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1. National Character Does Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures

Author

Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalek, A. M., Ádám, N., Adamovová, L., Alansari, B. M., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Angleitner, A., Avia, M. D., Ayearst, L. E., Barbaranelli, C., Beer, A., Borg-Cunen, M. A., Bratko, D., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Budzinski, L., Camart, N., Dahourou, D., De Fruyt, F., de Lima, M. P., del Pilar, G. E. H., Diener, E., Falzon, R., Fernando, K., Ficková, E., Fischer, R., Flores-Mendoza, C., Ghayur, M. A., Gülgöz, S., Hagberg, B., Halberstadt, J., Halim, M. S., Hřebíčková, M., Humrichouse, J., Jensen, H. H., Jocic, D. D., Jónsson, F. H., Khoury, B., Klinkosz, W., Kneževič, G., Lauri, M. A., Leibovich, N., Martin, T. A., Marušić, I., Mastor, K. A., Matsumoto, D., McRorie, M., Meshcheriakov, B., Mortensen, E. L., Munyae, M., Nagy, J., Nakazato, K., Nansubuga, F., Oishi, S., Ojedokun, A. O., Ostendorf, F., Paulhus, D. L., Pelevin, S., Podobnik, N., Porrata, J. L., Pramila, V. S., Prentice, G., Realo, A., Reátegui, N., Rossier, J., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Schmidt, V., Sciculna-Calleja, S., Sekowski, A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Shimonaka, Y., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Siuta, J., Smith, P. B., Trapnell, P. D., Trobst, K. K., Wang, L., Yik, M., Zupančič, A., and McCrae, R. R.

Published
2005

2. Narcisismo y búsqueda estratégica del emparejamiento a corto plazo a través de las culturas: Enlaces omnipresentes a través de 11 regiones mundiales del Proyecto de la descripción de la sexualidad internacional 2

Author

Schmitt, D.P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Alves, I.C.B., Anderson, C.A., Angelini, A.L., Zupan?i?, A., and MÜ

Subjects
Cross-Cultural Psychology, Narcissism, Sexuality, Personality
Abstract

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating. © 2017, Faculty of Arts and Sciences in Rijeka. All rights reserved.

Published
2017

3. Narcissism and the Strategic Pursuit of Short-Term Mating: Universal Links across 11 World Regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Alves, I. C. B., Anderson, C. A., Angelini, A. L., Asendorpf, J. B., Austers, I., Balaguer Solá, Isabel, Baptista, A., Bender, S. S., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Birashk, B., Bleske-Rechek, A., Boholst, F. A., Boothroyd, L., Borja, T., Bos, A., Brainerd, E., Brase, G. L., Brites, J., Burakova-Lorgnier, M., Byrd, M., Camilleri, J. A., Camperio-Ciani, A., Caral, L. G. A., Carnelley, K., Carvalho, M., Casson, J., Castillo Fernández, Isabel María, Castro, A., Casullo, M. M., Chirkov, V. I., Choi, J., Cohen, D., Collin-Hansen, C. A., Commisso, M. A., Cordovez, L., and Cukur, C. S.

Subjects
Psicologia social, Sexualitat (Psicologia)
Abstract

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating.

Published
2017

5. Narcissism and the Strategic Pursuit of Short-Term Mating: Pervasive Links across 11 World Regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2

Author

Alcalay, L., Allik, J., 190 others, Leerstoel Finkenauer, Afd ASW, and Youth in Changing Cultural Contexts

Subjects
personality, cross-cultural psychology, Narcissism, sexuality
Abstract

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating.

Published
2017

7. Stereotypes of age differences in personality traits : universal and accurate?

Author

Chan, W., McCrae, R.R., De Fruyt, F., Jussim, L., Löckenhoff, C.E., De Bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Kourilova, S., Yik, M., Ficková, E., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Leibovich de Figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C., Ahn, H., Aguilar-Vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-Martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marusić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knezević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Lima, M.P., Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, A., Department of psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), University of Sussex, and Peking University [Beijing]

Subjects
Male, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#5.01.01 [https], stereotypes, Sociology and Political Science, Personality Inventory, five-factor model, 050109 social psychology, personality perception, Developmental psychology, cross-cultural, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young adult, Big Five personality traits, media_common, Aged, 80 and over, Social perception, 05 social sciences, Age Factors, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Emotion Cognition et Comportement, Middle Aged, Social Perception, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, Female, medicine.symptom, Personality Assessment Inventory, Psychology, Social psychology, Personality, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, aging, five factor model, Social Psychology, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, Impulsivity, 050105 experimental psychology, Young Adult, Openness to experience, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Aged, Stereotyping, Reproducibility of Results, Cross-cultural studies, Five Factor Model, Aged 80 and over
Abstract

Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups. This is the peer reviewed version of the article: Chan, W.; McCrae, R. R.; De Fruyt, F.; Jussim, L.; Loeckenhoff, C. E.; De Bolle, M.; Costa, P. T.; Sutin, A. R.; Realo, A.; Allik, J.; Nakazato, K.; Shimonaka, Y.; Hrebickova, M.; Graf, S.; Yik, M.; Brunner-Sciarra, M.; de Figueora, N. L.; Schmidt, V.; Ahn, C.-K.; Ahn, H.; Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E.; Siuta, J.; Szmigielska, B.; Cain, T. R.; Crawford, J. T.; Mastor, K. A.; Rolland, J.-P.; Nansubuga, F.; Miramontez, D. R.; Benet-Martinez, V.; Rossier, J.; Bratko, D.; Marušić, I.; Halberstadt, J.; Yamaguchi, M.; Knežević, G.; Martin, T. A.; Gheorghiu, M.; Smith, P. B.; Barbaranelli, C.; Wang, L.; Shakespeare-Finch, J.; Lima, M. P.; Klinkosz, W.; Sekowski, A.; Alcalay, L.; Simonetti, F.; Avdeyeva, T. V.; Pramila, V. S.; Terracciano, A. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2012, 103 (6), 1050–1066. [https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029712]

Published
2012

8. Gender Stereotypes of Personality: Universal and Accurate?

Author

Löckenhoff, C.E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, R.R., De Fruyt, F., Jussim, L., De Bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Graf, S., Yik, M., Ficková, E., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Leibovich de Figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.N., Aguilar-Vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-Martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marušić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knežević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Lima, Margarida Pedroso, Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S.S., Terracciano, A., Löckenhoff, C.E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, R.R., De Fruyt, F., Jussim, L., De Bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Graf, S., Yik, M., Ficková, E., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Leibovich de Figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.N., Aguilar-Vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-Martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marušić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knežević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Lima, Margarida Pedroso, Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S.S., and Terracciano, A.

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes. © The Author(s) 2014.

