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The car rental sector is a dynamic and rapidly growing business sector, which is important for both the development of the automotive industry and consumer mobility needs. In the rental car market, risk management becomes an essential factor determining the success and long-term growth of business operations. Risk factors inherent in this sector, such as the technical condition of cars, customer behavior, economic conditions and the legal environment, require a structured and efficient management that would allow companies to make the most of the available opportunities and to minimize threats. The purpose of this article is to examine the risk management of car rental and evaluate the impact of a 5–10-year-old car rental model with reverse logistics on risk reduction and business efficiency. The article examines the methods of the risk management process, presenting the methods of risk identification, assessment and reduction, as well as the possibilities of applying reverse logistics in the car rental sector. The results of the applied expert method of quantitative research and the conducted questionnaire survey revealed the factors that are most important for a company that renews its fleet of vehicles. These are the price, operating costs, sustainability, and environmental friendliness, with sustainability being the top priority. Companies can benefit from the research results when making decisions about the renewal and optimization of their vehicle fleet. It was concluded that implementing reverse logistics in the car rental sector will increase company profits and reduce pollution.

The e-commerce industry is growing in strength year by year due to the growth in the number of consumers using this solution. The market of e-commerce industry allows reaching to a broader group of customers and reduction of costs. In order to gain a competitive advantage, any enterprise must work out an appropriate plan, action strategy within the scope of distribution. A basis for decision about strategy of distribution actions, or aiming at improvement of executed processes, is a proper identification and analysis of external and internal factors. Rationalization of conduct result in high quality of customer service in the aspect of promptness of delivery, and also affects planning of actions in the long term. The goal of the article was to analyze the logistics distribution of the enterprise acting within the scope of e-commerce and to propose a strategy to improve the execution of the process of completion. A model has been developed and simulation has been made.

Abstract Ageing is a major risk factor that contributes to increased mortality and morbidity rates during influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Macrophages are crucial players in the defense against viral infections and display impaired function during ageing. However, the impact of ageing on macrophage function in response to an IAV infection remains unclear and offers potential insight for underlying mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the immune response of young and aged human monocyte-derived macrophages to two different H1N1 IAV strains. Interestingly, macrophages of aged individuals showed a lower interferon response to IAV infection, resulting in increased viral load. Transcriptomic data revealed a reduced expression of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in aged macrophages albeit the cGAS-STING pathway was upregulated. Our data clearly indicate the importance of STING signaling for interferon production by applying a THP-1 STING knockout model. Evaluation of mitochondrial function during IAV infection revealed the release of mitochondrial DNA to be the activator of cGAS-STING pathway. The subsequent induction of apoptosis was attenuated in aged macrophages due to decreased STING signaling. Our study provides new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying age-related immune impairment. To our best knowledge, we are the first to discover an age-dependent difference in gene expression of STING on a transcriptional level in human monocyte-derived macrophages possibly leading to a diminished interferon production.

Abstract Background The Mendelian Disorders of Cornification (MeDOC) comprise a large number of disorders that present with either localised (palmoplantar keratoderma, PPK) or generalised (ichthyoses) signs. The MeDOC are highly heterogenic in terms of genetics and phenotype. Consequently, diagnostic process is challenging and before implementation of the next generation sequencing, was mostly symptomatic, not causal, which limited research on those diseases. The aim of the study was to genetically characterise a cohort of 265 Polish patients with MeDOC and to get insight into the skin lesions using transcriptome and lipid profile analyses. Results We detected causal variants in 85% (226/265) patients. In addition to the primary gene defect, a pathogenic variant in another gene involved in MeDOC pathology was identified in 23 cases. We found 150 distinct variants in 33 genes, including 32 novel and 16 recurrent (present in > 5 alleles). In 43 alleles large rearrangements were detected, including deletions in the STS, SPINK5, CERS3 and recurrent duplication of exons 10–14 in TGM1. The RNA analysis using samples collected from 18 MeDOC patients and 22 controls identified 1377 differentially expressed genes - DEG. The gene ontology analysis revealed that 114 biological processes were upregulated in the MeDOC group, including i.e. epithelial cell differentiation, lipid metabolic process; homeostasis; regulation of water loss via skin; peptide cross-linking. The DEG between TGM1 and ALOX12B patients, showed that RNA profile is highly similar, though fatty acid profile in epidermal scrapings of those patients showed differences e.g. for the very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs; FAs ≥ C20), the very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (VLC-MUFAs, FAs ≥ C20:1) and the n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n6 PUFAs). Conclusion Our results show that NGS-based analysis is an effective MeDOC diagnostic tool. The Polish MeDOC patients are heterogenic, however recurrent variants are present. The novel variants and high number of TGM1 and SPINK5 copy number variations give further insight into molecular pathology of MeDOC. We show that secondary variants in MeDOC-related genes are present in a significant group of patients, which should be further investigated in the context of phenotype modifiers. Finally, we provide novel RNA and lipid data that characterise molecularly MeDOC epidermis.

Introduction and Purpose: Low back pain (LBP) is a widespread condition and often leading to chronic low back pain (CLBP) in many cases. Although physical activity has shown significant benefits in reducing pain and improving functionality, additional elements such as mental health and social factors may play an essential role in CLBP management. This review examines the influence of lifestyle modifications on CLBP management, with the aim of providing evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice. Material and Methods: This review was conducted through an extensive search of peer-reviewed literature in PubMed, focusing on studies published from 2020 to 2024. The search included terms like "chronic low back pain,", "lifestyle," "exercise," and others. Studies were included if they evaluated the effects of physical activity and lifestyle interventions on pain relief and functional outcomes in LBP patients. Results: The results indicate that exercise treatment is more effective compared to no treatment, usual care, or placebo, particularly in reducing pain intensity. Lifestyle modifications, such as improving sleep quality, adopting healthy dietary habits and managing obesity, may further enhance patient outcomes by addressing additional factors contributing to the complexity of CLBP. Conclusions: Exercise appears to be moderately effective in managing chronic low back pain compared to no treatment, usual care, or placebo. These findings suggest that while exercise can be beneficial, its overall impact may vary depending on the treatment context. The integration of lifestyle factors such as mental health support, addressing sleep disturbances, promoting healthy dietary habits, and managing obesity could significantly enhance the overall effectiveness of CLBP management. Cannabinoids show potential as an alternative or adjunct treatment for CLBP. Physiotherapy interventions support an active lifestyle and enhance physical function in patients.

Introduction and Purpose Muscle regeneration, enhanced performance, and overall health improvement rely on effective strategies that support recovery processes by integrating nutritional and physiological approaches. This paper evaluates the synergistic effects of protein, micronutrients, and cold-water immersion (CWI) in the context of muscle regeneration, inflammation reduction. Materials and Methods A detailed analysis of 22 peer-reviewed from scientificdatabases, including PubMed, focused on the impact of protein intake, and the physiological benefits of cold-water immersion. Practical applications were developed, and the latest trends in recovery strategies were discussed. Results Protein intake, stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and counteracts sarcopenia. Micronutrients reduce oxidative stress, support immune functions, and accelerate recovery. CWI decreases inflammation and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The integrated application of these strategies yields better outcomes in muscle recovery and health compared to single interventions. Conclusion Combining high-quality protein, essential micronutrients, and cold-water immersion represents a comprehensive approach to optimizing recovery and health. The findings support the use of these strategies across various population groups, including athletes, older adults, and clinical patients. Further research is needed to personalize these interventions and assess their long-term effects.

