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Resumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a diversidade de membracideos associados ao cacaueiro e determinar a sazonalidade das especies mais comuns, em duas areas sombreadas, no municipio de Linhares, Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil. Para as amostragens foram utilizadas doze armadilhas tipo bandeja amarela, instaladas aleatoriamente em cada area, espacadas entre si por 30 metros e colocadas sobre estacas de madeira a uma altura de 1 metro acima do nivel do solo. O material foi coletado semanalmente durante o periodo de agosto/2011 a julho/2012. Amostras de frutos, ramos e folhas que continham posturas, ninfas e adultos das cigarrinhas foram coletadas e mantidas em laboratorio para a eventual emergencia de parasitoides e catalogacao das especies. Por meio de armadilhas foram coletados 16.094 exemplares de membracideos pertencentes a 30 especies, sendo 58,7 % na primeira area (com 70 % de sombra) e 41,3 % na segunda area (60 % sombra). A especie mais abundante foi Horiola picta (Coquebert) compreendendo 87,2 % do total coletado. Plantas de cacaueiro sao confirmadas como hospedeiras de H . picta , Membracis tectigera Olivier, Membracis dorsata Fabricius, Membracis mimica Walker, Anobilia sp., Phormophora maura (Fabricius), Leioscyta pulchella Funkhouser e Enchenopa squamigera (Linnaeus). Parasitoides pertencentes as familias Mymaridae e Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) foram obtidos de ovos de H. picta , Anobilia sp., L . pulchella , M. tectigera e P. maura . Biodiversity and Sazonality of Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in Cocoa Abstract. The aim of this study was to identify the treehoppers diversity associated with cocoa plantation and to determine the seasonality of the most common species in two shaded areas, in the municipality of Linhares, Espirito Santo State, Brazil. For the sampling, twelve yellow-tray traps were randomly set in each area, spaced from one another in 30 m., placed on wooden stakes at a height of 1.0 m. above ground level. Weekly the collected material was taken during August/2011 to July/2012. Also samples of fruits, branches and leaves containing postures, nymphs, and adults of the treehoppers were collected and maintained in the laboratory for the eventual emergence of parasitoids and cataloging of the species. Through the traps were collected 16,094 exemplars of treehoppers belonging to 30 species, of which, 58.7 % in the first area (70 % shade) and 41.3 % in the second area (60 % shade). The most abundant species was Horiola picta (Coquebert) comprising 87.2 % of the total collection. Cocoa trees are confirmed to be the host plant of H . picta , Membracis tectigera Olivier, Membracis dorsata Fabricius, Membracis mimica Walker, Anobilia sp., Phormophora maura (Fabricius), Leioscyta pulchella Funkhouser and Enchenopa squamigera (Linnaeus). Parasitoids belonging to the families Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) were obtained from the eggs of H. picta , Anobilia sp., L . pulchella , M. tectigera and P. maura .

Enchenopa luizae sp. nov. (holotype female from Brazil, State of São Paulo, municipality of São José dos Campos, Parque Natural Municipal Augusto Ruschi at 23°04'05°S", 45°56'22"W, 06.VIII.2011, R. La Rosa leg. deposited in DZUP) is described and diagnosed from the Atlantic Forest Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo, Brazil. The new species is very similar to Enchenopa monoceros (Germar, 1821) in overall aspects but much larger and with inconspicuous lateral secondary carinae. The fourth instar nymph is also briefly characterized.

The last-instar nymph of Alcmeone robustus (Butler, 1877) (Membracidae, Darninae, Darnini) is described and illustrated, and some biological and behavioral notes are provided. The nymphs were observed on Pera sp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the locality of Jacarei, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, until they became adults. The newly emerged adults, male and female, are also briefly re-described.