Published
2014

9. Gender Stereotypes of Personality: Universal and Accurate?

Author

Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, Mccrae, R.R., De fruyt, F., Jussim, L., De bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Graf, S., Yik, Michelle, Ficková, E., Brunner-sciarra, M., Leibovich de figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.N., Aguilar-vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marušić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knežević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-finch, J., Lima, Margarida Pedroso, Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S.S., Terracciano, A., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, Mccrae, R.R., De fruyt, F., Jussim, L., De bolle, M., Costa, P.T., Sutin, A.R., Realo, A., Allik, J., Nakazato, K., Shimonaka, Y., Hřebíčková, M., Graf, S., Yik, Michelle, Ficková, E., Brunner-sciarra, M., Leibovich de figueora, N., Schmidt, V., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.N., Aguilar-vafaie, M.E., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Cain, T.R., Crawford, J.T., Mastor, K.A., Rolland, J.P., Nansubuga, F., Miramontez, D.R., Benet-martínez, V., Rossier, J., Bratko, D., Marušić, I., Halberstadt, J., Yamaguchi, M., Knežević, G., Martin, T.A., Gheorghiu, M., Smith, P.B., Barbaranelli, C., Wang, L., Shakespeare-finch, J., Lima, Margarida Pedroso, Klinkosz, W., Sekowski, A., Alcalay, L., Simonetti, F., Avdeyeva, T.V., Pramila, V.S.S., and Terracciano, A.

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes. © The Author(s) 2014.

Published
2014

10. Bienestar socio-emocional en contextos escolares: la percepción de estudiantes chilenos

Author

Berger-Silva, C. (Christian), Milicic, N. (Neva), Alcalay, L. (L.), Torretti, A. (Alejandra), Arab, M. (M.P.), and Justiniano, B. (B.)

Subjects
Estudiantes, Chilenos, Bienestar, Education
Abstract

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio cualitativo respecto del bienestar socio-emocional de estudiantes chilenos, orientado a identificar desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes sus necesidades y cómo los contextos educativos favorecen –o no– un desarrollo social-emocional integrado. Los resultados principales muestran la importancia de las relaciones interpersonales en el espacio educativo y cómo éstas generan ambientes afectivos y determinan la manera en que cada niño y niña enfrenta y significa su experiencia escolar. Se identificó también la carencia de estrategias no-violentas de resolución de conflictos y de espacios de optimismo. Finalmente se discute sobre las formas de favorecer apego escolar.

Published
2009

11. Geographic Distribution of Big Five Personality Traits: Patterns and Profiles of Human Self-Description Across 56 Nations

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., Benet-Martínez, V., Alcalay, L., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. Borg, Braeckman, J., Jr, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. Martina, Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fry, D. P., Fry, S., Ghayur, M. Arif, Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-evi, J., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lee, S.-J., Leung, L. Chung, Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., McCarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'Yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Shaver, P. R., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Speelman, T., Spyrou, S., Sumer, H. Canan, Sumer, N., Supekova, M., Szlendak, T., Taylor, R., Timmermans, B., Tooke, W., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Vandermassen, G., Vanhoomissen, T., Overwalle, F. Van, Vanwesenbeeck, I., Vasey, P. L., Verissimo, J., Voracek, M., Wan, W. W. N., Wang, T.-W., Weiss, P., Wijaya, A., Woertman, L., Youn, G., Zupaneie, A., Sharan, M. B., Lavallée, M., Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883], Echegaray, Marcela, and Herrera, Dora

Subjects
Agreeableness, Cultural Studies, Cultura, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, Culture, Big Five model, 050109 social psychology, Personality -- Case studies, Big Five personality traits and culture, Big Five, Cross-cultural psychology, Personality traits, Hierarchical structure of the Big Five, Social psychology, ddc:150, 0502 economics and business, Openness to experience, Personality, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Anthropology, Big Five personality traits, Personalidad, Psicología social, media_common, 05 social sciences, Conscientiousness, personality traits, cross-cultural psychology, Big Five, Psicología / Psicología de la conducta, Facet (psychology), Ethnopsychology, Psychology, Personality assessment, 050203 business & management
Abstract

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a self-report measure designed to assess the high-order personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, the BFI was translated from English into 28 languages and administered to 17,837 individuals from 56 nations. The resulting cross-cultural data set was used to address three main questions: Does the factor structure of the English BFI fully replicate across cultures? How valid are the BFI trait profiles of individual nations? And how are personality traits distributed throughout the world? The five-dimensional structure was robust across major regions of the world. Trait levels were related in predictable ways to self-esteem, sociosexuality, and national personality profiles. And people from the geographic regions of South America and East Asia were significantly different in openness from those inhabiting other world regions. The discussion focuses on limitations of the current data set and important directions for future research., peer-reviewed

Published
2007
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12. Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions: Are models of self and of other pancultural constructs?

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. B., Braeckman, J., Jr, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. M., Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fowler, R., Fry, D. P., Fry, S., Ghayur, M. A., Giri, V. N., Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hitchell, A., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-Evi, J., Huffcutt, A., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lee, S.-J., Leung, L. C., Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., Mccarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Olimat, H., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schleeter, R., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Lavallée, M., Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883], Echegaray, Marcela, and Herrera, Dora

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Social psychology (sociology), Cultura, Social Psychology, Apego (Psicología), Culture, Amor, 050109 social psychology, Human sexuality, Ciencias sociales / Estudios culturales, Interpersonal relations -- Case studies, Social psychology, Human mating strategies, Internal working models, Romantic attachment, Anthropology, 050105 experimental psychology, Developmental psychology, Psicología / Procesos afectivos, ddc:150, Attachment theory, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Sociocultural evolution, 05 social sciences, Interpersonal relations and culture, Romance, Problem of universals, Normative, Psychology
Abstract

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completed the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), a self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies., peer-reviewed

Published
2004

13. Are men universally more dismissing than women? Gender differences in romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. Borg, Braeckman, J., JR, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. M., Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fowler, R., Fry, D. P., Sirpa, F. R. Y., Ghayur, M. A., Giri, V. N., Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hitchell, A., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-Evi, J., Huffcutt, A., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Suk-Jae, L. E. E., Leung, L. C., Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., Mccarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Olimat, H., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'Yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schleeter, R., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Lavallée, M., Echegaray, Marcela, Herrera, Dora, and Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883]

Subjects
Gender equity, Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, Apego (Psicología), Human sexuality, Relaciones de pareja, Social role -- Case studies, Ciencias sociales / Estudios culturales, Interpersonal relations -- Case studies, Developmental psychology, Psicología / Procesos afectivos, Attachment behavior, ddc:150, Sex differences, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Couple relationships, Social role, Life-span and Life-course Studies, Sociocultural evolution, health care economics and organizations, media_common, Survey research, Research findings, Romance, humanities, Anthropology, Ideology, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

