17 results on '"Alejandra Martínez‐Ghersa, M."'
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2. The plant hormone salicylic acid interacts with the mechanism of anti-herbivory conferred by fungal endophytes in grasses
- Author
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Bastías, Daniel A., primary, Alejandra Martínez-Ghersa, M., additional, Newman, Jonathan A., additional, Card, Stuart D., additional, Mace, Wade J., additional, and Gundel, Pedro E., additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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3. Paraphoma chrysanthemicola Affects the Carbohydrate and Lobetyolin Metabolism Regulated by Salicylic Acid in the Soilless Cultivation of Codonopsis pilosula.
- Author
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Sun, Wenbin, Luo, Caiming, Wu, Yamiao, Ding, Miao, Feng, Min, Leng, Feifan, and Wang, Yonggang
- Subjects
SALICYLIC acid ,CARBOHYDRATE metabolism ,SECONDARY metabolism ,REACTIVE oxygen species ,ENDOPHYTIC bacteria ,HYDROGEN peroxide - Abstract
Simple Summary: Simple Summary: The mutual interaction between endophytic bacteria P. chrysanthemicola and C. pilosula influences salicylic acid (SA) levels. Comparative analysis with the exogenous SA treatment group revealed that P. chrysanthemicola colonisation of C. pilosula exhibited an antagonistic effect on SA, mainly in carbohydrate metabolism. This phenomenon involved not only SA but also H
2 O2 and nitric oxide (NO) as signalling molecules. Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, an endophytic fungus isolated from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula, influences salicylic acid (SA) levels. The interaction mechanism between SA and P. chrysanthemicola within C. pilosula remains elusive. To elucidate this, an experiment was conducted with four treatments: sterile water (CK), P. chrysanthemicola (FG), SA, and a combination of P. chrysanthemicola with salicylic acid (FG+SA). Results indicated that P. chrysanthemicola enhanced plant growth and counteracted the growth inhibition caused by exogenous SA. Physiological analysis showed that P. chrysanthemicola reduced carbohydrate content and enzymatic activity in C. pilosula without affecting total chlorophyll concentration and attenuated the increase in these parameters induced by exogenous SA. Secondary metabolite profiling showed a decrease in soluble proteins and lobetyolin levels in the FG group, whereas SA treatment led to an increase. Both P. chrysanthemicola and SA treatments decreased antioxidase-like activity. Notably, the FG group exhibited higher nitric oxide (NO) levels, and the SA group exhibited higher hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) levels in the stems. This study elucidated the intricate context of the symbiotic dynamics between the plant species P. chrysanthemicola and C. pilosula, where an antagonistic interaction involving salicylic acid was prominently observed. This antagonism was observed in the equilibrium between carbohydrate metabolism and secondary metabolism. This equilibrium had the potential to engage reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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4. Epichloë Endophytes Shape the Foliar Endophytic Fungal Microbiome and Alter the Auxin and Salicylic Acid Phytohormone Levels in Two Meadow Fescue Cultivars.
- Author
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Mathew, Suni Anie, Helander, Marjo, Saikkonen, Kari, Vankova, Radomira, Dobrev, Petre I., Dirihan, Serdar, and Fuchs, Benjamin
- Subjects
SALICYLIC acid ,FESCUE ,ENDOPHYTES ,ENDOPHYTIC fungi ,MEADOWS - Abstract
Plants harbor a large diversity of endophytic microbes. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) is a cool-season grass known for its symbiotic relationship with the systemic and vertically—via seeds—transmitted fungal endophyte Epichloë uncinata, yet its effects on plant hormones and the microbial community is largely unexplored. Here, we sequenced the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities in the leaves and roots, analyzing phytohormone concentrations and plant performance parameters in Epichloë-symbiotic (E+) and Epichloë-free (E-) individuals of two meadow fescue cultivars. The endophytic microbial community differed between leaf and root tissues independent of Epichloë symbiosis, while the fungal community was different in the leaves of Epichloë-symbiotic and Epichloë-free plants in both cultivars. At the same time, Epichloë symbiosis decreased salicylic acid and increased auxin concentrations in leaves. Epichloë-symbiotic plants showed higher biomass and higher seed mass at the end of the season. Our results demonstrate that Epichloë symbiosis alters the leaf fungal microbiota, which coincides with changes in phytohormone concentrations, indicating that Epichloë endophytes affect both plant immune responses and other fungal endophytes. Whether the effect of Epichloë endophytes on other fungal endophytes is connected to changes in phytohormone concentrations remains to be elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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5. The Endophyte Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 Induces the Systemic Release of Methyl Salicylate and (Z)-jasmone in Tomato Plant Affecting Host Location and Herbivory of Tuta absoluta.
