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Cumulus cells from cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) matured in vitro in serum-free medium show high incidence of apoptosis and DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). This study aimed to characterize the transcript expression profile of selected genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms in bovine cumulus cells cultured with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or fetal calf serum (FCS). Briefly, bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were in vitro matured with either, 0.4% BSA or 10% FCS for 3, 6, 12 or 24 h. The total RNA of cumulus cells was used for real-time PCR analysis. Transcript abundance of XRCC6, XRCC5, DNAPK, GAAD45B, TP53BP1, RAD50, RAD52, ATM and BRCA2 target genes changed as the IVM proceeded (P 0.05). However, an interaction between protein source (FCS or BSA) and time was not detected (P ≥ 0.05). Cumulus cells from COCs matured with BSA presented higher mRNA expression of two genes compared to FCS group: TP53BP1 at 6 h and BRCA1 at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h (P 0.05). In summary, our results showed for the first time the expression profile of the key genes involved in DSB repair mechanisms in cumulus cells obtained from bovine COCs matured with FCS or BSA. The higher mRNA expression of BRCA1 and TP53BP1 and lower mRNA expression of TNFAIP6 suggests an increase in apoptosis rate and DNA damage in cumulus cells cultured in BSA-supplemented medium and may explain, at least to some extent, the reduced developmental potential of bovine oocytes matured in serum-free medium.

O congelamento de células é uma importante ferramenta na preservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Células fetais de cultivo primário obtidas de um bovino clone foram submetidas à pressão negativa (PN) de 200, 500 ou 800 mbar, imediatamente (PN0h) ou três horas antes (PN3h) do congelamento em palhetas finas, com 10% de DMSO como crioprotetor. Células frescas e congeladas sem submissão à PN foram utilizadas como controles. Avaliou-se a viabilidade pós-descongelamento, a curva de proliferação celular, assim como o tempo de duplicação da população (PDT) celular, a cada 24 horas, durante oito dias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey ou Qui quadrado (P≤0,05). A sobrevivência média dos grupos controle (89,8%) e PN500 0h (88,1%) foi superior aos outros grupos; o tempo de PDT foi semelhante nos grupos fresco (27,5 ± 0,35 h), controle congelado (30,1 ± 2,3 h) e PN500 0h (32,4 ± 1,6 h). O menor tempo foi observado no grupo PN800 0h (21,9 h). O congelamento de células fetais bovinas de cultivo primário, realizado em palhetas de 0,25 mL, com 10% de DMSO, possibilita elevadas taxas de sobrevivência após o descongelamento. A PN modifica a curva de crescimento de células criopreservadas, sendo que as intensidades de 200 ou 500 mbar, aplicadas imediatamente antes do congelamento das células, possibilitam curvas de proliferação semelhantes às obtidas com células frescas.Palavras-chave: células somáticas; criopreservação; estresse controlado; preservação animal.

Semen deposition through the cervix into the uterus is a difficult technique in ewes and represents the main limiting factor for insemination in this species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pregnancy rate achieved with a new transcervical insemination method in comparison with conventional cervical and laparoscopic intrauterine techniques. A total of 586 multiparous Corriedale ewes were synchronized for fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) performed by cervical, transcervical, or intrauterine route at 46-50 h or 52-56 h after progesterone device removal in a 3 × 2 factorial design. Pregnancy rate was affected by the insemination technique and by the moment of FTAI (P 0.05), without interaction (P= NS). Overall, the fertility was improved as semen deposition was deeper and insemination was delayed. For transcervical insemination, pregnancy rate was intermediate (42.3%; P= NS) between cervical and intrauterine route (36.0% and 50.2%; P 0.05), and was greater for those ewes inseminated beyond 4 cm into the cervix (60.0% versus 35.1% for insemination beyond or within 4 cm into the cervix, respectively; P 0.05). Semen deposition beyond 4 cm into the cervix was achieved only in 28.8% of the females receiving transcervical insemination. This method was more time-consuming than cervical or laparoscopic insemination (11.4 ± 1.6 versus 85.5 ± 7.5 and 56.8 ± 5.6 ewes inseminated per hour, respectively; P 0.05). In summary, greater pregnancy rate using FTAI is obtained when semen is placed into the uterus, which was achieved in all females only through laparoscopy. Further improvements are required for transcervical insemination to be applied in large-scale FTAI programs in Corriedale ewes.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three different concentrations of discontinuous gradients of percoll (90/45, 80/40, and 70/35) in the outcome of porcine in vitro fertilization (IVF) and its influence on further embryo development and quality. Embryo viability was assessed by the expression of estrogen receptors (E2 R) and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3). The highest percoll concentration (90/45) resulted in the lowest embryo production (24.9%) in comparison with 80/40 (37.5%) and 70/35 (40.0%), with the production being similar between the two lowest concentrations. The hatching rate for 90/45 (26.2%) was lower than for 80/40 (45.5%), and both were similar to the Group 70/35 (32.9%). The hatched embryos from the concentration 90/45 showed the lowest proportion of E2 R expression (3.6%), while the Groups 80/40 (22.6%) and 70/35 (39.3%) had a similar proportion of expression. The live embryos that did not hatch until Day 8 of culture presented a higher CC3 proportion for Group 90/45 (18.3%), in comparison with 80/40 (12.7%) and 70/35 (10.7%), with the latter two being similar. In conclusion, adjustments in percoll concentration used for sperm selection before porcine IVF can improve embryo production and competence for pregnancy recognition and establishment.

The weaning to estrus interval (WEI) and litter size are points that influences sow reproductive parameters and consequently the swine production. This study evaluated the effect of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), applied 5 hours after weaning, in sows of 1st to 5th parturition order (PO1-5) and sows with parturition order equal to or greater than 6 (PO6+) on reproductive parameters. PO1-5 sows (n = 240) were allocated into three groups: control group (n = 80), received 4 ml of saline solution; eCG800 group (n = 80), received 800 UI of eCG; and eCG1000 group (n = 80), received 1000 UI of eCG. PO6+ sows (n = 160) were allocated in control group (n = 80), receiving 5 ml of saline solution, and eCG1000 group (n = 80), that received 1000 IU of eCG. The estrous duration and litter parameters (mean weight, number of piglets per litter, number of live piglets, stillborn and mummified), insemination number and parturition order were evaluated. Chi-square test and analysis of variance with Tukey test were used in MIXED procedure of statistical package SAS (p < 0.05). An increased estrus duration and a mean increase of 1.5 piglets per litter was observed in eCG1000 group of PO1-5 sows, without affecting their mean weight. For PO6+ sows, the eCG1000 group was increased by one piglet per litter without interfering in the mean weight at birth. The economic analysis revealed a revenue of 400% of eCG investment in the PO1-5 sows, and 268% in the PO6+ group. It was concluded that the use of 1000 UI of eCG improves the reproductive parameters of sows of both (PO1-5 and PO6+) parturition orders.