Introduction Sweeteners are a common sugar alternative, especially in combating obesity and diabetes. With low calorie content, they appeal to health-conscious individuals. The food industry uses natural options like stevia or erythritol and synthetic ones such as aspartame or saccharin. While recognized as safe at recommended doses, debates continue about their long-term effects, emphasizing the need for further research. This paper explores the properties, benefits, and risks of sweeteners. Aim of the Study This study examines the effects of sweeteners on human health and evaluates their suitability as sugar substitutes for modern consumers, highlighting their benefits and potential risks. Materials and Methods An analysis of PubMed papers was conducted using keywords: sweeteners, artificial sweeteners, erythritol, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, aspartame, and sugar alternatives. Basic Results Both natural and synthetic sweeteners are used as sugar substitutes to address concerns about excessive sugar intake. Research indicates they help reduce calorie consumption and control blood sugar levels. However, uncertainties remain about their long-term health effects. Some studies suggest possible changes in metabolism or gut microbiota, but evidence is inconclusive. Regulatory bodies like the FDA deem approved sweeteners safe within recommended daily limits. Despite their advantages, further research is needed to fully understand their long-term impact. Conclusion Sweeteners are gaining popularity as sugar alternatives, particularly in the context of obesity and diabetes. Their variety allows for diverse dietary applications. While safe within recommended doses, questions about their long-term effects persist. They aid in weight control and glucose regulation but are not universally suitable. A balanced approach and further research are crucial.

Introduction and Purpose: Psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, significantly affect both physical and mental health, often leading to a reduced quality of life. These conditions are commonly associated with somatic symptoms, fatigue, and impaired psychosocial functioning. This review aims to explore the impact of physical activity on psychotic disorders, focusing on its effects on somatic symptoms, fatigue, and overall well-being, while examining the underlying mechanisms and its potential as an adjunctive therapy. Material and Methods: This systematic review was based on a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature in PubMed, covering studies published between 2020 and 2024. Studies eligible for inclusion were observational research, clinical trials, and meta-analyses that examined the role of physical activity in alleviating somatic symptoms, reducing fatigue, and improving overall well-being in individuals with psychotic disorders. Results: The literature review indicates that physical activity has the potential to improve somatic symptoms, reduce fatigue, and enhance overall well-being in individuals with psychotic disorders. Exercise interventions, particularly aerobic and resistance training, seem to benefit both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis, with notable improvements in cognitive function. Further research is necessary to determine the optimal exercise parameters. Conclusions: This review underscores the significant therapeutic potential of physical activity in alleviating somatic symptoms and improving the overall quality of life in individuals with psychotic disorders. Studies should investigate the neurobiological mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of physical activity in psychosis, such as stress responses and neuroplasticity. Integrating physical activity into standard treatment regimens could significantly improve patient outcomes in this population.

Introduction and Purpose Theophylline, used for over a century in asthma and COPD treatment, provides anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects via phosphodiesterase inhibition and adenosine receptor antagonism. This review examines its mechanisms, clinical uses, and emerging applications. Materials and Methods A detailed analysis of 23 peer-reviewed studies from scientific databases, including PubMed, focused on theophylline’s pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical safety, and novel applications in areas such as immunomodulation, metabolic disorders, and regenerative medicine. Results Theophylline shows anti-inflammatory effects, mitochondrial support, and modulation of key pathways (e.g., PI3K/Akt, NF-κB). It demonstrates potential in COVID-19-related ARDS, promoting muscle regeneration, and treating infertility. However, its narrow therapeutic index and variability in pharmacokinetics remain significant challenges. Conclusion Theophylline remains a cost-effective option in asthma and COPD and shows promise in broader applications like immunomodulation and metabolic disorders. Further research and advanced drug formulations are needed to enhance its safety and therapeutic potential.

Introduction and Purpose: Kidney stone disease is a significant global health concern with increasing prevalence worldwide. Diet plays a critical role in both the prevention and development of this condition. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of vegetarian and Mediterranean diets on the risk of kidney stone formation, focusing on the metabolic mechanisms and nutritional composition of each diet. Materials and Methods: The review is based on a detailed analysis of peer-reviewed studies from major scientific databases such as PubMed. The selected studies focus on the mechanisms of kidney stone formation, the influence of nutritional factors on this process, and the nutritional profiles of vegetarian and Mediterranean diets. Results: The vegetarian diet, rich in citrate, magnesium, and potassium, demonstrates urine-alkalizing properties that counteract kidney stone formation. Reducing meat intake in this diet lowers the risk of hyperuricosuria and uric acid stone formation. However, the vegan version of the vegetarian diet, which excludes dairy, may increase the risk of oxalate stones due to reduced calcium intake. Conversely, the Mediterranean diet offers a more balanced approach, combining the benefits of high fruit, vegetable, olive oil, and whole grain consumption with moderate intake of dairy, fish, and poultry. The presence of polyphenols in olive oil and the anti-inflammatory properties of this diet further support metabolic health and reduce the risk of kidney stones. Conclusion: The Mediterranean diet appears more effective in reducing kidney stone risk due to its flexibility and broader range of health benefits. It combines the advantages of the vegetarian diet with additional benefits provided by dairy, healthy fats, and moderate animal protein intake. Its comprehensive preventive effects and adaptability to patient needs make it a valuable dietary model for kidney stone prevention and management.

Introduction and Purpose: Adalimumab, a TNF-α inhibitor, is a cornerstone treatment for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Despite its efficacy, the high cost of adalimumab (Humira®) limits accessibility. The emergence of biosimilars offers cost-effective alternatives with comparable efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity. This article reviews the role of adalimumab biosimilars, their clinical equivalence, and potential to address healthcare challenges. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to evaluate the structural, functional, and clinical parity of adalimumab biosimilars with the reference product. Key studies on pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), and real-world outcomes were analyzed. Results: Adalimumab biosimilars demonstrate equivalent pharmacokinetic profiles and clinical efficacy across conditions, with comparable remission rates and safety profiles. Innovations, such as citrate-free formulations and advanced delivery devices, enhance patient adherence. Biosimilars significantly reduce treatment costs, increasing accessibility, especially in resource-constrained settings. Challenges remain in patient acceptance and managing therapy transitions. Conclusion: Biosimilars are transformative in addressing the cost barrier of biologic therapies, maintaining therapeutic equivalence to adalimumab while expanding access globally. Enhanced TDM and patient-centered strategies are essential for optimizing outcomes and maximizing their adoption in clinical practice.

Introduction Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, originally developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, have recently attracted attention for their potential applications in oncology. Their potential to modulate tumor metabolism and enhance responses to cancer therapies is an area of increasing interest. Aim of the study This review aims to explore the emerging role of SGLT-2 inhibitors in cancer treatment, focusing on their mechanisms of action, preclinical findings, and early clinical evidence. By understanding the potential of these agents to alter tumor metabolism and the immune microenvironment, we can evaluate their therapeutic value in cancer management. Material and Methods Data were gathered from peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and ongoing research on the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other cancer treatments. Description of the state of knowledge Preclinical studies suggest that SGLT-2 inhibitors can alter cancer cell metabolism by limiting glucose availability, potentially impeding tumor growth. These agents have demonstrated promise in models of breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, reducing cell proliferation and enhancing the efficacy of standard cancer treatments. Conclusions SGLT-2 inhibitors represent a novel therapeutic strategy in oncology, with potential to improve outcomes in combination with traditional therapies. However, more extensive clinical trials are required to validate their effectiveness, optimize treatment regimens, and better understand their safety profiles in cancer patients.