Two new species of Sundarion Kirkaldy, 1904 - Sundarion flavopiceum sp. nov. (from Brazil, state of Pará, Serra Norte) and Sundarion marmoratum sp. nov. (from French Guiana, Montagne des Chevaux) - are described. The first species differs from S. flavum (Fairmaire, 1846) in having smaller supra-humeral horns, and being dark brown with a large yellow spot on each side of the posterior process. In this aspect, it resembles Alcmeone picea (Fairmaire, 1846). The second species is similar to S. flavum except for being variegate yellowish-brown. Taxonomic comments are provided for S. notabile Souza & Rothéa, 2005, which was previously known only from males, and for S. compressicornis (Fairmaire, 1846) comb. nov., originally described in Hemiptycha Germar, 1833 and latter transferred to Hemikyptha Metcalf, 1927. New geographical distribution records are provided for both species.

The last instar nymph of Talipes appendiculatus (Fonseca) is described and illustrated, and biological data are given on the immatures and adults. The 5th instar nymph has the body covered with tuberculate chalazae; head and thorax without scoli; abdomen with terga III-VIII with single dorsal scoli, all different in size, III and VIII small, V the largest about 2x longer than wide. Descriptions of the adults (male and female) are also provided, with the addition of some new characters. The species (adults, immatures of various stages) has been collected on branches of Cassia fistula L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioidea), and is frequently attended by bees and wasps.

Some species of Membracis share a long history of misidentifications, especially the type-species M. foliata (Linnaeus, 1758). After a thorough analysis of the literature and type-specimens, taxonomic remarks are provided on these problematic species to enable their accurate identification. The following species are treated: M. foliata (Linnaeus, 1758), M. foliataarcuata (DeGeer, 1773), M. foliatafasciata (DeGeer, 1773) sp. reval. (= M. c-album Fairmaire, 1846 syn. nov., = M. flexa Walker, 1858 syn. nov., = M. suctifructus Boulard and Couturier, 1991 syn. nov., = M. lunata Fabricius, 1787 syn. nov.), M. celsa Walker, 1851 (= M. rectangula Costa, 1862 syn. nov.), M. fairmairi Goding, 1928, M. fusifera Walker, 1858 (= Phyllotropis subtecta Buckton, 1901 syn. nov.). Lectotype is designated for Cicada foliata Linnaeus, 1758. Three new species, M. latifasciata Sakakibara and Evangelista sp. nov., M. luizae Evangelista and Sakakibara sp. nov. and M. obliquifasciata Evangelista and Sakakibara sp. nov. are descri...

Duas espécies são descritas da Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo: uma pertencente ao gênero Antonae Stål (Smiliinae-Ceresini), Antonae brasiliensis sp. nov. e outra a Hypheodana Metcalf (Darninae-Darnini), Hypheodana gargionei sp. nov., ambas de Campos do Jordão, São Paulo. O gênero Antonae é registrado pela primeira vez no Brasil e Hypheodana, por outro lado, para a Mata Atlântica. Two species are described: one belonging to the genus Antonae Stål (Smiliinae, Ceresini), Antonae brasiliensis sp. nov., and another to Hypheodana Metcalf (Darninae-Darnini), Hypheodana gargionei sp. nov., both from Campos do Jordão, São Paulo. The genus Antonae Stål is recorded for the first time in Brazil, and Hypheodana, on the other hand, in the Atlantic Forest.

A new genus and two new species are described from Brazil: Aurimastris new genus; Aurimastris expansa new species (type species) (Mato Grosso), and Aurimastris otina new species (Rio de Janeiro). A key to Amastrini genera and illustrations are given, including the male genitalia.

The synonyms assigned to some species of Callicentrus Stål, 1869 are revised, resulting: for Callicentrus bonasia (Fabricius, 1775) and Centrotus flavivitta Walker, 1851 the respective synonyms are removed. The species Centrotus aurifascia Walker, 1851, C. jucundus Walker, 1851, and C. platycerus Walker, 1851 are reinstated in Callicentrus. Three new species are described, all from Jamaica: Callicentrus delicatus sp. nov., C. ramosi sp. nov., and C. rubripes sp. nov. All of the treated species are figured.