Background: Porcine embryos are sensible to all assisted reproduction manipulations, especially the ones that involve cryopreservation. Despite the high cryoprotectant concentrations routinely applied, vitrification is the most effective technique to date. These substances toxicity can also play a negative role in embryo viability. During in vitro porcine embryo production, the speed of development is often unevenly distributed. It is possible that their development speed, affects embryo tolerance to cryoprotectants. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of porcine embryos of days 5 or 6 of culture to cryoprotectant agents; as well as to assess embryo survival to vitrification.Material, Methods & Results: Parthenogenetic porcine blastocysts and expanded blastocysts of days 5 and 6 of culture were exposed to toxicity tests (experiments 1 and 2) and vitrification (experiment 3) using different protocols. In the first experiment, three different cryoprotectants were used (Dimethyl sulfoxide - DMSO, Ethylene glycol – EG, and Sucrose - SUC), combined in three different associations (G1: 15% EG + 15% DMSO with 0.5M SUC; G2: 16% EG + 16% DMSO with 0.4M SUC; G3: 18% EG + 18% DMSO with 0.5M SUC). In the fresh Control, embryos of day 6 are more sensible than the ones of day 5, whom showed a lower hatching rate (39.7 vs. 60.8%). After the toxicity (Experiment 1) test, the G1 showed better expansion rates in day 6 (50.0 vs 31.0 and 3.6% for G2 and G3) and higher hatching of day 6 compared to G2 and G3 (23.2, vs. 8.6 and 0.0% for G2 and G3). The fresh non hatched embryos at day 8, derived at day 6, had a lower percentage of cells with cleaved caspase-3 (20.2%) compared with the G1 (30.5%), G2 (31.4%) and G3 (30.5%). The hatched embryos of day 5 from G2 had lower total cell number (TCN) compared with the day 6 hatched embryos, whereas in G1 the TCN was not affected. The second experiment compared EG combined to one of these three extracellular cryoprotectants: Polyvinylpyrrolidone/sucrose/trehalose (respectively groups: PVP, SUC, TRE). The group SUC has raised the best results for day 5 embryos, whereas for day 6 embryos SUC and TRE were both best. The third experiment tested four vitrification protocols, being P1: EG+DMSO+TRE/warming with SUC; P2: EG+DMSO+TRE/warming TRE; P3: EG+TRE/ warming SUC; P4: EG+TRE/warming TRE. The expansion of vitrified day 5 embryos was higher in the P1 (20.0%) in comparison with the other three groups (4.3, 4.3 and 4.4% for P2, P3 and P4, respectively), with no difference for their hatching rates, been it lower comparing to the Control. Day 6 embryos showed no difference in expansion and hatching for the vitrified groups, been them lower than the Control.Discussion: Embryos obtained on day 6 are more sensible than the ones of day 5, fact observed when the embryos were exposed to cryoprotectant solution, as well by the behavior of the no treated Control embryos. The toxicity increases as it does the concentration of intracellular cryoprotectant, where over 16% of the intracellular cryoprotectors already affected the day 6 embryos development. For the day 5 embryos however, 15 or 16% of the intracellular cryoptrotectors, had similar behavior to the embryos. For the extracellular solutions, however, it is variable according the embryos development speed. Indeed, it is necessary to adjust the cryoprotectors to be used to cryopreserve porcine in vitro produced embryos obtained at days 5 and 6 of culture.

Resumo Este trabalho compara a resposta superovulatória de éguas doadoras de embriões das raças Quarto de Milha (QM) e Crioula, utilizando um protocolo com baixa dose de extrato de pituitária equina (EPE). Oito éguas QM e seis éguas Crioulas foram acompanhadas durante 3 ciclos estrais consecutivos, sendo que cada ciclo corresponde a um grupo. Grupo Controle – monitoramento do crescimento folicular até a ovulação; Grupo EPE – monitoramento ultrassonográfico até que os folículos atingissem cerca de 20 mm de diâmetro e, posteriormente, administração de 7 mg de EPE, duas vezes ao dia, até a indução da ovulação com 2500UI de hCG; Grupo Pós-EPE – idem ao grupo controle. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando o procedimento GLM do pacote estatístico SAS, sendo previamente testadas para normalidade dos resíduos, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5%. Nas éguas Crioulas tratadas com EPE houve um aumento no número de ovulações (p=0,0534), com média de 3,33±2,06 quando comparadas aos grupos controle e pós-EPE e às éguas da raça QM (2,00±0,53). O tratamento com EPE na dose preconizada permitiu uma melhor resposta superovulatória e produção embrionária nas éguas Crioulas, quando comparadas com as éguas Quarto de Milha. Abstract This study compared the superovulatory response of embryos donor mares of Quarter Horse (QH) and Crioula using a protocol with low dose of equine pituitary extract (EPE). Eight QH mares and six Crioula mares were monitored during 3 consecutive estrous cycles, with each cycle corresponds to a group. Control Group - monitoring of follicle growth up to the ovulation; EPE group - when the follicles reached 20 mm in diameter were administered 7 mg EPE twice daily. When the follicles achieved a diameter 35 mm, the ovulation was induced with 2500UI hCG; Post-EPE Group - idem to the control group. Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of the SAS statistical package. The variables were submitted to the Tukey’s test and least square means adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Tukey-Kramer’s test, with significance level of 5%. Values are presented as mean ± SD. In the Crioula mares treated with EPE, there was an increase in the number of ovulations (p =0.0534) with a mean of 3.33 ± 2.06 ovulations when compared to the control and post-EPE groups, and mares QM. (2.00±0.53). Treatment with EPE in the recommended dose allowed better superovulatory response and rate of embryo recovery in Crioula mares when compared to the QM mares

A produção in vitro de embriões (PIV) bovinos é atrativa pelo baixo custo de produção, uso na clonagem de células somáticas e embriões, produção de vacas transgênicas e na pesquisa básica. As proteínas acrescidas aos meios de cultivo parecem ser um dos principais fatores limitantes nas diferentes fases da produção, e são representadas, em primeira instância, por materiais de origem biológica que fornecem aos embriões nutrientes e outros fatores pouco conhecidos. Este trabalho avaliou o uso do soro de égua, obtido em diferentes fase do estro na PIV. Complexos cumulus-oócitos (CCO) obtidos de ovários bovinos em matadouro foram maturados por 22-24h, em estufa (5% de CO2 , umidade saturada e 39oC) em TCM-199 + HEPES + LHb + rFSHh com 10% de soro de égua coletado no primeiro dia de estro (T1), 24-48h antes da ovulação (T2) e 24-48h pós-ovulação (T3), servindo como controle (C) o mesmo meio com soro de vaca em estro. Os CCO foram fecundados em TALP-FERT sob as mesmas condições e cultivados em fluido sintético de oviduto (SOF) + 5% do soro dos T1, T2, T3 ou C, por 8 dias, sob óleo mineral A taxa de clivagem foi similar entre os tratamentos. A produção de blastocistos no D7 nos tratamentos (T1=21%, T2=21% e T3=20%) foi maior (P

Um dos desafios da criobiologia continua sendo o desenvolvimento de um metodo que proporcione a manutencao da viabilidade apos a criopreservacao de oocitos imaturos na especie bovina. A vitrificacao tem sido a metodologia que proporciona resultados de sobrevivencia apos a criopreservacao mais promissores para complexos cumulus -oocito (CCOs) imaturos bovinos. Entretanto, a acao dos crioprotetores sobre as celulas do cumulus oophorus , no que diz respeito a regulacao da expressao de genes importantes nesta fase, ainda e pouco compreendida. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a expressao genica das proteinas acido hialuronico sintase 2 (HAS2), link protein (HAPLN1), conexina 43 (GJA1) e proteina de choque termico HSP70-1 (HSP70-1) em celulas do cumulus oophorus de oocitos imaturos bovinos submetidos a exposicao e/ou vitrificacao na solucao crioprotetora (SV) composta por 20% de etileno glicol (EG) + 20% dimetil sulfoxido (DMSO) + 0,5M de sacarose. Os CCOs foram selecionados e distribuidos em 4 grupos experimentais: G1 , CCOs nao submetidos a maturacao in vitro (MIV); G2 , CCOs submetidos a MIV; G3 , CCOs maturados apos a exposicao a SV; e G4 , CCOs maturados apos a vitrificacao com a SV. A MIV foi realizada em TCM 199, suplementado com soro de egua em estro, a 39 o C, 5% de CO 2 e maxima umidade relativa, por 22 a 24 horas. A extracao do RNA das amostras de celulas do cumulus foi realizada pelo metodo do fenol-cloroformio seguido por uma etapa de captacao especifica do mRNA. Apos a utilizacao da tecnica de RT-PCR para a obtencao do cDNA e amplificacao dos quatro fragmentos especificos, a analise dos resultados nao mostrou diferenca significativa entre os grupos para a abundância relativa dos transcritos de link protein (p=0,486), HAS2 (p=0,394), conexina 43 (p=0,116) e HSP70-1 (p=0,248).