Introduction Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent advances highlight the role of inflammatory cytokines and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in its pathogenesis. Aim of the Study This study synthesizes current knowledge on the interplay between cytokines and lncRNAs across these conditions, emphasizing their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Materials and Methods Through a systematic review of recent studies, we identify key pathways and discuss translational implications for novel interventions. Description of the State of Knowledge Inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), orchestrate immune responses that exacerbate endothelial dysfunction, foam cell formation, and plaque instability. Concurrently, lncRNAs regulate gene expression through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, influencing cellular processes such as macrophage polarization and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Beyond atherosclerosis, these mediators are implicated in the pathogenesis of other inflammatory diseases, including sarcoidosis and Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion Our findings underscore the critical need for integrated approaches targeting both inflammatory mediators and epigenetic regulators to mitigate the burden of these diseases.

Background: A chronic disease occurring in a person’s life is a stressor, disrupting every aspect of their life. Objectives: This study aims to assess the relationship between functioning in chronic illness and quality of life with the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with high cardiovascular risk. Material and methods: This study included 200 patients (aged 18–80 years) under the care of a primary care physician, diagnosed with hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia, and/or diabetes between 6 and 24 months before the enrollment. The presented analysis assessed the symptoms of anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); and the quality of life of patients with cardiovascular disease using the Heart Quality of Life (HeartQoL) questionnaire and functioning in chronic illness using the Functioning in Chronic Illness Scale (FCIS). Results: The HADS scores amounted to 4.34 ± 3.414 points for the HADS-Anxiety subscale and 3.20 ± 2.979 points for the HADS-Depression subscale. The score indicative of functioning in chronic illness assessed with the FCIS was 98.32 ± 13.89 points. The independent predictors of HADS-anxiety were HeartQoL Emotional and FCIS Global, while HeartQoL Global and FCIS Global were the independent predictors for HADS-depression. Better functioning in chronic illness (FCIS Global) was associated with less frequent symptoms of anxiety and depression based on the HADS: HADS-Anxiety (R Spearmann = −0.3969; p < 0.0001) and HADS-Depression (R Spearmann = −0.5884; p < 0.0001). Higher HeartQoL scores, both globally, as well as in emotional and physical dimensions, were associated with a lower severity of anxiety and depression assessed with the HADS: HADS-Anxiety (R Spearmann = −0.2909; p = 0.0001) and HADS-Depression (R Spearmann = −0.2583; p = 0.0002). Conclusions: The quality of life and functioning in chronic illness are connected with symptoms of depression and anxiety. When assessing the severity of the depression symptoms in relation to the individual aspects of functioning in chronic illness, the areas requiring supportive-educational intervention can be identified. The assessment of both functioning in a chronic disease and the severity of the depression symptoms should be included in a standard nursing diagnosis and further supportive and educational intervention.

The main objective of the research was to assess the risk management system and the agricultural insurance market in Italy. The subject of the study was risk management instruments and insurance products aimed at farmers. The source material primarily came from reports of institutions involved in the insurance system, such as ISMEA. The data were processed using selected descriptive statistical methods. The most important areas of the risk management system in Italy were compared to those in Poland. The research demonstrated that Italian agriculture is exposed to significant natural risks. The risk management system and insurance market are much more developed in Italy than in Poland, despite agriculture playing an important and similar role in both countries. The Italian system includes both traditional and modern risk management instruments, such as IST and mutual funds. Among EU countries, Italy allocates the largest funds under the Common Agricultural Policy to risk management instruments. The demand for the analyzed insurance products is highly regionally differentiated, with farmers in the north much more frequently using insurance. The main categories of insured crops are vineyards, fruits, and cereals, while in terms of livestock production, cattle, pigs, and eggs are the primary insured categories. Italy can serve as an example for Poland and many other countries on how to build a risk management system.

The necessity of routine patch testing to topical medications reflects the frequency of contact allergy to these haptens as well as their presence in many popular medicinal products. At present, Polish Baseline Series includes 7 drugs tested individually (neomycin sulfate, gentamycin sulfate, budesonide, tixocortol 21-pivalate) or in the Caine Mix III (benzocaine, dibucaine, tetracaine). After 2021, the distribution of patch test preparations of drugs as halted in Poland due to the ongoing and still unsolved debate about the legal status of patch test haptens. Nevertheless, legal obstacles did not change the epidemiological situation and patch testing with drugs is still a part of good allergy and dermatology practice. Therefore, the doctors should supplement the presently available Polish Standard I (including most frequent sensitizers except drug haptens) with drugs available from pharmacy. Ready-made medicinal products are not an optimal replacement due to relevant differences in concentrations as well as the mode of application when comparing with the diagnostic use. Moreover, excipients added to such preparations might hamper the diagnostic purpose due to their own sensitizing potential. A definitely better solution is ordering of tailor-made pharmaceutical preparations of drug haptens at concentrations optimal for patch testing. In the present article, we propose prescriptions for hapten preparations to replace the currently unavailable drugs from the Polish Baseline Series. They can be either identical with the commercial patch test preparations (neomycin sulfate, gentamycin sulfate, budesonide) or a replacement with a modified, possibly improved, composition (caine mixes). The hapten most difficult to replace is tixocortol 21-pivalate that is not available in Poland in any form. An accessible, yet not equivalent, replacement for this hapten in the baseline series might be hydrocortisone 17-butyrate in alcohol.

Abstract Since wound healing requires cells to repopulate a damaged area, cell migration is essential. In addition, migration plays a crucial role in cancer metastasis. Whether tumour cells can invade tissue and metastasize is a crucial factor determining their malignancy or in other words a hallmark of cancer (Lazebnik in Nat Rev Cancer 10: 232–233, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2827 ). Nanodiamonds potentially offer a powerful tool to investigate these migration processes. Due to their unprecedented photostability, they can function as long-term fluorescent labels. Besides, nanodiamonds are robust quantum sensors that can reveal, for instance, the temperature or the concentration of certain chemicals with nanoscale resolution. However, to utilise nanodiamonds to study cell migration, it is essential to understand if and how the presence of nanodiamonds influences cell migration. Here, we investigate this process for the first time. We found that nanodiamonds do not alter the speed at which HeLa cells populate a scratch at any tested concentrations. Furthermore, we tested cell attachment by quantifying focal adhesion points. Oxygen-terminated fluorescent nanodiamonds influence the cell spreading, the number of focal adhesions and the size of focal adhesion points. Interestingly, this is different for other types of nanodiamonds in the literature. For these particles, it has been described in the literature that they hinder cell migration. Our results support that fluorescent nanodiamonds do not influence cell migration strongly and thus can be used in labelling and sensing migrating cells. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Printing as a process itself generates many environmental concerns. The paper addresses ink management in terms of environmental issues in the label printing industry, focusing on its environmental implications. The goal is to demonstrate how a proper ink management system impacts overall printing process efficiency and environmental sustainability for printing companies. The paper introduces an empirical approach to managing components for label and packaging production, utilizing automatic ink dispensing systems. The results demonstrate that the proper management of ink dispensing to minimize waste in packaging printing is crucial for optimizing operating print costs, potentially reducing the amount of ink needed to prepare colors by 52% and achieving energy savings of 37%. This approach fulfills the goal of sustainability by addressing environmental, economic, and social concerns. By optimizing ink usage and energy consumption, companies can significantly reduce operating costs and enhance economic performance. Simultaneously, these practices improve product quality, meet consumer demands for sustainable packaging, and create better working conditions for employees. Future directions and practical implications for supporting operational excellence in production are also discussed.

