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Contains fulltext : 240009.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Objective: One explanation for the relationship between TV viewing and obesity is that people may (over)eat while watching TV. The current study investigated associations between TV viewing and the time spent on (concurrent) eating in a naturalistic setting among a general population sample. Design: Preregistered secondary data analyses were performed of a diary survey in which respondents reported their time use in 10-min blocks for 7 d. Setting: Concurrent TV viewing and eating was operationalised as all blocks in which TV viewing and eating occurred simultaneously. Furthermore, the TV content respondents watched was coded as food-related (i.e. culinary content) or non-food related. Participants: The sample composed of 2292 adults (58·9 % female) in the Netherlands, aged >= 20 years, from all educational levels (18·1 % low, 29·8 % middle and 51·4 % high). Results: More than half of the respondents (51·3 %) reported concurrent TV viewing and eating at least once during the 7-d diary period. The average eating occasion was longer in duration while watching TV (v. without media use), and the total time spent on eating was longer on days of concurrent TV viewing and eating (v. days of eating without media use). The percentage of TV viewing time spent on concurrent eating did not differ between food-related and non-food-related TV content. Conclusions: Eating while watching TV was related to an increased time spent on eating. Even though energy intake was not assessed, these findings from a naturalistic setting provide further evidence that concurrent TV viewing and eating may contribute to overeating.

21 juli 2021, Item does not contain fulltext, Objective: One explanation for the relationship between TV viewing and obesity is that people may (over)eat while watching TV. The current study investigated associations between TV viewing and the time spent on (concurrent) eating in a naturalistic setting among a general population sample. Design: Preregistered secondary data analyses were performed of a diary survey in which respondents reported their time use in 10-min blocks for 7 d. Setting: Concurrent TV viewing and eating was operationalised as all blocks in which TV viewing and eating occurred simultaneously. Furthermore, the TV content respondents watched was coded as food-related (i.e. culinary content) or non-food related. Participants: The sample composed of 2292 adults (58·9 % female) in the Netherlands, aged >= 20 years, from all educational levels (18·1 % low, 29·8 % middle and 51·4 % high). Results: More than half of the respondents (51·3 %) reported concurrent TV viewing and eating at least once during the 7-d diary period. The average eating occasion was longer in duration while watching TV (v. without media use), and the total time spent on eating was longer on days of concurrent TV viewing and eating (v. days of eating without media use). The percentage of TV viewing time spent on concurrent eating did not differ between food-related and non-food-related TV content. Conclusions: Eating while watching TV was related to an increased time spent on eating. Even though energy intake was not assessed, these findings from a naturalistic setting provide further evidence that concurrent TV viewing and eating may contribute to overeating.

Contains fulltext : 233413.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), This study tested whether exposure to food-related (vs. non-food related) TV content would increase unhealthy food choices in unsuccessful restrained eaters (i.e., chronic dieters with low perceived self-regulatory success; PSRS), decrease unhealthy food choices in successful restrained eaters (i.e., chronic dieters with high PSRS), and would not affect food choices in unrestrained eaters (i.e., non-dieters). As such, we attempted to (1) explain previous mixed findings on behavioral effects of exposure to food-related TV content, and (2) generalize previous findings on successful and unsuccessful restrained and unrestrained eaters' differential reactivity to isolated food cues (e.g., food words) to food cues embedded in TV content. In a one-factorial between-subjects experiment, participants viewed a cooking segment in which high-calorie cakes were prepared (n = 50) or a non-food segment (n = 62) of a TV show. The percentage of unhealthy (vs. healthy) food choices in a computerized choice task served as dependent variable. Eating restraint and PSRS were measured afterwards. In contrast to the hypothesis, no three-way interaction between TV content, eating restraint, and PSRS on the percentage of unhealthy food choices was found. However, it was found that overall, people with lower levels of PSRS made a higher percentage of unhealthy food choices compared to people with higher levels of PSRS. Contrasting findings from previous research using isolated food cues, this study showed no evidence of unsuccessful restrained eaters' heightened susceptibility to food cues in TV content, possibly explained by a lower salience of or attention to food cues.