- Author
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Agbessenou, Ayaovi, Akutse, Komivi S., Yusuf, Abdullahi A., and Khamis, Fathiya M.
- Subjects
HOST plants ,TOMATOES ,TRICHODERMA ,LIFE history theory ,ENDOPHYTIC fungi ,MONOTERPENES ,TRAUMA registries - Abstract
The use of endophytic fungi has dramatically increased plant performance through the enhancement of plant protection against abiotic and biotic stressors. We previously demonstrated that the endophytic fungus Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 improves tomato defenses against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta through the reduction of oviposition, leafmining, pupation, and adult emergence. However, the underlying mechanism by which the presence of this endophytic fungus within tomato host plant affects T. absoluta host selection and life-history traits is unknown. We tested the behavioral responses of T. absoluta in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays and found that females preferred non-inoculated tomato plants against those inoculated by endophytes. Additionally, T. absoluta females were not attracted to non-inoculated infested nor to inoculated-infested tomato plants. Chemical analysis revealed the emission of methyl salicylate in inoculated tomato plant and an increase in the amounts of monoterpenes emitted from non-inoculated infested plants. Additionally, we found that upon herbivory, T. asperellum M2RT4 modulates tomato plant chemistry through the production of (Z)-jasmone thus activating both salicylic and jasmonic acid defense pathways. Further, T. absoluta females were attracted to monoterpernes including α-pinene, 2-carene, and β-phellandrene but repelled by methyl salicylate. Methyl salicylate could therefore be considered as a good semiochemical-based candidate for sustainable T. absoluta management using a "push-pull" approach. However, in dose-response bioassays, females of T. absoluta did not show any preference to the four component-blend (α-pinene, 2-carene, β-phellandrene, and methyl salicylate). (Z)-jasmone-treated tomato leaflets significantly reduced the leafmining activity of the pest at the concentration of 10 ng/μL and causing the highest larval mortality rate (83%) with the shortest LT
50 (1.73 days) 7 days post-treatment. T. asperellum M2RT4 effect on herbivore performance was then (Z)-jasmone-mediated. These findings expand our understanding of how the endophytic fungus T. asperellum M2RT4 could mediate chemical interactions between T. absoluta and its host plant which are potentially important for development of environmentally friendly T. absoluta management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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6. Metabolic Potential, Ecology and Presence of Associated Bacteria Is Reflected in Genomic Diversity of Mucoromycotina.