The authors thank Susan Sprecher (USA), Del Paulhus (Canada), Glenn D. Wilson (England), Qazi Rahman (England), Alois Angleitner (Germany), Angelika Hofhansl (Austria), Tamio Imagawa (Japan), Minoru Wada (Japan), Junichi Taniguchi (Japan), and Yuji Kanemasa (Japan) for helping with data collection and contributing significantly to the samples used in this study., Gender differences in the dismissing form of adult romantic attachment were investigated as part of the International Sexuality Description Project—a survey study of 17,804 people from 62 cultural regions. Contrary to research findings previously reported in Western cultures, we found that men were not significantly more dismissing than women across all cultural regions. Gender differences in dismissing romantic attachment were evident in most cultures, but were typically only small to moderate in magnitude. Looking across cultures, the degree of gender differentiation in dismissing romantic attachment was predictably associated with sociocultural indicators. Generally, these associations supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment, with smaller gender differences evident in cultures with high–stress and high–fertility reproductive environments. Social role theories of human sexuality received less support in that more progressive sex–role ideologies and national gender equity indexes were not cross–culturally linked as expected to smaller gender differences in dismissing romantic attachment., peer-reviewed

Published
2003

14. Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety : tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. Borg, Braeckman, J., Jr, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. Martina, Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fry, D. P., Fry, S., Ghayur, M. Arif, Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-evi, J., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lee, S.-J., Leung, L. Chung, Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., McCarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Shaver, P. R., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Speelman, T., Spyrou, S., Sumer, H. C., Sumer, N., Supekova, M., Szlendak, T., Taylor, R., Timmermans, B., Tooke, W., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Vandermassen, G., Vanhoomissen, T., Overwalle, F. Van, Vanwesenbeeck, I., Vasey, P. L., Verissimo, J., Voracek, M., Wan, W. W. N., Wang, T.-W., Weiss, P., Wijaya, A., Woertman, L., Youn, G., Zupaneie, A., Lavallée, M., Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883], Echegaray, Marcela, Herrera, Dora, Personality and Social Psychology, and Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Male, Time Factors, Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science, sociale roles, Sexual Behavior, Culture, Poison control, Human sexuality, Interpersonal relations, Female, Humans, Sex Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Mujeres-Conducta sexual, Conducta sexual, Interpersonal relationship, Mate selection -- Case studies, ddc:150, Sex differences, East Asia, Psychosexual behavior, Men-Psychosexual behavior, Sexual differentiation, International Sexuality Description Project, Women-Psychosexual behavior, Physical attractiveness, Evolutionary psychology, Psicología / Psicología de la conducta, Mate choice, Hombres-Conducta sexual, Psychology, Social psychology, Demography
Abstract

Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men and women possess both long-term and short-term mating strategies, with men's short-term strategy differentially rooted in the desire for sexual variety. In this article, findings from a cross-cultural survey of 16,288 people across 10 major world regions (including North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia) demonstrate that sex differences in the desire for sexual variety are culturally universal throughout these world regions. Sex differences were evident regardless of whether mean, median, distributional, or categorical indexes of sexual differentiation were evaluated. Sex differences were evident regardless of the measures used to evaluate them. Among contemporary theories of human mating, pluralistic approaches that hypothesize sex differences in the evolved design of short-term mating provide the most compelling account of these robust empirical findings., peer-reviewed

Published
2003

15. The Attractive Female Body Weight and Female Body Dissatisfaction in 26 Countries Across 10 World Regions: Results of the International Body Project I

Author

Viren, S., Frederick, D.A., Aavik, T., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Anderson, D., Andrianto, S., Arvind, A., Brännström, Å., Cunningham, J., Danel, D., Doroszewicz, K., Forbes, G.B., Furnham, A., Greven, C.U., Halberstadt, J., Hao, S., Haubner, T., Hwang, C.S., Inman, M., Jaafar, J.L., Johannsson, J., Jung, J., Keser, A., Kretzschmar, U., Lachenicht, L., Li, N.P., Locke, K., Lonnqvist, J.-E., Lopex, C., Loutzenhiser, L., Maisel, N.C., McCabe, M.P., McCreary, D.R., McKibbin, W.F., Mussap, A., Neto, F., Nowell, C., Alampay, L.P., Pillai, S.K., Pokrajac-Bulian, A., Proyer, R.T., Quintelier, K., Ricciardelli, L.A., Rozmus-Wrzesinska, M., Ruch, W., Russo, T., Schutz, A., Shackelford, T.K., Shashidharan, S., Simonetti, F., Sinniah, D., Swami, M., Vandermassen, G., van Duynslaeger, M., Verkasalo, M., Voracek, M., Yee, C.K., Zhang, E.X., Zhang, X., Zivcic-Becirevic, I., Viren, S., Frederick, D.A., Aavik, T., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Anderson, D., Andrianto, S., Arvind, A., Brännström, Å., Cunningham, J., Danel, D., Doroszewicz, K., Forbes, G.B., Furnham, A., Greven, C.U., Halberstadt, J., Hao, S., Haubner, T., Hwang, C.S., Inman, M., Jaafar, J.L., Johannsson, J., Jung, J., Keser, A., Kretzschmar, U., Lachenicht, L., Li, N.P., Locke, K., Lonnqvist, J.-E., Lopex, C., Loutzenhiser, L., Maisel, N.C., McCabe, M.P., McCreary, D.R., McKibbin, W.F., Mussap, A., Neto, F., Nowell, C., Alampay, L.P., Pillai, S.K., Pokrajac-Bulian, A., Proyer, R.T., Quintelier, K., Ricciardelli, L.A., Rozmus-Wrzesinska, M., Ruch, W., Russo, T., Schutz, A., Shackelford, T.K., Shashidharan, S., Simonetti, F., Sinniah, D., Swami, M., Vandermassen, G., van Duynslaeger, M., Verkasalo, M., Voracek, M., Yee, C.K., Zhang, E.X., Zhang, X., and Zivcic-Becirevic, I.

Abstract

This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,434 individuals in 10 major world regions about body weight ideals and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the female Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS) and self-reported their exposure to Western and local media. Results indicated there were significant cross-regional differences in the ideal female figure and body dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small across high-socioeconomic-status (SES) sites. Within cultures, heavier bodies were preferred in low-SES sites compared to high-SES sites in Malaysia and South Africa (ds = 1.94-2.49) but not in Austria. Participant age, body mass index (BMI), and Western media exposure predicted body weight ideals. BMI and Western media exposure predicted body dissatisfaction among women. Our results show that body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness is commonplace in high-SES settings across world regions, highlighting the need for international attention to this problem.

Published
2010

16. Assessing the universal structure of personality in early adolescence: The NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 in 24 cultures

Author

de Fruyt, F., de Bolle, M., McCrae, R.R., Terracciano, A., Costa Jr, P.T., Aguilar-Vafaie, M.E., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.K., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Avdeyeva, T.V., Blatný, M., Bratko, D., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Cain, T.R., Chittcharat, N., Crawford, J.T., Fehr, R., Ficková, E., Gelfand, M.J., Gulgoz, S., Hrebuícková, M., Jussim, L., Klinkosz, W., Kneževic, G., de Figueroa, N.L., Lima, M.P., Löckenhoff, C.E., Martin, T.A., Marušic, I., Mastor, K.A., Nakazato, K., Nansubuga, F., Porrata, J., Puric, D., Realo, A., Reátegui, N., Rolland, J.P., Schmidt, V., Sekowski, A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Shimonaka, Y., Simonetti, F., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Vanno, V., Wang, L., Yik, M., de Fruyt, F., de Bolle, M., McCrae, R.R., Terracciano, A., Costa Jr, P.T., Aguilar-Vafaie, M.E., Ahn, C.K., Ahn, H.K., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Avdeyeva, T.V., Blatný, M., Bratko, D., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Cain, T.R., Chittcharat, N., Crawford, J.T., Fehr, R., Ficková, E., Gelfand, M.J., Gulgoz, S., Hrebuícková, M., Jussim, L., Klinkosz, W., Kneževic, G., de Figueroa, N.L., Lima, M.P., Löckenhoff, C.E., Martin, T.A., Marušic, I., Mastor, K.A., Nakazato, K., Nansubuga, F., Porrata, J., Puric, D., Realo, A., Reátegui, N., Rolland, J.P., Schmidt, V., Sekowski, A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Shimonaka, Y., Simonetti, F., Siuta, J., Szmigielska, B., Vanno, V., Wang, L., and Yik, M.

