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Neohybos brunnescens sp. n. (Figs. 9–13, 75) Diagnosis. Thorax black with copper colored dorsal pruinescence, except for small area on postpronotal lobe, and pleura with gray pruinescence; thoracic setae brown, short and scattered; wing evenly brownish, slightly more colored on basal half; legs with coxae black, fore tibia brown, mid tibia pale-brown, hind tibia palebrown to yellow at basal third, becoming darker towards apex, tarsomeres 1 and 2 yellow, tarsomeres 3 to 5 black; abdomen and legs clothed in yellow bristles. Description. Holotype male. Body: 4.2 mm. Wing: 4.3 mm. Antenna placed in middle of head; postpedicel oval, 2.5 times longer than wide, subequal in length to scape and pedicel combined. Face narrowly dichoptic, shorter than frons. Pair of ocellar setae slender and divergent. Postcranium with sparse grayishbrown pruinescence; occipital setae short, sparse. Thorax black, entirely pruinose except for small area on postpronotal lobe, scutum with copper-colored pruinescence and pleura with gray pruinescence; thoracic setae short, brown, scattered; acr and dc uniserial; 2 npl as long as apical scutellar pair; scutellum with 1 apical pair rather short and divergent and 4–5 thin lateral bristles, two-thirds to half length of apical pair. Wing (Fig. 75) narrow, evenly brownish, slightly more darkened on basal half; stigma brown; R45 and M1 parallel. Legs with coxae black, fore tibia brown, mid tibia pale-brown, hind tibia pale-brown to yellow at basal third, becoming darker apically, tarsomeres 1 and 2 yellow, tarsomeres 3–5 black. Hind femur thickened, 4.5 times longer than wide; hind tibia tubular. Outstanding bristles: fore tibia with 1 long anterior preapical bristle reaching half length of corresponding tarsomere 1, 1 short posterior preapical bristle; mid tibia with 3 elongate anterodorsal bristles (1 basal, 1 at basal quarter and 1 at middle), 1 very long ventroapical bristle reaching base of tarsomere 2; mid tarsomere 1 with long posteroventral bristle near base reaching base of tarsomere 2; hind femur with 1 dorsal and 1 anterior bristles on apical quarter, 1 anterodorsal preapical, 10 developed spine-like anteroventral bristles, ventral surface with 16 bristles, those 7 more distal becoming short spines, posteroventral surface with 1 short sub-basal bristle and 5 elongate bristles on distal half; hind tibia with 5–6 long thin dorsal bristles and 1 elongate anterior preapical bristle crossing half of corresponding tarsomere 1. Hind trochanter lacking thorns. Abdomen 3 times longer than length of thorax; brown; Tg1, base of Tg2 and Tg8 with scattered brown pruinescence; bristles yellow and thin, longer on lateral margins of Tg1–Tg3, numerous very thin and long bristles on distal margin of St8. Terminalia (Figs. 9–13): right bacilliform sclerite with wide, long longitudinal process with sharp tubercle in middle, bearing two long and thick thorns apically; hypandrium with complete, slender dorsal bridge; hypandrial lobes subequal in length; postgonites narrow, ribbon-like. Female: unknown. Distribution. Colombia. Type material. Holotype male (dissected): COLOMBIA: Culva of LosEuacharis Huila, 14–21.v. 1976, M. Cooper (BMNH). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin brunnescens = brown-clear, in reference to the general coloration of the body., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R., 2007, New species of Neohybos Ale-Rocha & Carvalho (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae) from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, pp. 33-54 in Zootaxa 1503 on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.3.7

Neohybos cupreus sp. n. (Figs. 31–35, 78) Diagnosis. Thorax dark-brown, entirely pruinose except for small shiny area on postpronotal lobe, pruinescence rust-colored on scutum and grayish on remaining parts; thoracic setae short, brown, scattered; wing sub-hyaline, stigma brown; legs brown except mid and hind tibiae pale-brown and tarsomeres 1 and 2 yellow; abdomen and legs clothed in yellow bristles. Description. Holotype male. Body: 4.4 mm. Wing: 5.0 mm. Antenna placed at middle of head; postpedicel oval, 2.5 times longer than wide, as long as scape and pedicel combined. Face narrowly dichoptic as long as frons. Pair of ocellar setae long and parallel. Postcranium with sparse gray pruinescence and scattered occipital bristles. Thorax dark-brown; entirely pruinose except small shiny area on postpronotal lobe, pruinescence rust-colored on scutum and grayish on remaining parts; bristles short, brown, scattered; acr and dc uniserial; 2 npl as long as apical scutellar pair; scutellum with 1 apical pair parallel, rather short and 3–4 thin lateral pairs of variable size, half to one-third length of apical pair. Wing (Fig. 78) narrow, sub-hyaline; stigma brown; R4+5 and M1 parallel. Legs brown except mid and hind tibia pale-brown and tarsomeres 1 and 2 yellow; hind femur long and slightly thickened, 5.5 times longer than wide; hind tibia tubular. Outstanding bristles: fore tibia with 1 short anterior and 1 short posterior preapical bristles, shorter than half of length of corresponding tarsomere 1; mid tibia with 3 short anterodorsal bristles (2 at basal quarter and 1 at distal third), 1 long ventral apical bristle reaching apex of corresponding tarsomere 1; hind femur with 1 dorsal and 1 anterior bristles on distal fifth, 1 anterodorsal preapical, 8 developed spine-like anteroventral bristles, 14 spine-like ventral bristles (8 more distal bristles shorter and closely approximated to each other), 6 posteroventral bristles (5 at distal third and 1 sub-basal longer than basal ones); hind tarsomere 1 with 1 basal and 1 distal anteroventral thorns. Hind trochanter lacking thorns. Abdomen 2.7 times longer than thorax length; shiny brown with scattered brown pruinescence on Tg1, base of T2 and Tg8; bristles yellow and thin, St8 with elongate, thin bristles on distal margin. Terminalia (Figs. 31–35): right epandrial lamella deeply split distally; hypandrium long and narrow; dorsal bridge complete, as wide strip; right hypandrial lobe wide, short, with two thin pointed projections on inner margin, left hypandrial lobe not developed; postgonites narrow ribbon-like; phallus long and narrowed. Variations: sometimes 4 posteroventral bristles present on distal third of hind femur. Female: unknown. Distribution. Ecuador. Type material. Holotype male: ECUADOR: Tunguruhua, Banos, 2000–2500 m, 9.x.1978, M. Cooper (BMNH). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin cupreus = copper color, in reference to the pruinescence of the thorax., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R., 2007, New species of Neohybos Ale-Rocha & Carvalho (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae) from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, pp. 33-54 in Zootaxa 1503 on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.3.7

Neohybos Ale-Rocha & Carvalho Neohybos Ale-Rocha & Carvalho, 2003: 1; Ale-Rocha & Rafael, 2004: 497 (distribution). Type-species. Hybos luridus Bezzi, 1909, by original designation. Diagnosis. Eyes distinctly dichoptic on face; postpedicel ovate, arista bare, apical; proboscis short; labellum membranous bearing pseudotracheae; mesonotum usually tomentose with sparse bristles, acr and dc arranged in discrete series on disc; wing narrow, costal cell narrow, anal lobe not developed with rounded margin; Rs short; cell cup longer than cell bm; male terminalia asymmetrical; hypandrial arms forming narrow sclerotized dorsal bridge around base of phallus; postgonites united ventrally. Geographical distribution. Neotropical (Republica Dominicana, Costa Rica, Guyana; Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia).