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) might be able to improve the cryotolerance of in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos. The effect of two CLA isomers on the cryotolerance of bovine IVP embryos, as well as that of the stage of embryonic development and the method used for cryopreservation was evaluated by three experiments. In Experiment 1, oocytes (n = 3,917) were fertilized in vitro and cultured with 0, 50, 100, or 200 ?M trans-10, cis-12 (t10, c12 CLA). In Experiment 2, fertilized oocytes (n = 2,131) were cultured with 100 ?M t10, c12 or cis-9, trans-11 (c9, t11 CLA), or a combination of both isomers. The embryos were vitrified at the blastocyst (BL) or the expanded blastocyst (EB) stage. In Experiment 3, oocytes (n = 1,720) were fertilized and cultured with or without 100 ?M t10, c12 CLA, and the blastocysts were vitrified or frozen. Blastocyst development rate as well as the rates of re-expansion and hatching after thawing was recorded. Moreover, the mean cell number and mRNA expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) as well as fatty acid synthase (FASN) multienzyme complex were determined. In Experiment 1, the highest concentration of t10, c12 CLA that did not reduce blastocyst development rate was 100 ?M. In Experiment 2, the rates of re-expansion and hatching among the EBs obtained through IVP after supplementation with t10, c12 CLA (73.1% and 57.7%), with c9, t11 CLA (80.0% and 68.6%), with the combination (78.3% and 52.2%), and with the control group (85.4% and 58.3%) were similar. At the BL stage, the rates of re-expansion and hatching were lower than those at the EB stage, and CLA combination allowed a hatching rate (8.0%) lower than that observed in the control group (40.0%). In Experiment 3, the hatching rates for vitrified EBs (vitrified control; 67.4%) and vitrified CLA EBs (65.8%) were higher than those obtained for frozen EBs, exposed (13.3%) or not exposed (28.6%) to CLA. In addition, in Experiment 3, the hatching rate was higher at the EB stage in vitrified groups, while the rates of BL and EB were similar in frozen groups, thus proving that vitrification was more efficient than freezing for IVP bovine embryos. In Experiment 3, CLA isomer t10, C12 did not influence the embryonic cell number or mRNA expression of ACC1 and SCD1 enzymes, but decreased the mRNA expression of FASN. In conclusion, 100 ?M CLA did not affect subsequent embryonic development. However, neither CLA isomer improved the cryotolerance of IVP bovine embryos.

Embora os efeitos negativos dos anestesicos inalatorios na fertilidade ja foram descritos ha algum tempo, os estagios durante o ciclo reprodutivo em que estes efeitos ocorrem bem como os mecanismos de acao ainda permanecem desconhecidos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os efeitos da exposicao aguda em femeas de camundongos ao halotano, isofluorano, e sevofluorano previo ao acasalamento. Femeas de camundongos BALB/c (n=160) foram alocadas em grupos de 20 aos tratamentos halotano (HG), isofluorano (IG), sevofluorano (SG), oxigenio (SH), e seus respectivos grupos controle (CGs). As femeas de camundongos foram expostas a uma concentracao alveolar minima (CAM) do anestesico correspondente ou a oxigenio por 4 horas diarias durante 5 dias consecutivos. Apos dois dias do fim da exposicao as femeas foram acasaladas com os machos (proporcao 2:1 femea/macho) durante 5 dias consecutivos. A cada manha, as femeas foram avaliadas para a observacao da presenca de plug vaginal. Metade das femeas que exibiam plug foram submetidas a eutanasia apos 72 horas para avaliacao embrionaria. As femeas restantes foram eutanasiadas no 14o dia de gestacao para avaliacao fetal. No HG foi observado um menor numero de morulas e embrioes totais (morulas + blastocistos) (P

The objective was to use subzonal sperm injection (SUZI) to understand sperm penetration patterns and to use intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to improve production of bovine embryos using poor quality gametes. In experiment 1, poor versus good quality oocytes were fertilized with sperm from two bulls, A and B, with poor and good sperm vigor, respectively. The blastocyst rate was higher for good versus poor quality oocytes (23.3% vs. 11.1%, P < 0.05), regardless of the bull used. There was no significant difference in blastocyst rate for bull A (low vigor) regardless of oocyte quality, and for bull B (high vigor), blastocyst rate was better for good versus poor quality oocytes (25.7% vs. 9.2%, P < 0.05). In experiment 2, poor quality oocytes were subjected to SUZI. The oocyte penetration rate was lower for bull A than for bull B (29.6% vs. 53.8%, P < 0.05), when SUZI was performed within 1 hour after sperm processing. However, when SUZI was performed 2 to 3 hours after sperm processing, penetrating capacity was similar between bulls, but for bull B, penetrating capacity significantly decreased after 3 hours of sperm processing. In an attempt to overcome sperm penetrating disorders, poor and good quality oocytes were subjected to ICSI (experiment 3). Irrespective of the bull or of the oocyte quality grade, there were no differences in cleavage or blastocyst rates. Both bulls had distinct IVF embryo production rates, which we inferred were because of particular individual sperm characteristics. In conclusion, ICSI was an effective means to achieve in vitro production of bovine embryos with gametes of variable quality.