Abstract

The structure and psychometric characteristics of the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), are examined and compared with NEO-PI-R characteristics using data from college student observer ratings of 5,109 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from 24 cultures. Replacement items in the PI-3 showed on average stronger item-total correlations and slightly improved facet reliabilities compared with the NEO-PI-R in both English- and non-English-speaking samples. NEO-PI-3 replacement items did not substantially affect scale means compared with the original scales. Analyses across and within cultures confirmed the intended factor structure of both versions when used to describe young adolescents. The authors discuss implications of these cross-cultural findings for the advancement of studies in adolescence and personality development across the lifespan. © 2009 Sage Publications.

Published
2009

17. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Author

Terracciano, A, Abdel-Khalek, A M, Adám, N, Adamovová, L, Ahn, C-k, Ahn, H-n, Alansari, B M, Alcalay, L, Allik, J, Angleitner, A, Avia, M D, Ayearst, L E, Barbaranelli, C, Beer, A, Borg-Cunen, M A, Bratko, D, Brunner-Sciarra, M, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, F, de Lima, M P, del Pilar, G E H, Diener, E, Falzon, R, Fernando, K, Ficková, E, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, M A, Gülgöz, S, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, J, Halim, M S, Hrebícková, M, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, Hans Henrik, Jocic, D D, Jónsson, F H, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, W, Knezevic, G, Lauri, M A, Leibovich, N, Martin, T A, Marusic, I, Mastor, K A, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, K, Nansubuga, F, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, A O, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, D L, Pelevin, S, Petot, J-M, Podobnik, N, Porrata, J L, Pramila, V S, Prentice, G, Realo, A, Reátegui, N, Rolland, J-P, Rossier, J, Ruch, W, Rus, V S, Sánchez-Bernardos, M L, Schmidt, V, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, A, Shakespeare-Finch, J, Shimonaka, Y, Simonetti, F, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, J, Smith, P B, Trapnell, P D, Trobst, K K, Wang, L, Yik, M, Zupancic, A, McCrae, R R, Terracciano, A, Abdel-Khalek, A M, Adám, N, Adamovová, L, Ahn, C-k, Ahn, H-n, Alansari, B M, Alcalay, L, Allik, J, Angleitner, A, Avia, M D, Ayearst, L E, Barbaranelli, C, Beer, A, Borg-Cunen, M A, Bratko, D, Brunner-Sciarra, M, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, F, de Lima, M P, del Pilar, G E H, Diener, E, Falzon, R, Fernando, K, Ficková, E, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, M A, Gülgöz, S, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, J, Halim, M S, Hrebícková, M, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, Hans Henrik, Jocic, D D, Jónsson, F H, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, W, Knezevic, G, Lauri, M A, Leibovich, N, Martin, T A, Marusic, I, Mastor, K A, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, K, Nansubuga, F, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, A O, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, D L, Pelevin, S, Petot, J-M, Podobnik, N, Porrata, J L, Pramila, V S, Prentice, G, Realo, A, Reátegui, N, Rolland, J-P, Rossier, J, Ruch, W, Rus, V S, Sánchez-Bernardos, M L, Schmidt, V, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, A, Shakespeare-Finch, J, Shimonaka, Y, Simonetti, F, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, J, Smith, P B, Trapnell, P D, Trobst, K K, Wang, L, Yik, M, Zupancic, A, and McCrae, R R

Abstract

Udgivelsesdato: 2005-Oct-7, Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.

Published
2005

19. Are men universally more dismissing than women? Gender differences in romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Borg Cunen, M. A., Braeckman, J., Brainerd Jr, E. G., Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. M., Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C., Souza, E., Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fowler, R., Fry, D. P., Sirpa, F. R. Y., Ghayur, M. A., Giri, V. N., Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hitchell, A., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-Evi, J., Huffcutt, A., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A. -R, Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lavallée, M., Suk-Jae, L. E. E., Leung, L. C., Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., Mccarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., MIGUEL MOYA, Munyae, M., Noller, P., Olimat, H., Opre, A., Panayiotou, A., Petrovtc, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P Yatokha, V., Raymond, M., Reips, U. -D, Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schleeter, R., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., and Shackelford, T. K.

Subjects
Social Psychology, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Anthropology, Life-span and Life-course Studies

20. Patterns and Universals of Mate Poaching Across 53 Nations: The Effects of Sex, Culture, and Personality on Romantically Attracting Another Person's Partner

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Angleitner, A., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F., Cunen, M. A. Borg, Braeckman, J., Jr, E. G. Brainerd, Caral, L. G. A., Caron, G., Casullo, M. Martina, Cunningham, M., Daibo, I., Backer, C. De, Souza, E. De, Diaz-Loving, R., Diniz, G., Durkin, K., Echegaray, M., Eremsoy, E., Euler, H. A., Falzon, R., Fisher, M. L., Foley, D., Fry, D. P., Fry, S., Ghayur, M. Arif, Golden, D. L., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Halberstadt, J., Haque, S., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffmann, H., Hooper, D., Hradilekova, Z., Hudek-Kene-evi, J., Jaafar, J., Jankauskaite, M., Kabangu-Stahel, H., Kardum, I., Khoury, B., Kwon, H., Laidra, K., Laireiter, A.-R., Lakerveld, D., Lampert, A., Lauri, M., Lee, S.-J., Leung, L. Chung, Locke, K. D., Locke, V., Luksik, I., Magaisa, I., Marcinkeviciene, D., Mata, A., Mata, R., McCarthy, B., Mills, M. E., Mkhize, N. J., Moreira, J., Moreira, S., Moya, M., Munyae, M., Noller, P., Opre, A., Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, N., Poels, K., Popper, M., Poulimenou, M., P'yatokha, V., Raymond, M. A., Reips, U.-D., Reneau, S. E., Rivera-Aragon, S., Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Safir, M. P., Salas, S., Sambataro, F., Sandnabba, K. N., Schulmeyer, M. K., Schutz, A., Scrimali, T., Shackelford, T. K., Shaver, P. R., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Speelman, T., Spyrou, S., Sumer, H. Canan, Sumer, N., Supekova, M., Szlendak, T., Taylor, R., Timmermans, B., Tooke, W., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Vandermassen, G., Vanhoomissen, T., Overwalle, F. Van, Vanwesenbeeck, I., Vasey, P. L., Verissimo, J., Voracek, M., Wan, W. W. N., Wang, T.-W., Weiss, P., Wijaya, A., Woertman, L., Youn, G., Zupaneie, A., Lavallée, M., and Panayiotou, Alexia [0000-0001-6351-4883]