Neohybos schlingeri sp. n. (Figs. 61 – 65) Diagnosis. Thorax dark-brown to black with red-brown pruinescence except small area on postpronotal lobe; thoracic setae short, black, sparse; wing slightly brownish, stigma brown; legs dark-brown except mid and hind tibiae pale-brown and tarsomeres 1 and 2 pale-brown to yellow; abdomen and legs clothed in yellow and brown bristles, respectively.. Description. Holotype male. Body: 4.0 mm. Wing: 3.9 mm. Antenna placed at middle of head; postpedicel oval, 2.5 times longer than wide, as long as scape and pedicel combined. Face narrowly dichoptic, as long as frons. Pair of ocellar setae slender, parallel. Postcranium with brownish pruinescence; occipital setae sparse, elongate, disordered. Thorax dark-brown to black entirely red-brown pruinose except small area on postpronotal lobe; thoracic setae short, black, sparse; acr and dc uniserial; 2 npl long and strong, as long as apical scutellar pair; scutellum with 1 apical pair long, robust, broadly separate, slightly divergent, 2 thin lateral pairs short and weak, about one-fifth length of apical pair. Wing narrow; slightly brownish, stigma brown; R4+5 and M1 parallel. Legs dark-brown except mid and hind tibiae pale-brown and tarsomeres 1 and 2 pale-brown to yellow. Bristles brown. Hind femur discreetly thickened, 5 times longer than wide; hind tibia tubular. Outstanding bristles: fore tibia with 1 short anterior preapical bristle and 1 long posterior preapical bristle reaching half of corresponding tarsomere 1; mid tibia with 5 elongate anterodorsal bristles and 1 long ventral apical bristle reaching apex of corresponding tarsomere 1; first mid tarsomere with 1 long posteroventral sub-basal bristle reaching base of tarsomere 2 and 1 long dorsal preapical bristle; hind trochanter with 1 ventral spine; hind femur with 2 dorsal and 1 anterior bristles on distal quarter, 9 anteroventral spine-like bristles rather disordered, ventral surface with 10 thorns on distal half and 3 spine-like bristles on basal half; 6 elongate posteroventral thorns on distal half and 1 short thorn sub-basal; hind tibia without stout bristles. Abdomen 2.8 times longer than thoracic length; dark-brown, shiny, with sparse brown pruinescence on Tg1 and Tg8 and sternites; bristles yellow, scattered and thin, long on Tg1 – Tg3; St8 with long yellow bristles on distal margin. Terminalia (Figs. 61–65): left and right epandrial lamellae with three and two long distal processes, respectively; right bacilliform sclerite with broad, rounded process bearing short tubercles on margin; hypandrium with three lobes, lateral lobes short and median lobe very long, slender, sinuous, with hooklike tip; dorsal bridge complete; postgonites slender, ribbon-like. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Colombia. Type material. Holotype male: COLOMBIA: 14 mi. W. Fresno Tolina, 2330 m, iii.16. 1955, E. I. Schlinger & E. S. Ross coll. (CAS). Etymology. The specific name is homage to one of the collectors of the holotype, E. I. Schlinger., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R., 2007, New species of Neohybos Ale-Rocha & Carvalho (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae) from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, pp. 33-54 in Zootaxa 1503 on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.3.7

Neohybos tenuis sp. n. (Figs. 66–73, 81) Diagnosis. Thorax dark-brown, brown pruinose except dorsum of pronotum, anterior two-thirds of scutum and postpronotal lobe lacking pruinescence; thoracic setae elongate, brown; 1 dc pair long and strong on prescutellar disc; thorax and abdomen with bluish shine; wing evenly brownish, stigma brown; legs brown to dark-brown except mid tibia and tarsomeres 1 and 2 yellow; legs and abdomen clothed in yellow bristles. Description. Holotype male. Body: 4.8 mm. Wing: 3.8 mm. Antenna placed at middle of head; postpedicel 2 times longer than wide, as long as scape and pedicel combined. Face narrowly dichoptic, as long as frons. Pair of ocellar setae lost. Postcranium with grayish pruinescence and elongate setae. Thorax dark-brown, brown pruinose except dorsum of pronotum, anterior two-thirds of scutum and postpronotal lobe lacking pruinescence; setae elongate and brown, setae of prescutellar disc 1.5 times longer than anterior ones; dc uniserial, acr uniserial anteriorly and biserial on prescutellar disc; 1 dc pair long and strong on prescutellar disc; 2 npl as long as scutellar apical pair; scutellum with 1 apical pair divergent, long and strong and 3 thin lateral pairs about one-third of apical pair. Wing (Fig. 81) narrow, evenly brownish, stigma brown; R45 and M1 parallel. Legs dark-brown except mid tibia, base of hind tibia and tarsomeres 1 and 2 yellow; clothed in yellow bristles. Hind femur 5.3 times longer than wide; hind tibia tubular, slightly curved. Outstanding bristles: fore tibia with 1 posterior preapical bristle reaching half of corresponding tarsomere 1, one anterior about half of length of posterior bristle; mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle near base and 1 at basal third, 1 ventral preapical bristle slightly shorter than corresponding tarsomere 1; mid tarsomere 1 with 1 posterior bristle at basal third reaching base of tarsomere 2; hind trochanter with 1 thorn and 2 spine-like bristles ventrally; hind femur with 1 dorsal bristle at distal quarter, 1 anterodorsal preapical and 1 anterior bristle at distal third, 11 anteroventral, 14 ventral and 12 spine-like posteroventral bristles. Abdomen 3.3 times longer than thoracic length; brown to dark-brown, shiny, with brown pruinescence on Tg8 and St5–8; bristles yellow and thin; St8 wider than long with long setae on distal margin. Terminalia (Figs. 66–70): right epandrial lamella deeply cleft distally, with two long processes; hypandrium long with right hypandrial lobe broad, setose, bifid apically, left hypandrial lobe not developed; dorsal bridge complete. Female. Similar to male except for: posterior dc pair lacking; bristles of thorax slender; 2 strong ventral bristles on hind trochanter; hind tarsomere 1 with 2 posteroventral thorns near base; anterior bristle of hind femur lacking, hind femur with 8 anteroventral and 11 ventral bristles on apical two-thirds, 4 short posteroventral thorns at distal quarter, remaining bristles of posteroventral series thin and elongate, about 3 times length of thorns. Terminalia: Tg7 with distal margin rounded, base extending dorsoventrally; segment 8 slightly asymmetrical, partially sclerotized on basal half, membranous on remaining. Distribution. Ecuador, Colombia. Type material. Holotype male: ECUADOR: Napo, Tena, 11–18.iv.1976, M. Cooper, BM1995 E-90 (BMNH) (not dissected). Paratypes: same data, 1 male, 2 females (BMNH); COLOMBIA, Putamayo, Villa Garzon, 17.viii.1978, M. Cooper, BM1995 E-90, 1 male, 1 female (INPA). Variation: the general coloration varies from brown to dark -brown. Etymology. Derived from Latin " tenuis " = thin, fine; refers to the general aspect of the insect., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R., 2007, New species of Neohybos Ale-Rocha & Carvalho (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae) from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, pp. 33-54 in Zootaxa 1503 on pages 51-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.3.7

