining the experiences of higher education students. Design/methodology/approach: A pre-post survey design based on the Self-Perceived Action Competence for Sustainability Questionnaire was conducted on an interdisciplinary group of 219 students of two courses (Sustainable Development and Ecology) in Medellin, Colombia, half of which (109) participated in SL projects. Findings: Sufficient empirical evidence was found to suggest that SL boosts the impact of academic courses regarding action competences in students (specially their willingness to act). Research limitations/implications: The statistical analysis shows some contradictions that should be addressed in further research. Practical implications: These results can encourage more educators and universities to implement strategies such as SL to move forward with ESD and thus help overcome the current socioecological crisis. Originality/value: This paper not only discusses the theoretical potential of SL but also contrasts theory with empirical observations of 13 SL projects assessed in terms of self-perceived action competence for sustainability.

Para muchos historiadores la escuela es un acontecimiento fundamentalmente urbano. Pero ¿qué escuela, para qué ciudad, fue la que originalmente surgió? ¿lo que hoy conocemos por escuela es básicamente la misma que nació con la ciudad?, y, ¿hoy habitamos las mismas ciudades? Responder estas preguntas nos debe servir para esclarecer otra mas ¿la escuela de hoy es pertinente para la ciudad de hoy?

En la era de la convergencia digital, la consecución en las organizaciones de un modelo de relación y gestión de intereses con los públicos simétrico y bidireccional requieren de la construcción de una imagen y una reputación, resultado de una planificación estratégica de la comunicación. Sin embargo, esta perspectiva sistémica -en la que la comunicación se vuelve eje transversal a todos procesos organizacional- y que le asigna al profesional de la comunicación una función directiva –Dircom-, no es una constante en la realidad en las empresas ecuatorianas. Este artículo es resultado de la investigación que lleva adelante el Observatorio de la Comunicación Estratégica del Ecuador de la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja-Ecuador, el constituido en 2014 para estudiar el perfil profesional de los comunicadores en el ámbito de la comunicación interna, corporativa, digital y la comercial así como la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa. Para este primer año, se ha enfocado en la identificación de la situación actual de la Comunicación Estratégica: profesionales formados para desempeñar esta función, organización, función de la comunicación estratégica en las empresas, estrategias y acciones ejecutadas, y tendencias. Los resultados recogidos en este trabajo se han contrastado con algunos de los resultados del trabajo realizado en el European Communication Monitor 2014. Descubriendo que tanto en Europa como en Ecuador, la tendencia del uso de tecnologías para las diversas tareas y actividades en el área de comunicación se incrementa. Es necesario entonces encontrar un escenario común de diálogo y aportaciones hacia un mismo objetivo: conseguir una experiencia equilibrada de relación simétrica con las personas.

The serine protease thrombin activates Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs), a family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activated by the proteolytic cleavage of their extracellular N-terminal domain. Four members of this family have been identified: PAR1–4. The activation of Protease-Activated Receptor 1(PAR1), the prototype of this receptor family, leads to an increase in intracellular Ca+2 concentration ([Ca+2]i) mediated by Gq11α coupling and phospholipase C (PLC) activation. We have previously shown that the stimulation of PAR1 by thrombin promotes intracellular signaling leading to RPE cell transformation, proliferation, and migration which characterize fibroproliferative eye diseases leading to blindness. Within this context, the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in PAR1 inactivation is of utmost importance. Due to the irreversible nature of PAR1 activation, its inactivation must be efficiently regulated in order to terminate signaling. Using ARPE-19 human RPE cell line, we characterized thrombin-induced [Ca+2]i increase and demonstrated the calcium-dependent activation of μ-calpain mediated by PAR1. Calpains are a family of calcium-activated cysteine proteases involved in multiple cellular processes including the internalization of membrane proteins through clathrin-coated vesicles. We demonstrated that PAR1-induced calpain activation results in the degradation of α-spectrin by calpain, essential for receptor endocytosis, and the consequent decrease in PAR1 membrane expression. Collectively, the present results identify a novel μ-calpain-dependent mechanism for PAR1 inactivation following exposure to thrombin.

Low-cost and flexible radio frequency identification (RFID) tag for automatic identification, tracking, and monitoring of blood products is in great demand by the healthcare industry. A robust performance to meet security and traceability requirements in the different blood sample collection and analysis centers is also required. In this paper, a novel low-cost and flexible passive RFID tag is presented for blood sample collection tubes. The tag antenna is based on two compact symmetrical capacitive structures and works at the ultra-high frequency (UHF) European band (865 MHz−868 MHz). The tag antenna is designed considering the whole dielectric parameters such as the blood, substrate and tube. In this way, it operates efficiently in the presence of blood, which has high dielectric permittivity and loss. Measurement results of the proposed tag have confirmed simulation results. The measured performance of the tag shows good matching in the desired frequency band, leading to reading ranges up to 2.2 m, which is 4.4 times higher than typical commercial tags. The potential of this tag as a sensor to monitor the amount of blood contained in clinic tubes is also demonstrated. It is expected that the proposed tag can be useful and effective in future RFID systems to introduce security and traceability in different blood sample collection and analysis centers.