The genus Hypheodana Metcalf, 1952, previously considered of uncertain position, is classified in Darninae-Darnini. The following species are treated, together with a re-characterization of the genus: Hypheodana ursus (Fairmaire, 1846), H. cuneata (Fowler, 1894) comb. nov. (formerly in Aspona), H. intermedia (Fowler, 1894) comb. nov. (formerly in Aspona), and also H. proxima sp. nov. (from Costa Rica), H. costata sp. nov. and H. acuta sp. nov. (these two from Mato Grosso, Brazil). All the species are illustrated.O gênero Hypheodana Metcalf, 1952, antes considerado em posição incerta, é classificado em Darninae-Darnini. As seguintes espécies são tratadas, juntamente com uma re-caracterização do gênero: Hypheodana ursus (Fairmaire, 1846), H. cuneata (Fowler, 1894) comb. nov. (antes em Aspona), H. intermedia (Fowler, 1894) comb. nov. (antes em Aspona) e, também, H. proxima sp. nov. (da Costa Rica), H. costata sp. nov. e H. costata sp. nov. e H. acuta sp. nov. (estas duas do Mato Grosso, Brasil). Todas as espécies são ilustradas.

Restructure of the genus Deois Fennah; description of a new genus and new species (Homoptera, Cercopidae, Tomaspidinae). The genus Deois Fennah is reviewed and some changes in the taxonomy are introduced. The genus and its four subgenera are redefined, having now the following composition: 1) subgenus Deois (Deois) with: D. (D.) correntina (Berg, 1879), D. (D.) grandis Sakakibara, 1979, D. (D.) knoblauchii (Berg, 1879) (formerly in D. (Pandysia)), D. (D.) morialis (China & Myers, 1934), D. (D.) mourei Cavichioli & Sakakibara, 1994, D. (D.) piraporae Sakakibara, 1979, D. (D.) pseudoflavopicta (Lallemand, 1938) comb. nov. (formerly in Mahanarva) = D. (D.) similis Sakakibara, 1979 syn. nov., D. (D.) rubropicta Sakakibara, 1979, D. (D.) spinulata sp. nov., D. (D.) terrea (Germar, 1821), D. (D.) uniformis (Distant, 1909). 2) subgenus Deois (Pandysia) with: D. (P.) bergi sp. nov., D. (P.) crenulata sp. nov., D. (P.) schach (Fabricius, 1787) = Sphenorhyna transiens Walker, 1851 syn. nov.. 3) Deois (Fennahia) with: D. (F.) coerulea (Lallemand, 1924), D. (F.) flexuosa (Walker, 1851). 4) Deois (Acanthodeois) with: D. (A.) flavopicta (Stål, 1854), Deois (A.) incompleta (Walker, 1851). The genus Orodamnis Fennah, 1953 stat. nov. (formerly Deois (Orodamnis)) with: Orodamnis rhynchosporae (China & Myers, 1934) comb. nov. The genus Deoisella gen. nov. is described for: Deoisella fasciata sp. nov. (type species) and Deoisella picklesi (China & Myers, 1934) comb. nov.

Dysyncritus Fowler is revised based on the examination of primary types, and restructured to exclusively accomodate Dysyncritus intectus Fowler, 1895. Allodrilus Evangelista gen. nov. (type species: Cymbomorpha nitidipennis Funkhouser, 1922 = Allodrilus nitidipennis (Funkhouser, 1922) comb. nov.) is erected with seven newly discovered taxa: A. alboferrugineus Evangelista sp. nov. (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana), A. colombiensis Flórez-V sp. nov. (Colombia), A. deitzi Evangelista sp. nov. (Ecuador), A. granulatus Evangelista sp. nov. (Ecuador), A. horizontalis Evangelista sp. nov. (Bolivia), A. intermedius Evangelista sp. nov. (Ecuador), and A. similis Evangelista sp. nov. (Peru). A key to males is provided, in addition to annotated descriptions and illustrations. Nomenclatural changes are proposed to species formerly included in Dysyncritus: Smiliorachis nubilis (Goding, 1930) comb. nov., Smiliorachis discrepans (Goding, 1930) comb. nov., and Dysyncritus lineatus Goding, 1930 (= Smiliorachis octilinea Stål, 1869 syn. nov.).