Neohybos longiventris sp. n. (Figs. 52 – 55) Diagnosis. Thorax dark-brown to black, shiny dorsally, with sparse brown pruinescence on notopleuron, posterior third of scutum, margin of scutellum and mesopleura; thoracic setae brown, thin, slightly elongate, long and strong on margin of pronotum; wing hyaline with basal third smoothly brownish, stigma absent; legs brown except coxa, trochanter and femur of hind leg dark brown and tarsomeres 1 and 2 of fore and mid legs yellow; abdomen very long, 4.8 times longer than thorax; abdomen and legs clothed in brown bristles. Description. Holotype male. Body: 6.5 mm. Wing: 3.7 mm. Antenna placed slightly above middle of head; postpedicel elongate, narrow, 3.3 times longer than scape and pedicel combined. Face narrowly dichoptic. Pair of ocellar setae long, slender, divergent and erect. Postcranium with brownish pruinescence; occipital setae long and dark, uniserial, sparse. Thorax dark brown to black, shiny dorsally, with sparse brown pruinescence on notopleuron, posterior third of scutum, margin of scutellum and mesopleura; thoracic setae brown, thin, slightly elongate, stronger on margin of pronotum; acr and dc uniserial; 2 npl long and strong, longer than apical scutellar pair; scutellum with 1 apical pair divergent and 3 thin lateral pairs short, about one-third length of apical pair. Wing narrow; hyaline, with basal third evenly brownish, stigma absent; R4+5 and M1 parallel. Legs brown except coxa, trochanter and femur of hind leg dark brown and tarsomeres 1 and 2 of fore and mid legs yellow. Bristles brown. Hind femur very long and discreetly thickened, 6.3 times longer than wide; hind tibia tubular. Outstanding bristles: fore tibia with 1 short anterior bristle, 1 long posterior preapical bristle reaching middle of corresponding tarsomere 1 and 1 short posteroventral preapical bristle; mid tibia with 5–6 long, strong bristles and several slender bristles along entire length of dorsal surface, some strong elongate anteroventral bristles, 1 ventral apical bristle very long reaching apex of corresponding tarsomere 1 and some short preapical bristles; fore and mid tarsomere 1 with 1 anterior and 1 posterior long and strong preapical bristles; mid tarsomere 1 with 1 dorsal preapical, 1 dorsal sub-basal and 1 anterior sub-basal bristles long, 1 very long posteroventral sub-basal bristle reaching middle of corresponding tarsomere 2, 1 short and strong posteroventral bristle near base; hind trochanter with 2 spines ventrally; hind femur with 1 dorsal bristle near apex, 2 anterior (1 at distal two-thirds and 1 preapical) and some rather stout bristles near base, 10 spine-like elongate anteroventral bristles, 16 disordered spine-like very short ventral bristles near apex of femur, 7 spinelike posteroventral bristles on distal half and 3 on basal quarter; hind tibia tubular, with 1 robust dorsal preapical bristle and 4–5 elongate and less stout anterodorsal bristles; hind tarsomere 1 with 2 anteroventral subbasal and 1 anterior preapical thickened bristles. Abdomen notably longer than usual, 4.8 times longer than thoracic length; shiny, dark-brown, with sparse brown pruinescence on Tg1, Tg8 and sternites; bristles brown, short, sparse, longer on Tg1 and Tg2; St8 with some elongate yellow bristles on distal margin. Terminalia (Figs. 52–55): long and slender; right epandrial lamella twice longer than left lamella; right hypandrial lobe long, triangular, with short thin bristles, left hypandrial lobe not developed; dorsal bridge complete; postgonites slender, ribbon-like. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Peru. Type material. Holotype male: PERU: Monson Valley, Tingo Maria, xi.16.1954, E. I. Schlinger & E. S. Ross coll. (CAS). Etymology. The specific name refers to the long and slender abdomen., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R., 2007, New species of Neohybos Ale-Rocha & Carvalho (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae) from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, pp. 33-54 in Zootaxa 1503 on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.3.7

Neohybos rossi sp. n. (Figs. 56 – 60) Diagnosis. Thorax brown to black, brown pruinose except basal two-thirds of scutum shiny; thoracic setae brown, very short, thin; wing sub-hyaline, stigma pale, inconspicuous; legs yellow except distal two-thirds of hind femur, distal third of hind tibia and tarsomeres 3 to 5 brown; abdomen and legs with yellow bristles. Description. Holotype male. Body: 3.8 mm. Wing: 3.6 mm. Antenna placed at middle of head; postpedicel and arista lost. Face holoptic, as long as frons. Pair of ocellar setae lost. Postcranium with brownish pruinescence; occipital setae short, sparse. Thorax brown to black, brown pruinose except basal two-thirds of scutum shiny; thoracic setae brown, very short and thin; acr and dc uniserial; 2 npl as long as apical scutellar pair; scutellum with 1 apical pair long, divergent and 5 thin lateral pairs short and weak, about one-third the length of apical pair. Wing narrow; sub-hyaline; stigma absent; R4+5 and M1 parallel. Legs yellow except for distal two-thirds of hind femur, distal third of hind tibia and all tarsomeses 3–5 brown. Bristles yellow. Hind femur thickened, 4.6 times longer than wide; hind tibia tubular. Outstanding bristles: fore tibia with 1 short anterior preapical bristle and 1 long posterior preapical bristle crossing half of corresponding tarsomere 1; mid tibia with 1 short dorsal bristle in middle and 1 short dorsal sub-basal and 1 long posterior apical bristle reaching apex of corresponding tarsomere 1; mid tarsomere 1 with 1 long posteroventral bristle near base, reaching base of tarsomere 2 and 1 long dorsal preapical bristle; hind trochanter with some strong yellow bristles ventrally; hind femur with 1 dorsal bristle on distal quarter, 1 anterior on distal fifth, 9 spine-like elongate anteroventral bristles, 11 ventral thorns decreasing in length towards apex, posteroventral surface with 4 spine-like bristles on distal quarter and 1 sub-basal. Abdomen 4 times longer than thoracic length; shiny brown, with sparse brown pruinescence on Tg8 and sternites; yellow and thin bristles, longer on Tg1 and Tg2; St 8 with long yellow bristles on distal margin. Terminalia (Figs. 56–60): short, left epandrial lamella with very long and stout bristles distally; hypandrium elongate, right hypandrial lobe long, triangular, with long thin bristles, left hypandrial lobe not developed; dorsal bridge complete; postgonites slender, ribbon-like. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Colombia. Type material. Holotype male: COLOMBIA: 3 mi. W. Villaviceneio, mets. 920 m, iii.11. 1955, E. I. Schlinger & E. S. Ross coll. (CAS). Etymology. The specific name is homage to one of the collectors of the holotype, E. S. Ross., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R., 2007, New species of Neohybos Ale-Rocha & Carvalho (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae) from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, pp. 33-54 in Zootaxa 1503 on pages 48-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4358.3.7

