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Altres ajuts: Basque Government (IT944-16; IT1022-16; IT1365-19), This article describes a novel methodological approach for the integrated sustainability assessment of pasture-based dairy sheep systems. Most studies on livestock system sustainability focus on animal production, farm profitability, and mitigation strategies of greenhouse gas emissions. However, recent research indicates that pasture-based livestock farming also contributes positively to rural areas, and the associated increase in plant diversity promotes ecosystem functioning and services in natural and managed grasslands. Likewise, little attention has focused on how pasturebased livestock systems affect soil carbon changes, biodiversity, and ecotoxicity. Furthermore, the quality and safety of food products, particularly sheep milk and cheese, and socioeconomic issues such as cultural heritage and consumer behavior are often neglected in livestock system sustainability assessments. To improve the analysis of sustainability and adaptation strategies of livestock systems, we suggest a holistic approach that integrates indicators from diverse disciplines with complementary methods and models capable of capturing the complexity of these systems at multiple scales. A multidisciplinary perspective generates new indicators to identify critical trade-offs and synergies related to the resilience of dairy sheep livestock systems. A multiscale approach provides insights on the effects of socioeconomic and environmental changes associated with current dairy sheep grazing systems across multiple scales. The combined approach will facilitate the development and progressive implementation of novel management strategies needed to adapt pasture-based dairy sheep farms to changing conditions under future socioeconomic and environmental scenarios.

Understanding the vulnerability of individual trees to climate requires moving from population to individual level. This study evaluates individual tree response in a mixed forest by assessing how size and neighbourhood density modulated growth responses to climate among coexisting tree species. To understand the complete variation in growth responses to climate, it is necessary to consider intrapopulation variability. Trees respond as individual entities, and their response is modulated by their characteristics and neighbourhood context. To assess the individual climate sensitivity, all living Iberian birches, European beeches, and pedunculate oaks trees located in a temperate mixed forest were cored in four 40 m × 40 m plots. Standard ring-width chronologies were built at tree and species level for the 1977–2007 period. Chronologies were related to climatic variables (monthly precipitation, hailstorm and mean temperature, and summer (June–August) precipitation). Growth response to climate varied among species and individual trees. Differences in climate–growth relationship among species could be partially attributed to the different xylem anatomy, since secondary growth of ring-porous pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was mainly dependent on the previous-winter climatic conditions (January temperature), while for the diffuse-porous Iberian birch (Betula celtiberica Rothm. and Vasc.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), spring temperature and summer precipitation were the major constraining factors of growth. Tree features and identity of neighbourhood modulated climatic response, especially for Iberian birch and pedunculate oak. Dominant trees in less crowded neighbourhoods responded more intensely to climate factors. Understanding the individual variability of growth responses to climate will provide more realistic predictions of forests response to climate change.

En este trabajo sobre la vegetación cormofítica se hace mención de las situación geográfica y biogeográfica de la zona estudiada, así como las características generales de sus aspectos climáticos, geomorfológicos y edafológicos. Igualmente quedan explicados conceptos fundamentales en torno a la flora, vegetación y elementos corológicos, habiéndose incluido también la descripción de las principales comunidades vegetales. Finalmente, en el catálogo de plantas se mencionan para cada especie citada, su nombre científico, el autor, a qué elemento corológico corresponde, nuestros comentarios (datos incluidos) y citas bibliográficas de diferentes autores, Baztan-Kintoako landaredi kormofitikoen ikerketan, azterturiko eremuaren kokapen geografiko zein biogeografikoa, bai eta aspektu klimatiko, geologiko, geomorfologiko eta edafologikoen ezaugarri orokorrak ere aipatu dira. Halaber, flora, landaredia eta elementu korologikoei buruzko oinarrizko kontzeptuak explikatu dira, landaredi-komunitate nagusienen gainetiko deskripzioa ere inkluditu delarik. Azkenik, landare-katalogoan, zitaturiko espezie bakoitzaren kasuan, izen zientifikoa, autorea, zein elementu korologikori dagokion, gure aipamenak (datuez horniturik) eta beste autoreen zita bibliografikoak ere adierazi dira, This work on cormophytic vegetation mentions the geographical and biographical situation of he studied arae, as eell as the genral characteristics of its climatic, geological, geomorphological and edaphological aspects. Also explained are fundamental concepts and corollogical elements of the flora and vegetation, including a description of the main vegetable communities. Lastly, the plant catalogue gives, for each mentioned species, its scientific name, the author, to which corollogical element in corresponds, our comments (including data) and bibliographical quotas by different authors