Seven new species of Paracentronodus Sakakibara, 1971 from Brazil, are described: P. canarinus sp. n. (type loc: Pedro Canario, Espirito Santo); P. cristatus sp. n. (type loc: Sinop, Mato Grosso); P. favisiae sp. n. (type loc: Encruzilhada, Bahia); P. nalalinae sp. n. (type loc: Caraca, Minas Gerais); P. nevesi sp. n. (type loc: Caruaru, Pernambuco); P. nigrostriatus sp. n. (type loc: Sinop, Mato Grosso), and P. urbanae sp. n. (type loc: Encruzilhada, Bahia). Hemiptycha viridistriga Walker, 1858, considered by Metcalf & Wade (1965) in Hypheodana Metcalf, 1952, as Darninae genus, is transferred to Centronodinae, as Paracentronodus viridistriga (Walker, 1858) comb. n. Illustrations and a key for the species are also given.

Cyphonia cabetteae sp. n. and C. xavantina sp. n., both from Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, are described and illustrated. These two new species are very close to Cyphonia intermedia Sakakibara, 1968 and to Cyphona clavata (Fabricius, 1787), concerning their overall aspects.

Tynelia Stål, 1858 is revised and its limits redefined; two species are included: T. longula Burmeister, 1835 (= Boethoos nitida Funkhouser, 1922, Syn.n.)and T. godoyae sp.n. (from Brazil, Pará). Neotynelia gen.n. (type species: Darnis pubescens Fabricius, 1803) is described and the following species are treated, as well as some nomenclatural changes introduced: Neotynelia pubescens (Fabricius, 1803) comb.n. (= Tragopa prominens Walker, 1858 Syn.n.;= Boethoos hirsuta Funkhouser, 1922 Syn.n.; = Boethoos cinctata Haviland, 1925, Syn.n.); Neotynelia vertebralis (Fairmaire, 1846) sp. reval., comb.n. (= Tragopa bilinea Walker, 1858 Syn.n.; = Boethoos brunnea Funkhouser, 1922 Syn.n.); Neotynelia distinguenda (Fowler, 1895), sp. reval., comb.n.; Neotynelia nigra (Funkhouser, 1940) comb.n. (= Tynelia flavodorsata Fonseca, 1941 Syn.n.); Neotynelia bandeirai sp.n., Neotynelia martinsi sp.n., and Neotynelia rafaeli sp.n. (all three new species from Brazil, Mato Grosso).

The genus Harmonides Kirkaldy, 1902 is revised. The following species are treated: Harmonides dispar (Fabricius, 1803) (= Boethoos glohosa Haviland, 1925, syn.n.; = Vanduzea [sic] decorata Funkhouser, 1940, syn.n.); Harmonides reticulata (Fabricius, 1803) (= Vanduzea [sic] testudinea Haviland, 1925, syn.n.); Harmonides panamensis, sp.n. (Panama); Harmonides elongata, sp.n. (Brazil, Mato Grosso).

The genus Harmonides Kirkaldy, 1902 is revised. The following species are treated: Harmonides dispar (Fabricius, 1803) (= Boethoos glohosa Haviland, 1925, syn.n.; = Vanduzea [sic] decorata Funkhouser, 1940, syn.n.); Harmonides reticulata (Fabricius, 1803) (= Vanduzea [sic] testudinea Haviland, 1925, syn.n.); Harmonides panamensis, sp.n. (Panama); Harmonides elongata, sp.n. (Brazil, Mato Grosso).