W tekście podejmuję próbę namysłu nad obecnym stanem edukacji w Polsce i nad naszą (tj. nauczycieli akademickich) rolą w zaistniałej sytuacji. W związku z tym najpierw wyjaśniam, jak rozumiem, czym jest edukacja i jakie są jej zadania, a następnie szkicuję obraz polskiego szkolnictwa publicznego, konstatując jego mankamenty i ich konsekwencje. Następnie przechodzę do kwestii strategii działania, jaką w przedstawionych okolicznościach powinni przyjąć nauczyciele akademiccy. Zastanawiam się, które metody dydaktyczne współgrają: raz – z aktualnymi uwarunkowaniami edukacji, dwa – z klasyczną i z postklasycznymi teoriami poznania, wiedzy i nauczania (te drugie – jak się zdaje – przyjmuje większość z nas). Na koniec proponuję zastosowanie strategii „enklaw edukacyjnych” i charakteryzuję to przedsięwzięcie.

Na terenie Kujaw w miejscowościach Janiszewo, gm. Lubraniec, oraz Stawiec, gm. Lubanie, przeprowadzono archeologiczne badania wykopaliskowe dworów, po których nie pozostał żaden relikt na powierzchni ziemi. Najprawdopodobniej w XVIII w. oba popadły w ruinę, a miejsca ich lokalizacji stały się gruntami ornymi, uprawianymi do dzisiaj. Z zabudowań fazy nowożytnej pochodzą znaleziska dwóch ceramicznych dzbanów. Zabytki te stanowią wyjątkowy przykład dawnego rzemiosła ze względu na motywy zdobnicze, jakimi pokryto powierzchnię naczyń. Dzban z Janiszewa mieści wyjątkowy „podpis” wytwórcy w postaci schematycznie namalowanego farbą angobową wyposażenia warsztatu garncarskiego. Składa się nań rysunek sponowego koła garncarskiego wraz z ustawionym nań dzbanem oraz umieszczonych powyżej, zawieszonych zapewne na ścianie, drewnianych matryc do formowania płyt kafli piecowych. Naczynie ze Stawca ozdobione zostało rytym ornamentem oraz powłoką zielonej polewy. Rysunek przedstawia trzy winne krzewy obwieszone dorodnymi gronami, wśród których znajduje się kilka małych ptaków zjadających owoce oraz dwa znacznie większe ptaki. To sowa i ptak z rodziny kurowatych (głuszec?). Dzban na wino z takim zdobieniem nie tylko miał walory estetyczne. Przedstawiona na nim narracja mogła mieć kilka znaczeń kierowanych do amatorów nalewanego trunku.

Abstract The research addresses the pressing need to understand wind conditions for optimal wind energy utilization, a crucial aspect of achieving global energy sustainability. While previous studies have focused on assessing wind energy potential and terrain roughness, gaps persist in understanding how wind and spatial conditions affect blade geometry. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of local wind conditions on wind turbine blade geometry, integrating nonuniform wind inflow due to wind shear into the theoretical model. Through the paper, it explores blade design for varying inflow conditions and analyses the relationship between terrain type and blade designs. A novel approach to wind turbine blade design, utilizing a theoretical model that combines the local momentum theorem with insights from propeller vortex theory was adopted. Through the analysis, the authors demonstrate that variations in terrain significantly influence blade geometry, underscoring the necessity for tailored turbine designs based on local conditions. The findings reveal discrepancies in blade geometry across different turbine capacities and terrain types, offering novel insights into wind turbine performance optimization. By tailoring blade geometry to specific locations enhances resource utilization, offering insights for energy policymakers. The research provides validated methods for optimizing turbine geometric parameters, opening avenues for increased local investment in wind energy and promoting distributed energy development. Illustrated with wind plants examples, the paper concludes by outlining future research directions in this field.

Amber has been used to create decorative items for centuries, but its degradation presents challenges for conservators. This study identifies substances historically used to protect amber objects, especially those from 17th and 18th century Gdansk workshops. Despite their historical value, information on amber conservation is scarce. Traditional substances are noted, but their exact compositions and effects on amber remain unclear. Synthetic resins, introduced in the late 19th century, also degrade, complicating conservation due to their removal difficulty and interference with amber identification. This research aimed to develop methods for detecting and analyzing protective coatings on amber objects using macroscopic and microscopic techniques. Initial methods included analytical photography under visible and UV light and reflectance imaging spectroscopy (RIS) to assess the surface. Raman spectroscopy (RS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) were used for detailed analysis. RS provided precise layer-specific information but was sensitive to surface conditions, while XRF quickly identified inorganic compounds but not organic materials. Examining amber objects from Polish collections using this methodology revealed various protective substances, including synthetic resins and nitrocellulose varnishes. This research contributes to amber conservation by proposing a comprehensive material analysis approach, essential for developing effective conservation strategies for these historic objects.

In this research, we used a straightforward and cost-effective methodology to fabricate a three-dimensional nickel-molybdenum (NiMo) thin-layer coating, sparsely decorated with gold crystallites, on a titanium substrate (denoted as Au(NiMo)/Ti). The catalysts were prepared by depositing NiMo onto a Ti surface through a simple electrochemical deposition technique involving a dynamic hydrogen bubble template, followed by gold crystallite decoration via galvanic displacement. The prepared NiMo/Ti and Au(NiMo)/Ti catalysts were investigated as promising potential materials for alkaline fuel cells. The Au(NiMo)/Ti-3 catalyst with an Au:Ni:Mo molar ratio of 1:52.5:2.4 exhibited significantly higher electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of sodium borohydride and the reduction of oxygen compared to the NiMo/Ti with a Mo:Ni molar ratio of 1:7.8 to 1:24.3, and Au(NiMo)/Ti-2 and Au(NiMo)/Ti-1 catalysts with Au:Ni:Mo molar ratios of 1:50.1:5.5 and 1:51.2:7.5, respectively. Direct alkaline NaBH₄-H₂O₂ single fuel cell tests were conducted using the prepared NiMo/Ti-3 with Mo:Ni molar ratio of 1:24.3 and Au(NiMo)/Ti-3 catalysts as the anode materials. The investigation revealed that the peak power density of up to 162 mW cm⁻² was attained at 25°C with a current density of 202 mA cm⁻² and a cell voltage of 0.8 V, when Au(NiMo)/Ti-3 was employed as the anode catalyst. The highest Au mass-specific peak power density of 42.9 kW g⁻¹ was obtained at 55°C. The Au(NiMo)/Ti-3 catalyst demonstrated significantly higher activity and greater stability than the NiMo/Ti-3 catalyst. Overall, the NiMo/Ti and Au(NiMo)/Ti catalysts are promising materials for use as anodes in direct sodium borohydride fuel cells.