The main cause of low efficiency of in vitro produced porcine embryos is the high polyspermic penetration rates at fertilization, which is aggravated in low quality oocytes. Experiment 1 evaluated the embryo development in high and low quality oocytes. Experiment 2 evaluated the embryo development and quality of low quality oocytes fertilized with sperm pre-incubated during 0h (control), 0.5h, 1h and 1.5h. Experiment 3 investigated fertilization and monospermic rates of the same groups of Experiment 2. Experiment 4 evaluated embryo development, cell density, fertilization and monospermic rates of high quality oocytes using semen pre incubated during the best time observed in the previous experiments. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were analyzed by chi-square test, and remaining data by ANOVA and Tukey test (P≤0.05). The cleavage (74.8 vs 51.7%) and blastocyst (33.7 vs 9.8%) rates were greater in oocytes of high versus low quality, with no differences in cell density. Fertilization rates (65.6 to 79.5%) were not influenced by pre-incubation time. However, semen pre-incubation during 1.5h increased monospermic penetration (53.3%) and cleavage rates (92.5%) in low quality oocytes. Blastocyst rate was improved with 1.5h of semen pre incubation; however they were still lower than that observed with high quality control oocytes. Ultimately, pre-incubation did not influence fertilization, monospermic penetration, embryo development rates, nor cell density in oocytes of high quality. Low-quality porcine oocytes resulted in better rates of embryo development if in vitro fertilized with sperm pre-incubated for 1.5 hour. RESUMO: A principal causa da baixa eficiência na PIV de embriões suínos é a elevada taxa de polispermia, que é exacerbada em oócitos de baixa qualidade. O experimento 1 avaliou o desenvolvimento embrionário de oócitos de baixa e alta qualidade. O experimento 2 avaliou a qualidade e o desenvolvimento embrionário de oócitos de baixa qualidade fecundados com sêmen pré-incubado por 0h (controle), 0,5h, 1h e 1,5h. O experimento 3 investigou a fecundação e as taxas de monospermia dos mesmos grupos do experimento 2. O experimento 4 avaliou o desenvolvimento embrionário, a densidade celular, a fecundação e as taxas de monospermia de oócitos de alta qualidade, fecundados com sêmen pre-incubado com o melhor tempo observado nos experimentos anteriores. As taxas de clivagem e de blastocistos foram submetidas ao teste de Qui-quadrado e os demais dados submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). As taxas de clivagem (74,8 vs 51,7%) e de blastocistos (33,7 vs 9,8%) foram superiores nos oócitos de alta qualidade, comparados aos de baixa qualidade, não havendo diferenças na quantidade de células embrionárias. As taxas de fecundação (65,6 vs 79,5%) não foram influenciadas pelo tempo de pré-incubação. Todavia, a pré-incubação do sêmen por 1,5h aumentou a penetração monospérmica (53,3%) e a taxa de clivagem (92,5%), nos oócitos de baixa qualidade. As taxas de blastocisto aumentaram com sêmen pré-incubado por 1,5h, que foram ainda inferiores às obtidas dos oócitos de alta qualidade do grupo controle. Finalmente, a pré-incubação do sêmen não influencia na fecundação, na penetração monospérmica, no desenvolvimento embrionário, nem na quantidade de células embrionárias com oócitos de alta qualidade. Oócitos suínos de baixa qualidade produzem melhores taxas de desenvolvimento embrionário se fecundados in vitro com sêmen pré-incubado por 1,5 horas.

Bull breeding soundness evaluation (BBSE) usually neglects the libido and mating ability evaluation. The internal artificial vagina (IAV) permits semen sampling, as well as mating ability evaluation. Few studies have been performed using IAV with young bulls and there are none with Bos indicus bulls. The present study evaluated sexual behavior, mating ability and semen quality in young Bos taurus (Devon) and B. indicus (Nellore) bulls using the IAV device. In the first experiment, 52 Devon bulls, 18–25 months old were observed, and the behavior and mating ability recorded over a 10-min period within a restrained mount-cow with an IAV inserted. In the second experiment, 20 Nellore bulls, 20–30 months old were evaluated over a 20min period. Of the 52 Devon bulls, 45 (86.5%) had semen recovered with the IAV, 31 (69.0%) were considered satisfactory. Nellore bulls exhibited a different sexual behavior, with 10 bulls not showing any interest in the females. Four bulls demonstrated sexual interest only once, e.g., sniffing, two showed interest on more than one occasion, and four had more than two mounts or mounting attempts. None out of the Nellore bulls was collected with IAV. The IAV was an effective and welfare-promoting animal technology for the evaluation of semen quality and mating ability of B. taurus bulls. However, the IAV was not adequate for young Nellore bulls, probably due to their quiescent sexual behavior and delayed sexual maturity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the performance of the IAV for older Nellore bulls.

A condutividade térmica do recipiente pode alterar a velocidade de resfriamento e reaquecimento, durante a criopreservação de oócitos, influenciando sua viabilidade. Recipientes de diferentes condutividades térmicas foram comparados na vitrificação de oócitos bovinos. Oócitos imaturos (n=1454) foram expostos a uma solução de 20% EG + 20% DMSO e 0,5 M Sacarose, envasados em PM (palheta metálica inoxidável, n=265), MV (micropipeta de vidro, n=279), PB (palheta cortada em bisel, n=280), OPS ( open pulled straw, n=272) e vitrificados em nitrogênio submetido ao vácuo. O reaquecimento foi realizado por 5 minutos de exposição a cada solução de sacarose (0,30 e 0,15 M), aquecidas a 35ºC. Como controle, 358 oócitos foram mantidos frescos, sem vitrificar. Os oócitos foram maturados e fecundados, sendo os prováveis zigotos cultivados em meio SOFaaci, a 39ºC, com 5% CO2, 5% O2 e 90% N2, em umidade saturada. Não foram verificadas diferenças nas taxas de clivagem entre os tratamentos, que foram inferiores (p < 0,05) ao grupo controle. Nos grupos vitrificados, maior taxa de blastocisto foi obtida com o tratamento PM (10,2%), que foi superior (p < 0,05) aos tratamentos OPS (6,1%) e PB (6,1%), não diferindo do grupo MV (8%), embora com tendência de ser superior (p < 0,1). Os grupos tratados tiveram semelhantes taxas de eclosão que, todavia, foram inferiores ao controle. Conclui-se que o aumento da velocidade de resfriamento melhora a viabilidade após a vitrificação de oócitos bovinos imaturos, sendo que as palhetas metálicas, de maior condutividade, são mais efetivas do que as palhetas plásticas (OPS e PB), embora sem diferir da micropipeta de vidro (MV).

A taxa de recuperação embrionária em vacas superovuladas após coleta uterina não-cirúrgica é inferior ao número de ovulações, demonstrando uma relativa ineficiência neste processo de coleta convencional por via cervical. Uma alternativa simples e de fácil execução para melhorar a taxa de recuperação embrionária é a recoleta uterina. Para avaliar o efeito do procedimento de recoleta, bem como a influência da raça e do operador na taxa de recuperação embrionária, 38 fêmeas Nelore e 19 fêmeas Jersey foram estimuladas com FSH e coletadas por via cervical, por um de dois operadores treinados. Ao final da coleta, o cateter era fechado e mantido no corpo do útero, repleto com meio de coleta, enquanto a fêmea era liberada por 30 a 50 min, quando era submetida ao procedimento de recoleta, pelo mesmo operador. Em 57 procedimentos foram recuperadas 599 estruturas, das quais 423 (70,6%) foram obtidas na coleta e 176 (29,4%) na recoleta. Obteve-se uma recuperação média de 7,4 estruturas na coleta e 3,1 na recoleta, totalizando 10,5 estruturas por animal. Em 73,6% (42 de 57) dos procedimentos foram encontradas estruturas no processo de recoleta. Não houve influência da raça em relação ao número médio total de estruturas obtidas, com 10,9 na raça Jersey e 10,3 na Nelore. Da mesma forma, a taxa de recuperação embrionária após a coleta e recoleta não diferiu entre animais da raça Jersey (8,1 e 2,7) e Nelore (7,0 e 3,2) e entre os operadores A (7,5 e 3,3) e B (7,3 e 2,9), respectivamente. Conclui-se que o procedimento de recoleta aumenta a taxa de recuperação embrionária de fêmeas da raça Jersey e/ou Nelore, não sendo verificada influência do operador.