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Male, Sociology and Political Science, Social Psychology, Interpersonal attraction -- Case studies, media_common.quotation_subject, Sexual Behavior, Culture, Poison control, Human sexuality, Interpersonal relations -- Case studies, Interpersonal attraction, ddc:150, Mate selection, Personality, Humans, East Asia, Interpersonal Relations, media_common, Extramarital sex, Female, Love, Sexual attraction, Poaching, Gender studies, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poaching--romantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship--was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions., peer-reviewed

21. Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating: Universal links across 11 world regions of the international sexuality description project-2,Narcisismo y búsqueda estratégica del emparejamiento a corto plazo a través de las culturas: Enlaces omnipresentes a través de 11 regiones mundiales del Proyecto de la descripción de la sexualidad internacional 2

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Alves, I. C. B., Anderson, C. A., Angelini, A. L., Asendorpf, J. B., Austers, I., Balaguer, I., Baptista, A., Bender, S. S., Bennett, K., Bianchi, G., Birashk, B., Bleske-Rechek, A., Boholst, F. A., Boothroyd, L., Borja, T., Bos, A., Brainerd, E., Brase, G. L., Brites, J., Burakova-Lorgnier, M., Byrd, M., Camilleri, J. A., Ciani, A. C., Caral, L. G. A., Carnelley, K. B., Carvalho, M., Casson, J., Castillo, I., Castro, A., Casullo, M., Chirkov, V. I., Choi, J., Cohen, D., Collin-Hansen, C. A., Commisso, M. A., Consuegra, E., Cordovez, L., Cukur, C. S., Cunen, M. A. B., Cunningham, M., Curl, L., Daniel, P., Denissen, J. J. A., Desmarais, S., Desouza, E., Diaz-Loving, R., Elias, M. S., Endriulaitiene, A., Eremsoy, E., Expósito, F., Falzon, R., Fernandez, A. M., Fernando, K., Ferreira, J. H. B. P., Fink, B., Fisher, M., Fitness, J., Flowers, K., Frederick, D., Fry, S., Fukushima, O., Gaines, S. O., Galliher, R. V., Gandari, E., Geher, G., Gentile, D. A., Geri, J. M., Giri, V. N., Golden, D., Gordon, F., Gordon, K. C., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Giunta, S., Hajdú, E., Halberstadt, J., Hald, G., Halim, M. S., Haque, S., Harlem, S. K., Hearns, K. A., Heaven, P., Helweg-Larsen, M., Herrera, E., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffmann, H., Høgh-Olesen, H., Houle, B. J., Hudek-Knezevic, J., Jaafar, J., Kafetsios, K., Kardum, I., Kennair, L. E. O., Khoury, B., Kökény, T., Koller, S., Konrads, S., Kraft, J. R., Kuhle, B. X., Kun, A., Laireiter, A. -R, Lányi, K., Lauri, M., Lavy, S., Lawal, O. A., Legkauskas, V., Li, C., Lin, H. -Y, Lloyd, R., Locke, K. D., Lombardo, S. A., Luksik, I., Lythe, B., Lyubomirsky, S., Malinen, S., Martin, H. J., Mashego, T. -A B., Mills, M. E., Mikulincer, M., Mordeno, I. G., Moya, M., Ndeya-Ndereya, C., Nelissen, M., Neyer, F. J., Nyborg, H., Oliveira, V. B., Opre, A., Osman, S. L., Paulhus, D. L., Pawlowski, B., Penke, L., Peplau, L. A., Petrovic, N., Platek, S. M., Podobnik, N., Polonyi, T., Popper, M., Reips, U. -D, Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rukuni, M. M., Rus, V. S., Sagarin, B. J., Sakaguchi, K., Salas, S., Kenneth Sandnabba, N., Santtila, P., Schachner, D. A., Schmidt, M., Schütz, A., Shackelford, T. K., Shaver, P. R., Sibisi, L. B. T., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Souma, T., Stanojevic, T. S., Sukiennik, I., Sümer, N., Szeghy, P., Szente, S. L., Szlendak, T., Tefera, D., Thoma, N., Tifferet, S., Tkach, C., Tordai, Z., Tranthan, E., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Duynslaeger, M., Empelen, P., Overwalle, F., Vanwesenbeeck, I., Marco Varella, Vera-Villarroel, P., Voracek, M., Vorontsov, D., Wan, W., Weiss, P., Welsh, D. P., Widyatmoko, S., Woertman, L., Wood, E., Woodward, L., Ye, H., Youn, G., and Zupančič, A.

22. Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating: Universal links across 11 world regions of the international sexuality description project-2 | Narcisismo y búsqueda estratégica del emparejamiento a corto plazo a través de las culturas: Enlaces omnipresentes a través de 11 regiones mundiales del Proyecto de la descripción de la sexualidad internacional 2