- Author
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Muszewska, Anna, Okrasińska, Alicja, Steczkiewicz, Kamil, Drgas, Olga, Orłowska, Małgorzata, Perlińska-Lenart, Urszula, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk, Tamara, Szatraj, Katarzyna, Zielenkiewicz, Urszula, Piłsyk, Sebastian, Malc, Ewa, Mieczkowski, Piotr, Kruszewska, Joanna S., Bernat, Przemysław, and Pawłowska, Julia
- Subjects
ECOLOGY ,FUNGAL metabolism ,BACTERIA ,CARBOXYLIC acids ,LINOLEIC acid ,PAENIBACILLUS - Abstract
Mucoromycotina are often considered mainly in pathogenic context but their biology remains understudied. We describe the genomes of six Mucoromycotina fungi representing distant saprotrophic lineages within the subphylum (i.e., Umbelopsidales and Mucorales). We selected two Umbelopsis isolates from soil (i.e., U. isabellina, U. vinacea), two soil-derived Mucor isolates (i.e., M. circinatus, M. plumbeus), and two Mucorales representatives with extended proteolytic activity (i.e., Thamnidium elegans and Mucor saturninus). We complement computational genome annotation with experimental characteristics of their digestive capabilities, cell wall carbohydrate composition, and extensive total lipid profiles. These traits inferred from genome composition, e.g., in terms of identified encoded enzymes, are in accordance with experimental results. Finally, we link the presence of associated bacteria with observed characteristics. Thamnidium elegans genome harbors an additional, complete genome of an associated bacterium classified to Paenibacillus sp. This fungus displays multiple altered traits compared to the remaining isolates, regardless of their evolutionary distance. For instance, it has expanded carbon assimilation capabilities, e.g., efficiently degrades carboxylic acids, and has a higher diacylglycerol:triacylglycerol ratio and skewed phospholipid composition which suggests a more rigid cellular membrane. The bacterium can complement the host enzymatic capabilities, alter the fungal metabolism, cell membrane composition but does not change the composition of the cell wall of the fungus. Comparison of early-diverging Umbelopsidales with evolutionary younger Mucorales points at several subtle differences particularly in their carbon source preferences and encoded carbohydrate repertoire. Nevertheless, all tested Mucoromycotina share features including the ability to produce 18:3 gamma-linoleic acid, use TAG as the storage lipid and have fucose as a cell wall component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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7. Comparison of Plant Metabolites in Root Exudates of Lolium perenne Infected with Different Strains of the Fungal Endophyte Epichloë festucae var. lolii.
- Author
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Patchett, Aurora and Newman, Jonathan A.
- Subjects
PLANT metabolites ,PLANT exudates ,LOLIUM perenne ,ENDOPHYTES ,PHENOTYPES - Abstract
Lolium perenne infected with the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae var. lolii have specific, endophyte strain-dependent, chemical phenotypes in their above-ground tissues. Differences in these chemical phenotypes have been largely associated with classes of fungal-derived alkaloids which protect the plant against many insect pests. However, the use of new methodologies, such as various omic techniques, has demonstrated that many other chemical changes occur in both primary and secondary metabolites. Few studies have investigated changes in plant metabolites exiting the plant in the form of root exudates. As root exudates play an essential role in the acquisition of nutrients, microbial associations, and defense in the below-ground environment, it is of interest to understand how plant root exudate chemistry is influenced by the presence of strains of a fungal endophyte. In this study, we tested the influence of four strains of E. festucae var. lolii (E+ (also known as Lp19), AR1, AR37, NEA2), and uninfected controls (E−), on L. perenne growth and the composition of root exudate metabolites. Root exudates present in the hydroponic water were assessed by untargeted metabolomics using Accurate-Mass Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q–TOF) liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The NEA2 endophyte strain resulted in the greatest plant biomass and the lowest endophyte concentration. We found 84 metabolites that were differentially expressed in at least one of the endophyte treatments compared to E− plants. Two compounds were strongly associated with one endophyte treatment, one in AR37 (m/z 135.0546 RT 1.17), and one in E+ (m/z 517.1987 RT 9.26). These results provide evidence for important changes in L. perenne physiology in the presence of different fungal endophyte strains. Further research should aim to connect changes in root exudate chemical composition with soil ecosystem processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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8. Rhizophagus intraradices promotes alfalfa (Medicago sativa) defense against pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) revealed by RNA-Seq analysis.