The use of synthetic progestagens released by vaginal devices is an important tool to overcome the reproductive seasonality in sheep, but cost and/or subsequent vaginitis are limiting factors for their use. To identify economic, simple and innocuous alternative vaginal devices for estrous synchronization/induction protocols in sheep, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and functional viability of the human vaginal tampons (OB®) impregnated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) on reproductive performance of ewes. The study compared them with commercial vaginal inserts (CIDR®) and polyurethane sponges impregnated with MAP. In Experiment 1, the device loss rate, the degree of vaginitis during the device removal, the count and identification of bacterial colonies at the device insertion and removal, and efficiency in estrous synchronization and estrus temporal distribution were evaluated. Pubertal ewes at the beginning of the breeding season were randomly allocated to three experimental groups: CIDR®, PSP (polyurethane sponge) and OB®. No device losses occurred in any group, but the use of OB® caused milder signs of vaginitis than polyurethane sponges, with a similar vaginal bacterial growth and microbiota than the CIDR group. The estrus distribution was more disperse in the CIDR than PSP or OB groups. In Experiment 2, pregnancy rates using CIDR® or OB® devices were compared, with estrus manifestation (85.4% and 89.8%) and pregnancy rates (58.3% and 49.0%) being similar between groups (P>0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the use of human intra-vaginal tampons (OB®) impregnated with MAP was proven highly hygienic, practical and effective as a low-cost alternative for estrous synchronization and AI in sheep. O uso de progestágeno sintético liberado por pessários vaginais é uma importante ferramenta para suplantar a sazonalidade reprodutiva em ovelhas. Todavia, seu uso é limitado pelo custo ou pelas subsequentes vaginites. Na busca de uma alternativa simples e de baixo custo para sincronizar estro em ovelhas, este estudo avaliou o tampão vaginal humano (OB®) impregnado com MAP, na performance reprodutiva de ovelhas, comparando com o CIDR® e as esponjas de poliuretano, estas também impregnadas com MAP. No experimento 1 foram avaliados a taxa de perdas; o grau das vaginites no momento da remoção do pessário; a contagem e identificação das colônias bacterianas; bem como a eficiência da sincronização e a distribuição temporal dos cios. As ovelhas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em um de três grupos experimentais: CIDR, Esponjas e OB, no inicio da estação reprodutiva. Não ocorreram perdas de pessários em qualquer grupo, porém o OB causou menor grau de vaginite em relação às esponjas, com um crescimento bacteriano e microbiota similares ao grupo CIDR. A distribuição dos cios foi mais dispersa no grupo CIDR do que nos grupos Esponja ou OB. No experimento 2, foram comparados o CIDR e OB em relação à manifestação de cio (85,4% e 89,8%) e taxa de prenhez (58,3% e 49,0%), que foram similares (P

The relationship between the level of cell confluence near the plateau phase of growth and blastocyst yield following somatic cell cloning is not well understood. We examined the effect of distinct cell culture confluence levels on in vitro development of cloned bovine embryos. In vitro-matured bovine oocytes were manually bisected and selected by DNA staining. One or two enucleated hemi-cytoplasts were paired and fused with an adult skin somatic cell. Cultured skin cells from an adult Nellore cow harvested at three distinct culture confluence levels (70-80, 80-90, and >95%) were used for construction of embryos and hemi-embryos. After activation, structures were cultured in vitro as one embryo (1 x 100%) or as aggregates of two hemi-embryos (2 x 50%) per microwell. Fusion, cleavage and blastocyst rates were compared using the chi(2) test. The fusion rate for hemi-embryos (51.4%) was lower than for embryos (67.6%), with no influence of degree of cell confluence. However, blastocyst rates improved linearly (7.0, 17.5, and 29.4%) with increases in cell confluence. We conclude that degree of cell culture confluence significantly influences subsequent embryo development; use of a cell population in high confluence (>90%) for nuclear transfer significantly improved blastocyst yield after cloning.

Animal cloning has been associated with developmental abnormalities, with the level of heteroplasmy caused by the procedure being one of its potential limiting factors. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the fusion of hemicytoplasts or aggregation of hemiembryos, varying the final cytoplasmic volume, on development and cell density of embryos produced by hand-made cloning (HMC), parthenogenesis or by in vitro fertilization (IVF). One or two enucleated hemicytoplasts were paired and fused with one skin somatic cell. Activated clone and zona-free parthenote embryos and hemiembryos were in vitro cultured in the well-of-the-well (WOW) system, being allocated to one of six experimental groups, on a per WOW basis: single clone or parthenote hemiembryos (1 x 50%); aggregation of two (2 x 50%), three (3 x 50%), or four (4 x 50%) clone or parthenote hemiembryos; single clone or parthenote embryos (1 x 100%); or aggregation of two clone or parthenote embryos (2 x 100%). Control zona-intact parthenote or IVF embryos were in vitro cultured in four-well dishes. Results indicated that the increase in the number of aggregated structures within each WOW was followed by a linear increase in cleavage, blastocyst rate, and cell density. The increase in cytoplasmic volume, either by fusion or by aggregation, had a positive effect on embryo development, supporting the establishment of pregnancies and the birth of a viable clone calf after transfer to recipients. However, embryo aggregation did not improve development on a hemicytoplast basis, except for the aggregation of two clone embryos.