Introduction and Purpose: T2DM is a metabolic condition with significant global health implications, largely driven by aging populations and the obesity epidemic. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have transformed T2DM treatment by offering benefits that extend beyond blood glucose control, including weight reduction, cardiovascular protection, and potential effects on related metabolic conditions. This review aims to explore the mechanisms of GLP-1 RAs, their clinical applications, and their evolving role in addressing T2DM and its associated complications. Materials and Methods: The review is based on a detailed analysis of peer-reviewed studies from major scientific databases such as PubMed. The selected literature focuses on the mechanisms, clinical benefits, and new developments in GLP-1 RA therapies, including innovations in drug formulations and combination treatments. Results: GLP-1 RAs enhance glycemic control by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon release, with a low risk of hypoglycemia. They also facilitate significant weight loss by regulating appetite and slowing gastric emptying. Beyond these core effects, GLP-1 RAs reduce cardiovascular risks, slow the progression of chronic kidney disease, and show promise in managing NAFLD and neuroinflammation. Innovations such as dual and triple agonists and oral GLP-1 RA formulations have further expanded their therapeutic scope, improving patient outcomes and adherence. Conclusion: GLP-1 RAs represent a significant advancement in the management of T2DM and related metabolic disorders. By addressing interconnected issues such as glycemic control, weight management, and cardiovascular risk, these therapies play a central role in modern metabolic medicine. Ongoing research should focus on long-term outcomes, safety, and personalized approaches to maximize their full potential and accessibility.

Introduction and Purpose: Autoimmune diseases represent a diverse group of disorders caused by immune dysregulation, resulting in attacks on the body’s own tissues. These conditions are increasingly common and significantly impact patients' quality of life. Environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle, are key contributors to this increase. This review explores the impact of diet and lifestyle on the progression and management of autoimmune diseases. Materials and Methods: This review is based on articles obtained from scientific databases like PubMed, selected for their importance to the subject. Results: Anti-inflammatory diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, and selenium, reduce disease activity and modulate immune responses. Dysbiosis in the gut and oral microbiomes is a significant factor in disease progression, while probiotics and prebiotics may have a promising impact.Lifestyle factors complement dietary strategies by reducing systemic inflammation and improving physical and mental health. Gender-specific differences further highlight the need for personalized management approaches. Conclusion: Diet and lifestyle modifications significantly influence autoimmune disease outcomes by reducing inflammation, supporting immune regulation, and addressing comorbidities. Future research should focus on precision nutrition and microbiome-based therapies to further enhance treatment outcomes and patient well-being.

Objective: This article aims to identify and analyse the opinions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) entrepreneurs operating in the Silesian Voivodeship on the prospects of their companies in relation to the need to implement so-called green solutions. The key aim of the study was to identify differences in assessments of future developments in the labour market of the Silesian Voivodeship between two groups of respondents: SME companies with the potential to create green jobs and SMEs in the green sector. Research Design & Methods: We based the analysis on empirical data collected during fieldwork, based on a dedicated interview questionnaire. We used stratified-quota sampling. We conducted the entire study in the form of computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) with a sample of 635 respondents. Key relationships between nominal variables and their categories were tested using a chi-square test to determine the significance of these relationships. For factors significantly influencing interest in companies‘ environmental activities, correspondence analysis was additionally applied. Findings: Most respondents believe employment in SMEs with green job potential will remain stable until 2027. Micro-entrepreneurs tend to foresee unchanged employment, while medium-sized companies plan to increase staff. The study highlights that green jobs are not clearly defined, focusing more on retraining employees to meet new environmental requirements than creating new roles related to green technologies. Entrepreneurs believe that Silesia’s socio-economic infrastructure supports green economy initiatives, while companies already engaged in the green sector effectively create green jobs. Notably, 71.4% of these companies‘ representatives expect strong growth in the sustainable economy by 2027. Implications & Recommendations: The green economy in Silesia has promising prospects but faces challenges. Supporting access to public funding and offering preferential pricing for eco-friendly technologies could boost interest across businesses. Raising public awareness and environmental education is crucial to prepare workers and the public for upcoming economic shifts. Simplifying subsidy procedures for pro-environmental actions and adjusting legal regulations could accelerate the adoption of green solutions, making them more attractive to regional enterprises. Contribution & Value Added: This research enriches prior studies on sustainability and entrepreneurship by addressing the perspectives of SMEs in Poland. The analysis highlights how SME entrepreneurs in Silesia view the green economy. Most companies with green job potential (66.2%) found the region’s socio-economic infrastructure favourable for green economy adoption. Promising areas included renewable energy, clean technologies, and waste management, with photovoltaics and recycling identified as key. Among established green-sector firms, 71.4% expect strong sector growth by 2027, aligning with the sustainable development goals (SDG).

Guerrilla marketing in public transport is distinguished by the fact that it usually avoids traditional advertising methods such as television commercials or newspaper ads. Guerrilla campaigns in public transport focus on creative tactics to surprise the public and generate buzz about the brand. These campaigns often use non-traditional methods to draw attention to the brand in question. Guerrilla campaigns can be useful for businesses looking to gain an edge over their competitors. The partisan campaigns tend to get more media attention than traditional methods because they are seen as new or unexpected. These campaigns can create excitement and anticipation for your product or service, which can help increase sales. The subject of this paper is a case study of Guerrilla advertising in public transport. The aim of the paper is to assess the usefulness of Guerrilla advertising in promoting the attractiveness of public transport. The paper discusses the analysis of scientific literature, presents the Guerrilla marketing concept, type and tools, advantages and disadvantages. Traditional and Guerrilla marketing, research methodology comprising case study and quantitative research method, based on the results of the analysis of the scientific literature and the result of the research suggestions are made. Cases of partisan marketing in public transport are rarely studied in the scientific literature.

Introduction Anorexia nervosa is a serious mental disorder characterised by a strong fear of gaining weight, impaired self-perception and weight loss activities. It mainly affects young females and has the highest mortality rate of mental disorders. The aetiology is multifactorial, and treatment most often consists of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. The sooner it is started, the better the effect it brings. Aim of the Study The aim of this publication is to present possible complications in the course of anorexia nervosa. This is to emphasise that anorexic patients require multidisciplinary care. Materials and Methods An analysis of papers available in PubMed was performed. The following keywords were used: anorexia nervosa, anorexia nervosa complications. Description of the state of knowledge Anorexia nervosa is classified as a mental disorder, but it nevertheless has many physical consequences. Patients hospitalised for AN often present multiple somatic symptoms. It affects, among others, the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, pulmonary and digestive systems. Malnutrition triggers many mechanisms that manifest themselves in different ways and sometimes lead to irreversible changes. Conclusions Malnutrition has consequences in almost every system and organ. They range from mild to life-threatening. Some of them can even contribute to or trigger sudden death. It is worth emphasising that most complications disappear after returning to normal body weight and proper nutrition. The recovery process is also fraught with risk, as complications can also occur in its course. .