Paraphetea gen.n. is described to accommodate Parmula gibbula Fairmaire, 1846 (type species) (from Brazil) and Ophiderma fascipennis Funkhouser, 1919 (from Bolivia). Paraphetea gibbula (Fairmaire, 1846) comb.n. and Paraphetea fascipennis (Funkhouser, 1919) comb.n., are characterized, commented, and illustrated.

Paraphetea gen.n. is described to accommodate Parmula gibbula Fairmaire, 1846 (type species) (from Brazil) and Ophiderma fascipennis Funkhouser, 1919 (from Bolivia). Paraphetea gibbula (Fairmaire, 1846) comb.n. and Paraphetea fascipennis (Funkhouser, 1919) comb.n., are characterized, commented, and illustrated.

The following new species are described: Sphenorhina danielssoni sp.n. (from Peru, Huánuco), S. huggerti sp.n. (from Ecuador, Pichincha), S. unifasciata sp.n. (from Ecuador, Napo), S. pichita sp.n. (from Peru, San Ramon, Mina Pichita), S. badia sp.n. (from Ecuador, Azuay), and S. rubrolurida sp.n. (from Bolivia, Yungas del Palmar). New characters of male genitalia are considered in the generic definition.

Phylogeny for 23 Membracinae genera based on cladistic methodology is proposed. Five Hypsoprorini, two Aconophorini and sixteen Membracini genera were studicd. The Hoplophorionini genera were also analysed.

Thirty four (34) species of Alchisme Kirkaldy, 1904 are presented with descriptions, illustrations, and key for identification, except for two of them which were not seen, A. truncaticornis (Germar, 1835) and A. intermedia (Distant, 1881). The following nomenclatural changes are introduced: Achisme intermedia (Distant, 1881), sp. rev.; A. testacea (Fairmaire, 1846), sp. rev.; Alchisme apicalis (Walker, 1851) = A. costaricensis Goding, 1929, syn.n.; A. inermis (Fairmaire, 1846) = Triquetra nigrocarinala Fairmaire, 1846, syn.n.; A. rubrocostata (Spinola, 1852) = A. neuquina Remes-Lenicov, 1978, syn.n.; A. turrita (Germar, 1835) = Triquetra submaculata Buckton, 1901, syn.n.; A. ustulata (Fairmaire, 1846) = Triquetra virgata Fairmaire, 1846, syn.n.; A. virescens (Fairmaire, 1846) = Alchisme spinosa Funkhouser, 1940, syn.n.; Alchisme banosiensis sp.n. (from Ecuador); A. bordoni sp.n. (from Venezuela); A. colombiana sp.n. (from Colombia); A. salta sp.n. (from Argentina); A. cultellata sp.n. (from Venezuela); A. deflexa sp.n. (from Venezuela); A. erecta sp.n. (from Venezuela); A. frontomaculata sp.n. (from Brazil); A. goiana sp.n. (from Brazil); A. henryi sp.n. (from Venezuela); A. insolita sp.n. (from Colombia); A. mackameyi sp.n. (from Ecuador); A. onorei sp.n. (from Ecuador); A. schuhi sp.n. (from Peru).