Foi avaliada a criotolerância de oócitos e embriões bovinos maturados com adição de líquido folicular (LF) e/ou β-mercaptoetanol (BM). Após vitrificação, os oócitos foram maturados em: TCM-199 (controle); BM (24h TCM-199+100μM BM); LF (6h em LF+18h TCM-199) e LF+BM (6h LF+18h TCM-199+100μM BM). Não houve diferença (p>0,05) nas taxas de blastocistos dos tratamentos TCM (6,4%), BM (4,0%) e LF (3,4%). A eclosão e densidade celular dos embriões eclodidos não diferiram (p>0,05) nos tratamentos. No Experimento 2 blastocistos expandidos (Bx) obtidos em D7 ou D8 foram vitrificados, avaliando-se sua reexpansão e eclosão. A reexpansão foi semelhante (p>0,05), sendo observado comportamento distinto na eclosão entre Bx D7 e D8. Nos Bx D7 houve maior eclosão no controle (TCM–54,2%) em relação ao BM (40,32%) e LF+BM (33,89%). Os Bx D8 apresentaram menor eclosão no controle (TCM) em relação aos Bx D7. Nos tratamentos BM, LF e LF+BM a eclosão foi semelhante para Bx D7 ou D8. A maturação com adição de LF e/ou BM não melhora a criotolerância de oócitos imaturos e embriões PIV. Blastocistos expandidos precoces (D7) são mais criotolerantes e apresentam um comportamento distinto à adição de LF e BM, em relação aos tardios (D8). Cryotolerance of bovine oocytes and embryos maturated with addition of follicular fluid (LF) and β-mercaptoethanol (BM) was evaluated. After vitrification, oocytes were maturated in: TCM-199 (control); BM (24h TCM-199+100μM BM); LF (6h in LF+18h TCM-199), and LF+BM (6h LF+18h TCM-199+100μM BM). There was not difference (p>0.05) in blastocysts rate in TCM (6.4%), BM (4.0%) and LF (3.4%) treatments. The hatching rates and cell density of hatched embryos did not differ (p>0.05) among treatments. In Experiment 2, hatched blastocysts (Bx) obtained in D7 or D8 were vitrified and evaluated according to its expanding and hatching rates. The expanding rate was similar (p>0.05), being observed a distinct pathway in hatching rate in D7 and D8 Bx. Higher hatching rate was observed in D7 Bx from control (TCM-54.2%) compared to BM (40.32%) and LF+BM (33.89%) treatments. The D8 Bx showed lower hatching rate in control (TCM-199) compared with D7 Bx. In BM, LF and LF+BM treatments, the hatching rate was similar for D7 or D8 embryos. Maturation with addition of LF and/or BM does not increase the oocyte or IVP embryo cryotolerance. Expanded blastocysts (D7) have higher cryotolerance and show a distinct pathway when added with LF or BM, in comparison with D8 embryos.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vacuum-cooled liquid nitrogen on the development of vitrified immature (germinal vesicle stage; GV) and mature (metaphase II; MII) bovine oocytes after re-warming. Liquid nitrogen was exposed to either atmospheric pressure or to a vacuum (300mm Hg for 45sec); the latter decreased the temperature of the liquid nitrogen to -200°C. Partially denuded oocytes were vitrified either just after selection (GV) or after 22 hours of in vitro maturation (MII) in TCM 199 medium + 10% of estrous mare serum. For vitrification, oocytes were firstly exposed to an intermediate solution (10% EG + 10% DMSO) for 30sec, followed by the vitrification solution (20% EG + 20% DMSO + 0.5M sucrose) for 20sec. Groups of three or four oocytes were loaded into an open-pulled-straw and directly plunged into liquid nitrogen. Oocytes were subsequently re-warmed by exposure to air (25°C) for 4sec, followed by 5 min exposure to decreasing concentrations (0.3 and 0.15M) of sucrose. Fertilization (Day 0) was done with 2 x 106 spermatozoa mL-1 (selected by a swim-up procedure) and incubated for 18 to 22 hours. Presumptive zygotes were cultured at 39°C in four-well dishes with SOFaaci medium, under 5% CO2 and saturated humidity. Cleavage (Day 2) and blastocyst rates (Day 8) were 33.9 and 4.2%, respectively, for GV stage oocytes at atmospheric pressure, 41.2 and 8.8% for GV oocytes under vacuum, 43.5 and 6.7% for MII oocytes at atmospheric pressure, and 53.6 and 10.6% for MII oocytes under vacuum. In conclusion, vacuum-cooled liquid nitrogen improved developmental rates of vitrified-thawed bovine oocytes. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito do nitrogênio liquido super resfriado por vácuo no desenvolvimento, após reaquecimento, de oócitos bovinos vitrificados imaturos ou maturados. O nitrogênio líquido foi mantido em atmosfera normal ou submetido ao vácuo (300mm Hg por 45s) este último reduzindo a temperatura do nitrogênio para -200°C. Oócitos parcialmente desnudos foram vitrificados logo após a seleção (estádio de vesícula germinativa; VG), ou após 22 horas de maturação (metáfase II; MII) em meio TCM 199 + 10% de soro de égua em estro. Para a vitrificação, os oócitos foram inicialmente expostos a uma solução intermediária (10% EG + 10% DMSO) por 30s e a seguir a uma solução de vitrificação (20% EG + 20% DMSO + 0,5M sacarose) por 20s. Grupos de 3 ou 4 oócitos foram envasados em palhetas estiradas e abertas e mergulhados no nitrogênio líquido. Os oócitos foram então reaquecidos por exposição ao ar (25°C) por 4s, seguido de exposição a concentrações decrescentes de sacarose (0,3 e 0,15M - 5 minutos cada). A fecundação (dia 0) foi realizada com 2 x 106 espermatozóides mL-1 (selecionados por "swim-up") e incubação por 18 a 22 horas. Os presumíveis zigotos foram cultivados a 39°C, em placas de quatro poços, com meio SOFaaci, com 5% de CO2 e umidade saturada. As taxas de clivagem (Dia 2) e de blastocistos (Dia 8) obtidas foram de 33,9 e de 4,2%, respectivamente, para oócitos no estágio de VG / pressão normal, de 41,2 e 8,8% para oócitos VG / vácuo, 43,5 e 6,7% para oócitos MII / pressão normal e de de 53,6 e 10,6% para oócitos MII / vácuo. Conclui-se que o emprego de nitrogênio líquido super resfriado pelo vácuo melhora as taxas de desenvolvimento de oócitos bovinos após a vitrificação.

Oócitos (n=1177) bovinos obtidos da aspiração de folículos com diâmetro entre 2 e 8mm, de ovários de matadouro foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos com 11 repetições. Os oócitos foram maturados por 24h em TCM-199 Sais de Earle, acrescido de 25mM de bicarbonato de sódio, 25mM de HEPES, rFHS-h, Soro de Vaca em Estro (SVE) e piruvato, em estufa a 39ºC, com 5% de CO2 em ar e umidade saturada (Grupo Controle, n=296) ou, submetidos ao transporte simulado por 6 (T6, n=286), 12 (T12, n=294) ou 18h (T18, n=301) em meio de maturação TCM+HEPES, em banho-maria a 39ºC, com os mesmos componentes utilizados para o Grupo Controle, porém com apenas 1mM de bicarbonato. Decorrido cada período de transporte, os mesmos foram transferidos para placas com meio de maturação, completando o período de 24h em estufa, nas mesmas condições do Grupo Controle. O período de fecundação foi de 18h em condições semelhantes de temperatura e atmosfera gasosa, em FERT-TALP acrescido de heparina, sendo a dose inseminante de 1x106 espermatozóides/mL, selecionados por migração ascendente. Os prováveis zigotos foram cultivados em meio SOF + 5% SVE por 8 dias, em estufa a 39ºC, em bolsas gaseificadas com 5% CO2, 5% O2 e 90% N2. Na avaliação da clivagem, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. As taxas de desenvolvimento embrionário no dia 7 foram semelhantes para os grupos Controle (20,9%), T6 (19,2%) e T12 (21,4%), com uma redução (P0,05) na taxa de eclosão. O número médio de células dos blastocistos eclodidos não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os grupos Controle (136), T6 (125,5) e T12 (126,8). Esses resultados indicam a possibilidade do transporte de oócitos bovinos em meio de maturação TCM+HEPES, sem controle da atmosfera gasosa, a 39ºC, pelo período de até 12h. Esta técnica oferece uma alternativa prática e eficiente para o transporte dos oócitos bovinos destinados à produção in vitro de embriões bovinos (PIV). Oocytes (n=1177) aspirated from 2 to 8mm follicles obtained from bovine slaughterhouse ovaries (11 replications) were randomly distributed in four treatments. Oocytes were matured for 24h with modified TCM-199 Earle salts, plus 25mM bicarbonate, 25 mM HEPES, rFSH-h, Estrus Cow Serum (ECS), and piruvate at 39oC, in incubator with 5% CO2 and saturated humidity (Control Group, n=296) or exposed to a simulated transport for 6 (T6, n=286), 12 (T12, n=294) or 18h (T18, n=301) in maturation medium containing TCM + HEPES, in a 39oC water bath, with the same components used in the Control Group, but with 1mM bicarbonate. At the conclusion of each transport period, oocytes were transferred to dishes with maturation medium to reach 24h in incubator, under the same conditions described for the Control group. Fertilization was accomplished during 18h, with the same temperature and gaseous atmosphere, in FERT-TALP plus heparin. The insemination dose was 1x106 spermatozoa/mL, sorted by swim-up. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOF medium + 5% ECS for 8 days, in incubator at 39oC using gasified bags with 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2. Cleavage rates did not differ between treatments. Embryonic development rates at D7 were similar for Control (20.9%), T6 (19.2%) and T12 (21.4%) groups, with a reduction (P0.05) in hatched blastocyst rate. The average number of cells of hatched blastocysts was similar (P>0.05) in Control (136), T6 (125.5) and T12 (126.8) groups. These results indicate the possibility of transporting bovine oocytes in maturation medium containing TCM + HEPES, without controlled gaseous atmosphere environment, at 39oC, for up to 12 hours. This technique offers a practical and efficient alternative for the transport of bovine oocytes for in vitro production of bovine embryos (IVP).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the developmental capacity of immature bovine oocytes after vitrification with 20% ethylene glycol (EG)+20% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) and 0.5M sucrose (SUC), by open pulled straw (OPS) technology. The effect of treatment with cytochalasin D before vitrification was also examined. No differences were observed in cleavage and blastocyst rates among the group vitrified without cytochalasin D treatment (Vitri) (49.0% and 6.1%) and that with cytochalasin D treatment before vitrification (CDVitri) (46.4% and 3.6%), but both were lower (P0.05) than the unvitrified control group (85.1 and 45.9%). Calves were obtained after transfer of fresh and vitrified blastocysts from the Vitri group and after transfer of vitrified blastocysts from the CDVitri group. Cytochalasin D treatment does not improve the development of immature bovine vitrified oocytes. The results show that a small proportion of immature oocytes vitrified with this technology are fully competent to produce blastocysts, which may be transferred immediately or vitrified before transfer, and go on to develop healthy offspring.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização do etileno glicol, adicionado ao meio Tris-gema, na criopreservação de sêmen canino, considerando os seus efeitos sobre a motilidade, o vigor e a morfologia espermática pré e pós-congelamento. Como doadores, utilizaram-se quatro cães da raça Pastor Alemão coletados por manipulação digital os quais no ejaculado apresentaram padrões mínimos de 90% de motilidade, cinco de vigor espermático (0 - 5) e no máximo 35% de defeitos morfológicos totais. As concentrações de etileno glicol testadas foram de 0, 25; 0,5 e 1,0M, sendo empregados como controle 0,8M de glicerol. Foram feitas cinco avaliações de motilidade e vigor, respectivamente, na obtenção da fração rica, depois da primeira diluição, ao atingir 4°C, após uma hora de estabilização a 4°C e no descongelamento. Avaliou-se a morfologia espermática em sêmen a fresco e após o descongelamento das amostras de cada tratamento. Não houve diferença na motilidade e na morfologia espermática dos grupos após o descongelamento. No vigor espermático pós- descongelamento, as concentrações de 0,25 e 0,5M de etileno glicol foram semelhantes entre si e com a concentração de 0,8M de glicerol (controle), mas diferiram da concentração de 1M, a qual apresentou vigor inferior ao controle. Conclui-se que, para a criopreservação de sêmen canino, o glicerol 0,8M pode ser substituído pelo etileno glicol nas concentrações de 0,25, 0,5 e 1,0M.