En el presente estudio se ha determinado la composición y selección de dieta, así como la conducta alimentaria de dos familias componentes de una colonia de marmota alpina (Marmota marmota L.) situada en la Reserva Natural de Larra, Ikerketa-lan honetan, Larra/Belagoa Erreserba Naturalean (Euskal Herriko Pirinioak) kokaturiko marmota alpetarraren (Marmota marmota L.) kolonia batetako familien dietaren konposizioa, hautespena eta elikadur portaera aztertudira, bi teknika desberdin aplikatuz: gorotzen analisi mikrohistologikoa eta behaketa zuzena. Lorturiko emaitzek adierazi dutenez, karraskari honek nagusiki dikotiledoneo belarkaretan oinarrituriko dieta kontsumitu du berorren iharduera-aldi osoan zehar, joera hau bibliografian deskribatuta dagoenarekin bat datorrelarik. Horri lotuta, Leguminoso, Liliazeo, Plantaginazeo, Konposatu, Gramineo eta Unbeliferoak dira gogokoen dituen landare-familia aipagarrienak, guzti horiek positiboki hautatu dituelarik marmotak bere elikadurarako. Erabilitako bi teknikak elkarren osagarri direla egiaztatu da,eta ondorioz, animali espezie honen dieta-azterketarako biak batera aplikatzea gomendatzen dugu., La composition et la sélection du régime alimentaire, et les habitudes alimentaires de deux groupes familiaux de marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota L.) d'une zone de la Réserve Naturelle du Larra, Foraging behaviour, diet composition and selection of two family groups of alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.) inhabiting a colony were studied in the Natural Reserve of Larra Belagoa (Pyrenees of Euskal Herria) by two different techniques: the micrographic analysis of faeces and direct observation. Results indicated a clear dominance of forbs in the diet along the activity period, according to the trend described by several authors. Regarding the preferences observed on the marmot diet, some plant families have been positively selected, such as Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Plantaginaceae, Compositae, Gramineae and Umbelliferae. On the other hand, the two techniques used in this study have offered a complementary information about diet composition. We suggest to apply both simultaneously in future researches on feeding habits and nutrition of this animal species.

En un estudio previo (Herrera, 2001) se reconstruyó la dinámica de un abedular-hayedo situado en el Parque Natural de Urkiola (Bizkaia). El presente trabajo estudia la dinámica del mismo bosque mediante el análisis de los anillos de crecimiento de roble pedunculado (Q. robur)y melojo (Q. pyrenaica).Todos los pies de ambas especies se instalaron a partir de 1950, en Q. pyrenaica el establecimiento máximo se dio en esta misma década mientras que en Q. robur fue posterior. Ambas especies presentaron una liberación del crecimiento en la decada de los 60., Aurretik buruturiko lan batean (Herrera, 2001) Urkiolako Parke Naturalean (Bizkaia) kokaturiko urkidi-pagadi dinamika berreiki zen. Lan honetan haritz kanduduna (Quercus robur)eta ametzaren (Quercus pyrenaica)urteroko hazkuntza-eraztunen analisiaren bitartez baso berdinaren dinamika aztertzen da. Bi espezieen oin guztiak 50. hamarkada ondoren ezarri dira, Q. pyrenaica-k maximoa hor izanik eta Q. robur-ek aldiz ondoren. Bien kasuan, hazkuntza askapena 60. hamarkadan gertatzen da., Un étude antérieur (Herrera, 2001) a reconstruit la dynamique d'un bois dominé par bouleaux et hêtres, au Parc Naturel d'Urkiola (Bizkaia). Ce nouveau travail analyse la dynamique du même bois, au moyen de l'étude des cernes de croissance de chêne pedonculé (Q. robur)et chêne tauzine (Q. Pyrenaica).Tous le pieds de deux chénes s'installairent après 1950; la plupart des tauzines s'installairent cette decade, cependant les pedonculés se sont installés plus tard. La croissance des deux chênes subit une liberation pendant la décade de 1960., A beech-birch forest located in the Urkiola Natural Park (Bizkaia) dynamics reconstruction was made and reported in a previous study (Herrera, 2001). Present work offers data about forest dynamics following ring-width chronologies of pedunculate oak (Quercus roburL.)and pyrenean oak (Q. pyrenaica). Sampled trees were established since 1950, while pyrenean oak shows a peak stablishment through this decade, pedunculate oak shows it later. Both tree species experienced a growth release in 1960 decade.