- Author
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Li, Yingde, Nan, Zhibiao, and Duan, Tingyu
- Abstract
Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) are one of the most important insect pests of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important microorganisms of the agroecosystem that promote plant growth and improve plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. Little information is available on AM fungi-regulated defense responses of alfalfa to pea aphids. To better understand how alfalfa responds and to evaluate the impact of an AM fungus on aphid infestation, transcriptome sequencing was done and physiological parameters were analyzed. Our experiments showed that Rhizophagus intraradices can regulate plant response to aphids by promoting growth and increasing plant peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities and salicylic acid (SA) concentration after aphid infestation. Transcriptome analysis showed that R. intraradices increased the expression of resistance-related genes, such as "WRKY transcription factor" and "Kunitz trypsin inhibitor." Additionally, GO terms "chitinase activity," "peroxidase activity," "defense response," and "response to biotic stimulus," and KEGG pathways "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis" and "phenylalanine metabolism" were significantly enriched in mycorrhizal fungus-inoculated plants and aphid-infested plants. These findings will improve our understanding about the impact of this AM fungus on alfalfa response to aphid feeding and will provide the basis for further research on plant defense against aphids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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9. Epichloë (formerly Neotyphodium) fungal endophytes increase adaptation of cool-season perennial grasses to environmental stresses.
- Author
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Malinowski, Dariusz Piotr and Belesky, David Paul
- Subjects
ENDOPHYTIC fungi ,ENDOPHYTES ,PLANT competition ,GRASSES ,PHYTOPATHOGENIC microorganisms ,ABIOTIC stress - Abstract
Copyright of Acta Agrobotanica is the property of Polish Botanical Society / Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
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10. Root Herbivory: Grass Species, Epichloë Endophytes and Moisture Status Make a Difference.
- Author
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Popay, Alison J., Jensen, Joanne G., and Mace, Wade J.
- Subjects
TALL fescue ,ENDOPHYTES ,GRASSES ,MOISTURE ,FESCUE - Abstract
The root-feeding scarab insect Costelytra giveni causes severe damage to pasture ecosystems in New Zealand. Loline alkaloids produced by some Epichloë endophytes deter this insect. In two experiments, tall fescue infected with E. coenophiala, strain AR584, and endophyte-free (Nil) controls were subjected to pulse drought stress (DS) or well-watered conditions (WW). The second experiment also included meadow fescue infected with E. uncinata. After 4–6 weeks exposure to the different conditions, roots were excised and fed to C. giveni larvae for 7 days. Relative root consumption (RC), frass production, and relative weight change (RWC) of larvae were measured and the loline content of roots determined. RC and frass output were higher for larvae feeding on Nil DS tall fescue than WW and reduced by AR584. RWC was also greater on DS than on WW Nil plants but reduced by endophyte only in DS plants. RC, frass output, and RWC of larvae were reduced by endophyte in DS and WW meadow fescue, but the effect was greater for WW plants. Loline alkaloid concentration in roots was significantly higher in DS than WW tall fescue in Experiment I but higher in WW than DS meadow fescue in Experiment II. These experiments have demonstrated that moisture status interacts with endophyte to differentially affect root herbivory in tall fescue and meadow fescue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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11. Fungal Associations
- Author
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Yen-Ping Hsueh, Meredith Blackwell, Yen-Ping Hsueh, and Meredith Blackwell
- Subjects
- Microbiology, Fungi, Mycology, Botany, Ecology
- Abstract
Fungi are associated with a wide variety of other organisms. Ecologist Peter Price has said, “mutualism facilitates adaptive radiation,” and many biologists attribute Earth's great fungal diversity to such associations. The 3rd edition of The Mycota, Vol. 9: Fungal Associations, has been revised to provide entirely new coverage of fungi and associated organisms in fourteen informative discussions that take advantage of today's large public databases and modern molecular and data analysis methods. The editors have a keen interest in fungal associations in their own research, and their perspectives from different generations have resulted in an interesting treatment of the subject. Fungal Associations includes updates of classic topics, but also introduces less frequently discussed associations and broader reflections on the nature of fungi and their associates. The volume begins with a look at more than abillion years of fungal evolution and associations through the lens of immunology. Can fungi involved in obligate symbioses be cultivated apart from the host? Genomes help to answer the question. The ultimate intimacy between fungi and certain unrelated organisms has resulted in DNA exchange that can be traced in extant genomes. Fungi and bacteria use volatile compounds to lure participants into interactions. Some viruses modify the phenotype of their fungal hosts and affect host fitness. Details of interactions between classical examples of fungus—plant symbioses (lichens, several types of mycorrhizae, and toxic endophytes) benefit from advanced microscopic and molecular techniques.Discussions of fungi associated with insects (entomopathogens, a Drosophila model to study entomopathogens), nematode-trappingfungi and their prey, and a group of termite-associated fungi that produce secondary metabolites with potential uses as pharmaceuticals, complete the volume. Fungal Associations is a well-illustrated, thought-provoking resource for specialists and generalists, including researchers, lecturers, and students interested in ecology, evolution, microbiology, and mycology. The volume would be an excellent text for a seminar course for advanced undergraduate or graduate students.
