Search

Plant cell culture bioprocesses have become an alternative source for bioactive compound production to the traditional extraction technology from plants grown in nature or through agricultural techniques. Thus, environmental conditions could make the supply of these secondary metabolites intermittent and heterogeneous. Therefore, plant cell cultures assure a continuous product supply, homogeneous production, fulfilling GMP requirements. Elicitation has been an extensively used strategy to boost secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures. Cyclodextrins, the naturally occurring cyclic oligosaccharides of glucose residues, has emerged as an elicitor that can trigger plant cell defense responses and secondary metabolite accumulation. Moreover, CDs can form complex with most of the plant secondary compounds, thus contribute to product removal, which results in the elimination of feedback inhibition of product biosynthesis and also prevents product degradation and toxicity against the plant cells. In the present manuscript, we collect and compare the effects of cyclodextrins on different secondary metabolite pathways in plant cell culture processes. We review different case studies, which includes the production of phenylpropanoids, terpenes, alkaloids, naphthoquinones and anthraquinones derivatives. In the present manuscript, we collect and compare the effects of cyclodextrins on different secondary metabolite pathways in plant cell culture, which include the production of phenylpropanoids, terpenes, alkaloids, naphthoquinones and anthraquinones derivatives. Cyclodextrins trigger secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures and product release. Moreover, they form complexes with these bioactive compounds, reduce feedback inhibition biosynthesis and their degradation.

After the Industrial Revolution, humanity began to exploit nonrenewable resources, such as oil and gas, with dangerous consequences for the environment. In the last 50 years, different strategies have been implemented to reduce the environmental impact produced by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Biotechnology offers different perspectives, such as the use of biocatalysts, microorganisms, or plant/animal cells (or parts thereof) to replace highly toxic chemical processes. On the other hand, different methodologies are used during the purification processes of drugs and biopharmaceuticals. One of the most used is affinity chromatography, which consists of having a column of a matrix with an anchored ligand that recognizes the product of interest. The use of greener alternatives is a commitment for both the developed and developing countries.

Anthraquinones (AQs) are secondary metabolites widely distributed in nature. Interesting applications of plant extracts containing AQs include the treatment of Hepatitis C and cancer. Plant in vitro culture is an alternative for producing plant-derived pharmaceuticals in controlled conditions and with low environmental impact. Moreover, it allows the application of different strategies for enhancing secondary metabolite production. Hairy root cultures, obtained after Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection, are able to produce high amounts of secondary metabolites at high growth rates. In this work, growth kinetics of hairy root cultures of Rubia tinctorum and AQ production were evaluated in two different culture media, Gamborg B5 with half of the saline strength (B51/2) and Lloyd & Mc Cown’s Woody Plant Medium (WPM). Although WPM allowed higher biomass production (58.6% higher) than B51/2, specific AQ production was higher in B51/2 (between 1.2 and 2.1 fold increases from day 21 to the end of the experiment). Moreover, AQ release to the culture medium was observed in B51/2 (∼10% of total AQs). The different performance of hairy roots in these culture media may be due to a limiting nutrient (other than carbon source) in B51/2. Elicitation in B51/2 with methyl jasmonate (100 μM) resulted in a massive accumulation of intracellular (between 1.5 and 2.4-fold increases) and also extracellular AQs (up to 8.1 fold-increase compared with control at 4 days post-elicitation), which could ease AQ purification. These results prove the usefulness of combining different approaches to enhance secondary metabolite accumulation in plant in vitro cultures, in order to develop an optimized productive process. Fil: Perassolo, Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina Fil: Cardillo, Alejandra Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina Fil: Mugas, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Farmacia. Cátedra de Farmacognosia; Argentina Fil: Núñez Montoya, Susana Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Farmacia. Cátedra de Farmacognosia; Argentina Fil: Giulietti, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez Talou, Julian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina

Plant-derived drugs represent a significant proportion of the pharmaceutical market. Plant in vitro culture has emerged as a useful platform for producing secondary metabolites due to its multiple advantages: production under controlled culture conditions; independence from geographic, seasonal or weather conditions; and since it avoids the use of land and the extraction from the natural source, it has a low environmental impact. Since the production of secondary metabolites in plant in vitro cultures can be low, there are several strategies that can be applied to enhance the production of these compounds. Elicitation has been widely used to increase secondary metabolite production in plant in vitro cultures. This phenomenon involves the treatment of plant cultures with different agents (physical, chemical or biological) that triggers a defence response, which generally involves the production of secondary metabolites. Anthraquinones are secondary metabolites traditionally used as dyes that exhibit interesting therapeutic applications, such as antiviral (against hepatitis C virus), and as photosensitizers of cancer cells. In this chapter, we will present an approach for the establishment of hairy root cultures of Rubia tinctorum and a protocol for elicitation with methyl jasmonate. We will also discuss the possibility of combining elicitation with other strategies, such as in situ removal with Miglyol® 812.

The medicinal use of tropane alkaloids is well established and has a long history of application, according to the anticholinergic activity of these compounds. Among them, hyoscyamine, anisodamine (6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine), and scopolamine are the most important ones from a therapeutical point of view. Although the chemical synthesis of these alkaloids is possible, its complexity, costs, and low quality of the compounds obtained make it a nonviable strategy for a commercial production. For the reason mentioned above, tropane alkaloids are still extracted from plants grown in greenhouses belonging to species of Solanaceae family including Hyoscyamus niger L., Anisodus tanguticus, Scopolia tangutica Maxim, Atropa belladonna, and several Datura species. In the last years, considerable effort has been devoted to develop cost-effective strategies for their production. Tropane alkaloid production by in vitro culture techniques, such as hairy roots, is an interesting alternative since it guarantees a stable and continuous production throughout the year, independent of the presence of pathogens as well as the environmental conditions. This chapter will focus and discuss the establishment of hairy root cultures for the production of tropane alkaloids in order to replace the isolation from the natural source. In addition, recent progress achieved in the application of elicitation strategies for improving their release to the culture medium will be analyzed.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), are small and mostlypolycationic molecules that form part of the innate immune response. There are currently more than3000 experimentally reported AMPs. Particularly, in frogs, the temporin family, have beendiscovered as potential AMPs. The aim of this work is to review the latest publications about thisclass of peptides, discuss their properties and make an update of the last studies and new discoveriesin the field.More than 130 temporins have been identified in this family. The most studied temporins aretemporin A (TA), temporin B (TB) and temporin L (TL). These peptides showed antimicrobialactivity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Since the discovery of temporinsin 1996, several groups of research isolated different peptides from various species of frogs thatwere included as members of this family. Although antimicrobial activity of many temporins has not been analyzed yet, most of them showed antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Combination ofnanotechnology and AMPs as temporins in different antimicrobial treatments could be a promisingalternative for resistance pathogens. These studies demonstrate that, even with the advancement inscientific research on the composition and antimicrobial activity of temporins, further studies arenecessary to wholly understand their components and mechanisms of action. Fil: Romero, Stella Maris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Cardillo, Alejandra Beatriz. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología. Cátedra de Microbiología Industrial y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina Fil: Martínez Ceron, María Camila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología. Cátedra de Microbiología Industrial y Biotecnología; Argentina Fil: Camperi, Silvia Andrea. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología. Cátedra de Microbiología Industrial y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina Fil: Giudicessi, Silvana Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología. Cátedra de Microbiología Industrial y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina

In the present chapter, we review some aspects of the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene lactones and its regulation in different medicinal and aromatic plants used in the pharmaceutical industry. In this sense, we describe the mevalonate and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathways, which generate the corresponding isoprenoid precursors (isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate), as well as the late pathways that lead to sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis. This chapter also analyses the role of the transcription factors involved in the regulation of sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis and the different biotechnological approaches that have been developed for sesquiterpene lactone production. In vitro plant cell cultures (comprising micropropagation and plant cell suspension, shoot and root cultures) have emerged as a production platform for many plant secondary metabolites, since they allow their production under controlled conditions and shorter production cycles. The characterisation and isolation of genes involved in the regulation of sesquiterpene lactone biosynthetic pathways have allowed the design of metabolic engineering strategies to increase the production of these metabolites. Moreover, we discuss different strategies to increase sesquiterpene lactone production through genetic engineering. We also focus on the metabolic engineering of the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway in Artemisia annua. This metabolic pathway has become a model system not only for the biotechnological production of sesquiterpene lactones but also for the improvement of other plant secondary metabolic pathways. Finally, we analyse the successful expression of the complete artemisinin biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has led to the efficient accumulation of artemisinic acid in these microorganisms.

Tropane alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine, 6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine and scopolamine, are secondary metabolites that were traditionally applied in medicine due to their anticholinergic activity. Hyoscyamine is converted into 6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine and scopolamine by Hyoscyamine-6β-hydroxylase (H6H). Nowadays, these bioactive compounds are obtained from natural producer plants due to the cost and complexity of their chemical synthesis. In the present work we explored the development of an alternative strategy for the production of the most valuable alkaloids, 6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine and scopolamine, using Escherichia coli harboring the H6H enzyme as biocatalysts. In addition, the protein extracts of the induced bacteria were assayed for the transformation of hyoscyamine into the more valuable alkaloids. For this purpose the h6hcDNA, previously amplified from Brugmansia candida total RNA preparations, was inserted in frame to the trx tag into the pET32a(+) vector. E. coli Origami strains were used as host for the expression. The strategy allowed us to produce enough quantities of a soluble and functional enzyme. Protein extracts and whole cells of the induced bacteria were able to transform hyoscyamine into the valuable products. In addition, we found that except from 2-oxoglutarate, no supplementation of the reaction mixture with the cofactors and co-substrates was needed. The process developed in this work is attractive since it could become an alternative to the traditional isolation of 6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine and scopolamine. Fil: Cardillo, Alejandra Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina Fil: Perassolo, Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina Fil: Sartuqui, Mariela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez Talou, Julian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina Fil: Giulietti, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina

Hyoscyamine and scopolamine are tropane alkaloids widely applied in medicine. Differences in alkaloids production and growth kinetics were observed for Argentinean and Colombian ecotypes of Brugmansia candida hairy roots. The aim of this work was to analyze the production of key intermediates in both ecotypes in order to determine differences in the biosynthetic pathway of tropane alkaloids. Additionally, rolC gene expression was analyzed to determine its correlation with hairy root growth. The results showed a higher accumulation of polyamines in Colombian hairy roots suggesting that there may be a rate limiting enzyme in the last steps of the hyoscyamine biosynthesis. Additionally, rolC gene expression was correlated with an improvement hairy root growth supporting the involvement of rol genes as growth modulators and suggesting that metabolic engineering approaches by rolC manipulation may be useful for the development of more efficient B. candida hairy root cultures for biotechnological applications. Fil: Cardillo, Alejandra Beatriz. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentina Fil: Giulietti, Ana Maria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay; Argentina Fil: Palazón, Javier. Universidad de Barcelona. Facultad de Farmacia; España; Fil: Bonfill, Merce. Universidad de Barcelona. Facultad de Farmacia; España

Hyoscyamine, anisodamine (6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine) and scopolamine are tropane alkaloids produced by plants belonging to the Solanaceae family such as Brugmansia candida. These alkaloids were traditionally used in medicine because of their anticholinergic activity. Further therapeutical properties for anisodamine were recently described renewing the interest in these alkaloids. The scaling-up of hairy root cultures is an interesting strategy for the pharmaceutical production of these compounds instead of the isolation from plants. In this work, B. candida hairy roots were cultured in a modified 1.5 L stirred tank in order to analyze an alternative production system of scopolamine and anisodamine. It was found that these cultures produced an increased biomass and alkaloids concentration compared to the processes carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks. Anisodamine was the predominant alkaloid reaching a maximum concentration of 10.05 ± 0.76 mg/g DW in modified bioreactor culture system. The results obtained in this work are potentially applicable for the rational scale-up of the process.