Author

Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Alves, I. C. B., Anderson, C. A., Angelini, A. L., Asendorpf, J. B., Austers, I., Balaguer, I., Baptista, A., Bender, S. S., Bennett, K., Bianchi, G., Birashk, B., Bleske-Rechek, A., Boholst, F. A., Boothroyd, L., Borja, T., Bos, A., Brainerd, E., Brase, G. L., Brites, J., Burakova-Lorgnier, M., Byrd, M., Camilleri, J. A., Ciani, A. C., Caral, L. G. A., Carnelley, K. B., Carvalho, M., Casson, J., Castillo, I., Castro, A., Casullo, M., Chirkov, V. I., Choi, J., Cohen, D., Collin-Hansen, C. A., Commisso, M. A., Consuegra, E., Cordovez, L., Cukur, C. S., Cunen, M. A. B., Cunningham, M., Curl, L., Daniel, P., Denissen, J. J. A., Desmarais, S., Desouza, E., Diaz-Loving, R., Elias, M. S., Endriulaitiene, A., Eremsoy, E., Expósito, F., Falzon, R., Fernandez, A. M., Fernando, K., Ferreira, J. H. B. P., Fink, B., Fisher, M., Fitness, J., Flowers, K., Frederick, D., Fry, S., Fukushima, O., Gaines, S. O., Galliher, R. V., Gandari, E., Geher, G., Gentile, D. A., Geri, J. M., Giri, V. N., Golden, D., Gordon, F., Gordon, K. C., Grammer, K., Grimaldi, L., Giunta, S., Hajdú, E., Halberstadt, J., Hald, G., Halim, M. S., Haque, S., Harlem, S. K., Hearns, K. A., Heaven, P., Helweg-Larsen, M., Herrera, E., Herrera, D., Hertel, J., Hoffmann, H., H Gh-Olesen, H., Houle, B. J., Hudek-Knezevic, J., Jaafar, J., Kafetsios, K., Kardum, I., Kennair, L. E. O., Khoury, B., Kökény, T., Koller, S., Konrads, S., Kraft, J. R., Kuhle, B. X., Kun, A., Laireiter, A. -R, Lányi, K., Lauri, M., Lavy, S., Lawal, O. A., Legkauskas, V., Li, C., Lin, H. -Y, Lloyd, R., Locke, K. D., Lombardo, S. A., Luksik, I., Lythe, B., Lyubomirsky, S., Malinen, S., Martin, H. J., Mashego, T. -A B., Mills, M. E., Mikulincer, M., Mordeno, I. G., Moya, M., Ndeya-Ndereya, C., Nelissen, M., Neyer, F. J., Nyborg, H., Oliveira, V. B., Opre, A., Osman, S. L., Paulhus, D. L., Pawlowski, B., Penke, L., Peplau, L. A., Petrovic, N., Platek, S. M., Podobnik, N., Polonyi, T., Popper, M., Reips, U. -D, Rowatt, W. C., Ruch, W., Rukuni, M. M., Rus, V. S., Sagarin, B. J., Sakaguchi, K., Salas, S., Kenneth Sandnabba, N., Santtila, P., Schachner, D. A., Schmidt, M., Schütz, A., Todd Shackelford, Shaver, P. R., Sibisi, L. B. T., Sichona, F., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Souma, T., Stanojevic, T. S., Sukiennik, I., Sümer, N., Szeghy, P., Szente, S. L., Szlendak, T., Tefera, D., Thoma, N., Tifferet, S., Tkach, C., Tordai, Z., Tranthan, E., Tsaousis, I., Tungaraza, F. S. K., Duynslaeger, M., Empelen, P., Overwalle, F., Vanwesenbeeck, I., Varella, M. A. C., Vera-Villarroel, P., Voracek, M., Vorontsov, D., Wan, W., Weiss, P., Welsh, D. P., Widyatmoko, S., Woertman, L., Wood, E., Woodward, L., Ye, H., Youn, G., and Zupan I, A.

23. Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates.

Author

Löckenhoff CE, De Fruyt F, Terracciano A, McCrae RR, De Bolle M, Costa PT Jr, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Alcalay L, Allik J, Avdeyeva TV, Barbaranelli C, Benet-Martinez V, Blatny M, Bratko D, Cain TR, Crawford JT, Lima MP, and Ficková E

Abstract

College students (N=3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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24. National Character Does Not Reflect Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures.

Author

Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalek, A.M., Ádám, N., Adamovová, L., Ahn, C.-k., Ahn, H.-n., Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Angleitner, A., Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, C., Beer, A., Borg-Cunen, M.A., Bratko, D., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Budzinski, L., Camart, N., and Dahourou, D.

Subjects
*ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY, *NATIONAL character, *PERSONALITY tests, *PERSONALITY, *STEREOTYPES, *CULTURE
Abstract

Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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25. Risk Factors for Invasive Interventions in Hospitalized Children With Suppurative Cervical Lymphadenitis.

Author

Oz Alcalay L, Fanous E, Goldberg L, Livni G, and Pasternak Y

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Child, Preschool, Child, Risk Factors, Infant, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Neck, Retrospective Studies, Length of Stay statistics & numerical data, Suppuration, Child, Hospitalized statistics & numerical data, Adolescent, Lymphadenitis therapy, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Drainage methods
Abstract

Suppurative cervical lymphadenitis sometimes resolves with oral antibiotic treatment; however, many children are hospitalized for intravenous treatment due to lack of improvement. When there is no substantial improvement, the possibility of a liquefaction process is considered, and as a result, source control such as needle aspiration or open surgical drainage is recommended. We examined, among pediatric patients hospitalized with suppurative cervical lymphadenitis, clinical and laboratory predictors for invasive intervention that may lead to early imaging and intervention, hasten recovery, and shorten length of hospitalization. We compared laboratory and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients hospitalized with suppurative cervical lymphadenitis during 2010-2017, according to 3 treatments: needle aspiration (N = 54), open surgical drainage (N = 37), and conservative adequate antibiotic treatment only (N = 292). Physical indicators such as local erythema and fluctuation were found as predictors for invasive interventions in hospitalized pediatric patients diagnosed with suppurative cervical lymphadenitis. No significant associations were found between invasive interventions and laboratory parameters assessed in this study. Children who underwent interventions displayed a prolonged average length of hospitalization and received extended antibiotic treatment prior to hospital admission. In hospitalized pediatric patients diagnosed with suppurative cervical lymphadenitis, physical examination findings are the main predictive factors for invasive interventions. Consequently, when such straightforward clinical findings are observed in the context of insufficient improvement during antibiotic treatment, they should prompt consideration of invasive intervention., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Published
2024
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26. The association of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein receptor-binding domain antibodies at delivery with infant SARS-CoV-2 infection under the age of 6 months: a prospective cohort study.

Author

Oz-Alcalay L, Elron E, Davidovich R, Chodick G, Osovsky M, Chen R, and Ashkenazi-Hoffnung L

Subjects
Infant, Newborn, Female, Pregnancy, Infant, Humans, BNT162 Vaccine, Prospective Studies, Antibodies, Viral, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19
Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association between neonatal SARS-CoV-2 antibody level at delivery and infant SARS-CoV-2 infection under the age of 6 months and to identify predictive factors for neonatal antibody level at delivery., Methods: In a prospective observational study, conducted between September 2021 and mid-February 2022, cord blood sera were tested for SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike receptor-binding domain antibodies after maternal BNT162b2 vaccination or infection. Infants were followed up for 6 months for SARS-CoV-2 infection., Results: Sixty-seven mother-infant dyads were enrolled; nine of those did not meet the eligibility criteria. Of the 58 mother-infant dyads included, 6-month follow-up data were available for 57 mother-infant dyads. The mean ± standard deviation log SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody level at delivery was lower among infants who were COVID-19 positive versus negative during follow-up (3.41 ± 0.74 AU/mL, n = 12; vs. 3.87 ± 0.84 AU/mL, n = 46; p 0.036); a log titre of ≥4.07 AU/mL (11 750) at delivery was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of infant infection (1/26 vs. 11/32 in infants with antibody level of <4.07 log AU/mL, OR = 0.076 [95% CI, 0.076, 0.64], p 0.018). A spline curve model showed a linear decrease in antibody levels when the last dose was administered at ≤30 weeks of gestation (50 days before delivery), after which the antibody levels increased (R 2  = 0.50). In multivariate analysis, more vaccine doses, prior maternal infection, and last administered dose at ≥31 weeks of gestation were associated with higher antibody levels at delivery., Discussion: Higher anti-spike antibodies at delivery were associated with decreased risk of COVID-19 at the age of <6 months; the antibody level decreased linearly when the last dose was administered at ≤30 weeks of gestation. Future research should assess the effectiveness of a second booster during pregnancy against infant infection., (Copyright © 2023 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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27. COVID-19 infection in pediatric patients treated for cancer.

