34 results on '"Albrecht, Sascha"'
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2. Are Clusters Important in Understanding the Mechanisms in Atmospheric Pressure Ionization? Part 1: Reagent Ion Generation and Chemical Control of Ion Populations
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Klee, Sonja, Derpmann, Valerie, Wißdorf, Walter, Klopotowski, Sebastian, Kersten, Hendrik, Brockmann, Klaus J., Benter, Thorsten, Albrecht, Sascha, Bruins, Andries P., Dousty, Faezeh, Kauppila, Tiina J., Kostiainen, Risto, O’Brien, Rob, Robb, Damon B., and Syage, Jack A.
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- 2014
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3. Generation of ion-bound solvent clusters as reactant ions in dopant-assisted APPI and APLI
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Klee, Sonja, Albrecht, Sascha, Derpmann, Valerie, Kersten, Hendrik, and Benter, Thorsten
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- 2013
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4. Molecular composition and volatility of multi-generation products formed from isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical
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Wu, Rongrong, primary, Vereecken, Luc, additional, Tsiligiannis, Epameinondas, additional, Kang, Sungah, additional, Albrecht, Sascha R., additional, Hantschke, Luisa, additional, Zhao, Defeng, additional, Novelli, Anna, additional, Fuchs, Hendrik, additional, Tillmann, Ralf, additional, Hohaus, Thorsten, additional, Carlsson, Philip T. M., additional, Shenolikar, Justin, additional, Bernard, François, additional, Crowley, John N., additional, Fry, Juliane L., additional, Brownwood, Bellamy, additional, Thornton, Joel A., additional, Brown, Steven S., additional, Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid, additional, Wahner, Andreas, additional, Hallquist, Mattias, additional, and Mentel, Thomas F., additional
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- 2021
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5. Pneumonie während COVID-19-Pandemie
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Schraml, Lara T., primary, Wertli, Maria M., additional, Horvath, Christian, additional, Renz, Nora, additional, and Albrecht, Sascha, additional
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- 2021
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6. Pneumonie durant la pandémie de COVID-19
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Schraml, Lara T., primary, Wertli, Maria M., additional, Horvath, Christian, additional, Renz, Nora, additional, and Albrecht, Sascha, additional
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- 2021
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7. Supplementary material to "Molecular composition and volatility of multi-generation products formed from isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical"
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Wu, Rongrong, primary, Vereecken, Luc, additional, Tsiligiannis, Epameinondas, additional, Kang, Sungah, additional, Albrecht, Sascha R., additional, Hantschke, Luisa, additional, Zhao, Defeng, additional, Novelli, Anna, additional, Fuchs, Hendrik, additional, Tillmann, Ralf, additional, Hohaus, Thorsten, additional, Carlsson, Philip T. M., additional, Shenolikar, Justin, additional, Bernard, François, additional, Crowley, John N., additional, Fry, Juliane L., additional, Brownwood, Bellamy, additional, Thornton, Joel A., additional, Brown, Steven S., additional, Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid, additional, Wahner, Andreas, additional, Hallquist, Matthias, additional, and Mentel, Thomas F., additional
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- 2020
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8. Molecular composition and volatility of multi-generation products formed from isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical
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Wu, Rongrong, primary, Vereecken, Luc, additional, Tsiligiannis, Epameinondas, additional, Kang, Sungah, additional, Albrecht, Sascha R., additional, Hantschke, Luisa, additional, Zhao, Defeng, additional, Novelli, Anna, additional, Fuchs, Hendrik, additional, Tillmann, Ralf, additional, Hohaus, Thorsten, additional, Carlsson, Philip T. M., additional, Shenolikar, Justin, additional, Bernard, François, additional, Crowley, John N., additional, Fry, Juliane L., additional, Brownwood, Bellamy, additional, Thornton, Joel A., additional, Brown, Steven S., additional, Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid, additional, Wahner, Andreas, additional, Hallquist, Matthias, additional, and Mentel, Thomas F., additional
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- 2020
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9. Investigation of the oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) by OH radicals in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR
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Fuchs, Hendrik, Albrecht, Sascha, Acir, Ismail–Hakki, Bohn, Birger, Breitenlechner, Martin, Dorn, Hans-Peter, Gkatzelis, Georgios I., Hofzumahaus, Andreas, Holland, Frank, Kaminski, Martin, Keutsch, Frank N., Novelli, Anna, Reimer, David, Rohrer, Franz, Tillmann, Ralf, Vereecken, Luc, Wegener, Robert, Zaytsev, Alexander, Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid, and Wahner, Andreas
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ddc:550 ,7. Clean energy - Abstract