Chvalaea Papp & Földvári Diagnosis Antennae inserted above the middle of head; basal flagellomere long with a bristlelike terminal bare arista. Frons short. Eyes distinctly separated on frons and meeting below antennae in both sexes. Pterostigma on costal cell; anal lobe reduced; cell dm emitting two veins. Tarsomeres with short robust black protuberances on ventral surface; pulvilli lacking. Abdominal sclerites heavily sclerotized and punctate. Male sclerites of eighth abdominal segment fused, forming a broad ring as long as preceding segment, with small circular membranous area on ventral surface. Male terminalia hidden in eighth segment; cerci broad. Female cerci hidden in eighth segment. Male terminalia description. Small, rotated approximately 90 0 to right, asymmetrical and retracted in eighth abdominal segment (Figs. 5, 6). Epandrium deeply cleft dorsally; epandrial lamellae united dorsally by narrow sclerotized basal connection (Figs. 9, 24, 28), occasionally this region indistinct, membranous (Fig. 13). Surstyli articulated, elongate, cylindrical, ventro­dorsally directed. Hypandrium elongate, rather symmetrical, with distal margin slightly convex (Figs. 8, 14, 21, 27); dorsal bridge sclerotized. Bacilliform sclerites elongate, bearing setae; subepandrial sclerite broadly articulated with dorsal bridge. Phallus elongate, biarticulated, bent inside of hypopygium; phallic shaft gradually arched, cylindrical; distiphallus expanded basally, with simple ribbon­like, long terminal appendage (Fig. 15); basiphallus­distiphallus articulation projected outside of epandrium, visible on left side of cerci (Figs. 7, 12, 23, 29); ejaculatory apodeme fused to base of phallus (Fig. 15). Cercus broad. Hypoproct broad and articulated with subepandrial sclerite (Figs. 9, 13, 24, 28). Remarks Chvalaea belongs to the Ocydromiini on the basis of a short cell cu p with truncate apex, short proboscis directed downwards, terminalia asymmetrical rotated through 90º, epandrium with a pair of articulated surstyli, phallus biarticulated, ventral apodeme and postgonites lacking. The presence of a biarticulated phallus plus the lost of postgonites and a ventral apodeme are synapomorphies of the tribe Ocydromiini as defined by Sinclair & Cumming (2000). The Ocydromiini is a cosmopolitan tribe, and is the only tribe of Ocydromiinae present in the Neotropical Region. On the basis of the antennae placed above middle of head, face long, eyes contiguous on the face, frons short with dichoptic eyes, Rs long and anal lobe undeveloped, Chvalaea appears related to Oropezella Collin. However, the hypandrium is similar to that of Ocydromia (Chvála 1983, fig. 519), and the long distiphallus in ribbon form is similar to Leptopeza (Chvála 1983, fig. 533), Hoplopeza (Rafael 1995, fig 9) and Leptodromiella (Chvála 1983, fig. 546). The terminalia hidden or retracted within the eighth segment, as well as the hypoproct in the form of a broad plate appear to be apomorphic characters of Chvalaea. Geographical distribution Neotropical (Brazil, Peru, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile), Oriental, Palearctic and Australasian Regions (modified from Sinclair & Cumming 2000)., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R., 2006, First description of species of Chvalaea Papp & Földvári from the Neotropical Region (Diptera, Hybotidae, Ocydromiinae), pp. 17-30 in Zootaxa 1167 on pages 18-19, {"references":["Sinclair, B. J. & Cumming, J. M. (2000) Revision of the genus Apterodromia (Diptera: Empidoidea), with a redefinition of the tribe Ocydromiini. Records of the Australian Museum, 52, 161 - 186.","Chvala, M. (1983) The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 12, 1 - 279.","Rafael, J. A. (1995) Revisao das especies neotropicais de Empididae (Diptera) descritas por Mario Bezzi. III. Ocydromiinae. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 39, 751 - 754."]}

Neohybos leptogaster (Melander) comb. nov. (Figs. 11���18, 29) Euhybos leptogaster Melander, 1927: 33; Smith, 1967: 12 (catalogue). Diagnosis. Face narrowly dichoptic; thorax and abdomen dark��brown; thorax woolly pruinose; abdominal tergites 6���8 pruinose; coxae, trochanters, tarsomeres 4���5 and hind femur brown; tarsomeres 1���3, fore and mid femora and tibiae yellow; hind tibia pale��brown, yellow at extremities; 1 pair of posterior outstanding dc bristles; wing hyaline, stigma lacking; mid tibia with 1 long AV bristle near middle; abdomen long, about 5 X length of thorax. Lectotype male (present designation). Body: 7.0 mm. Wing: 3.9 mm. Head. Flagellum oval small, shorter than scape and pedicel combined. Face darkbrown, shorter than frons, narrowly dichoptic. Post��cranium dark��brown with brown pruinescence; pair of ocellar setae divergent; 3 long upper postocellar bristles bent forward at basal third; occipital series with disordered, more numerous, long and scattered bristles on upper portion of postcranium, very short, almost inconspicuous on inferior half. Thorax dark��brown; pronotum, pleurae and scutum pruinose, except small circular area in dorsocentral line before base of wing, postpronotal lobe and dorsum of scutellum shiny, lacking pruinescence; dorsum of pronotum with gold��brown tomentum; notopleuron, pleurae and margins of scutellum with grayish pruinescense. Pronotum of medium length. Scutum with short bristles; acr row irregularly biserial anteriorly; decreasing in number posteriorly and becomes uniserial on posterior half of scutum; dc uniserial although more numerous anteriorly; intralars scattered. Outstanding bristles: 1 pair of posterior dc bristle; 2���3 thin npl; 1 postalar; 1 pair of scutellar apical bristles parallel, something short and 2 weak and short lateral bristles. Propleuron with short, inconspicuous bristle. Wing (Fig. 29): narrow, hyaline, stigma lacking, anal lobe narrow, alular incision greater than 90 ��; R 4 + 5 and M 1 slightly convergent, almost parallel. Legs clothed in brown bristles; coxae, trochanters, tarsomeres 4���5 and hind femur brown; tarsomeres 1���3, fore and mid femora and tibiae yellow; hind tibia pale��brown, yellow at extremities. Hind femur faintly inflated, approximately 5.8X longer than wide; hind tibia straight, lacking ventral keel. Fore and mid pulvilli whitish, twice length of claws, about 3 X longer than the hind ones; hind pulvilli brown, half of length of claws. Outstanding bristles very long: fore tibia with 1 A and 1 P preapical as long as tarsomere 1, reaching apex of segment; mid tibia with 3 AD distinctly long and robust, especially 2 basal bristles, 1 AV on basal third reaching apex of tibia and 1 apical PV crossing apex of tarsomere 1; mid tarsomere 1 with 1 AD and 1 PV preapical, 1 AD and 1 PV in third, very long, besides other long and thin bristles; hind trochanter with 1 V short spine and 1 PV spine��like bristle; hind femur with 8 AV spine��like bristles, 13 V thorns with protuberant bases, 3 PV more apical spine��like bristles, 2 long thin bristles on distal third and 8 spines with very protuberant bases on basal 2 / 3 of femur. Abdomen: dark��brown with thin, pale��brown bristles; very long and thin, about 5 X length of the thorax; Tg 6���8 short and pruinose; Tg 1 and Tg 2 with long bristles laterally, remaining bristles very short and scattered; sternites pilose with elongate bristles, increasing in length on more distal sternites; distal margin of St 8 with long and wavy bristles. St 6���8 densely pruinose, St 5 ��� 4 sparsely pruinose; segments 2���4 tubular, 5 X as long as wide. Terminalia (Figs. 11���15): pruinose, with long bristles; hypandrium long and slender, right hypandrial lobe wide, almost half of width of hypandrium and as long as hypandrium; dorsal bridge complete; left postgonite widened. Female. Similar to male except as follows. Abdominal pruinescence starting from Tg 7; spine��like bristles of hind femur reduced, 6 AV more slender than in male, 9 AV occupying distal half, PV row with 3 robust preapical bristles and remaining thin and elongate; hind trochanter lacking thorns. Terminalia (Figs. 16���18): ninth segment with large basal protuberance on each side. Tg 9 and St 9 triangular, wide basally and narrowed gradually towards apex; Tg 9 with small medium protuberance near base. Type material. Lectotype ♂: COSTA RICA, [Cartago], La Suisa, April 1922, Pab Schild; Type, Euhybos leptogaster Mel (USNM). Condition: antenna, fore and mid leg and right wing lost, terminalia in tube with glycerin. Paralectotype: same data as lectotype, 1 �� (USNM). Conditions: head, fore legs, left mid leg and right hind leg lost; terminalia in tube with glycerin, right wing mounted on microslide., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R. & De Carvalho, C. J. B., 2003, Neohybos gen. nov. (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotinae) from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-16 in Zootaxa 387 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156744, {"references":["Smith, K. G. V. (1967) Family Empididae. In: Museu de Zoologia da USP (Ed.). A catalogue of Diptera of Americas South of the United States, 39, 1 - 67."]}