Como la información que se tiene sobre el comportamiento alimentario y actividad de estos animales es limitada, el objetivo principal de este proyecto es el de profundizar en estos temas. El componente principal de la dieta de los dos rebaños estudiados son las graminoides. Cuando la disponibilidad de la vegetación herbácea disminuye (desde finales de verano) las vacas tienden a consumir especies leñosas. La relación entre el N fecal y la composición de la dieta, nos hace pensar que las leñosas tienen un efecto negativo sobre el aprovechamiento de la dieta., Animalion elikadur portaera eta ihardueraz dugun informazioa mugatua denez, proiektu honen helburu nagusia gai hauetan sakontzea da. Azterturiko bi behi-taldeen dietan graminoideoak dira nagusi. Landare belarkaren eskuragarritasuna nabarmenki murrizten denean (uda amaieratik aurrera) behiek zurezkoez bazkatzera jotzen dute. Nitrogeno fekalaren eta dieta-konposizioaren arteko erlazioaren arabera, landare zurekarek bazkaren ustiaketan negatiboki eragiten dutela pentsa dezakegu., L'information qu'on a sur le comportement alimentaire et de l'activité de ces animaux est limitée, donc le principal objectif de ce project c'est l'approfondissement sur ces thèmes. Le principal component de la diète des tropeaux etudiés sont des graminoids. Quand la disponibilité vegetal des herbacés diminue (depuis le final d'eté) les vaches tendent á consommer espèces ligneux. Le rapport entre le N fécale et la composition du diète, il nous fait penser que les espéces ligneux ont un effect négatif sur l'utilisation de la diète., As the information on food behaviour and activity of these animals is limited, the main objective of this project is to study such topics in depth. The main component of the diet of the two herds studied are the graminoids. When the availability of the grassy vegetation diminishes (from the end of summer) the cows tend to eat more woody species. The relation between the faecal N and the composition of the diet, leads us to think that woody herbs have a negative effect on diet use.

En el presente trabajo se ofrecen los resultados del seguimiento efectuado sobre mamíferos de mediano y gran tamaño en el Parque Natural del Señorío de Bertiz (PNSB) entre Agosto de 1996 y Julio de 1997; asimismo, se ha comparado la cantidad de individuos - y especies - observados mediante 6 técnicas de seguimiento diferentes., Lan honetan Bertizeko Jaurerria Parke Naturalean (BJPN) 1996ko Abuztua eta 1997ko Uztaila bitartean hilabetero eginiko ugaztun ertain eta larrien jarraipenaren emaitzak eskaini dira, eta halaber, 6 jarraipen - tekniken bidez behatutako banako - eta espezie-kopurua konparatu ditugu., On présente, dans ce travail, les résultats du suivi effectué sur des mammifères de moyenne et grande taille dans le Parc Naturel du Señorio de Bertiz (PNSB) entre août 1966 et juillet 1997; on a également comparé la quantité d'individus - et d'espèces - observés au moyen de 6 techniques de suivi différentes., In this study we show the results of a monthly survey of medium - and large -sized mammals carried out between August 1996 and July 1997 in the Bertiz State Nature Park (BSNP), and we compare also the number of individuals and species observed through 6 survey techniques.