Item does not contain fulltext, Background: This study investigated whether unsuccessful dieters show heightened visual attention to food cues in TV content and how visual attention influences subsequent unhealthy food intake. This study adds to prior literature by investigating the influence of visual attention to food cues on food intake with actual media content (i.e., instead of isolated food cues such as pictures or words) and by differentiating between chronic dieters (i.e., restrained eaters) who vary in dieting success (i.e., perceived self-regulatory success [PSRS]). To get a more detailed insight into different processes of visual attention, two measures of attention (i.e., initial orientation and attention duration) were examined. Methods: Unrestrained (n = 34) and restrained eaters (n = 28) varying in PSRS watched a talk show containing subtly depicted, palatable food cues. While watching, their visual attention to the food cues was measured with an eye-tracker. Unhealthy food intake was assessed afterwards in a taste test. Results: A two-way interaction between eating restraint and PSRS on initial visual orientation was found: unsuccessful restrained eaters' initial orientation to food cues was faster compared to that of successful restrained eaters. There were no significant findings on attention duration. Furthermore, visual attention did not predict unhealthy food intake. Discussion: Unsuccessful restrained eaters' fast initial orientation, but no longer attention duration, suggests that self-regulation may be important at early stages of visual attention. Future research on this topic should continue to differentiate between initial orientation and attention duration, as well as between more and less successful restrained eaters. The lack of findings on unhealthy food intake suggest that food cues embedded in actual media content might have less influence on eating behavior compared to isolated food cues.

Item does not contain fulltext, Background: This study examined whether seeing food-related TV content affected the accessibility of a hedonic eating goal differently for people scoring relatively high or low on chronic dieting (i.e., eating restraint) and perceived self-regulatory success (i.e., PSRS). Methods: Three between-subjects experiments were conducted in which participants were exposed to food-related or non-food related TV content. In Experiment 1 (student sample, N = 111) and Experiment 2 (community sample, N = 69) participants watched TV commercials for food or non-food products and in Experiment 3 (student sample, N = 102) a cooking show or a non-food TV show. Hedonic eating goal accessibility was assessed by means of a lexical decision task (LDT). Eating restraint and PSRS were measured afterwards. Results: The expected three-way interaction between TV content, eating restraint, and PSRS on hedonic eating goal accessibility was not found in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 3, a three-way interaction was found although effects were short-lived. As expected, watching food-related versus non-food related TV content resulted in more hedonic eating goal accessibility among people relatively high in eating restraint but low in PSRS (i.e., unsuccessful restrained eaters), but in less accessibility among participants relatively high in both eating restraint and PSRS (i.e., successful restrained eaters). Discussion: As effects were found after watching a cooking show (Experiment 3) but not after watching TV commercials (Experiments 1 and 2), future research should explore whether the type of TV content might play a role in the effects of food-related TV content on hedonic eating goal accessibility, as well as whether the effects found on goal accessibility translate into actual food choices.

Tijdens het lezen van een tekst maakt de lezer een mentale representatie van de tekst in het hoofd (Kintsch, 1988). Een coherente mentale representatie is een voorwaarde voor het begrijpen van de tekst (Kintsch & van Dijk, 1978). Zwakke lezers hebben vaak meer moeite met het maken van een coherente mentale representatie dan sterke lezers (Rapp et al., 2007). Om lezers te helpen met het maken van een coherente mentale representatie, kunnen er structuurkenmerken zoals connectieven aan een tekst worden toegevoegd om de relaties tussen tekstdelen duidelijk te maken. Ook kan de visuele presentatie van een tekst ervoor zorgen dat de mentale representatie gemakkelijker gemaakt kan worden. Deze tekstkenmerken kunnen op die manier invloed hebben op het begrip en de waardering van de tekst. In dit onderzoek is het effect van explicitering van coherentierelaties (wel of geen connectieven) en tekstpresentatie (doorlopend of gefragmenteerd) op tekstbegrip en tekstwaardering bij zwakke lezers onderzocht. De hoofdvraag bij het onderzoek was: In hoeverre is er een effect van coherentie en tekstpresentatie op tekstbegrip en waardering van schoolboekteksten bij zwakke lezers? Uit eerder onderzoek bleek een effect van de toevoeging van expliciete coherentiemarkeringen en een doorlopende tekstpresentatie op tekstbegrip van geschiedenisteksten bij zwakke lezers (Land, 2009). Omdat de tekstkenmerken in het onderzoek niet afzonderlijk getest waren, is het onduidelijk of zwakke lezers baat hebben bij de expliciete coherentie, bij de doorlopende tekstpresentatie of bij een interactie van de kenmerken. In het huidige onderzoek zijn de twee tekstkenmerken daarom uit elkaar gehaald, wat heeft geleid tot een 2 (coherentie) x2 (tekstpresentatie) design. Er namen 84 leerlingen uit vier vmbo-klassen van het tweede leerjaar deel aan het onderzoek. Zij kregen allemaal een aardrijkskundetekst en een economietekst. Aan de ene tekst waren connectieven toegevoegd, aan de andere tekst niet. Bovendien was