Background: Despite the low efficiency caused by its harmful effects, vitrification is the technique of choice for oocyte cryopeservation, especially at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. This enables the banking of female gametes without linkage to the male genotype. Follicular fluid (FF), in vivo, is known to provide an adequate environment to the immature oocyte. The intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), by the other hand, can be used to bypass any sperm penetration disorder, including the ones caused by cryopreservation. This study aimed to evaluate oocyte vitrification in FF based solution, and to asses ICSI efficiency in the fertilization of vitrified/warmed bovine GV oocytes.Material, Methods & Results: Follicles of 2-8 mm in diameter were aspirated from bovine ovaries obtained from a slaughterhouse, selected and maintained into FF from aspiration, until their allocation in the experimental groups. The FF used to prepare the vitrification solution was centrifuged, heat inactivated, filtered through a 0.22 mm pore and stored at -20°C. Oocyte vitrification was done into one of these three solutions: The standard solution TCM-Hepes (TH-Vitri) was compared to a totally FF based solution (FF-Vitri), and to a 50:50 (v/v) mix of both solutions (TH:FF-Vitri). Oocytes were submitted to in vitro embryo production in order to assess embryo production efficiency. A second set of experiments using the FF-Vitri solution compared IVF versus ICSI. With basis on cleaved structures, the morula + blastocyst rate obtained in the Fresh Control (43.9%) was similar to FF-Vitri (31.1%). Conversely, the TH-Vitri (15.7%) and the TH:FF-Vitri (20.4%) rates were significantly lower than the Fresh Control. ICSI showed a positive effect in comparison with IVF. The embryo development rate of Vitri-IVF (18.8%) was the lowest, whereas Vitri-ICSI (37.3%) was similar to the Fresh-IVF (43.9%), but lower than the Fresh-ICSI (57.8%).Discussion: Oocytes cryopreserved in TH based solution are known to show certain rigidity in the zona pellucida, being this event a possible cause to spermatozoa penetration disruption. Our results agree with that, since the fertilization rate for TH-Vitri was significantly lower than for the FF-Vitri. In contrast, GV oocytes vitrified in total versus partial FF based solution showed similar maturation and fertilization rates as the Fresh Control, evidencing the beneficial effect of FF during the course of vitrification. It is possible that FF helped to adjust oocyte maturation, allowing a better nuclear-cytoplasmic synchrony. Also, it might have provided some protection due to its antioxidant properties. The releasing of cortical granules induced by freezing, lead to a zona pellucida hardening and failure in sperm penetration. Factors present in the FF might block this premature releasing of cortical granules, thus ensuring that the egg retains its ability to be fertilized after maturation. The blastocysts produced from the FF-Vitri oocytes were the only ones that had the average ICM similar to the Fresh Control, evidencing that besides the similarity in morula + blastocyst rates, the embryos derived from oocytes vitrified in FF solution have also yielded best quality. When vitrified warmed oocytes were submitted to ICSI, there was an increase in the blastocyst production. This increment of embryo production with ICSI evidences a pathway to overcome the zona pellucida biological barrier. In conclusion, the use of FF as base for vitrification solution improves further embryo development; ICSI increases the embryo production of vitrified/warmed bovine GV stage oocytes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the cytoplast type and activation process on development of cloned embryos. Bovine oocytes (MII) or zygotes at the one-cell stage (IVF) were manually bisected and segregated in MII or IVF hemi-cytoplasts or hemi-karyoplasts. Adult skin cells from a bovine female were used as nucleus donors (SC). Experimental groups were composed of IVF embryos; parthenogenetic embryos; hand-made cloned (HMC) embryos; and reconstructed HMC embryos using IVF hemi-cytoplast + MII hemi-cytoplast + SC (G-I); IVF hemi-cytoplast + IVF hemi-cytoplast + SC (G-II); MII hemi-cytoplast + IVF hemi-karyoplast (G-III); and IVF hemi-cytoplast + IVF hemi-karyoplast (G-IV). Embryos from G-I to G-IV were allocated to subgroups as sperm-activated (SA) or were further chemically activated (SA + CA). Embryos from all groups and subgroups were in vitro cultured in the WOW system. Blastocyst development in subgroup G-I SA (28.2%) was similar to IVF (27.0%) and HMC (31.4%) controls, perhaps due to a to a more suitable activation process and/or better complementation of cytoplasmic reprogramming factors, with the other groups and subgroups having lower levels of development. No blastocyst development was observed when using IVF hemi-karyoplasts (G-III and G-IV), possibly due to the manipulation process during a sensitive biological period. In summary, the presence of cytoplasmic factors from MII hemi-oocytes and the sperm activation process from hemi-zygotes appear to be necessary for adequate in vitro development, as only the zygote-oocyte hemi-complementation was as efficient as controls for the generation of bovine cloned blastocysts.

