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Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative hematological disease characterized by the chimeric breakpoint-cluster region/Abelson kinase1 (BCR::ABL1) oncoprotein; playing a pivotal role in CML molecular pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and possible resistance arising from the success and tolerance of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-based therapy. The transcription factor STAT5 constitutive signaling, which is influenced by the cytokine signaling network, triggers BCR::ABL1-based CML pathogenesis and is also relevant to acquired TKI resistance. The unsuccessful therapeutic approaches targeting BCR::ABL1, in particular third-line therapy with ponatinib, still need to be further developed with alternative combination strategies to overcome drug resistance. As treatment with the STAT5 inhibitor pimozide in combination with ponatinib resulted in an efficient and synergistic therapeutic approach in TKI-resistant CML cells, this study focused on identifying the underlying amplification of ponatinib response mechanisms by determining different cytokine expression profiles in parental and ponatinib-resistant CML cells, in vitro . The results showed that expression of interleukin (IL) 1B , IL9 , and IL12A-B was increased by 2-fold, while IL18 was downregulated by 2-fold in the ponatinib-resistant cells compared to sensitive ones. Importantly, ponatinib treatment upregulated the expression of 21 of the 23 interferon and IL genes in the ponatinib-resistant cells, while treatment with pimozide or a combination dose resulted in a reduction in the expression of 19 different cytokine genes, such as for example, inflammatory cytokines, IL1A-B and IL6 or cytokine genes associated with supporting tumor progression, leukemia stem cell growth or poor survival, such as IL3 , IL8 , IL9 , IL10 , IL12 , or IL15 . Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis results showed that the genes were mainly enriched in the regulation of receptor signaling through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and hematopoietic cell lineage. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that IL2 , IL6 , IL15 , IFNG , and others appeared in the top lists of pathways, indicating their high centrality and importance in the network. Therefore, pimozide could be a promising agent to support TKI therapies in ponatinib resistance. This research would help to clarify the role of cytokines in ponatinib resistance and advance the development of new therapeutics to utilize the STAT5 inhibitor pimozide in combination with TKIs.

The popularity and usage of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are increasing due to their easy accessibility and psychoactive effects worldwide. Studies on cannabinoids on leukemic stem cells (LSC) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are the precursors of leukemia cells, generally depend on the natural cannabinoid delta-9-THC. As there is only a limited number of studies focusing on the results of SC applications, the reflections upon LSCs have to be clarified. In this study, biological responses and antileukemic effects of JWH-018-one of the first produced and widely used SCs-were evaluated upon leukemia cells. Whether JWH-018 exhibited a preventive effect on both leukemic and HSCs was evaluated by presenting a therapeutic approach for the first time in the literature. Cells were analyzed in case of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and transcriptional expression profiling of some significant JAK/STAT and AKT/mTOR pathways, apoptotic, cell cycle regulation, and epigenetic chromatin remodeling-related genes following JWH-018 treatment. In conclusion, however, further studies are still needed upon both HSCs and LSCs to illuminate the effects of SCs on leukemogenesis on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) more clearly; we consider that the JWH-018 can provide a therapeutic effect on the pathogenesis of leukemia and particularly upon LSCs and SCs might have therapeutic potential in addition to current therapy.

The process of cancer initiation and development is regulated via the transcriptional expression of cells going under genomic and epigenetic changes. Targeting epigenetic "readers", i.e., bromodomains (BRD) and post-translational modifications of nucleosomal histone proteins regulate gene expression in both cancerous and healthy cells. In this study, the new epigenetic agent BRD inhibitor PLX51107 and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor SAHA' s (Vorinostat) single/combined applications' reflections were analyzed in case of cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and finally target gene expression regulation upon both AML and healthy B-lymphocyte cells; HL60 and NCIBL2171, respectively; in vitro. Since mono treatments of either Vorinostat or Plx51107 regulated cellular responses such as growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest of tumor cells; their combination treatments exerted accelerated results. We detected that combined treatment of Plx51107 and Vorinostat strengthened effects detected upon leukemic cells for gaining more sensitization to the agents, decreasing cell proliferation, dramatically inducing apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest; thus regulating target gene expressions. We have shown for the first time that the newly analyzed BRD inhibitor Plx51107 could be a promising therapeutic approach for hematological malignancies and its mono or combined usage might support a rapid transition to clinical trials., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)