- Published
- 2024
12. Hormonal Cross-Talk, Plant Defense and Development : Plant Biology, Sustainability and Climate Change
- Author
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Azamal Husen, Wenying Zhang, Azamal Husen, and Wenying Zhang
- Subjects
- Plant defenses, Plant hormones, Vegetation and climate, Plants--Development
- Abstract
Hormonal Cross-Talk, Plant Defense and Development: Plant Biology, Sustainability and Climate Change focuses specifically on plants and their interaction to auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, strigolactones, and the potential those interactions offer for improved plant health and production. Plant hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, strigolactones etc.) regulate numerous aspects of plant growth and developmental processes. Each hormone initiates a specific molecular pathway, with each pathway integrated in a complex network of synergistic, antagonistic and additive interactions. This is a valuable reference for those seeking to understand and improve plant health using natural processes. The cross-talks of auxins - abscisic acid, auxins - brassinosteroids, brassinosteroids- abscisic acid, ethylene - abscisic acid, brassinosteroids - ethylene, cytokinins - abscisic acid, brassinosteroids - jasmonates, brassinosteroids - salicylic acid, and gibberellins - jasmonates - strigolactones have been shown to regulate a number of biological processes in plant system. The cross-talk provides robustness to the plant immune system but also drives specificity of induced defense responses against the plethora of biotic and abiotic interactions. - Describes hormonal cross-talk and plant defense with suitable illustrations - Includes a focus on secondary metabolites and/or bioactive compounds interactions with various plant hormones - Highlights the use of plant hormones and their interactions in plant growth and developmental processes at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels
- Published
- 2023
13. Plant Relationships : Fungal-Plant Interactions
- Author
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Barry Scott, Carl Mesarich, Barry Scott, and Carl Mesarich
- Subjects
- Plant-fungus relationships
- Abstract
This fully revised 3rd edition provides a comprehensive overview of the biology of fungi associated with plants. Since the publication of the 2nd Edition in 2009, tremendous new knowledge has been gained in the field of fungal-plant interactions, which is reflected in the contributions of this book. World-leading scientists in the field provide authoritative insights into fungal-plant interactions covering the following main topics:Mutualistic and pathogenic fungal-plant interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystemsSensing and signalling in fungus-plant interactionsRegulation of fungal gene expression and developmentFungal genomes and evolutionGlobal pandemics caused by fungal pathogens and their implications for food securityThis volume will be of great interest to both specialists and generalists. It is an indispensable resource for researchers, lecturers and students in microbiology, mycology, and plant sciences, as well as agriculture and biotechnology.
