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Objective There are no globally agreed on strategies on early detection and first response management of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) during and after caesarean birth. Our study aimed to develop an international expert’s consensus on evidence-based approaches for early detection and obstetric first response management of PPH intraoperatively and postoperatively in caesarean birth.Design Systematic review and three-stage modified Delphi expert consensus.Setting International.Population Panel of 22 global experts in PPH with diverse backgrounds, and gender, professional and geographic balance.Outcome measures Agreement or disagreement on strategies for early detection and first response management of PPH at caesarean birth.Results Experts agreed that the same PPH definition should apply to both vaginal and caesarean birth. For the intraoperative phase, the experts agreed that early detection should be accomplished via quantitative blood loss measurement, complemented by monitoring the woman’s haemodynamic status; and that first response should be triggered once the woman loses at least 500 mL of blood with continued bleeding or when she exhibits clinical signs of haemodynamic instability, whichever occurs first. For the first response, experts agreed on immediate administration of uterotonics and tranexamic acid, examination to determine aetiology and rapid initiation of cause-specific responses. In the postoperative phase, the experts agreed that caesarean birth-related PPH should be detected primarily via frequently monitoring the woman’s haemodynamic status and clinical signs and symptoms of internal bleeding, supplemented by cumulative blood loss assessment performed quantitatively or by visual estimation. Postoperative first response was determined to require an individualised approach.Conclusion These agreed on proposed approaches could help improve the detection of PPH in the intraoperative and postoperative phases of caesarean birth and the first response management of intraoperative PPH. Determining how best to implement these strategies is a critical next step.

Tuberculosis (TB) still represents a major public health problem in many regions of the world. TB control can only be achieved through a comprehensive and inclusive response which takes into account both upstream and downstream coordinated interventions related to structural determinants such as poverty, nutrition, sanitation, housing and access to healthcare as well as timely diagnosis and support throughout the course of treatment. Several social and financial support strategies have been proposed to improve TB treatment adherence, including conditional cash transfers (CCTs). In this context, demonstrating that social protection directly improves a specific health outcome using routinely collected data, incomplete registries or surveillance reports brings about many methodological challenges. We briefly discuss this paper and some limitations, describe main findings from our own research in this area and make a call to expand social protection interventions to address structural conditions of those most affected.

Abstract Objective Our study analyzes the cost-effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru. Methods Using a previously published SVEIR model, we analyzed the impact of a vaccination campaign (2021) from a national healthcare perspective. The primary outcomes were quality adjusted life years (QALYs) lost and total costs. Other outcomes included COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and life years. We applied a discount rate of 3% for health outcomes. We modeled a realistic vaccination campaign in each country (the realistic country-specific campaign). Additionally, we assessed a standard campaign (similar, “typical“ for all countries), and an optimized campaign (similar in all countries with higher but plausible population coverage). One-way deterministic sensitivity analyses were performed. Findings Vaccination was health improving as well as cost-saving in almost all countries and scenarios. Our analysis shows that vaccination in this group of countries prevented 573,141 deaths (508,826 standard; 685,442 optimized) and gained 5.07 million QALYs (4.53 standard; 6.03 optimized). Despite the incremental costs of vaccination campaigns, they had a total net cost saving to the health system of US$16.29 billion (US$16.47 standard; US$18.58 optimized). The realistic (base case) vaccination campaign in Chile was the only scenario, which was not cost saving, but it was still highly cost-effective with an ICER of US$22 per QALY gained. Main findings were robust in the sensitivity analyses. Interpretation The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in seven Latin American and Caribbean countries -that comprise nearly 80% of the region- was beneficial for population health and was also cost-saving or highly cost-effective.

La diarrea es una de las enfermedades más frecuentes en la infancia, y la diarrea aguda sanguinolenta (DAS), uno de los eventos de notificación obligatoria individual de mayor incidencia en el Área Programática bajo estudio. OBJETIVO: describir las características de los casos de DAS en un hospital público de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de las DAS en menores de 18 años, notificadas por el Hospital Piñero y sus centros de atención primaria durante 2017. Se utilizaron como fuentes de información el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Salud y la base de datos del laboratorio del hospital, incluido el sistema Whonet. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 119 casos, y la mediana de edad fue de 3 años. Ingresaron coprocultivos de 53 pacientes (45%), de los cuales 22 resultaron positivos para enteropatógenos. El examen fresco de materia fecal con características inflamatorias no se asoció con un coprocultivo positivo (p=0,4). Los gérmenes aislados fueron Shigella flexneri (n=15), Shigella sonnei (n=3), Salmonella Typhimurium (n=1), Salmonella enterica sp. no Typhi, (n=1) y Campylobacter coli (n=2). El 40% de los gérmenes aislados fue resistente a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol. No se observó resistencia a furazolidona ni cepas portadoras de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido. CONCLUSIONES: El ingreso de coprocultivo fue bajo, la furazolidona podría ser una opción terapéutica en esta población, y no hubo desarrollo posterior de síndrome urémico hemolítico en ningún caso.