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GaInP 2 has shown promise as the wide bandgap top junction in tandem absorber photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting devices. Among previously reported dual-junction PEC devices with a GaInP 2 top cell, those with the highest performance incorporate an AlInP 2 window layer (WL) to reduce surface recombination and a thin GaInP 2 capping layer (CL) to protect the WL from corrosion in electrolytes. However, the stability of these III-V systems is limited, and durability continues to be a major challenge broadly in the field of PEC water splitting. This work provides a systematic investigation into the durability of GaInP 2 systems, examining the impacts of the window layer and capping layer among single junction pn-GaInP 2 photocathodes coated with an MoS 2 catalytic and protective layer. The photocathode with both a CL and WL demonstrates the highest PEC performance and longest lifetime, producing a significant current for >125 h. In situ optical imaging and post-test characterization illustrate the progression of macroscopic degradation and chemical state. The surface architecture combining an MoS 2 catalyst, CL, and WL can be translated to dual-junction PEC devices with GaInP 2 or other III-V top junctions to enable more efficient and stable PEC systems.

The authors review the indications and findings of urethroscopic and cystometric examinations carried out on 279 patients. The most common indication was urinary incontinence, stress and urge types. Other indications included dysuria, recurrent urinary infections, and preoperative indications. The most common finding was chronic urethritis. Other findings included urethral stenosis, unstable bladder, anatomic stress incontinence, and urethral diverticulum. Changes in the vesical neck, characteristic of anatomic stress incontinence, were found in 43% of patients who complained of stress incontinence. This resulted in fewer patients being treated operatively. Chronic urethritis was present in 48% of patients with urinary incontinence. Many patients became continent after medical treatment for chronic urethritis. Office urethroscopy and cystometry are invaluable to properly select patients for operative treatment of stress incontinence. Chronic urethritis often will be found to be the source of many pelvic complaints.