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Fourteen calves were inoculated intranasally with 5 strains of Bovid herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4). Of the 5 strains (85/BH 16 TV, 85/BH 17 TV, 85/BH 18 TV, 85/BH 231 TN, 85/BH 232 TN) tested, only one (85/BH 16 TV) induced a clinical condition in calves. However, virus was consistently isolated from the nasal swabs of all calves, irrespective of the virus inoculated, up to 10 days after the infection. Nasal swabs taken on postinfection days (PID) 30 and 90 were negative for virus. Virus was recovered from nerve tissues of calves that were infected with 85/BH 16 TV or 85/BH 232 TN strains and were killed on PID 4 or 8. Virus was also isolated from other tissues, such as lymph nodes and nasal mucosa (PID 8), lung and spleen (PID 4). Three months after the infection, two calves were given 85/BH 16 TV and three that received 85/BH 232 TN strains were subjected to dexamethasone treatment. Dexamethasone did not induce any clinical signs of disease but BHV-4 was isolated from nasal swabs obtained from all the calves and also from the tissues of 4 of 5 calves that were killed. Zusammenfassung Studium der Pathogenese von bovinen Herpesvirus-4-Infektionen bei Kälbern Vierzehn Kälber wurden experimentell mit bovinem Herpesvirus Typ 4 (BHV-4) intranasal infiziert (Stamm 85/BH 16 TV, 85/BH 17 TV, 85/BH 18 TV, 85/BH 231 TN, 85/BH 232 TN). Lediglich der Stamm 85/BH 16 TV löste klinische Erscheinungen aus. Eine Virusausscheidung im Nasensekret war jedoch bei allen Stämmen bis zum zehnten Tag nach Versuchsbeginn erfolgreich. Bei Kälbern, die mit den Stämmen 85/BH 16 TV bzw. 85/BH 232 TN infiziert und vier bzw. acht Tage darauf getötet wurden, ließ sich BHV-4 aus dem Nervengewebe isolieren. Auch der Nachweis aus Geweben wie Lunge, Milz, Lymphknoten und Nasenschleimhaut verlief erfolgreich. Drei Monate nach Versuchsbeginn wurden zwei Kälber, die mit dem Stamm 85/BH 16 TV sowie drei Kälber, die mit dem Stamm 85/BH 232 TN infiziert worden waren, mit Dexamethason immun-supprimiert. Die Behandlung führte zu keinerlei Krankheitserscheinungen, BHV-4 konnte jedoch aus Nasensekreten aller Kälber sowie aus Organen von vier der fünf Kälber isoliert werden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Volatile anesthetics reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and mortality in coronary artery surgery. Recently, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines suggested the use of volatile anesthetic agents for the maintenance of general anesthesia during noncardiac surgery in patients at risk for perioperative myocardial ischemia, but no randomized experience to document the cardioprotective effects of these agents exists in this setting. Therefore, the authors performed a prospective, randomized, controlled trial to compare the effects of sevoflurane versus total intravenous anesthesia, in terms of postoperative cardiac troponin I release in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery., Design: A randomized, controlled trial., Setting: A teaching hospital., Participants: Eighty-eight consecutive patients undergoing noncardiac surgery., Interventions: Patients were allocated randomly to receive either volatile anesthetic (44 patients) as the main anesthetic agent or total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) (44 patients)., Measurements: Postoperative cardiac troponin I release was measured as a marker of myocardial necrosis. Patients with detectable postoperative troponin I in the sevoflurane group (12/44, 27.3%) were similar to those in the propofol group (9/44, 20.5%; p = 0.6). There was no significant reduction of postoperative median peak cTnI release (0.16 ± 0.71 ng/mL in the sevoflurane group compared with the TIVA group, 0.03 ± 0.08 ng/mL; p = 0.4). Three patients died at the 1-year follow-up for noncardiac causes (2 in the TIVA group)., Conclusions: In the authors' experience, patients undergoing noncardiac surgery did not benefit from anesthesia based on halogenated anesthetics. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of volatile agents in noncardiac surgery., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Calves exposed by intravenous or intradermal inoculation with Herpes simplex virus (HSV), types 1 and 2, remained clinically normal and HSV was not recovered from nasal secretion nor blood samples. However, the clinical response of calves pre-inoculated with HSV, to Bovid herpesvirus-2 (BH-2) challenge infection was much milder than that in the challenge control calves, and the titer of BHV-2 by skin titration underwent a significant (2-2.5 log units) reduction in the HSV pre-inoculated calves. Inoculation of calves with live HSV provided a much greater protection against BHV-2 challenge infection compared with the results of previous experiments in which a Triton X100-inactivated HSV antigen was used. It was speculated that the possibility of HSV replicating in cattle must still be considered an open question.

Pregnant cows were given the first injection of an inactivated bovine rotavirus vaccine approximately 4 weeks before calving and a second injection just before calving. This led to the enhancement of rotavirus antibody titers in their colostrum as well as in the milk for at least 5 days after parturition. Thus, when newborn calves were fed with the mammary secretions obtained from the vaccinated cows daily for 5 consecutive days they were fully refractory to experimental infection with 81/36F bovine rotavirus. By contrast, the calves which were given the mammary secretions from unvaccinated cows, had clinical signs consistent with rotavirus infection and viral shedding. Based on these results it is suggested that vaccination of cows according to the scheme followed in this experiment, i.e., two injections within the last month of pregnancy, might be a valid approach which depending on confirmation under field conditions, could help reduce the incidence of rotavirus-induced diarrhea in newborn calves.

Concentrated antigen of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, previously inactivated with Triton 100X, were inoculated into calves. Thirty-two days later the calves were challenge exposed either by the intradermal or the intravenous route with Bovid herpesvirus 2 (BHV 2). The HSV-immune calves responded to BHV 2 infection with clinical signs which were much less severe that those observed in the challenge control calves. The skin lesions in the calves exposed to intravenous inoculation of BHV 2, were fewer in the calves in the HSV-immune group, whereas they were heavily disseminated, covering the skin of the entire body, in the control calves. In the case of calves which received BHV 2 intradermally, the titer of the virus underwent a reduction of more than one log unit in the pre-immunized calves. The most significant serologic finding was that the HSV-preimmunized calves produced antibody to the BHV 2 challenge virus at an earlier time than did the control calves. The immunologic relationship between BHV 2 and HSV was confirmed by the results of this study.

Nine calves, six of which had been infected with strain 85/BH 16TV and three with strain 85/BH 232TN of Bovid herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4), were treated with dexamethasone (DMS) three months after infection. DMS administration did not induce any clinical signs of disease, but BHV-4 was isolated from the nasal swabbings of all calves for a maximum of 8 days after the start of DMS treatment. The virus was also isolated from the nerve tissues, nasal mucosa, lymph nodes, lung and spleen of 4 calves that were killed at different stages (3, 5, 7 days) of the DMS treatment. Intranuclear inclusions associated with cellular shrinkage were found in the neural tissues of calves killed either 3 or 5 days after the start of DMS treatment. Unexpectedly, a latent infection by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus was reactivated. The virus was isolated from the nasal swabbings of two calves and also from the brain, cerebellum and nasal mucosa of one calf killed 5 days after the start of DMS treatment.