The photooxidation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) was investigated in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR for conditions at which organic peroxy radicals (RO2) mainly reacted with NO (high NO case) and for conditions at which other reaction channels could compete (low NO case). Measurements of trace gas concentrations are compared to calculated concentration time series applying the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM version 3.3.1). Product yields of methylglyoxal and glycolaldehyde are determined from measurements. For the high NO case, the methylglyoxal yield is (19 ± 3) % and the glycolaldehyde yield is (65 ± 14) % consistent with recent literature studies. For the low NO case, the methylglyoxal yield reduced to (5 ± 2) % because other RO2 reaction channels that do not form methylglyoxal become important. Consistent with literature data, the glycolaldehyde yield of (37 ± 9) % determined in the experiment is not reduced as much as implemented in the MCM suggesting additional reaction channels producing glycolaldehyde. At the same time, direct quantification of OH radicals in the experiments shows the need for an enhanced OH radical production at low NO conditions similar to previous studies investigating the oxidation of the parent VOC isoprene and methacrolein, the second major oxidation product of isoprene. For MVK the model-measurement discrepancy is up to a factor of 2. Product yields and OH observations are consistent with assumptions of additional RO2 plus HO2 reaction channels as proposed in literature for the major RO2 species formed from the reaction of MVK with OH. This study, however, shows that also hydroxyperoxy radical concentrations are underestimated by the model, suggesting that additional OH is not directly produced from RO2 radical reactions, but indirectly via increased HO2. Quantum chemical calculations show that HO2 could be produced from a fast 1,4-H shift of the second most important MVK derived RO2 species (reaction rate constant 0.003 s−1). However, additional HO2 from this reaction is not sufficiently large to bring modelled HO2 radical concentrations into agreement with measurements due to the small yield of this RO2 species. An additional reaction channel of the major RO2 species with a reaction rate constant of (0.006 ± 0.004) s−1 would be required that produces concurrently HO2 radicals and glycolaldehyde to achieve model-measurement agreement. A unimolecular reaction similar to the 1,5-H shift reaction that was proposed in literature for RO2 radicals from MVK would not explain product yields for conditions of experiments in this study. A set of H-migration reactions for the main RO2 radicals were investigated by quantum chemical and theoretical kinetic methodologies, but did not reveal a contributing route to HO2 radicals or glycolaldehyde.
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- 2018
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10. Measurements of HNO3 in the UTLS during the Asian Summer Monsoon in 2017
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Li, Yun, Khattatov, Talat, Tan, Vicheith, Schönfeld, Axel, Richter, Anneliese, Spelten, Nicole, Dick, Markus, Rongen, Heinz, Schneider, Herbert, Kulessa, Thomas, Schillings, Johannes, Stroh, Fred, Albrecht, Sascha, Vogel, Bärbel, von Hobe, Marc, Viciana, S., Ravegnani, F., D`Amato, F., Ulanovsky, A., and Barthel, Jochen
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ddc:550 - Published
- 2018
11. Measurements of hydroperoxy radicals (HO<sub>2</sub>) at atmospheric concentrations using bromide chemical ionisation mass spectrometry
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Albrecht, Sascha R., primary, Novelli, Anna, additional, Hofzumahaus, Andreas, additional, Kang, Sungah, additional, Baker, Yare, additional, Mentel, Thomas, additional, Wahner, Andreas, additional, and Fuchs, Hendrik, additional
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- 2019
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12. Molecular composition and volatility of multi-generation products formed from isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical.
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Wu, Rongrong, Vereecken, Luc, Tsiligiannis, Epameinondas, Kang, Sungah, Albrecht, Sascha R., Hantschke, Luisa, Zhao, Defeng, Novelli, Anna, Fuchs, Hendrik, Tillmann, Ralf, Hohaus, Thorsten, Carlsson, Philip T. M., Shenolikar, Justin, Bernard, François, Crowley, John N., Fry, Juliane L., Brownwood, Bellamy, Thornton, Joel A., Brown, Steven S., and Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid
- Abstract
Isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical (NO
3 ) is a potentially important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). It is suggested that the second or later-generation products are the more substantial contributors to SOA. However, there are few studies investigating the multi-generation chemistry of isoprene-NO3 reaction, and information about the volatility of different isoprene nitrates, which is essential to evaluate their potential to form SOA and determine their atmospheric fate, is rare. In this work, we studied the reaction between isoprene and NO3 in the SAPHIR chamber (Jülich) under near atmospheric conditions. Various oxidation products were measured by a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer using Br− as the reagent ion. They are grouped into monomers (C4 - and C5 -products), and dimers (C10 -products) with 1–3 nitrate groups according to their chemical composition. Most of the observed products match expected termination products observed in previous studies, but some compounds such as monomers and dimers with three nitrogen atoms were rarely reported in the literature as gas-phase products from isoprene oxidation by NO3 . Possible formation mechanisms for these compounds are proposed. The multi-generation chemistry of isoprene and NO3 is characterized by taking advantages of the time behavior of different products. In addition, the vapor pressures of diverse isoprene nitrates are calculated by different parametrization methods. An estimation of the vapor pressure is also derived from their condensation behavior. According to our results, isoprene monomers belong to intermediate volatility or semi-volatile organic compounds and thus have little effect on SOA formation. In contrast, the dimers are expected to have low or extremely low volatility, indicating that they are potentially substantial contributors to SOA. However, the monomers constitute 80 % of the total explained signals on average, while the dimers contribute less than 2 %, suggesting that the contribution of isoprene NO3 oxidation to SOA by condensation should be low under atmospheric conditions. We expect a SOA mass yield of about 5 % from the wall loss and dilution corrected mass concentrations, assuming that all of the isoprene dimers in the low- or extremely low-volatility organic compound (LVOC or ELVOC) range will condense completely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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13. Molecular composition and volatility of multi-generation products formed from isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical.