With the growth in the number of shipments and the increasing costs of transport and air pollution caused by transport activities around the world, the past decade has seen a search for alternative freight transport methods to reduce these factors. Scientific background and assumptions: it is argued that in combined transport, the transit time is the same as in single mode transport; customers’ needs have increased. The research object of the article: the operation of combined transport and its impact on the quality of customer service. The analytical and scientific part analyses the concept of logistics, its operational processes, as well as presents the main components of the activity in theoretical and scientific aspects, which are used to carry out other analyses of the scientific literature on customer service, combined transport activity, which are necessary for the research. The research part, which is based on the collected statistical data, best practices in foreign countries and an expert survey, seeks to identify the real issues of combined transport and the areas that affect customer service. The results section presents the developed model regarding the solution that can be applied to eliminate or reduce and improve customer service performance in a combined transport mode.

Primary school pupils with hearing impairment face various obstacles to their academic and personal growth. The main aim of the study was to reveal the impact of the use of gamification methods on the mathematic achievement of primary school pupils with hearing impairment. This study used a pretest/posttest experimental strategy. The experiment was carried out in three stages. During the first stage, all participants’ mathematical achievement level was measured and their mathematical progress was monitored. In the second stage, three game methods were applied to the experimental group consistently, according to pre-prepared lesson plans. The content of games methods was developed considering the topics, goals and expected results of the lessons. In the third stage, the impact of the game methods on first grade primary school hearing impaired pupils’ achievement was assessed. Findings identified significant changes in the achievements of the experimental group. The implementation of gamification methods in mathematics lessons for first grade primary school pupils with hearing impairment resulted in a statistically significant improvement in the pupils’ knowledge of numbers, calculations, geometry, measurements, and measurement, as well as in the level of higher-order thinking skills, knowledge, and understanding, i.e., from satisfactory to basic and advanced levels in the experimental group.

Intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic effects resulting from conditions in previous generations can contribute to environmental adaptation as well as disease susceptibility. Previous studies in rodent and human models have shown that abnormal developmental exposure to thyroid hormone affects endocrine function and thyroid hormone sensitivity in later generations. Since the imprinted type 3 deiodinase gene (Dio3) regulates sensitivity to thyroid hormones, we hypothesize its epigenetic regulation is altered in descendants of thyroid hormone overexposed individuals. Using DIO3-deficient mice as a model of developmental thyrotoxicosis, we investigated Dio3 total and allelic expression and growth and endocrine phenotypes in descendants. We observed that male and female developmental overexposure to thyroid hormone altered total and allelic Dio3 expression in genetically intact descendants in a tissue-specific manner. This was associated with abnormal growth and neonatal levels of thyroid hormone and leptin. Descendant mice also exhibited molecular abnormalities in the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted domain, including increased methylation in Meg3 and altered foetal brain expression of other genes of the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted domain. These molecular abnormalities were also observed in the tissues and germ line of DIO3-deficient ancestors originally overexposed to thyroid hormone in utero. Our results provide a novel paradigm of epigenetic self-memory by which Dio3 gene dosage in a given individual, and its dependent developmental exposure to thyroid hormone, influences its own expression in future generations. This mechanism of epigenetic self-correction of Dio3 expression in each generation may be instrumental in descendants for their adaptive programming of developmental growth and adult endocrine function.

We provide a comprehensive re-examination of the early medieval cocoons unearthed during archaeological excavations in the Cathedral Square at Ostrów Tumski, Poznań, Poland, in the 1950s. We challenge previous identifications, in particular the misidentification of these cocoons as Bombyx mori (silk moth) which influenced the interpretation of sericulture practices in the region. Comprehensive comparative microstructural analyses, including digital microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, as well as the association of the cocoons with structures, validate our revised identification as Hymenoptera (possibly parasitic wasp) cocoons. While silkworm breeding and silk production did not occur in 11th-century Poznań, our meticulous review of the historical records highlights the appearance of silk fabric as early as the 9th and 10th centuries in Poland trough trade routes likely originating in China and Byzantium. We underline the significance of Hymenoptera cocoons, a rarity in archaeology. In addition to contributing to a more accurate understanding of the history of silk textiles in early medieval Poland, and enriching knowledge of global trade contacts and cultural connections, our study emphasizes the importance of challenging and updating scholarly findings as the research methods improve.

Due to climate warming the distribution of Southern European species has extended to the north in recent years. Currently, Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) is distributed over the whole territory of Poland. Data on the current distribution of A. bruennichi in Poland and on its occurrence over the years from the GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) and from the zbioryprzyrodnicze.web.amu.edu.pl database were analysed. Records and habitat preferences by the wasp spider especially in the northernmost parts of Poland were discussed. Observing colonization by the the Mediterranean-Pontian species the areas located to the north of the native distributional region provides a unique opportunity to understand traits that facilitate its range expansion. The study is also a collection of traits that facilitate range expansion of the wasp spider.

Muzea to nie tylko obiekty i ludzie, ale także miejsca, z którymi są związane. Muzeum Ziemi PAN w Warszawie mieści się w dwóch budynkach o wyjątkowej historii. Położone na skarpie wiślanej budowle stanowią inspirację do refleksji nad dziejami ogrodu na Frascati oraz działalności architektonicznej Bohdana Pniewskiego. Przede wszystkim przypominają dzieje dwóch instytucji, Muzeum Branickich, które dało podstawę Państwowemu Muzeum Przyrodniczemu oraz Muzeum Ziemi. Pierwsze z nich zostało zniszczone w czasie II wojny światowej, wraz z kolekcją zniknęło ono ze świadomości społecznej. Drugie, pomimo zniszczeń, dzięki determinacji Stanisława Małkowskiego zostało reaktywowane po 1945 r. Celem artykułu jest przypomnienie dziejów tych intuicji oraz łączących je budynków, które stanowią doskonały przykład lieu de memoire o wysokiej wartości historycznej i społecznej.

Introduction: Exposure to blue light throughout the day plays a key role in maintaining the balance of our biological functions. It has a profound impact on our physical and mental state, including the visual system, and contributes to the regulation of behavior and circadian rhythms. The relationship between light emitted by digital devices, the biological rhythm of the retina and the development of refractive errors has been the subject of research in recent years. Aim of Study: This manuscript aims to investigate the implications of light exposure from digital devices on the visual system and circadian rhytms, with a focus on understanding the associated risks, such as digital eye strain and myopia progression. Additionally, the study evaluates the efficacy of blue light-filtering lenses in mitigating these effects. Material and Methods: The present study is based on literature available in scientific databases such as PubMed, Corchane Library and Google Scholar, using the following keywords ,,Digital devices”; ,, Blue light” ; Digital eye strain” ; Visual system”; ,,Circadian rhythms” Results and conclusions: Despite the prevalent use of blue light-filtering lenses, existing evidence indicates that their effectiveness in improving visual performance or preventing retinal damage is limited. Consequently, the implementation of protective strategies, such as the 20-20-20 rule, combined with appropriate ergonomic practices, is critical in alleviating the ocular strain induced by extended screen exposure.