Author

Oz-Alcalay L, Elitzur S, Amitai N, Toledano H, Barzilai-Birenboim S, Avrahami G, Gilad G, Vardi Y, Dvori M, Izraeli S, Livni G, and Gilad O

Subjects
Adult, Child, Humans, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Antineoplastic Agents adverse effects, COVID-19, Neoplasms complications, Neoplasms drug therapy
Abstract

Background: COVID-19, the novel coronavirus, has caused a global pandemic affecting millions of people around the world. Risk factors for critical disease in adults are advanced age and underlying medical comorbidities, including cancer. Data are sparse on the effect of COVID-19 infection on pediatric patients with cancer during their active antineoplastic therapy. The optimal management of antineoplastic treatment during COVID-19 infection in this unique population is controversial., Aim: To describe the severity and clinical course of COVID-19 infection in pediatric patients with cancer during active antineoplastic treatment and to study their course of treatment., Methods: Clinical and laboratory data were collected from medical files of patients diagnosed with COVID-19, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), who received active antineoplastic treatment between March 2020 and May 2021 in a large tertiary pediatric medical center., Results: Eighteen patients with diverse pediatric cancers are described. They were infected with COVID-19 at different stages of their antineoplastic treatment regimen. Eight had an asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, nine had mild symptoms, and one had severe disease. All of them recovered from COVID-19 infection. Two patients experienced delays in their antineoplastic treatment; none of the other patients had delays or interruptions, including patients who were symptomatic for COVID-19., Conclusion: In pediatric patients with cancer who test positive for COVID-19, yet are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, the continuance of antineoplastic therapy may be considered., (© 2021. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Japan Society of Clinical Oncology.)

Published
2022
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29. Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis in the Palivizumab Prophylaxis Era: Need for Reconsideration of Preventive Timing and Eligibility.

Author

Oz-Alcalay L, Ashkenazi S, Glatman-Freedman A, Weisman-Demri S, Lowenthal A, and Livni G

Subjects
Bronchiolitis prevention & control, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data, Humans, Infant, Israel, Length of Stay statistics & numerical data, Male, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections prevention & control, Seasons, Severity of Illness Index, Antiviral Agents administration & dosage, Bronchiolitis epidemiology, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Palivizumab administration & dosage, Preventive Medicine methods, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections epidemiology
Abstract

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related bronchiolitis is a common cause of morbidity in young infants. The recommendations for its passive prevention by palivizumab are currently under intensive debate., Objectives: To elucidate the optimal prevention strategy by studying the morbidity of RSV disease under the current recommendations for palivizumab prophylaxis in Israel., Methods: We collected demographic and clinical data of all children hospitalized with microbiologically confirmed RSV bronchiolitis during 2015-2016 at Schneider Children's Medical Center. The seasonality of RSV disease was also studied for the period 2010-2017 in sentinel clinics scattered throughout Israel., Results: Of the 426 hospitalized children, 106 (25%) had underlying diseases but were not eligible for palivizumab prophylaxis according to the current criteria in Israel. Their course was severe, with a mean hospital stay of 6.7 days and a 12% admission rate to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Palivizumab-eligible children who did not receive the prophylaxis before hospitalization had the most severe course, with 22% admitted to the PICU. More children were diagnosed with RSV disease in October than in March among both hospitalized and ambulatory children; 44% of the palivizumab-eligible hospitalized children were admitted in the last 2 weeks of October, before 1 November which is the recommended date for starting palivizumab administration in Israel., Conclusions: According to the results of the present study we suggest advancing RSV prophylaxis in Israel from 1 November to mid-October. The precise palivizumab-eligible categories should be reconsidered.

Published
2019

30. The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study.

Author

De Bolle M, De Fruyt F, McCrae RR, Löckenhoff CE, Costa PT, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Alcalay L, Allik J, Avdeyeva TV, Bratko D, Brunner-Sciarra M, Cain TR, Chan W, Chittcharat N, Crawford JT, Fehr R, Ficková E, Gelfand MJ, Graf S, Gülgöz S, Hřebíčková M, Jussim L, Klinkosz W, Knežević G, Leibovich de Figueroa N, Lima MP, Martin TA, Marušić I, Mastor KA, Nakazato K, Nansubuga F, Porrata J, Purić D, Realo A, Reátegui N, Rolland JP, Schmidt V, Sekowski A, Shakespeare-Finch J, Shimonaka Y, Simonetti F, Siuta J, Szmigielska B, Vanno V, Wang L, Yik M, and Terracciano A

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Young Adult, Adolescent Development physiology, Culture, Personality physiology, Sex Characteristics
Abstract

Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and investigates culture and age as sources of variability in sex differences of adolescents' personality. The effect for Neuroticism (with females scoring higher than males) begins to take on its adult form around age 14. Girls score higher on Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness at all ages between 12 and 17 years. A more complex pattern emerges for Extraversion and Agreeableness, although by age 17, sex differences for these traits are highly similar to those observed in adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that (a) with advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; (b) girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and (c) the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)., ((PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).)

Published
2015
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31. The Inaccuracy of National Character Stereotypes.

Author

McCrae RR, Chan W, Jussim L, De Fruyt F, Löckenhoff CE, De Bolle M, Costa PT Jr, Hřebíčková M, Graf S, Realo A, Allik J, Nakazato K, Shimonaka Y, Yik M, Ficková E, Brunner-Sciarra M, Reátigui N, de Figueora NL, Schmidt V, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Siuta J, Szmigielska B, Cain TR, Crawford JT, Mastor KA, Rolland JP, Nansubuga F, Miramontez DR, Benet-Martínez V, Rossier J, Bratko D, Marušić I, Halberstadt J, Yamaguchi M, Knežević G, Purić D, Martin TA, Gheorghiu M, Smith PB, Barbaranelli C, Wang L, Shakespeare-Finch J, Lima MP, Klinkosz W, Sekowski A, Alcalay L, Simonetti F, Avdeyeva TV, Pramila VS, and Terracciano A

Abstract

Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy; and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions ( N =3,323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes.

Published
2013
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32. Stereotypes of age differences in personality traits: universal and accurate?

Author

Chan W, Mccrae RR, De Fruyt F, Jussim L, Löckenhoff CE, De Bolle M, Costa PT, Sutin AR, Realo A, Allik J, Nakazato K, Shimonaka Y, Hřebíčková M, Graf S, Yik M, Brunner-Sciarra M, De Figueroa NL, Schmidt V, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Siuta J, Szmigielska B, Cain TR, Crawford JT, Mastor KA, Rolland JP, Nansubuga F, Miramontez DR, Benet-Martínez V, Rossier J, Bratko D, Marušić I, Halberstadt J, Yamaguchi M, Knežević G, Martin TA, Gheorghiu M, Smith PB, Barbaranelli C, Wang L, Shakespeare-Finch J, Lima MP, Klinkosz W, Sekowski A, Alcalay L, Simonetti F, Avdeyeva TV, Pramila VS, and Terracciano A

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Reproducibility of Results, Social Perception, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Personality physiology, Stereotyping
Abstract

Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups., ((PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).)