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Rongrong Wu, Vereecken, Luc, Tsiligiannis, Epameinondas, Sungah Kang, Albrecht, Sascha R., Hantschke, Luisa, Defeng Zhao, Novelli, Anna, Fuchs, Hendrik, Tillmann, Ralf, Hohaus, Thorsten, Carlsson, Philip T. M., Shenolikar, Justin, Bernard, François, Crowley, John N., Fry, Juliane L., Brownwood, Bellamy, Thornton, Joel A., Brown, Steven S., and Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid
- Abstract
Isoprene oxidation by nitrate radical (NO
3 ) is a potentially important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). It is suggested that the second or later-generation products are the more substantial contributors to SOA. However, there are few studies investigating the multi-generation chemistry of isoprene-NO3 reaction, and information about the volatility of different isoprene nitrates, which is essential to evaluate their potential to form SOA and determine their atmospheric fate, is rare. In this work, we studied the reaction between isoprene and NO3 in the SAPHIR chamber (Jülich) under near atmospheric conditions. Various oxidation products were measured by a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer using Br- as the reagent ion. They are grouped into monomers (C4 - and C5 -products), and dimers (C10 -products) with 1-3 nitrate groups according to their chemical composition. Most of the observed products match expected termination products observed in previous studies, but some compounds such as monomers and dimers with three nitrogen atoms were rarely reported in the literature as gas-phase products from isoprene oxidation by NO3 . Possible formation mechanisms for these compounds are proposed. The multi-generation chemistry of isoprene and NO3 is characterized by taking advantages of the time behavior of different products. In addition, the vapor pressures of diverse isoprene nitrates are calculated by different parametrization methods. An estimation of the vapor pressure is also derived from their condensation behavior. According to our results, isoprene monomers belong to intermediate volatility or semi-volatile organic compounds and thus have little effect on SOA formation. In contrast, the dimers are expected to have low or extremely low volatility, indicating that they are potentially substantial contributors to SOA. However, the monomers constitute 80 % of the total explained signals on average, while the dimers contribute less than 2 %, suggesting that the contribution of isoprene NO3 oxidation to SOA by condensation should be low under atmospheric conditions. We expect a SOA mass yield of about 5 % from the wall loss and dilution corrected mass concentrations, assuming that all of the isoprene dimers in the low- or extremely low- volatility organic compound (LVOC or ELVOC) range will condense completely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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14. Response to referee #1
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Albrecht, Sascha, primary
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- 2018
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15. Response to referee #2
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Albrecht, Sascha, primary
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- 2018
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16. Measurements of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2) at atmospheric concentrations using bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometry
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Albrecht, Sascha R., primary, Novelli, Anna, additional, Hofzumahaus, Andreas, additional, Kang, Sungah, additional, Baker, Yare, additional, Mentel, Thomas, additional, Wahner, Andreas, additional, and Fuchs, Hendrik, additional
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- 2018
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17. Investigation of the oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) by OH radicals in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR
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Fuchs, Hendrik, primary, Albrecht, Sascha, additional, Acir, Ismail–Hakki, additional, Bohn, Birger, additional, Breitenlechner, Martin, additional, Dorn, Hans-Peter, additional, Gkatzelis, Georgios I., additional, Hofzumahaus, Andreas, additional, Holland, Frank, additional, Kaminski, Martin, additional, Keutsch, Frank N., additional, Novelli, Anna, additional, Reimer, David, additional, Rohrer, Franz, additional, Tillmann, Ralf, additional, Vereecken, Luc, additional, Wegener, Robert, additional, Zaytsev, Alexander, additional, Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid, additional, and Wahner, Andreas, additional
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- 2018
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18. Supplementary material to "Investigation of the oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) by OH radicals in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR"
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Fuchs, Hendrik, primary, Albrecht, Sascha, additional, Acir, Ismail-Hakki, additional, Bohn, Birger, additional, Breitenlechner, Martin, additional, Dorn, Hans-Peter, additional, Gkatzelis, Georgios I., additional, Hofzumahaus, Andreas, additional, Holland, Frank, additional, Kaminski, Martin, additional, Keutsch, Frank N., additional, Novelli, Anna, additional, Reimer, David, additional, Rohrer, Franz, additional, Tillmann, Ralf, additional, Vereecken, Luc, additional, Wegener, Robert, additional, Zaytsev, Alexander, additional, Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid, additional, and Wahner, Andreas, additional