RESUMO Duzentos e vinte e cinco embriões de camundongos foram congelados em vapor de nitrogênio, em quatro diferentes tratamentos. No tratamento I (n=57), os embriões foram submetidos a um pré-tratamento em glicerol 5,0, sendo posteriormente colocados em uma solução de glicerol 5,0M + lactose 0,25M. No tratamento II (n=54), o procedimento foi semelhante, porém com a utilização de 0,5M de lactose. No tratamento III (n=57), os embriões foram colocados diretamente na solução de glicerol 5,0M + lactose 0,25M. No tratamento IV (n=57), o procedimento foi semelhante ao tratamento III, porém com a utilização de lactose 0,5M. Os embriões foram mantidos por 5 minutos em cada solução, sendo em seguida envasados em grupos de 6 a 12, em palhetas de 0,25ml. O descongelamento foi realizado em banho-maria a 3 7 °C e a remoção do crioprotetor realizada pela exposição, por 5 minutos, a uma solução de lactose na mesma concentração utilizada no congelamento. Após 48 horas de cultivo, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o tratamento IV (80,7%), quando comparados ao tratamento III (66, 7%), tratamento II (66,7%) e tratamento I (31,6%). O pré-tratamento exerceu uma influência negativa, determinando menor viabilidade média (49,2%) em relação aos grupos sem pré-tratamento (73,7%). A concentração de lactose 0,5M proporcionou maior viabilidade média (73,7%) que a lactose 0,25M (49,2%). SUMMARY Two hundred and twenty five morulae were submitted to a ultra rapid freezing in four different treatments. In treatment I (n=57), the embryos were first exposed to a 5.0M glycerol pre treatment, and later to a glycerol 5.0M + lactose 0.25M freezing solution. In the treatment II (n=54) the procedure was similar to the treatment I, but with 0.5M of lactose instead 0.25M. In the treatment III (n=57), the embryos were exposed directly to a glycerol 5.0M + lactose 0.25M freezing solution. In the treatment IV (n=57) the procedure was similar to the treatment III, but with lactose 0.5M instead 0.25M. The embryos were maintened 5 minutes in each solution, and then loaded in groups of 6 to 12, in 0.25ml plastic straws. After thawing in a water bath at 37 °C, the cryoprotector was removed by five minutes exposure to a lactose solution in the same concentration than that used in the freezing procedure. After 48 hours of culture, the highest viability was observed in treatment IV (80.7%), followed by treatment III (66.7%), treatment II (66.7%) and treatment I (31.6%). Pretreatment determined a decrease in the viability (49.2%) when compared with the viability of groups without pre treatment (73.7%). The embryo viability was higher with lactose 0.5M (73.7%) than with lactose 0.25M (49.2%).

Different methods of partial denudation of maturated bovine oocytes were evaluated for in vitro embryo production and vitrification procedures, in three experiments. First the effect of partial denudation by successive pipetting was evaluated. In the second experiment, the denudation by pipetting was compared with the use of hyaluronidase, and finally, the effect of both methods was evaluated in regard to the vitrification of oocytes. Oocytes were submitted to treatments after 22 hours of maturation in TCM 199 medium. For the vitrification, they were firstly exposed for 30 seconds to an equilibrium solution and for 20 seconds to a vitrification solution (20% EG + 20% DMSO + 0.3M SUC), loaded in open pulled straws (OPS) and plunged into liquid nitrogen. The rewarming of the oocytes suspensions was carried out by plunged them in decreasing sucrose concentrations. Oocytes of all treatments were submitted to an additional 2 hours maturation period, followed by fertilization. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOFaaci medium. In the first experiment the denudation resulted in a decreased blastocyst rate (28.7% to 20.5% – P

Avaliou-se diferentes tempos de exposicao e concentracoes de crioprotetores na vitrificacao de embrioes bovinos PIV. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados blastocistos do dia 7 (Bx-D7). No tratamento 1 (T1), 82 embrioes foram expostos por 1 min. a solucao de equilibrio (SE1 = 10% EG + 10% dimetilsulfoxido (DMSO), seguido da exposicao por 20 segundos a solucao de vitrificacao (SV1 = 20% EG + 20% DMSO). No Tratamento 2 (T2) 84 embrioes foram expostos por 3 minutos a SE2 (8,25% EG + 8,25% DMSO), seguido de 45 segundos na SV2 (16,5% EG + 16,5% DMSO). No segundo experimento adotou-se os mesmos procedimentos do primeiro, porem com Bx D8. A remocao dos crioprotetores foi executado em duas etapas de cinco minutos, em 0,3 e 0,15M de sacarose. Os embrioes foram incubados por 72 horas, avaliando-se as taxas de re-expansao e eclosao (12 e 72 horas, respectivamente). No primeiro experimento, a taxa de re-expansao no T1 (91,6%) foi superior a do T2 (82,0%) (p 0,05). No segundo experimento, as taxas de re-expansao nao diferiram entre T1 e T2 (65,8 e 68,7% respectivamente), porem a taxa de eclosao do T1 (51,7%) foi superior a do T2 (33,2%) (p Abstract Different exposure times and cryoprotectant concentrations were evaluated in vitrification of D7 and D8 IVP bovine embryos. In the first experiment, D7 expanded blastocysts (Bx) were used. In Treatment 1 (T1) 82 embryos were exposed for 1 minute to an equilibrium solution (ES1 = 10% EG + 10% DMSO), followed by 20 seconds exposure to vitrification solution (VS1 = 16.5% EG + 16.5% DMSO). In Treatment 2 (T2) 84 embryos were exposed for 3 minutes to ES2 (8.25% EG + 8.25% DMSO), followed by 45 seconds exposure to VS2 (16.5% EG + 16.5% DMSO). Embryos were loaded in OPS with 5µL VS, and plunged into liquid nitrogen. The second experiment used D8 Bx as previously described. Cryoprotectant removal was performed in two steps, in 0.3 and 0.15M sucrose gradients for 5 minutes each. Embryos were then incubated for 72 hours, and re-expansion and hatching rates evaluated at 12 and 72 hours, respectively. In the first experiment, re-expansion rate in T1 (91.6%) was higher (P 0.05). In second experiment, re-expansion rates did not differ between T1 and T2 (65.8% and 68.7%) respectively, while hatching rate in T1 (51.7%) was higher (P

Mil duzentos e setenta e um oócitos foram divididos em 4 tratamentos com a finalidade de se avaliar a influência da adição de LH e FSH na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos com soro de vaca em estro (SVE) ou soro de éguas obtido no 1º dia do estro (SE). Independente do tratamento os oócitos foram maturados com TCM199 + 5,95mg/ml de Hepes, 0,025mg/ml de piruvato de sódio e 2,2mg/ml de bicarbonato de sódio, sendo adicionado 10% de soro de égua (ES), 10% de SVE (VS), 10% de soro de égua + 0,5mg/ml de hormônio luteinizante bovino (LHb) + 0,01UI/ml de hormônio folículo estimulante recombinante humano-rFSHh (EH) e 10% SVE + LHb + rFSHh (VH). Os oócitos assim tratados, foram maturados em estufa com 5% de CO2 a 39ºC sob umidade saturada por 22-24h. Depois, foram fecundados em TALP-FERT por 18-20h e cultivados por 8 dias em meio SOF + 5% de SE (ES e EH) ou SVE (VS e VH). As taxas de clivagem de 72% obtidas no grupo VH (229/316) e 61% no grupo VS (193/315) foram significativamente menores (p