Neohybos gen. nov. Hybos Meigen, 1803: 269 (part). Euhybus Coquillett, 1895: 437 (part). Type��species. Hybos luridus Bezzi, 1909, by the present designation. Etymology. neo (Greek): new + Hybos = New Hybos. Gender masculine. Diagnosis. Distinguished from other genera of the Hybotinae by the narrowly dichoptic eyes on face; flagellum ovate, arista bare, apical; proboscis short; labellum membranous bearing pseudotracheae; scutum with reduced number of bristles, dc and acr arranged in discrete series on prescutellar disc; wing narrow, elongated, costal cell and anal lobe narrow; Rs short; cell cup longer than cell bm; male terminalia asymmetrical; male eighth abdominal segment not rotated to right, hypandrial arms forming narrow, sclerotized dorsal bridge around phallus; Tg 8 of female with a single sclerotized plate. Description. Body length 3.5���5.5 mm. Head. Frons holoptic. Eyes narrowly dichoptic on face, upper ommatidia enlarged. Antenna placed at middle or slightly below head's middle; flagellum small, oval; arista bare, apical. Proboscis short; labellum membranous with pseudotracheae and short sensorial bristles. Ocellar triangle not protuberant with 1 ocellar pair of bristles. Post��cranium pruinose, convex; post��ocular series discontinuous, upper bristles bent forwards; occipital setae variable, frequently numerous. Thorax. Scutum usually pruinose, rarely shiny, with scattered bristles, anterior ones reclinate and posterior ones, on prescutellar disc, proclinate; dc row uniserial and acr row uniserial to biserial, arranged in discrete rows on the prescutellar disc; ial numerous. Outstanding setae: 2 npl; 1 pal; 1 or more sctl. Propleural bristle present. Wing narrow, elongate, hyaline or slightly brown tinged. Rs short. R 4 + 5 and M 1 parallel or convergent. Cell cup longer than bm, convex apically. Costal cell and anal lobe narrow, alular incision straight to obtuse. Vein CuA 2 faint, long and sinuous close of wing margin. Legs with following outstanding bristles: fore and mid tarsomere 1 with 1 A and 1 P preapical, mid tibia with several apical AD and 1 AV bristles, first fore and mid tarsomere with 3 preapical bristles (1 D, 1 A and 1 P) and 1 D in middle, first mid tarsomere with 1 subbasal PV; hind femur with series of AD and A bristles and spine��like AV, V and PV bristles. Abdomen shiny, with pruinescence confined to Tg 1 and Tg 8; lateral of Tg 1 ��Tg 3 with long bristles. Tergite 8 short, entirely sclerotized; male eighth abdominal segment not rotated 45 �� to right. Male terminalia pruinose, asymmetrical. Epandrium divided dorsally, surstyli not articulated. Bacilliform sclerite strongly sclerotized, connected with hypandrial bridge dorsally. Subepandrial sclerite usually projected beyond posterodorsal margin of left epandrial lamella. Hypandrium prolonged distally with apically developed hypandrial lobe; hypandrial arms narrowed and sclerotized forming ring (dorsal bridge) around phallus. Postgonites united ventrally forming continuous structure, belt��like, around base of phallus ventrolaterally. Phallus robust. Dorsal and ventral ejaculatory apodemes developed and sclerotized. Female terminalia with sclerites modified starting from segment 7, with protuberances, reentrances, thorns or elongate spine��like setae; Tg 8 with single sclerotized plate; St 8 usually divided basally. Distribution. Neotropical with records from the Antilles, Central America and northern South America. Included species. The genus currently includes: Neohybos hallexus (Smith), comb. nov.; Neohybos halteralis (Bezzi), comb. nov.; Neohybos luridus (Bezzi), comb. nov.; Neohybos leptogaster (Melander), comb. nov.; Neohybos derodactylus (Melander), comb. nov. and several undescribed species. Remarks. Adults of Neohybos are distinguished from Euhybus Coquillett and Cerathybos Bezzi by the combination of following characters: face dichoptic and usually short; anal lobe narrowed; alular incision obtuse; scutum with reduced number of bristles, dc and acr arranged in discrete series on prescutellar disc; narrow hypandrial arms forming a sclerotized ring around the phallus and the hypandrium with the medium portion wider than or at least as wide as the base; male eighth abdominal segment not rotated; Tg 8 of female with single sclerotized plate. Neohybos stands out from other genera of Hybotinae by the characters above, plus the apical and bare arista, proboscis short with a membra�� nous labellum bearing pseudotracheae, vein Rs short, veins R 4 + 5 and M 1 parallel or slightly convergent, cell cup longer than cell bm and male terminalia asymmetrical. The male terminalia of Neohybos are derived in several aspects in relation to the ground plan of the subfamily and provide its main diagnostic characters, of great taxonomic and phylogenetic importance. In the ground��plan of Hybotinae, the epandrium is deeply emarginate, with the epandrial lamellae united dorsally by a narrow bridge; distal margin of hypandrium with a pair of posterior lobes; surstyli not articulated; postgonites long, articulated with the hypandrial arms; ventral apodeme long, uniting the postgonites ventrally. These characters are distributed throughout related subfamilies; e.g. Bicellaria Macquart (Sinclair 1996, Figs. 26���29) and Oedalea (Chv��la 1983, Figs. 318���320, 341 ��� 347). In Neohybos, the epandrial lamellae are separated dorsally; hypandrium is prolonged distally with a developed apical hypandrial lobe usually on the right side, the left hypandrial lobe reduced or lacking; the phallus is robust, tubular, with two ejaculatory apodemes dilated apically, articulated at the base of the phallus, the right apodeme sloping, almost horizontal and the left one vertically positioned; the postgonites, positioned at the base of the phallus, are short and united ventrally forming a single ventrolateral structure, belt��like around the base of the phallus. However, the surstyli are not articulate, the bacilliform sclerite is still strongly sclerotized and articulated with the hypandrial bridge dorsally as in the Atelestinae and in the most basal genera of the Hybotinae and in the primitive genera of the Ocydromiinae (Chv��la 1983, Figs. 311, 312; Cumming et al. 1995, Figs. 10 a, b, c; 12 a, b). Phylogenetic relationships. The genus belongs to the Neotropical group of hybotine genera with a short membranous proboscis bearing pseudotracheae. Neohybos is the sistergroup of the lineage formed by Euhybus Coquillett and Cerathybos Bezzi, the most derived monophyletic group within the subfamily Hybotinae. These three genera share the reduced or absent ventral apodeme of the postgonites; furca and epifurca (Kristoph 1961) thin and longitudinal, and pseudotracheae present. The pseudotracheae are present in the most basal genera of Hybotinae (Chillcottomyia, Lamachella, Stenoproctus, Acarterus and Afrohybos) and they were lost in the group with proboscis strongly sclerotized (Syneches, Hybos, Syndyas, Lactistomyia and Smithybos). The presence of pseudotracheae in the group formed by Euhybus, Cerathybos and Neohybos is considered a reversal. The furcal plates are plesiomorphycally wide in the most genera of the Hybotinae. Euhybus and Cerathybos share holoptic eyes in the face, separate postgonites, membranous hypandrial arms, male eighth abdominal segment rotated, bacilliform sclerite parcially incomplete, and tergite 8 of female with three plates. However, in Neohybos those structures still keep the primitive state found in basal genera of Hybotinae: face dichoptic and usually short; postgonites united ventrally; hypandrial arms narrow; male eighth abdominal segment not rotated, bacilliform sclerite directly articulated with the hypandrium (just the right in Neohybos) and tergite 8 of the female formed by a single plate., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R. & De Carvalho, C. J. B., 2003, Neohybos gen. nov. (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotinae) from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-16 in Zootaxa 387 on pages 3-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156744, {"references":["Meigen, J. W. (1803). Versuch einer neuen Gattunseintheilung der europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 2, 259 - 281.","Coquillett, D. W. (1895) Revision of the North America Empidae-A family of two-winged flies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 18, 87 - 440.","Bezzi, M. (1909) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der sudamerikanischen Dipterenfauna. Fam. Empididae. Nova Acta Leopoldino-Carolinae, 91, 279 - 406.","Sinclair, B. J. (1996) Review of the genus Acarterus Loew from southern Africa, with description of seven new species (Diptera: Empidoidea, Hybotinae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 37, 215 - 238.","Chvala M. (1983) The Empidoidea (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. II. General Part. The families Hybotidae, Atelestidae and Microphoridae. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica, 12, 1 - 279.","Cumming, J. M., Sinclair, B. J. & Wood, D. M. (1995) Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera-Eremoneura. Entomologica Scandinavica, 26, 121 - 152."]}