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- 2018
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19. O papel do diretor da inteligência nacional no processo da reforma da comunidade de inteligência dos Estados Unidos da América após os atentados terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2001
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Albrecht, Sascha
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Naval Science ,reforma ,dni ,irtpa ,Antiterrorismo ,inteligência ,eua ,Inteligência-Estados Unidos - Abstract
EGN:Após os ataques terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2001 os serviços de inteligência receberam fortes críticas por não haverem alertado sobre os perigos iminentes, a despeito de mais de um destes serviços haver obtido partes das informações relevantes em relação aos planos de ataques. Estas informações, que poderiam ter servido para elaborar uma visão geral da situação, não haviam sido juntadas e conectadas umas às outras, devido à existência de uma estrutura demasiado inerte e de procedimentos muito antiquados. A percepção deste problema desencadeou um processo de reforma, que iniciou com o decreto do Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act – IRPA em dezembro de 2004. As responsabilidades do novo Director National Intelligence - DNI, cuja implementação foi uma das medidas da reforma, abrangem a coordenação e a continuação do desenvolvimento da reforma, assim como a mudança da cultura empresarial no âmbito dos serviços de inteligência. Em 2007, ou seja, seis anos após os ataques terroristas de 11 de setembro, vários especialistas concordavam em que os objetivos da reforma ainda não tinham sido alcançados. Foi então realizada uma análise comparativa dos primeiros dois DNI e o grau de influência que exerceram durante o processo da reforma. Os principais pilares da reforma são a implementação das disposições organizacionais e a realização da reforma interna, incluindo o melhoramento do Information Sharing (intercâmbio de informações) dentro da Comunidade de Inteligência. A análise comparativa mostra que os fundamentos jurídicos em relação ao cargo do DNI são muito fracos, e que devido a este problema o sucesso do desenvolvimento do processo da reforma depende principalmente das personalidades dos DNI. A conclusão do trabalho inclui sugestões para a realização de um aprimoramento das condições jurídicas, para que o DNI possa agir de forma mais eficiente e assim contribuir para o sucesso do processo da reforma. Palavras-chave : Inteligência; Reforma; EUA; DNI; IRTPA Nach den Anschlägen vom 11. September 2001 wurde vor allem den Geheimdiensten vorgeworfen, nicht auf die herannahende Gefahr hingewiesen zu haben, obwohl viele Informationen zu den Anschlagplanungen bei einem der 15 Geheimdienste vorhanden waren. Diese wurden jedoch aufgrund veralteter Strukturen und Verfahren nicht miteinander ausgetauscht und zu einem Gesamtlagebild zusammengefügt. Diese Erkenntnis löste einen Reformprozess aus, der mit der Verabschiedung des Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act - IRTPA im Dezember 2004 beginnt. Der mit der Reform neu geschaffene Director National Intelligence - DNI hat unter anderem die Verantwortung für die Koordination und Fortentwicklung der Reform und dabei letztendlich auch für die Veränderung der Unternehmenskultur innerhalb der Geheimdienste. Im Jahr 2007, also 6 Jahre nach den Anschlägen vom 11. September, konnte, nach Meinung vieler Fachleute, ein wesentlicher Reformfortschritt noch nicht festgestellt werden. Daher wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit, eine vergleichende Analyse der ersten beiden DNI, John Negroponte und John McConnell, durchgeführt und dabei ihr jeweiliger Einfluss auf den Reformprozess bewertet. Dies geschah anhand zweier durch das Reformgesetz festgelegter Meilensteine: der Umsetzung der organisatorischen Vorgaben sowie der Umsetzung der inneren Reform, hierbei vor allem der Verbesserung des Information Sharing in der Intelligence Community . Die vergleichende Analyse zeigt, dass der Posten des DNI gesetzlich nur schwach ausgestaltet ist und es hierdurch in besonderem Maße auf die beteiligten Persönlichkeiten ankommt, den Reformprozess zu gestalten. Die Arbeit schließt mit Empfehlungen für eine Anpassungen der gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen, um den DNI durchsetzungsfähiger und damit den Reformprozess erfolgreicher zu machen.
- Published
- 2017
20. A dielectric barrier discharge based ion source for a sensitive and versatile chemical ionization time of flight mass spectrometer instrument using the negative ion mode
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Albrecht, Sascha, Afchine, Armin, Barthel, Jochen, Dick, Markus, Rongen, Heinz, Franzke, Joachim, Stroh, Fred, and Benter, Thorsten
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ddc:550 - Published
- 2017
21. Development of a highly sensitive and versatile mass spectrometer system for laboratory and atmospheric measurements
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Albrecht, Sascha
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ddc:5:53:533 ,500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik » 530 Physik » 533 Mechanik der Gase ,Fachbereich C - Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften » Physik » Dissertationen ,Dissertation - Abstract