- Published
- 2023
14. Plant, Soil and Microbes in Tropical Ecosystems
- Author
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Suresh Kumar Dubey, Satish Kumar Verma, Suresh Kumar Dubey, and Satish Kumar Verma
- Subjects
- Tropical plants, Rhizobacteria--Tropics, Plant-microbe relationships--Tropics, Plant-microbe relationships
- Abstract
This book describes the multitude of interactions between plant, soil, and micro-organisms. It emphasizes on how growth and development in plants, starting from seed germination, is heavily influenced by the soil type. It describes the interactions established by plants with soil and inhabitant microbial community. The chapters describe how plants selectively promote certain microorganisms in the rhizospheric ecozone to derive multifarious benefits such as nutrient acquisition and protection from diseases. The diversity of these rhizospheric microbes and their interactions with plants largely depend on plant genotype, soils attributes, and several abiotic and biotic factors. Most of the studies concerned with plant–microbe interaction are focused on temperate regions, even though the tropical ecosystems are more diverse and need more attention. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how soil type and climatic conditions influence the plant–soil–microbes interaction inthe tropics. Considering the significance of the subject, the present volume is designed to cover the most relevant aspects of rhizospheric microbial interactions in tropical ecosystems. Chapters include aspects related to the diversity of rhizospheric microbes, as well as modern tools and techniques to assess the rhizospheric microbiomes and their functional roles. The book also covers applications of rhizospheric microbes and evaluation of prospects improving agricultural practice and productivity through the use of microbiome technologies. This book will be extremely interesting to microbiologists, plant biologists, and ecologists.
- Published
- 2021
15. Problems and prospects of utilization of bacterial endophytes for the management of plant diseases
- Author
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Jha, Dhruva Kumar
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Endophyte Biotechnology : Potential for Agriculture and Pharmacology
- Author
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Alexander Schouten and Alexander Schouten
- Subjects
- Endophytes--Industrial applications, Fungi--Biotechnology, Bacteria--Physiology, Symbiosis
- Abstract
Endophytes are bacterial and fungal microorganisms that colonize plants without usually eliciting visible disease symptoms but establishing intricate and mutually beneficial interactions with their host plant. This can lead to an increase in plant vigour, growth, development, and changes in plant metabolism. Endophytes may assist in the development of more productive and sustainable agricultural practices or discoveries of novel pharmacologicals. These elusive organisms are often overlooked and their benefits underrated. Endophytes can support plants in a variety of ways to cope with biotic and abiotic stress factors, such as drought, heat, pest and diseases. They can produce particular metabolites, facilitate access to nutrients, change the plant's chemistry, physiology and responses, or by a combination of these factors. The biosynthetic pathways present in endophytes alone or in combinations with the plant's, can lead to novel chemicals, with yet undiscovered pharmacological characteristics. With state-of-the-art knowledge on their discovery and roles, this book describes the diversity of endophytes, their value, exploitation and future challenges. Key features: Provides an overview of the endophytes that are encountered in nature. Demonstrates the beneficial effects of endophytes together with their practical applications in agriculture. Explores how endophytes are valuable candidates for research on future drugs and biopesticides. This title is a valuable resource for students and researchers in plant science and plant pathology as well as those working in the pharmaceutical and pesticide industries.
- Published
- 2019
17. Biodiversity and Insect Pests : Key Issues for Sustainable Management
- Author
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Geoff M. Gurr, Stephen D. Wratten, William E. Snyder, Geoff M. Gurr, Stephen D. Wratten, and William E. Snyder
- Subjects
- Sustainable agriculture, Sustainability, Biodiversity, Agricultural pests--Control, Insect pests--Control, Agrobiodiversity
- Abstract
Biodiversity offers great potential for managing insect pests. It provides resistance genes and anti-insect compounds; a huge range of predatory and parasitic natural enemies of pests; and community ecology-level effects operating at the local and landscape scales to check pest build-up. This book brings together world leaders in theoretical, methodological and applied aspects to provide a comprehensive treatment of this fast-moving field. Chapter authors from Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and the Americas ensure a truly international scope. Topics range from scientific principles, innovative research methods, ecological economics and effective communication to farmers, as well as case studies of successful use of biodiversity-based pest management some of which extend over millions of hectares or are enshrined as government policy. Written to be accessible to advanced undergraduates whilst also stimulating the seasoned researcher, this work will help unlock the power of biodiversity to deliver sustainable insect pest management. Visit www.wiley.com/go/gurr/biodiversity to access the artwork from the book.
- Published
- 2012
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