Neohybos luridus (Bezzi) comb. nov. (Figs. 19���25, 30) Hybos luridus Bezzi, 1909: 310; Collin, 1933: 28 (citation); Smith, 1967: 11 (catalogue), Rafael & Ale��Rocha, 1995: 530 (revision). Diagnosis. Flagellum with one dorsal short bristle; body black with pruinose thorax and shiny abdomen; scutum with gray pruinescence inserted with dorsocentral strip of brown pruinescence, posterior half of scutum and inferior half of mesopleuron with whitish tomentum; scutellum with gray pruinescence; acr and dc short, scattered, acr uniserial; wing smoothly brownish to hyaline with brown stigma; legs black except base of tibiae, tarsomeres 1���2 yellow, tarsomeres 3���4 brown. Species reviewed by Rafael & Ale��Rocha (1995) with designation of the female lectotype and figures of female terminalia and wing. In the mentioned work, the male specimen used by Bezzi (1909) in the original description was not studied and it is probably lost. A series of female specimens from Ecuador were examined in this work. Two male specimens were associated with the females by general characters. The male terminalia was studied and the illustrations presented for the first time. Male terminalia (Figs. 19���25): bristles sparse and slender; right hypandrial lobe as long as half of length of hypandrium; dorsal bridge incomplete, right hypandrial arm short; left postgonite almost triangular; right epandrial lamella tapered distally in lateral view; left epandrial lamella with bilobed apex; right bacilliform sclerite with large process with truncate apex bearing black robust short bristles; phallus with large and robust spine��like process distally. Distribution. Bolivia, Ecuador (new record). Additional material. ECUADOR, Tungurahua, above Banos, 2000���2500m, 5.x. 1978, M. Cooper, BM 1999, 1 ♂ (INPA); 19.xi. 1978, 2���� (BMNH, INPA); 31.xiii. 1978, 2 ���� (BMNH); 22.xi. 1978, 1♂, 1 �� (BMNH)., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R. & De Carvalho, C. J. B., 2003, Neohybos gen. nov. (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotinae) from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-16 in Zootaxa 387 on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156744, {"references":["Bezzi, M. (1909) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der sudamerikanischen Dipterenfauna. Fam. Empididae. Nova Acta Leopoldino-Carolinae, 91, 279 - 406.","Collin, J. E. (1933). Empididae, In: British Museum of Natural History (Ed) Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Volume 4, London, 1 - 334.","Smith, K. G. V. (1967) Family Empididae. In: Museu de Zoologia da USP (Ed.). A catalogue of Diptera of Americas South of the United States, 39, 1 - 67.","Rafael, J. A. & Ale-Rocha, R. (1995) Revisao das especies neotropicais de Empididae (Diptera) descritas por Mario Bezzi. I. Hybotinae. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 39, 517 - 546."]}