Spurengase in der oberen Troposphäre und unteren Stratosphäre (UTLS) beeinflussen entscheidend unser Klima und haben Einfluss auf das Wetter in der Troposphäre. Daher ist es nötig, die zentralen Prozesse der Verteilung und des Transports der Spurengase zu verstehen. Hierzu werden empfindliche und genaue atmosphärische Messungen benötigt, um Chemie-Klimamodelle (CCMs) zu überprüfen, zu verbessern und so verlässliche, langfristige Klimaprognosen zu ermöglichen. Eins der wichtigsten Spurengase in der UTLS ist die Schwefelsäure, H2SO4. Obwohl sie nur in sub-ppt Mischungsverhältnissen vorliegt, spielt sie eine wichtige Rolle bei der Aerosolbildung in der Stratosphäre, die das Strahlungsbudget der Erde entscheidend beeinflusst. Sehr selektive und sensitive Messungen der Schwefelsäurekonzentration und vieler anderer Spezies sind mit der Kombination von chemischer Ionisation (CI) bei Atmosphärendruck und einem Massenspektrometer (MS) möglich. Um die bestmöglichen Nachweißgrenzen zu erreichen, ist die Optimierung der Ionenquelle und der Ionentransferstufe unerlässlich. Hierzu wird die Transmission eines jeden Transferelements optimiert. Zusätzliche Gewinne bei der Sensitivität können durch die Nutzung einer brillanten Ionenquelle erzielt werden. Auch die Clusterbildung und Ionenchemie in der Ionenquelle spielt eine entscheidende Rolle für die Sensitivität und die Zuverlässigkeit der Messung. Dazu wurde eine Transferstufe entwickelt, die die Ionencluster und ihre Reaktionen realistisch abbildet. Diese Transferstufe ermöglicht es, die Stärke der elektrostatischen Felder zu regeln, um die Energie der Ionen gezielt zu steuern. So können Reaktionen vermieden werden, die durch die Zufuhr von kinetischer Energie durch elektrostatische Felder verursacht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Transferstufe entworfen, die eine Probennahme von Ionenclustern im thermischen Gleichgewicht ermöglicht. Fundamentale Prozesse, die die Ionenclustergrößenverteilung beim Transfer beeinflussen, wurden identifiziert. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Transferstufe wurde charakterisiert, wobei der Schwerpunkt der Betrachtung auf protonengebundenen Wasserclustern lag. Die Wasserclusterchemie ist in in jeder Atmosphärendruck-Ionenquelle (API) vorzufinden, und daher Teil vieler chemischer Ionenreaktionen. Um die im thermischen Gleichgewicht gesammelten Ionen zu identifizieren, kann optional die kollisionsinduzierte Dissoziation (CID) genutzt werden. Mit den gesammelten Informationen zur CID können zudem Fragmentierungs- oder Protonierungsreaktionen identifiziert werden. Die beobachteten Prozesse können genutzt werden, um zukünftige Transferstufen zu verbessern und um Clusterreaktionen bei Ionenmobilitätsmessungen oder in APIs besser zu verstehen. Um empfindliche atmosphärische Spurengasmessungen zu ermöglichen, wurde zusätzlich ein Prototyp für ein Massenspektrometer mit chemischer Ionisation (CIMS) konstruiert. Die Transferstufe wurde auf hohe Transmission optimiert. Hierzu wurde ein neues Transferstufen-Konzept entwickelt, das mit zwei Ionentrichtern arbeitet. Der erste Ionentrichter wird bei 100 hPa betrieben. Nach unserer Kenntnis wurde noch kein CIMS Gerät beschrieben, das einen Ionentrichter besitzt, der bei solch hohem Druck betrieben werden kann. Bei 100 hPa kann die chemische Ionisation direkt im Ionentrichter durchgeführt werden. Somit können die Primärionen direkt in das erste Transferelement gegeben und höhere Gaslasten bewältigt werden. Dies ermöglicht eine sehr hohe Empfindlichkeit. Darauf folgt ein zweiter Ionentrichter der bei 5 hPa betrieben wird. Bei 0,01 hPa wird der Ionenstrahl mit einem segmentierten Quadrupol gebündelt und dem MS zugeführt. Design und Optimierung der Transferstufe erfolgten durch die Kombination von strömungsdynamischen Rechnungen, anhand des Ansys CFX Programmpakets und elektrostatischer Simulationen mit Kollisionsmodellen anhand des SIMION Programmpakets. Zur weiteren Steigerung der Empfindlichkeit wurde eine brillante, dielektrische Plasmaentladungs-Ionenquelle entwickelt und optimiert. Diese ersetzt die bisherige radioaktive Ionenquelle, die ein Sicherheitsrisiko darstellt und beim Transport erhebliche logistische Probleme bereitet. Der Prototyp wurde getestet, charakterisiert und ist die Grundlage für die Entwicklung eines hoch sensitiven, flugzeuggetragenen Instruments. Trace gases in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere (UTLS) strongly influence our climate and even can affect tropospheric weather. Therefore a better understanding of the processes governing trace gas distributions and transport is crucial. Sensitive and accurate atmospheric measurements are thus essential to improve and verify Chemical Climate Models (CCM's) and ultimately enable more reliable forecasts of future climate. Two especially important trace gases in the UTLS are sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and its precursor SO2. Although H2SO4 is present at sub-ppt mixing ratios it plays a central role in the formation of the stratospheric aerosol layer, which is a crucial component of the global radiative budget. Very selective and sensitive measurements of H2SO4 and many other trace species are possible using mass spectrometers in combination with chemical ionization (CI) at atmospheric pressure (AP). However, to reach a favorable detection limit, improvements of the ion source and the ion transfer stages are needed. Therefore the ion transmission through each transfer element needs to be optimized. Additional sensitivity may be gained using a ''brilliant'' ion source. The cluster chemistry in the ion source and transfer stage plays an important role for the sensitivity and the reliability of the measurement. In order to gauge the impact of cluster chemistry a transfer stage was developed that provides realistic mass spectrometer measurements of ion bound clusters and their reactions in the ion source. This transfer stage with tunable electrostatic fields provides full control of the ion energy, to the extent that