Selection of an optimal donor pancreas is the first key task for successful islet isolation. We conducted a retrospective multicenter study in 11 centers in North America to develop an islet donor scoring system using donor variables. The data set consisting of 1,056 deceased donors was used for development of a scoring system to predict islet isolation success (defined as postpurification islet yield >400,000 islet equivalents). With the aid of univariate logistic regression analyses, we developed the North American Islet Donor Score (NAIDS) ranging from 0 to 100 points. The c index in the development cohort was 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.70–0.76). The success rate increased proportionally as the NAIDS increased, from 6.8% success in the NAIDS < 50 points to 53.7% success in the NAIDS ≥ 80 points. We further validated the NAIDS using a separate set of data consisting of 179 islet isolations. A comparable outcome of the NAIDS was observed in the validation cohort. The NAIDS may be a useful tool for donor pancreas selection in clinical practice. Apart from its utility in clinical decision making, the NAIDS may also be used in a research setting as a standardized measurement of pancreas quality.

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la técnica de Ghali modificada para el tratamiento quirúrgico del metatarso varo; es un procedimiento que permite corregir la deformidad en adducción del antepié. Esta técnica es sencilla, de corta duración, poco invasiva sobre las partes blandas con un tiempo de inmovilización breve en comparación con la original de Ghali. El procedimiento quirúrgico de la técnica modificada consiste en una incisión menor que va desde el cuello del primer metatarsiano hasta la primera cuña, tenotomía del músculo abductor del grueso artejo que está tenso como cuerda de arco, se aumenta la adducción del antepié, capsulotomía metatarsocuneana donde se produce la adducción principal, al igual que la de Ghali se tenotomiza el tibial anterior de la primera cuña para liberar su acción supinadora y posteriormente se inmoviliza por un periodo de seis semanas.

Este ensayo tiene como objetivo el análisis de la situación actual respecto al concepto de Spin-Off en Chile como mecanismo que las universidades pueden utilizar para transferir resultados de la investigación pública en el sistema económico. Si bien, se reconoce la importancia en cuanto a la innovación y el emprendimiento, para el desarrollo de universidades emprendedoras, las Spin-Offs no han sido estimuladas desde las universidades. El ensayo se centra en contextualizar el desarrollo de Spin-Off en otros países de Norteamérica y Europa y enfatizar los factores que han permitido su nacimiento, crecimiento y principales resultados en dichas naciones. Su objetivo principal es identificar y proporcionar orientaciones para estimular el desarrollo de Spin-Off universitarias en el país. Se concluye que los modelos de negocio son importantes para comercializar los resultados de investigación, así como el papel que juega el equipo investigador, debiendo considerarse estrategias para fomentar las capacidades propias de este equipo, más allá del perfil técnico. Chile, tiene una gran oportunidad de liderar el desarrollo de esta línea de crecimiento en Latinoamérica, tomando como experiencia los casos internacionales.

Este "exercício de economia política para a análise da conjuntura" examina diversas dimensões do desempenho recente da economia mexicana para no final orientar a análise para a dimensão política, especialmente no que concerne aos mecanismo de sustentação do poder do PRI e às alianças das principais forças eleitorais.This "exercise in political economy directed to the analysis of the conjuncture" examines several dimensions of the recent performance of the Mexican economy, finishing by focusing the analysis on the political dimension, specially concerning the mechanisms for buttressing the power of the PRI and the alliances between the main electoral forces.

Anticancer topoisomerase "poisons" exploit the break-and-rejoining mechanism of topoisomerase II (TOP2) to generate TOP2-linked DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). This characteristic underlies the clinical efficacy of TOP2 poisons, but is also implicated in chromosomal translocations and genome instability associated with secondary, treatment-related, haematological malignancy. Despite this relevance for cancer therapy, the mechanistic aspects governing repair of TOP2-induced DSBs and the physiological consequences that absent or aberrant repair can have are still poorly understood. To address these deficits, we employed cells and mice lacking tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2), an enzyme that hydrolyses 5'-phosphotyrosyl bonds at TOP2-associated DSBs, and studied their response to TOP2 poisons. Our results demonstrate that TDP2 functions in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and liberates DSB termini that are competent for ligation. Moreover, we show that the absence of TDP2 in cells impairs not only the capacity to repair TOP2-induced DSBs but also the accuracy of the process, thus compromising genome integrity. Most importantly, we find this TDP2-dependent NHEJ mechanism to be physiologically relevant, as Tdp2-deleted mice are sensitive to TOP2-induced damage, displaying marked lymphoid toxicity, severe intestinal damage, and increased genome instability in the bone marrow. Collectively, our data reveal TDP2-mediated error-free NHEJ as an efficient and accurate mechanism to repair TOP2-induced DSBs. Given the widespread use of TOP2 poisons in cancer chemotherapy, this raises the possibility of TDP2 being an important etiological factor in the response of tumours to this type of agent and in the development of treatment-related malignancy.

There were identified four factors that determine the enterprising potential capacity of a pupil belonging to higher education centers (attributes of the entrepreneur, interpersonal capacities, capacities opposite to the risk and attitude of the entrepreneur). On having organized into a hierarchy using the AHP method, it concluded the vectors of priority giving a major importance for attitude and attributes of the entrepreneur, which as a whole represent 76%. The index of enterprising potential capacity was 74% and the percentage of pupils with effective enterprising capacity was 16%. This gap of development of enterprising capacity represents a strategic challenge for each higher education centers, to contribute to its value and in addition to the local, regional and national development. There proposes a model of analysis of the enterprising capacities, who would allow significant achievements in the formation of effective enterprising capacities.