Neohybos hallexus (Smith) comb. nov. (Figs. 3���10, 27) Euhybus hallexus Smith, 1963: 156, fig. 5; 1967: 12 (catalogue). Diagnosis. Body black, slender, with yellow setae; legs pale��brown to brown except tarsomeres 1,2 yellow; thoracic bristles long, acr biserial; wing with elongate costal bristles, basal third smoothly brownish, remaining hyaline, stigma lacking; abdomen elongate, about 4 X length of thorax. Holotype male. Body: 5,0 mm. Wing: 3,2 mm. Head. Flagellum conical elongate and narrow, 4 X longer than wide, slightly larger than scape and pedicel combined. Face linear, approximately as long as frons. Pair of ocellar setae long and convergent, almost vertical. Post��cranium with brownish pruinescence; postcranial setae more long than usual. Thorax: shiny black; postpronotal lobe and postalar callus with small yellow spot; very sparse brown pruinescence on pronotum, notopleuron, above postalar callus and prescutellar disc and in margin of scutellum; mesopleuron pruinose with small shiny areas in anepisternum and anepimeron. High scutum rounded dorsally with long, slender, yellow and scattered bristles; acr biserial, dc uniserial; ial disordered and mixed with dc anteriorly. Outstanding setae: 2 very long npl; 1 pal; 1 pair of subapical scutellar bristles strong, something short, divergent and straight, and 3 lateral slender setae about half as long as subapical pair; 1 short weak propleural seta. Wing (Fig 27): long and narrow, slightly dark on basal third and hyaline on remaining; stigma hyaline; costal bristles longer than usual; anal lobe narrow; alular incision greater than 90 ��; R 4 + 5 and M 1 parallel. Legs: clothed in brown bristles; coxae brown to black, trochanters, femora, tibiae and tarsomeres 3���5 brown; fore and mid tarsomeres 1���2 yellow and hind ones pale��brown. Hind femur more than 5 X longer than wide, clothed with sparse pilosity; hind tibia almost straight, lacking ventral keel. Outstanding bristles: fore tibia with 1 A preapical short bristle and 1 P preapical bristle longer than A, equal to length of tarsomere 1, ventral row with 3 very long bristles on distal half and posterior row with bristles also long, although weaker than ventral ones; mid tibia with AD slightly strong bristles, 1 A long and strong bristle on apical 2 / 3 reaching apex of tibia, 1 V preapical long bristle reaching apex of tarsomere 1; mid tarsus with very long bristles, tarsomere 1 with 1 AD and 1 PD subbasal reaching apex of the tarsomere 2; hind trochanter with 1 V spine��like bristle; hind femur with 1 AD at middle, 1 AD at distal quarter and 1 AD preapical bristles, 1 A in apical quarter and 7 AV spine��like bristles, 12���13 V short spines with discreet protuberant bases, 8 PV spine��like bristles divided into 2 subbasal and 6 on apical half; hind tibia almost straight, lacking ventral keel, with some AD thin bristles, 1 PD subapical strong and 1 AV apical shorter bristle; hind tarsomere 1 with 2 AV setae being 1 AV subbasal spine��like and 1 AV apical short bristles. Abdomen slender, about 4 X length of thorax; shiny black, with thin, elongate and yellowish bristles, distinctly longer laterally on Tg 1 and Tg 2; St 8 longer than wide. Terminalia (Figs. 3���7): right epandrial lamella enlarged and convex distally in lateral view; left epandrial lamella slender; phallus robust, strongly constricted on distal third, with short spines distally; right hypandrial lobe long and slender, as long as hypandrium; hypandrial bridge incomplete, hypandrial arms not fused dorsally; postgonites simple, narrow, ribbonlike. Female. Terminalia (Figs. 8���10): eighth segment narrow, Tg 8 and St 8 completely sclerotizated; base of St 8 with protuberance on each side; cercus short. Distribution. Guyana; Brazil (new record), Peru (new record); Colombia (new record). Type material. Holotype ♂: GUYANA, Kaieteur, Savannah & Environs, 3.ix. 1937 (terminalia mounted on microslides; right wing lost). Paratypes: 2.ix. 1937, 1��; 5.ix. 1937, 2����; Haig Forest, 5.ix. 1927, 1♂; 7.ix. 1937, 1♂; 8.ix. 1937, 1♂ e 1 �� (all in BMNH). Additional material. Material: PERU, [Madre de Dios], Rio Tambopata, Reserve, 30 km SW Puerto Maldonado, 19.ix�� 10.x. [19] 84, 12 �� 12 ���S. 69 �� 16 ���W, Trop. Moist Frot, D.A Grimaldi, 1 ♂ (AMNH). BRASIL, Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Ducke AM010, Km 24, Malaise, 12���19.xii. 1996, ��rea aberta, Henriques, Ferreira & Vidal, 1 ♂ (INPA); 27.viii. 1982, J. Rafael, 1 ♂ (INPA); Reserva da Campina, Br 174, Km 60, 13.vi. 1993, varredura, J. Vidal, 1 �� (INPA); Campus Universit��rio, iii. 1979, J. Rafael, 1 �� (INPA); Br 174, km 72, Faz. Dimona, 11���14.v. 1993, F.F.Xavier, varredura, 1 �� (INPA); Am 0 10 km 54, BI�� 2, 19���29.i. 1998, Igarap�� mata, Malaise, 1 �� (INPA); 3���12.iii. 1998, 1�� (INPA); Presidente Figueiredo, Cachoeira Santu��rio, 1���7.ix. 2001, Ale��Rocha, 1 ♂ (INPA); Par��, Alter do Ch��o, 15���18.ii. 1992, J. Rafael, 4 ♂, 2 ���� (INPA); Rio Trombetas, Cruz Alta, 25��� 29.viii. 1992, varredura, J. Vidal, 2 ♂♂, 5 ���� (INPA); Santar��m, Vila Inan��, 28.xii. 1994, L.S. Aquino, Malaise, 1 ♂ (INPA); Maranh��o, Caxias, Ponte, 045305S��� 432249 W, 0 7��� 12.iii. 1997, J. Rafael & F. Oliveira, varredura, 1 ♂ (INPA)., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R. & De Carvalho, C. J. B., 2003, Neohybos gen. nov. (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotinae) from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-16 in Zootaxa 387 on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156744, {"references":["Smith, K. G. V. (1963) The Empididae (Diptera) collected on the Oxford University expeditions to British Guiana in 1929 and 1937. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, (B), 32, 153 - 161."]}

Neohybos derodactylus (Melander), comb. nov. (Figs. 1���2, 26) Euhybus derodactylus Melander, 1927: 33; Smith, 1967: 12 (catalogue). Diagnosis. Body and legs elongate and thin; thorax and abdomen brown; legs yellow except coxae, hind trochanter, distal half of hind femur and tibia and tarsomeres 3���5, brown; one pair of posterior dc bristles long and robust; acr uniserial; wing narrow with brown stigma; fore and mid tarsal pulvilli more than 2 X longer than hind ones; upper facets distinctly enlarged. Holotype female. Body: 5.5 mm. Wing: 4.5 mm. Head. Flagellum oval as long as escape and pedicel combined. Face long, holoptic. Postcranium dark��brown to black with gray pruinescence. Postocular series with 6 very long upper bristles; occipital series long, uniserial, more numerous inferiorly. Upper facets distinctly larger than inferior ones. Thorax brown; pronotum shiny distally with pale��brown pruinescence basally. Scutum with purple shine, brown pruinescence on notopleuron, above postalar callus and prescutellar disc. Scutellum shiny, lacking pruinescence. Pleurae homogeneously pruinose. Pronotum long. Scutum with thin and short brown bristles; acr uniserial, scattered on prescutellar disc; dc and intra��alar uniserial, more numerous and disordered near postpronotal lobe; notopleuron with several thin bristles. Outstanding bristles, longer and robust: 2 npl; 1 posterior dc; 1 pair of subapical scutellar bristles long, robust, slightly divergent and 6 lateral bristles short, about one quarter length of apical pair; 1 postalar long and thin; propleuron with 1 minute bristle. Wing (Fig. 26): long and narrow, hyaline, with brown stigma; anal lobe reduced; alular incision greater than 90 ��; R 4 + 5 and M 1 convergent. Legs: long, clothed in yellow thin bristles; yellow except coxae, hind trochanter, distal half of hind femur, distal third of hind tibia and tarsomeres 3���5, brown. Hind leg 1.5X longer than foreleg; hind femur long and robust, distinctly narrowed basally; fore tibia conspicuously thickened in basal third, pilose posteriorly; hind tibia cylindrical, falciform. Outstanding bristles: fore tibia with 1 A and 1 P preapical; mid tibia with AD series little outstanding, just the 2 more basal bristles robust, 1 AV long apical; fore tarsomere 1 with 1 A and 1 P preapical; mid tarsomere 1 with 1 D sub��basal and 1 D preapical, 1 AV sub��basal and 1 AV preapical; hind femur with 8 AV spine��like bristles on the distal half, V row with short spines, PV row with 3 bristles near apex, 1 D near apex and 1 A on distal quarter; hind tarsi lacking spines. Abdomen: elongate, approximately 3 X length of thorax, thin, narrow basally and enlarged apically; brown, clothed in thin yellow bristles; shiny, with scattered pruinescence only on Tg 1 and 7; Tg 1 and Tg 2 with long lateral bristles. Terminalia (Figs. 1���2): ovipositor with cerci short; eighth segment asymmetrical with ventral surface nearly completely membranous; Tg 8 reduced to narrow medium plate; St 8 covering entire ventral face of segment. Male. unknown. Distribution. Costa Rica. Type material. Holotype ��: COSTA RICA, [Cartago], Turrialba, Nov. 1922, Pab. Schild; Type Euhybos Derodactylus Mel; A L Melander Collection 1961; Euhybos derodactylus Mel. (USNM) (ovipositor in tube with glycerin; right wing mounted on microslides)., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R. & De Carvalho, C. J. B., 2003, Neohybos gen. nov. (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotinae) from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-16 in Zootaxa 387 on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156744, {"references":["Smith, K. G. V. (1967) Family Empididae. In: Museu de Zoologia da USP (Ed.). A catalogue of Diptera of Americas South of the United States, 39, 1 - 67."]}