additional reactions, induced by heating the ions in electrostatic fields, can be prevented. A thermally sampling atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer has been constructed. The ion transfer stage offers the capability to sample cluster ions at thermal equilibrium. Fundamental processes in the transfer stage possibly affecting the cluster distribution can be readily identified. The performance of the setup is demonstrated with regard to the proton-bound water cluster system. The omnipresent water cluster chemistry occurs in every AP ion source and is also part of most AP CI reaction cascades. The transfer stage combines optional collision induced dissociation (CID) analysis of the cluster composition with thermal equilibrium sampling of clusters. Further on, the instrument allows the identification of fragmentation and protonation reactions caused by CID. The observed processes help to design and improve transfer stages and to understand cluster ion reactions in ion mobility tubes and atmospheric pressure ion sources. For highly sensitive atmospheric trace gas measurements a prototype chemical ionization mass spectrometer was constructed from a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) transfer stage optimized for high transmission and a brilliant dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ion source. A new transfer stage concept using two ion funnels was developed. The first ion funnel is working at 100 hPa. To our knowledge, no other chemical ionization mass spectrometer has been reported with an ion funnel working at such an high pressure. At this pressure it allows to perform the chemical ionization of the analyte directly in the ion funnel and enables a higher gas throughput, which leads to an efficient ion transfer and high sensitivity. Ions are picked-up by a second ion funnel working at 5 hPa, which also provides high transmission. Further downstream a segmented quadrupole at 0.01 hPa focus the ion stream into the mass spectrometer. The transfer elements are configured employing combined fluid dynamic and electrostatic simulations using Ansys CFX and Simion. To further improve the detection limit of the instrument a brilliant ion source employing a dielectric barrier discharge has been developed and optimized. It replaces the logistically very challenging standard radioactive ion source. The prototype instrument has been tested and characterized and provides the basis for the development of an highly sensitive airborne instrument.
- Published
- 2015
22. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Dämmstoffen in einfachen Doppelschalen
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Albrecht, Sascha and Haase, Thomas
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Transferpfadanalyse ,Doppelschalen ,Kavitätsdämmung - Published
- 2014
23. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Systemidentifikation und Anregung von Faserverbundstrukturen
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Albrecht, Sascha and Haase, Thomas
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Akustik ,Modalanalyse ,Modellbildung - Published
- 2013
24. Measurements of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2) at atmospheric concentrations using bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
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Albrecht, Sascha R., Novelli, Anna, Hofzumahaus, Andreas, Sungah Kang, Baker, Yare, Mentel, Thomas, Wahner, Andreas, and Fuchs, Hendrik
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- *
HYDROPEROXY radicals , *CHEMICAL ionization mass spectrometry , *HYDROXYL group - Abstract
Hydroxyl and hydroperoxy radicals are key species for the understanding of atmospheric oxidation processes. Their measurement is challenging due to their high reactivity, therefore very sensitive detection methods are needed. Within this study, the measurement of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2) using chemical ionization combined with an high resolution time of flight mass spectrometer (Aerodyne Research Inc.) employing bromide as primary ion is presented. The 1σ limit of detection of 4.5×107moleculescm-3 for a 60s measurement is below typical HO2 concentrations found in the atmosphere. The detection sensitivity of the instrument is affected by the presence of water vapor. Therefore, a water vapor dependent calibration factor that decreases approximately by a factor of 2 if the water vapor mixing ratio increases from 0.1 to 1.0% needs to be applied. An instrumental background most likely generated by the ion source that is equivalent to a HO2 concentration of 1.5±0.2×108moleculescm-3 is subtracted to derive atmospheric HO2 concentrations. This background can be determined by overflowing the inlet with zero air. Several experiments were performed in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR at the Forschungszentrum Jülich to test the instrument performance by comparison to the well-established laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique for measurements of HO2. A high linear correlation coefficient of R²=0.87 is achieved. The slope of the linear regression of 1.07 demonstrates the good absolute agreement of both measurements. Chemical conditions during 15 experiments allowed testing the instrument's behavior in the presence of atmospheric concentrations of H2O, NOx and O3. No significant interferences from these species were observed. All these facts are demonstrating a reliable measurement of HO2 by the chemical ionization mass spectrometer presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Aufbau und Test einer Model-Updating-Toolbox mit MATLAB und ANSYS
- Author