Background:. Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps and latissimus dorsi (LD) flaps are two widely used breast reconstruction techniques, each with distinct advantages and limitations. This meta-analysis aims to compare patient satisfaction and incidence of complications between these two techniques to inform clinical decision-making. Methods:. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for relevant studies. We included studies with data comparing DIEP and LD flaps, BREAST-Q patient satisfaction, and complications. Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4. Results:. The search yielded 788 studies, of which 13 were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 2128 patients were analyzed, with 1378 undergoing DIEP flap reconstruction and 750 receiving LD flap reconstruction. The analysis showed greater improvement with DIEP flaps in breast satisfaction [mean difference (MD) = 9.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.90–12.05, P

Bike-sharing networks have achieved considerable success in many cities worldwide, gaining a growing number of supporters for this mode of transportation. While the existing literature covers various aspects related to bike-sharing, the exploration of the relationship between these networks and the financial benefits for residents when transitioning to cycling has been somewhat limited. Therefore, the main objective of our article is to identify the factors influencing urban residents’ decisions to switch to cycling and to understand the significance of financial considerations in shaping changes in travel behaviour. We assessed the perceived affordability of bike-sharing services by measuring respondent satisfaction (via Computer Assisted Personal Interviews – CAPI) with the rental prices of city bicycles. To examine the relationships between variables, we employed statistical tests, including the Fisher test, the chi-square test of independence, and the Mann-Whitney test. Our research findings confirmed that replacing public transportation with bicycles has the most substantial impact, while substituting car trips has a relatively minor effect. Furthermore, our analysis revealed statistically significant associations between price satisfaction and the decision to abandon car travel in favour of cycling, as well as the motivation to save costs and substituting walking and public transport with bicycle travel.

Pure Zn is well-known for its appropriate corrosion rate, making it suitable for use as future absorbable implants. Yet, it suffers from insufficient strength, thus, both plastic deformation and alloying are required. Hydrostatic extrusion has proven to be an efficient technique, providing high mechanical properties for zinc alloys. However, its effect on degradation rate and biocompatibility of Zn alloys remains unknown. Thus, within the present study, an attempt to evaluate those properties has been made on hydrostatically extruded pure Zn, Zn–Mg and Zn–Mg–Cu alloys. The materials were characterized by advanced microscopy techniques and uniaxial tensile tests. Corrosion properties were assessed based on electrochemical and static immersion tests. Finally, the cytotoxic effect of zinc extracts on endothelial cells were examined by standard MTT assays combined with confocal imaging.The results showed that hydrostatic extrusion results in significant refinement of α-Zn grains and the intermetallic phase Mg2Zn11 for the investigated alloys. The alloys exhibited ultimate tensile strength exceeding 300 MPa and elongation higher than 20%. Corrosion tests demonstrated that all the materials showed a similar level of degradation rate. Moreover, the uniform distribution of the intermetallic phase contributed to homogeneous corrosion of Zn alloys. Biological studies indicated that the least cytotoxic response in endothelial cells was obtained for the Zn–Mg alloy. Such an effect was caused by the limited amount of released Zn ions in the favor of Mg ions.The refinement of α-Zn grains and intermetallic phases caused by hydrostatic extrusion were key factors determining the performance of Zn-based materials.

Modern technology allows for the simplification of a number of functions in industry and business. Many companies have achieved a high level of robotisation and automation in the use of services, including companies operating in the transport sector, where smart systems help to control load planning, the issuing of documents, the tracking and transportation of shipments, etc. Drones can be exploited as smart assistants in delivering cargo in cities. Since it is a new technology capable of working autonomously, it presents various legal, psychological, and physical challenges. This article presents an analysis of the scientific literature on the development of small-cargo flows using drones and a research methodology on the development of the use of drones, presenting a model which helps to address the issue of cargo delivery in cities.

Time-related ageing of the organism brings about the limitations to all human beings. The ageing process pertains to all organs and neither does it spare the brain, although, apart from neurodegenerative diseases, the changes in brain’s functions seem to be less detectable. Many studies that were conducted for years in ageing adults provide evidence that lifestyle in which psychic and physical activity is maintained significantly and positively affects brain plasticity, i.e., normal ability to learn and develop, and therefore this lifestyle serves as a protective agent for cognitive functions even in the case of degenerative changes of brain tissue. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2024;75(3):279–285

Climate change poses a significant threat to food security, with projections indicating a decline in crop yield due to reduced crop growth in the face of rising temperatures. This study evaluated the effects of L-Isoleucine, L-Methionine, L-Glutamine, L-Tryptophan, and L-Phenylalanine on the morphophysiological parameters, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under high-temperature stress. Ten cultivar varieties of the sweet basil, “Rosie”, “Red Opal”, “Bordeaux”, “Dark Opal”, “Red Rubin”, “Genovese”, “Cinamon”, “Italiano Classico”, “Marseillais”, and “Thai”, were grown in a controlled-environment growth chamber. The seedlings with 5–6 true leaves were divided into seven groups: the first group of seedlings had no treatment and was grown under 25/22 °C (day/night) temperature, the second group of seedlings had no treatment and was grown under 35/30 °C (day/night) temperature, and the remaining five groups were sprayed with 100 mg L−1 of L-Isoleucine, L-Methionine, L-Glutamine, L-Tryptophan, or L-Phenylalanine. As our results show, L-Tryptophan increased fresh and dry biomass in green sweet basil, while L-Methionine had the greatest effect on biomass in purple varieties. L-Phenylalanine increased chlorophyll a and b in heat-stressed “Bordeaux” (purple variety) and “Marseillais” (green variety). L-Isoleucine and L-Glutamine increased total phenolic compounds (TPCs) in purple cultivars (“Rosie”, “Red Opal”, “Dark Opal”, and “Red Rubin”), while L-Tryptophan (“Cinamon” and “Italiano Classico”) and L-Phenylalanine increased TPCs in “Cinamon”, “Marseillais”, and “Thai” green cultivars. Antioxidant activity (ABTS) was highest in “Dark Opal” and “Bordeaux” treated with L-Tryptophan or L-Phenylalanine under heat stress, while “Thai” benefited most from L-Isoleucine. The exogenous application of amino acids could serve as a viable solution to alleviate the negative effects of temperature stress on sweet basil and serve as an environmentally friendly agricultural strategy.

By 2050, Europe will become the first climate-neutral continent according to the vision of the European Union (EU). To tackle this challenge, the EU has scheduled the accomplishment of the 17 goals of the United Nations’s 2030 Agenda, with Goal 7 addressing the energy sector. The role of public policies is fundamental in this case; however, it is insufficient in some areas, e.g., when adopting green energy technologies. The purpose of this article is to identify the economic factors that are necessary to achieve Goal 7 of Agenda 2030. To realize the aim of this study and identify economic factors that are significant for implementing the targets of Goal 7 of the 2030 Agenda, two statistical methods were used: the Pearson linear correlation coefficient and linear regression modeling with a scatter plot to present the relationships. The results of this study confirm that in the EU, the possibility of achieving Goal 7 is dependent on the three economic determinants analyzed, i.e., GDP per capita, unemployment rate, and gross domestic spending on research and development. The analysis revealed that the impact of single economic factors on the realization of all SDG 7 targets is small because no economic factor correlates with even half of SDG 7 indicators.