Key for identification of Neotropical genera of Hybotinae 1 Proboscis long and slender; labellum sclerotized, without pseudotracheae; Rs variable; abdomen pruinose.............................................................................................................................. 2 �� Proboscis short; labellum membranous bearing pseudotracheae; Rs short; abdomen shiny.... 6 2 Face short, eyes broadly dichoptic on face; Rs variable............................................................ 3 �� Face long and linear or eyes holoptic on face; Rs short.............................................................. 5 3 Rs long, arising before middle of basal cells (br and bm); frons flattened; flagellum short, rounded ovate, with subdorsal arista; postcranium concave with conspicuous postocelar sclerite; male terminalia symmetrical ....................................................................... Syneches Walker �� Rs short, beyond middle of basal cells; frons convex; flagellum pointed ovate, with apical arista; postcranium convex, without postocellar sclerite; male terminalia asymmetrical......... 4 4 Distal section of R 1 faint, sinuous, running parallel to the Costa; two pair of ocellar bristles; occipital bristles slender; 1 dc posterior bristle long; fore and mid tarsomere 1 without dorsal bristles; dorsal ejaculatory apodeme reduced...................................................... Hybos Meigen �� Distal section of R 1 normal; one pair of ocellar bristles; occipital bristles spine��like; posterior dc bristle lacking; fore and mid tarsomere 1 with long dorsal bristles; dorsal ejaculatory apodeme developed ........................................................................................ Smithybos Ale��Rocha 5 Basal section of M and Sc weak or lacking; Rs with apex arched to meet R 1 at right angle; wing with nude areas, without microtrichias; hind femur slender; hind tarsomere 1 short and thickened ................................................................................................................................ Syndyas Loew �� M strong basally and Sc present; Rs with apex arched to meet R 1 at acute angle; wing entirely clothed with microtrichias; hind femur thickened; hind tarsomere 1 long and slender.................................................................................................................................. Lactistomyia Melander 6 Eyes distinctly dichoptic on face, rarely holoptic; wing narrow; anal lobe narrow, with rounded margin; R 4 + 5 and M 1 parallel, somewhat convergent; dc and acr with reduced number of bristles, arranged in discrete series on prescutellar disc; male eighth abdominal segment not rotated; hypandrial arms forming narrow, sclerotized dorsal bridge around phallus; hypandrium wider in the middle; Tg 8 of female with a single sclerotized plate............. Neohybos gen. nov. �� Eyes holoptic on face, sometimes narrowly dichoptic; wing and anal lobe broad, rarely narrow; anal lobe triangular; R 4 + 5 and M 1 convergent; dc and acr with numerous and disordered bristles on prescutellar disc; male eighth abdominal segment rotated 45 �� to right; hypandrial arms prolonged distally forming membranous chamber dorsolaterally; hypandrium narrowed medially; Tg 8 of female divided in three plates........................................................................................ 7 7 Flagellum narrow, oval or conical; antennae inserted near middle of head; thorax strongly arched; pronotum elongate; mid tarsomere 1 with PV sub��basal bristle long; fore and mid tarsomere 1 with long dorsal bristles................................................................ Euhybus Coquillett �� Flagellum broad, strongly arched dorsally; antennae inserted high on head; thorax not strongly arched, almost flattened dorsally; pronotum short; PV sub��basal bristle of mid tarsomere 1 absent or reduced; fore and mid tarsomere 1 without dorsal bristles............ Cerathybos Bezzi, Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R. & De Carvalho, C. J. B., 2003, Neohybos gen. nov. (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotinae) from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-16 in Zootaxa 387 on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156744

Neohybos halteralis (Bezzi) comb. nov. (Fig. 28) Hybos halteralis Bezzi, 1909: 310; Collin 1933: 28 (citation); Smith 1967: 11 (catalogue); Rafael & Ale��Rocha 1995: 529 (revision). Diagnosis. Eyes distinctly dichoptic on face; face short; body black with pruinose thorax and shiny abdomen, lacking pruinescence; scutum with gray pruinescence inserted with dorsocentral strip of brown pruinescence, posterior half of scutum and inferior half of mesopleuron with whitish tomentum; acr and dc irregularly biserial, 1 pair of posterior dc bristles long and robust; wing hyaline with tenuous stigma; legs dark��brown to black except articulation femuro��tibial, apex of fore tibia, mid and hind tibia, tarsomeres 1���2 yellow. Female terminalia symmetrical, segment 8 with larger dorsal tubercle near base, Tg 8 in form of inverted U, St. 8 cleft distally. Species reviewed by Rafael & Ale��Rocha (1995) with figures of the female terminalia and wing. Male unknown. Distribution. Bolivia., Published as part of Ale-Rocha, R. & De Carvalho, C. J. B., 2003, Neohybos gen. nov. (Diptera, Empidoidea, Hybotinae) from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-16 in Zootaxa 387 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156744, {"references":["Bezzi, M. (1909) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der sudamerikanischen Dipterenfauna. Fam. Empididae. Nova Acta Leopoldino-Carolinae, 91, 279 - 406.","Collin, J. E. (1933). Empididae, In: British Museum of Natural History (Ed) Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Volume 4, London, 1 - 334.","Smith, K. G. V. (1967) Family Empididae. In: Museu de Zoologia da USP (Ed.). A catalogue of Diptera of Americas South of the United States, 39, 1 - 67.","Rafael, J. A. & Ale-Rocha, R. (1995) Revisao das especies neotropicais de Empididae (Diptera) descritas por Mario Bezzi. I. Hybotinae. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 39, 517 - 546."]}

Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P., Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2009): Revision of the species of Elaphropeza Macquart, 1827 (Diptera: Hybotidae, Tachydromiinae) from Amazon Basin and some remarks about E. ciliatocosta (Bezzi, 1904). Zootaxa 2245: 32-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190681