Published
2012
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33. The attractive female body weight and female body dissatisfaction in 26 countries across 10 world regions: results of the international body project I.

Author

Swami V, Frederick DA, Aavik T, Alcalay L, Allik J, Anderson D, Andrianto S, Arora A, Brännström A, Cunningham J, Danel D, Doroszewicz K, Forbes GB, Furnham A, Greven CU, Halberstadt J, Hao S, Haubner T, Hwang CS, Inman M, Jaafar JL, Johansson J, Jung J, Keser A, Kretzschmar U, Lachenicht L, Li NP, Locke K, Lönnqvist JE, Lopez C, Loutzenhiser L, Maisel NC, McCabe MP, McCreary DR, McKibbin WF, Mussap A, Neto F, Nowell C, Alampay LP, Pillai SK, Pokrajac-Bulian A, Proyer RT, Quintelier K, Ricciardelli LA, Rozmus-Wrzesinska M, Ruch W, Russo T, Schütz A, Shackelford TK, Shashidharan S, Simonetti F, Sinniah D, Swami M, Vandermassen G, van Duynslaeger M, Verkasalo M, Voracek M, Yee CK, Zhang EX, Zhang X, and Zivcic-Becirevic I

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Body Mass Index, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Middle Aged, Social Class, Young Adult, Body Image, Body Weight, Internationality
Abstract

This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,434 individuals in 10 major world regions about body weight ideals and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the female Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS) and self-reported their exposure to Western and local media. Results indicated there were significant cross-regional differences in the ideal female figure and body dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small across high-socioeconomic-status (SES) sites. Within cultures, heavier bodies were preferred in low-SES sites compared to high-SES sites in Malaysia and South Africa (ds = 1.94-2.49) but not in Austria. Participant age, body mass index (BMI), and Western media exposure predicted body weight ideals. BMI and Western media exposure predicted body dissatisfaction among women. Our results show that body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness is commonplace in high-SES settings across world regions, highlighting the need for international attention to this problem.

Published
2010
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34. Patterns and universals of mate poaching across 53 nations: the effects of sex, culture, and personality on romantically attracting another person's partner.

Author

Schmitt DP, Alcalay L, Allik J, Angleitner A, Ault L, Austers I, Bennett KL, Bianchi G, Boholst F, Borg Cunen MA, Braeckman J, Brainerd EG 2nd, Caral LG, Caron G, Casullo MM, Cunningham M, Daibo I, De Backer C, De Souza E, Diaz-Loving R, Diniz G, Durkin K, Echegaray M, Eremsoy E, Euler HA, Falzon R, Fisher ML, Foley D, Fry DP, Fry S, Ghayur MA, Golden DL, Grammer K, Grimaldi L, Halberstadt J, Haque S, Herrera D, Hertel J, Hoffmann H, Hooper D, Hradilekova Z, Hudek-Kene-evi J, Jaafar J, Jankauskaite M, Kabangu-Stahel H, Kardum I, Khoury B, Kwon H, Laidra K, Laireiter AR, Lakerveld D, Lampert A, Lauri M, Lavallée M, Lee SJ, Leung LC, Locke KD, Locke V, Luksik I, Magaisa I, Marcinkeviciene D, Mata A, Mata R, McCarthy B, Mills ME, Mkhize NJ, Moreira J, Moreira S, Moya M, Munyae M, Noller P, Opre A, Panayiotou A, Petrovic N, Poels K, Popper M, Poulimenou M, P'yatokha V, Raymond M, Reips UD, Reneau SE, Rivera-Aragon S, Rowatt WC, Ruch W, Rus VS, Safir MP, Salas S, Sambataro F, Sandnabba KN, Schulmeyer MK, Schütz A, Scrimali T, Shackelford TK, Shaver PR, Sichona F, Simonetti F, Sineshaw T, Sookdew R, Speelman T, Spyrou S, Sümer HC, Sümer N, Supekova M, Szlendak T, Timmermans B, Tooke W, Tsaousis I, Tungaraza FS, van Overwalle F, Vandermassen G, Vanhoomissen T, Vanwesenbeeck I, Vasey PL, Verissimo J, Voracek M, Wan WW, Wang TW, Weiss P, Wijaya A, Woertman L, Youn G, and Zupanèiè A

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Male, Culture, Interpersonal Relations, Love, Personality, Sexual Behavior psychology
Abstract

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poaching--romantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship--was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions.

Published
2004
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35. Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands.

Author

Schmitt DP, Alcalay L, Allik J, Ault L, Austers I, Bennett KL, Bianchi G, Boholst F, Cunen MA, Braeckman J, Brainerd EG Jr, Caral LG, Caron G, Casullo MM, Cunningham M, Daibo I, De Backer C, De Souza E, Diaz-Loving R, Diniz G, Durkin K, Echegaray M, Eremsoy E, Euler HA, Falzon R, Fisher ML, Foley D, Fry DP, Fry S, Ghayur MA, Golden DL, Grammer K, Grimaldi L, Halberstadt J, Herrera D, Hertel J, Hoffmann H, Hooper D, Hradilekova Z, Hudek-Kene-evi J, Jaafer J, Jankauskaite M, Kabangu-Stahel H, Kardum I, Khoury B, Kwon H, Laidra K, Laireiter AR, Lakerveld D, Lampert A, Lauri M, Lavallée M, Lee SJ, Leung LC, Locke KD, Locke V, Luksik I, Magaisa I, Marcinkeviciene D, Mata A, Mata R, McCarthy B, Mills ME, Moreira J, Moreira S, Moya M, Munyae M, Noller P, Opre A, Panayiotou A, Petrovic N, Poels K, Popper M, Poulimenou M, P'yatokha V, Raymond M, Reips UD, Reneau SE, Rivera-Aragon S, Rowatt WC, Ruch W, Rus VS, Safir MP, Salas S, Sambataro F, Sandnabba KN, Schulmeyer MK, Schütz A, Scrimali T, Shackelford TK, Shaver PR, Sichona F, Simonetti F, Sinehsaw T, Speelman T, Spyrou S, Sümer HC, Sümer N, Supekova M, Szlendak T, Taylor R, Timmermans B, Tooke W, Tsaousis I, Tungaraza FS, Vandermassen G, Vanhoomissen T, Van Overwalle F, Vanwesenbeeck I, Vasey PL, Verissimo J, Voracek M, Wan WW, Wang TW, Weiss P, Wijaya A, Woertman L, Youn G, and Zupanèiè A

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Culture, Sexual Behavior
Abstract

Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men and women possess both long-term and short-term mating strategies, with men's short-term strategy differentially rooted in the desire for sexual variety. In this article, findings from a cross-cultural survey of 16,288 people across 10 major world regions (including North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia) demonstrate that sex differences in the desire for sexual variety are culturally universal throughout these world regions. Sex differences were evident regardless of whether mean, median, distributional, or categorical indexes of sexual differentiation were evaluated. Sex differences were evident regardless of the measures used to evaluate them. Among contemporary theories of human mating, pluralistic approaches that hypothesize sex differences in the evolved design of short-term mating provide the most compelling account of these robust empirical findings.

Published
2003
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