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Introduction & Objective: Umbilical cord infections are of main causes for neonatal morbidities and mortalities. Different methods are used for umbilical cord care with multifarious efficien-cies. The aim of this study was to compare three methods of local use of maternal milk, local use of 96% ethyl alcohol, and dry cord care. Materials & Methods: In this prospective, randomized, clinical trial, 207 healthy full-term neo-nates were randomly assigned to three groups. In the first and second groups, mothers rubbed her milk and 96% ethyl alcohol on umbilical cord until two days after its separation, respec-tively. In the third group, they only kept the cord clean and dry. The length of umbilical cord separation was compared among the groups with ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Results: The difference among lengths of umbilical cord separation in three groups was statis-tically significant. For alcohol users group, this time was significantly longer than that for the other two groups. The difference between cord separation time in maternal milk users and dry cord care groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Usage of maternal milk on umbilical cord and keeping the cord dry are acceptable methods but alcohol is not recommended for cord care in healthy term neonates with home care and in normal state. (Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci 2015; 22 (1):5-10)

Following the administration of ethanol to pregnant rats, the ethanol content of the maternal aortic blood was compared with that of the intact placenta and whole foetuses. The results support previous observations that ethanol is present in the placenta and foetus in about the same amount as in the maternal circulation. In contrast, only 25 % of the acetaldehyde content present in the maternal aortic blood could be found in the intact placenta and no acetaldehyde was found in the intact foetal tissue. These findings suggest that during maternal ethanol oxidation there is no accumulation of acetaldehyde in the foetal tissue.

Alcohol-induced hypoglycemia has rarely been studied since it was first described in 1941. Recently some studies have tried to evaluate the prevalence of hypoglycemia truly related to ethanol intoxication. Objectives: We tried to estimate the prevalence of hypoglycemia in a hospitalized alcohol-intoxicated population, and then to compare them to a non alcohol-intoxicated population. Methods: Six thousand one hundred and forty-five patients in whom blood glucose concentration and alcoholemia were measured simultaneously were enrolled in a 4-year retrospective study. Patients with undetectable alcohol levels were considered as the “control” group. Mild to moderate hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia were defined as blood glucose levels below 3.72 mmol/L (67 mg/dL) and 2.78 mmol/L (50 mg/dL), respectively. Diabetic patients with possible treatment-induced hypoglycemia were excluded. Results: Fifty-six percent of patient had measurble alcohol levels. The prevalence of mild to moderate hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia was 0.76 percent and 0.15 percent, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups, even after excluding patients with misleading factors. Conclusions: These results call into question the clinical existence of ethanol-induced hypoglycemia. The rarity of such occurrence put into doubt the relationship between alcohol intoxication and so-called alcohol-induced hypoglycemia. We emphasize the importance of ruling out other causes of hypoglycemia before relating them to alcohol intoxication. We summarize the lack of standardized management protocols for a possible theoretic risk of hypoglycemia associated with alcohol intoxication.

This study investigated the relationship between ethanol sensitivity and brain temperature using radiotelemetric techniques. Radiotelemetric brain probes were implanted in the lateral cerebral ventricle of C57BL/6 mice. Rectal and brain temperatures, duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR), and blood and brain ethanol concentrations at the return of righting reflex (RORR) were measured following intraperitoneal (IP) injection with 3.6 g/kg ethanol and exposure to 12, 15, 22 or 34 degrees C. Rectal and brain temperatures were significantly correlated in untreated and intoxicated mice. Brain temperatures were lower than rectal temperatures in untreated mice, but were not different than rectal temperatures in intoxicated mice. Ethanol sensitivity, measured by the duration of LORR and ethanol concentrations at RORR, was significantly correlated with brain as well as rectal temperatures at RORR. Brain probe implantations did not significantly affect ethanol sensitivity. The direct positive relationship between brain temperature and ethanol sensitivity in C57 mice fits predictions based on membrane actions of ethanol and supports the hypothesis that temperature-induced changes in behavioral sensitivity to ethanol are mediated through changes in brain membrane temperature.

2. Mechanisms of fatty liver. 2.1. Increased substrate supply. 2.2. Increased activity of the esterification pathway. 2.3. Decreased export of triacylglycerol 2.4. Decreased hepatic lipolysis 2.5. Unifying scheme for the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver

Male Wistar rats, fed a standard normal laboratory diet, drank ad libitum a 20% ethanol solution for 3 months. Basal and 2-deoxy- D -glucose (2DG) stimulated pancre

The elimination of ethanol is known to be accelerated by fructose. Studies of continuous infusions of both ethanol and fructose as the basis for quantitative calculations are not available. In healthy volunteers fructose infusions were given for several hours during and immediately after the end of ethanol infusions. Both increase and elimination of ethanol in blood were effected to the same extent by fructose when compared to control experiments. Average increases in the elimination rates of ethanol were up to 80%; however, each subject displayed individual variations.