Astaxanthin is an organic fat-soluble compound from the xanthophyll group derived mainly from marine organisms. It has greater antioxidant properties than vitamins e, c and beta-carotene. It may have potential applications in various areas of medicine and dietetics. The safe daily dose appears to be 6-8 mg per day. Its use may be beneficial in cardiology by lowering insulin resistance, improving lipid profile and reducing the extent of myocardial infarction. In addition, it improves cognitive function and has beneficial effects on skin properties such as texture and hydration. Its positive effects on visual acuity have also been proven. Its use can increase fat burning during aerobic exercise and increase physical performance during exercise. Considering the available research results, astaxanthin seems to be a promising supplement with strong antioxidant properties. Most of the studies, however, were conducted on animals and more human studies are needed. The purpose of this work is to summarize the available knowledge regarding this unique substance. The article reviews studies and scientific papers available in PubMed databases on Astaxanthin for the period 2010-2023.

Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double-strand DNA virus, member of the viral family known as Herpesviridae which is wide-spread. CMV infection is the most common congenital infection worldwide. Disease is mostly asymptomatic for healthy people, therefore is detected late, when the children start presenting symptoms. Unfortunately the congenital CMV infection leads to the serious health problems for infants. Detection of the virus is typically done through quantitative PCR assays. Infection especially affects nervous system and can present infant’s deafness. Earlier it was equivalent with the children being deaf till the end of life, but nowadays thanks to the development of laryngological methods (ex. cochlear implantation) patients have chance to grow up correctly. Material and methods: A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. We searched articles by entering key words in the appropriate configuration: “CMV”, “Congenital CMV infection”, “valganciclovir”, “infant’s deafness”. Scientific articles published between 1991–2023 were analyzed from all over the world and guidelines of Polish Society of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Conclusions: Currently we haven’t got prevention towards congenital CMV, only the treatment for infants: valganciclovir. It stops development of severe symptoms. There are available analysis, where using valganciclovir during pregnancy reduces the possibility or soften the course of the congenital CMV infection , but it’s not the obligatory guidelines. In many countries researchers want to conduct screening test for CMV IgG among the pregnant women.

Background: In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 650 million adults worldwide are obese, and 2.8 billion individuals struggle with overweight. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, adverse effects on mental health, the development of certain cancers, and other conditions. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of melatonin, which has therapeutic potential in the treatment of obesity. Studies suggest that melatonin supplementation may lead to weight reduction and improvement in metabolic parameters, significantly reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors, and enhance insulin sensitivity in obese individuals. Aim of study: This review aims to present the latest scientific findings on the impact of melatonin supplementation on the development of obesity and its complications. We focus primarily on the mechanisms of melatonin's action in the context of obesity, particularly on potential pathways that have not yet been thoroughly explored. Our aim is to provide deeper insights into research on obesity and its prevention. Materials and Methods: Search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, utilizing the keywords "obesity," "melatonin," and "weight loss" in various configurations. The review primarily considers studies published after 2016 that are available online. Summary Melatonin supplementation leads to a statistically significant reduction in blood glucose levels and an increase in cellular insulin sensitivity. Its promising properties in the treatment of obesity have been demonstrated through the reduction of oxidative stress, indicating a potential adjunct for weight loss. Based on the cited studies, the beneficial effects of melatonin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors have been confirmed. Melatonin could be considered as an adjunctive therapy for obese individuals who do not respond to other treatment modalities.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE: Long non-coding RNAs are key regulators of gene expression and tumorigenesis. Deleted in leukemia 1 (DLEU1) is significant in cancer development. This article reviews DLEU1's role across cancers, assessing its diagnostic and therapeutic potential. METHODS: A review of scientific articles from PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted. DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: DLEU1 drives tumor growth in glioblastoma, esophageal, colorectal, and oral cancers by interacting with key miRNAs and genes, promoting malignancy. In breast and ovarian cancers, DLEU1 modulates migration and invasion via specific pathways. In cervical cancer, DLEU1 is linked to immune modulation and serves as a prognostic marker. SUMMARY: DLEU1 is a vital regulator in various cancers, offering potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic target.

Background: This review analyzes current knowledge on the pathophysiology, prevention and art of treatment of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia (known as EPH-gestosis) is nowadays the leading cause of maternal and neonatal mortality in the world. According to statistics it affects up to 5% of pregnant women. The symptoms are high blood pressure, edema, proteinuria. The scientists all over the world are trying their best to know the pathogenesis to devise a cure for the disease. Aim of study: The goal of this article was to gather information about the pathophisiology and treatment of preeclempsia to prevent the risk of ilness’ development. Materials and methods: A review of the literature available in the “PubMed”, Google Scholar and Medline databases. The search was performed by using following keywords: “preeclampsia”, “ophthalmic artery doppler”, “PIGF”, “aspirin”, “placenta”. Results and conclusions: In spite of the progress of science the preeclampsia is still a serious threat for pregnant women all around the world. Thank to the advanced molecular and ultrasonographic techniques the doctors can estimate the risk of complications. The most important is screening, which helps the doctors to define the group of risk and then launch the treatment. That should decrease the amount of maternal and neonatal complications and deaths.

Background: Rheumatic diseases are a group of disorders characterised by a loss of immune tolerance, which leads to chronic inflammation, degeneration or metabolic abnormalities in various organs or tissues. Despite the lack of clarity surrounding the causes of these diseases, both environmental and genetic factors play an important role. Recent research indicates that alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota, known as gut dysbiosis, may contribute to the development of a number of rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic scleroderma and Sjögren's syndrome. The gut microbiota influences the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses, which may have important implications for the pathogenesis of these diseases. Furthermore, studies have indicated that the composition of the gut microbiota may be associated with the response to therapies used to treat rheumatic diseases, thus opening up new avenues for the development of microbiota-targeted treatments for these conditions. Aim of the study: The objective of this review is to investigate the impact of the gut microbiota on the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases and to evaluate potential therapies targeting the manipulation of the gut microbiota. Material and methods: The present study is based on literature available in scientific databases from 2019-2024, such as PubMed, Corchane Library and Google Scholar.Results and conclusions: A growing body of evidence suggests a potential link between the gut microbiota and rheumatic diseases. Patients often exhibit a reduced ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and abnormal numbers of Bacteroides. Molecular mimicry and a potential association with short-chain fatty acids have also been observed. Further human studies are needed to more fully understand the role of the gut microbiota and potential therapeutic interventions.

Introduction and purpose Infective endocarditis (IE) is a disease resulting from infection of the endocardium. In addition to cardiac symptoms, frequent complications of IE include various damage to the nervous system. The aim of this study is to describe the current state of knowledge about the neurological complications of infective endocarditis. Methods Medical publications were reviewed using the "PubMed" and "Google Scholar" databases. The obtained results were verified in terms of the following criteria: publication in 2016, retrospective analysis, obtaining 44 papaers covering a total of 8067 patients. The information was supplemented with case reports and meta-analyses. Description of the state of knowledge Neurologic complications occur in 20 to 60% of patients with IE. The most common is ischemic stroke, the symptoms of which may precede the diagnosis of IE. Less common complications that often remain asymptomatic include mycotic aneurysms and intracranial hemorrhages. Infectious material entering the brain may also cause meningitis and brain abscess. However, these complications do not occur often. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head is an effective test for detecting neurological damage in the course of IE. The recommendation for routine use of this test is debatable. In addition to antibiotic therapy, cardiac surgery is used to treat IE to remove bacterial vegetation. Research indicates the high effectiveness of this type of surgery in the prevention and treatment of neurological complications of infective endocarditis.