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Albrecht, Sascha, Haase, Thomas, and Unruh, Oliver
- Subjects
Genetische Optimierung ,Model Updating ,Modalanalyse - Published
- 2012
26. Sabre-Rattling in the Persian Gulf: Legal and military aspects of the ideological confrontation between Iran and the United States
- Author
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Posch, Walter and Albrecht, Sascha
- Subjects
ddc:320 - Abstract
When Iranian generals threatened in January 2012 to avenge any attack on the Islamic Republic by blocking the Strait of Hormuz, Barack Obama responded promptly and robustly. In a message addressed personally to Iran's Supreme Leader, the US President cautioned that »closing the Strait of Hormuz is our red line«. To underline its seriousness, the warning was communicated to Supreme Leader Seyyed Ali Khamenei via several channels simultaneously. The Iranian reaction was reserved: they would study the message but generally speaking Obama had said nothing new about the American-Iranian relationship. To the extent that relations have been characterised by reciprocal mistrust since 1979, that is certainly true. With a lack of functioning communication channels between the two countries, the resulting acute tensions are bound to come to a head at regular intervals
- Published
- 2012
27. Kriegstheater im Persischen Golf: Völkerrechtliche und militärische Aspekte einer ideologischen Konfrontation zwischen Iran und den USA
- Author
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Posch, Walter and Albrecht, Sascha
- Subjects
ddc:320 - Abstract
Als im Januar 2012 hohe iranische Offiziere drohten, im Falle eines Angriffs auf die Islamische Republik die »Straße von Hormuz« zu blockieren, reagierte der amerikanische Präsident energisch. In einer an den Revolutionsführer persönlich gerichteten Mitteilung warnte Barack Obama Teheran, dass mit der Sperrung dieses Seewegs eine »rote Linie« für die USA überschritten werde. Um die Bedeutung dieser Warnung zu unterstreichen, wurde dem Revolutionsführer Obamas Nachricht gleich über mehrere Kanäle zugestellt. Die iranische Reaktion war verhalten: Man prüfe die Botschaft, aber im Allgemeinen habe Obama nichts Neues zum iranisch-amerikanischen Verhältnis gesagt. Das entspricht insoweit den Tatsachen, als dieses Verhältnis seit 1979 von gegenseitigem Misstrauen geprägt ist. Die daraus immer wieder resultierenden akuten Spannungen verschärfen sich regelmäßig, weil es an funktionierenden Kommunikationskanälen zwischen den USA und Iran fehlt
- Published
- 2012
28. Seemacht Brasilien? Maritime Ambitionen einer aufstrebenden Macht im Südatlantik
- Author
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Albrecht, Sascha
- Subjects
ddc:320 - Abstract
Brasilien verfolgt ein ambitioniertes maritimes Rüstungsprogramm, das bis 2030 umgesetzt werden soll und den Umfang der Flotte nahezu verdoppeln würde. Mit nuklear angetriebenen Ubooten, Flugzeugträgern sowie dem Ausbau der amphibischen Fähigkeiten wird außerdem ein wesentlicher qualitativer Zuwachs angestrebt. Ein neuer Großstützpunkt im Norden des Landes und ausgesprochen gute Beziehungen zu vielen westafrikanischen Staaten geben Brasilien in der von ihm definierten südatlantischen Interessensphäre eine solide strategische Basis für eine mögliche Verstärkung seiner maritimen Präsenz. Die allgemeine Abschreckung sowie der Schutz der Ölvorkommen im Festlandsockel Brasiliens, die für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Landes eminent wichtig sind, werden offiziell als Hauptmotive für das Vorhaben genannt. Dabei ist Brasiliens Außenpolitik in den letzten Jahren stark prestigeorientiert, was seinen Ausdruck auch im Streben nach einem ständigen Sitz im VN-Sicherheitsrat sowie nach signifikant größerer internationaler Anerkennung und Relevanz findet. Sollte das Programm vollständig umgesetzt werden, würde Brasilien in naher Zukunft über ein neues außenpolitisches Instrument verfügen. Wie zukünftige brasilianische Regierungen dieses Instrument nutzen werden, ist schwer zu prognostizieren. Dem nennenswerten Zuwachs maritimer Macht in einem für den Handelsverkehr wichtigen Seegebiet sollte in jedem Fall mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden als bisher. Eine frühzeitige Kooperation im wichtigen Feld der maritimen Sicherheit böte eine tragfähige Basis für eine langfristige Zusammenarbeit mit einem maritim deutlich erstarkten Brasilien. Dabei könnten bereits vorhandene Initiativen als Anknüpfungspunkte genutzt werden
- Published
- 2011
29. Die Multilateralisierung des nuklearen Brennstoffkreislaufs: Wie kann die aufstrebende Regionalmacht Brasilien konstruktiv eingebunden werden?
- Author
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Thränert, Oliver and Albrecht, Sascha
- Subjects
ddc:320 - Abstract
Das nukleare Nichtverbreitungsregime befindet sich in einer handfesten Krise. Ein mögliches Element zu seiner Stärkung besteht in der Multilateralisierung des Brennstoffkreislaufs. Die internationale Debatte darüber konzentriert sich auf die Zukunft der Urananreicherung. Ziel ist, den Zugang zu dieser auch militärisch nutzbaren Technologie mittels Anreizsystemen zu beschränken. Zugleich soll aber die Brennstoffversorgung für die friedliche Nutzung der Atomkraft sichergestellt werden. Deutschland befürwortet eine Reform des Brennstoffkreislaufs und engagiert sich dabei mit eigenen Vorschlägen. Ein wichtiger Wortführer im Lager der Reformgegner ist Brasilien. Die aufsteigende Regionalmacht entwickelt derzeit nationale Kapazitäten zur Urananreicherung. Wie weit ist dieses Programm gediehen? Welche Interessen sind damit verbunden? Und wie könnte Brasilien zu einer konstruktiven Rolle hinsichtlich der Multilateralisierung des Brennstoffkreislaufs bewegt werden?