We describe the organization that evolved in the Clinical Biochemistry Department of a tertiary-care hospital for handling blood (serum) alcohol (volatiles) determinations. We use a microprocessor-controlled capillary gas chromatography system which will detect and quantitate methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone. Minimal operator intervention is required, allowing operation of the system 24 hours each day, thus permitting timely detection of these volatiles. A Specimen Trace Card has been devised to document continuity of sample handling from the time of blood collection until completion of the analysis. This has proved of value when laboratory records are used for legal purposes.

(1963). Studies on a Method of Concentrating Erythropoietin from Plasma and Kidney Extract. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 622-630.

Dielectric constants of water‐ethanol‐glycerin and water‐ethanol‐propylene glycol systems have been experimentally determined. The measured values were found to differ from values calculated according to simplification of the Onsager‐Kirkwood equation, regardless of whether composition of the various solutions was expressed on the basis of weight percentage or volume percentage. Dielectric constant values presented in this paper are recommended for precise adjustment of solvent polarity in formulation work and data are presented to be of maximum use in this respect.

Rats were reinforced with water for every bar-press and concurrently punished for every 10th or 20th bar-press. Punishment produced an initial suppression of responding followed by recovery. A slight change in the method of delivering punishment eventually led to a high response rate just after punishment, a low response rate just before punishment, and frequent intermediate pauses. The results are interpreted as showing that punishment became a safe signal and that the high rate of responding it released came to act as a conditioned aversive stimulus. The effects of amphetamine were consistent with this interpretation. Alcohol had the paradoxical effect of increasing pauses and depressing the low rate before punishment.

Es wird uber eine neue Methode zur Erzeugung von Mikroembolien des Gehirns mit festen Partikelchen aus Hostalen PP in einer konstanten Korngrose zwischen 30 und 37 μ berichtet.

In the case of a legal defence of drunkenness, it is common practice to call a psychiatrist to examine the accused and to give an opinion of his mental state at the time of the commission of the alleged offence. While clinical experience indicates that impairment may occur at relatively low concentrations of alcohol in the bloodstream, and that mental functions are not uniformly affected, there is surprisingly little experimental work to support this observation. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of a blood alcohol concentration of approximately 1.0 parts per 1,000 on mental functions. The subjects were eight non-psychotic males of average intelligence referred to the Forensic Services for mental examination. All were volunteers. The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream was measured by the Breathalyzer, and equivalent tests of general orientation and personal history; attention (digit span); abstract thinking (similarities test); learning efficiency (paired verbal associates) were administered before the intake of alcohol and when the blood alcohol concentration had reached 1.0 parts per 1,000. A test of retention was given, consisting of having the subjects identify and repeat the titles of TAT cards 24 hours after having described and titled them in an alcohol-free state and at the 1.0 level of blood alcohol respectively. It was found that the experimental condition, i.e. a mean blood alcohol concentration of 1.0 parts per 1,000, had no effect upon the subjects' accuracy of information relating to personal identity and orientation in time and place. The subjects' performances on the tests of attention, abstract thinking; and learning efficiency were adversely affected by the alcohol condition. Of the two retention measures, recognition and recall, only the latter was affected to a statistically significant degree. A subsequent matching of a complete log of actual events occurring during the alcohol condition, with the subjects' recall of them 24 hours later, revealed vagueness; and of three subjects taken to the 2.0 parts per 1,000 level, two could not recall quite significant events occurring at higher concentration than 1.2 and 1.5 parts per 1,000. One of these subjects related the content of a conversation with the experimentor in a highly confabulatory manner. The findings are taken to support the clinical observation that mental functions are not uniformly affected by alcohol, and that impairment can occur at relatively low concentrations of blood alcohol.

The use of ethanol at low temperature as deproteinizing medium reveals the presence of some bound phosphocreatine as well as of bound Pi in resting muscle. The amount of bound Pi in muscles of frogs and rabbits is comparable to that bound by myosin isolated from these species, but the amount in cat muscles is significantly greater. The free Pi content is of the order of 3–5 μmoles per gram, and the total of free plus bound Pi is essentially the same whether neutral or acidic deproteinizing agents are used. The data obtained do not give any evidence to support the postulate that muscle contains a P compound more labile to acid than is phosphocreatine.