Brugmansia candida (syn. Datura candida) is a South American native plant that produces tropane alkaloids. Hyoscyamine, 6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine (anisodamine), and scopolamine are the most important ones due to their anticholinergic activity. These bioactive compounds have been historically and widely applied in medicine and their demand is continuous. Their chemical synthesis is costly and complex, and thereby, these alkaloids are industrially produced from natural producer plants. The production of these secondary metabolites by plant in vitro cultures such as hairy roots presents certain advantages over the natural source and chemical synthesis. It is well known that hairy roots produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection are fast-growing cultures, genetically stable and able to grow in hormone-free media. Additionally, recent progress achieved in the scaling up of hairy root cultures makes this technology an attractive tool for industrial processes. This chapter is focused on the methods for the induction and establishment of B. candida hairy roots. In addition, the scaling up of hairy root cultures in bioreactors and tropane alkaloid analysis is discussed.

The tropane alkaloid anisodamine ( 2) is obtained by 6 beta-hydroxylation of hyoscyamine ( 1). The application of this alkaloid in medicine is gaining attention due to the wide range of therapeutic applications described in addition to its anticholinergic activity. In this work, the production of anisodamine ( 2) by IN VITRO cultures of BRUGMANSIA CANDIDA (Argentinean and Colombian samples) was studied. This alkaloid was estimated in different organs of IN VITRO-germinated seedlings as well as in hairy roots obtained from seedlings from both sources. Colombian roots exhibited the highest content of tropane alkaloids, with anisodamine ( 2) being the main alkaloid measured. In the leaves, the main alkaloid was scopolamine ( 3) and no significant differences were observed between Argentinean and Colombian leaves. The tropane alkaloid content in Argentinean hairy roots was significantly higher than in Colombian ones. Also, in the Argentinean samples the main alkaloid detected was anisodamine ( 2). Argentinean and Colombian B. CANDIDA seedlings and hairy roots appear to be a promising system for the production of anisodamine ( 2).

Background Tropane alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine and scopolamine, are widely used in medicine due to their anticholinergic activity. Scopolamine has a higher demand being the more valuable alkaloid due to its fewer side effects and higher physiological activity. Anisodamine (6β-hydroxyhyoscyamine) is the intermediate in the conversion of hyoscyamine into scopolamine. Current studies report that this alkaloid is potentially applicable in medicine. The gene that codifies for Hyoscyamine 6-β hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for hyoscyamine hydroxylation and epoxidation, leading to scopolamine was isolated from Brugmansia candida. Results The h6h cDNA was cloned into pYES2.1 and pYES2.1/V5-His-TOPO vectors to produce an untagged and a tagged protein, respectively. The H6H enzyme was produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to obtain a biological catalyst for potential industrial applications. Protein extracts of the induced yeast were analyzed by Western blot. The expression was detected 4 h after induction and no degradation was observed during the period assayed. The tagged and the untagged proteins were able to transform hyoscyamine, showing a functional expression of the h6h cDNA. Conclusion The strains obtained in this work are promising and potentially applicable in biocatalytic processes.

Brugmansia candida (Solanaceae) is a native tree distributed across South-American and produces the pharmacologically- important group of tropane alkaloids including scopolamine. This biocompound is synthesised from hyoscyamine by action of Hyoscyamine 6-β hydroxylase (H6H, EC 1.14.11.11) at the end of the tropane alkaloid pathway. Here are reported the tissue and organ-specific expression of h6hmRNA by RT-PCR analyses and the isolation, cloning and sequencing of the cDNA obtained from B. candida anthers and hairy root transformed cultures. Bioinformatic analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed an uninterrupted ORF of 1038 bp and the predicted aminoacid sequence could be 344 aminoacid long. A database search showed that this sequence has high homology (97% identity) to Hyoscyamus niger H6H protein (Genbank accession number AAA33387.1).