- Published
- 2010
30. Studies of the mechanism of the cluster formation in a thermally sampling atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer
- Author
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Albrecht, Sascha, primary, Klopotowski, Sebastian, additional, Derpmann, Valerie, additional, Klee, Sonja, additional, Brockmann, Klaus J., additional, Stroh, Fred, additional, and Benter, Thorsten, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The role of ion‐bound cluster formation in negative ion mass spectrometry
- Author
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Derpmann, Valerie, primary, Albrecht, Sascha, additional, and Benter, Thorsten, additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Photochemical Oxidation of Organic Hydroperoxides and Epoxides (ISOPOOH and IEPOX) in the Atmospheric Simulation Chamber SAPHIR.
- Author
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Reimer, David, Albrecht, Sascha, Baker, Yarê, Breitenlechner, Martin, Fuchs, Hendrik, Gkatzelis, Georgios I., Hofzumahaus, Andreas, Kang, Sungah, Keutsch, Frank N., Mentel, Thomas, Novelli, Anna, Rivera-Rios, Jean Carlos, Tillmann, Ralf, Wedel, Sergej, Zaytsev, Alexander, Kiendler-Scharr, Astrid, and Wahner, Andreas
- Subjects
- *
HYDROPEROXIDES , *NITROGEN oxides , *MASS spectrometry , *ISOMERS , *EPOXY compounds , *VOLATILE organic compounds , *OXIDATION , *HYDROXYL group - Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), predominantly emitted from vegetation, influence atmospheric photochemistry by undergoing oxidation reactions with the hydroxyl radical OH that is part of the catalytic cycles of hydrogen oxides (OH, HO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2). The major first-generation oxidation products of isoprene under pristine conditions (low NO case) are isomers of isoprene hydroxyl hydroperoxides (ISOPOOHs), which are further oxidized by the OH radical to isomers of epoxydiols (IEPOX). Due to its reactive functional groups and solubility, IEPOX exhibits a strong SOA (Secondary Organic Aerosol) forming potential and its reactive uptake onto particles has been observed globally in rural environments. [1]By employing synthetic standards of 1,2-ISOPOOH [2], 4,3-ISOPOOH [3], cis-IEPOX [3] and trans-IEPOX [3], their photo-oxidation was investigated in the atmospheric simulation chamber SAPHIR utilizing mass spectrometry techniques for detection. Various experiments under different conditions were performed. Measured trace gas and radical concentrations were compared to a state-of-the-art model (MCM 3.3.1).While the current knowledge of IEPOX oxidation can be confirmed by our experimental results, at least for the 1,2-ISOPOOH isomer a significant additional loss process is needed to bring experimental results and model calculations into agreement. A photo-induced process independent of the OH radical concentration accounts for this unknown loss. This process potentially is of atmospheric relevance as less IEPOX is formed out of isoprene and consequently the SOA forming potential is lower than previously expected. [1] T. B. Nguyen, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 3497-3510.[2] Y. Li, Org. Lett. 2009, 11, 12: 2691–2694. [3] R. A. Maurya, Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1158–1163. [4] Z. Zhang, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 8529−8535. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
33. Measurements of highly oxidized multifunctional compounds from isoprene NO3 reaction using bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
- Author
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Wu, Rongrong, Kang, Sungah, Albrecht, Sascha, Hantschke, Luisa, Tsiligiannis, Epameinondas, Hallquist, Mattias, and Mentel, Thomas F.
- Published
- 2019
34. Repatriations and 28-day mortality of ill and injured travellers: 12 years of experience in a Swiss emergency department.
- Author
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Hasler RM, Albrecht S, Exadaktylos AK, and Albrecht R
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Air Ambulances statistics & numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Injury Severity Score, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Socioeconomic Factors, Switzerland, Trauma Centers statistics & numerical data, Emergency Service, Hospital statistics & numerical data, Internationality, Mortality, Patient Transfer statistics & numerical data, Travel statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Questions Under Study: Many persons are travelling all over the world; the elderly with pre-existing diseases also travel to places with less developed health systems. Reportedly, fewer than 0.5% of all travellers need repatriation. We aimed to analyse and examine people who are injured or ill while abroad, where they travelled to and by what means they were repatriated., Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study with adult patients repatriated to a single level 1 trauma centre in Switzerland (2000-2011)., Results: A total of 372 patients were repatriated, with an increasing trend per year. Of these, 67% were male; the median age was 56 years. Forty-nine percent sustained an injury, and 13% had surgical and 38% medical pathologies. Patients with medical conditions were older than those with injuries or surgical emergencies (p <0.001). Seventy-three percent were repatriated from Europe. For repatriation from Africa trauma was slightly more frequent (53%, n = 17) than illnesses, whereas for most other countries illnesses and trauma were equally distributed. Injured patients had a median Injury Severity Score of 8. The majority of illnesses involved the nervous system (38%), mainly stroke. Forty-five percent were repatriated by Swiss Air Ambulance, 26% by ground ambulance, 18% by scheduled flights with or without medical assistance and two patients injured near the Swiss boarder by helicopter. The 28-day mortality was 4%., Conclusions: The numbers of travellers repatriated increased from 2000 to 2011. About half were due to illnesses and half due to injuries. The largest group were elderly Swiss nationals repatriated from European countries. As mortality is relatively high, special consideration to this group of patients is warranted.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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