The following genera are treated: Ennya Stål, Gelastogonia Kirkaldy, gen.rev. and Notogonia, gen. n.; six new species are described and some nomenclatural changes introduced, as follow: 1) Ennya Stål, 1866 = Mille Stål, 1867, syn.n.; E. conica (Fairmaire, 1846) = Oxygonia accuminata Buckton, 1903, syn.n., (Lectotype of E. conica here designated); E. dorsalis (Fairmaire, 1846) (Lectotype here designated); E. ecuadorensis (Fowler, 1894) sp.rev.; E. fasciata (Fallou, 1890) sp.rev.; E. maculicornis (Fairmaire, 1846), comb.n., (Lectotype here designated); E. rufomaculala Fallou, 1890, comb.n. = E. chlorisans Breddin, 1902 = E. nebulosa Breddin, 1902 = Gelastogonia funkhouseri Goding, 1928, syn.n.; E sobria (Walker, 1851), sp.rev., = Thelia perfecta Walker, 1858, syn.n. = Hile sulphured Butler, 1877, syn.n. = Hile limbispina Breddin, 1901, syn.n.; E. bordoni, sp.n. (from Peru); E. colombiana, sp.n. (from Colombia); E. andina, sp.n. (from Peru). 2) Gelastogonia Kirkaldy, 1904, gen.rev. = Ecuatoriana Goding, 1920. syn.n.; G. bicristata (Stål, 1869), comb.n. = Ecuatoriana bactriana Goding, 1920, syn.n.; G. pulchella (Funkhouser, 1914), comb.n.; G. rufipes (Fairmaire, 1846), comb.n.; G. parva, sp.n. (from Argentina). 3) Notogonia, gen.n. (Type species: Hemiptycha erythropus Burmeister, 1835); N. costigera (Butler, 1878), sp.rev., comb.n. = Gelastogonia hirsuta Haviland, 1925, syn.n.; N. erythropus (Burmeister, 1835), comb.n. = Oxygonia altifrons Walker, 1851, syn.n.; N. rufiventris (Germar, 1821), comb.n. = Membracis signala Germar, 1821, syn.n., = Aconophora interna Walker, 1851, syn.n. = Thelia notala Walker, 1858, syn.n. = Oxygonia patruelis Stål, 1862, syn.n.; N. sinopae, sp.n. (from Brazil); N. conicornua, sp.n. (from Brazil).

Fourteen species of Umbonia are presented with descriptions, illustrations, and a key for Identification. The following nomenclatural changes are introduced: Umbonia articularia Buckton, 1901, sp. reval.; Umbonia pyramidalis Fairmaire, 1846, sp. reval.; Umbonia lativitta Walker, 1851, sp. reval. = U. erecta Goding, 1920, syn.n.; Umbonia crassicornis (Amyot & Serville, 1843) = U. ermanni Griffini, 1895, syn.n. = U octolineata Goding, 1930, syn.n.; Umbonia spinosa (Fabricius, 1775) = U. reducta Walker, 1851, syn.n. = U. terribilis Walker, 1858, syn.n. = U. rectispina Stål, 1869, syn.n. = U. immaculata Funkhouser, 1943, syn.n.. Umbonia struempeli sp.n. (from Brazil); Umbonia formosa sp.n. (from Bolivia) and Umbonia richteri sp.n. (from Colombia).

The genus Microschema Stål, 1869 (type species: Hoplophora straminicolor Stål, 1862) is here reinstated and redescribed. Micropepla Sakakibara, 1979 is considered its new synonym. Microschema straminicolor (Stål, 1862), comb.n. is also redescribed and illustrated; Micropepla mourei Sakakibara, 1979, is a new synonym. The holotype of Hoplophora straminicolor Stål (in the Museum of Stockholm) was mislabelled. The correction is here made and the true type specimen duly labelled as Holotype.

Two new species of the Neotropical spittlebug genus Monecphora Amyot & Serville are described: Monecphora machadoi sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in NMW: Brazil, “Natterer”) and Monecphora broomfieldi sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in BMNH: Costa Rica, Turrialba, 3–8.VII.1981, W.R. Dolling leg.) and a key and notes to species of the genus are provided. Lectotypes are designated for Tomaspis fryi Distant, Monecphora nigritarsis Stal, and Monecphora semilutea Stal. In addition, two corrections are made to the Cercopid Spittlebugs of the New World (Carvalho & Webb 2005) with respect to figures 70–73 and 193–194 (see Corrigenda).

Ennya scaramozzinoi, sp.n. from Ecuador, Calloconophora dietrichi, sp.n. and Amastris deitzi. sp.n., both from Mato Grosso, Brazil, are described.

Deois mourei, sp.n. (= Deois picklesi; Sakakibara, 1979) is described from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Menecphora coerulea Lallemand, 1924 is transferred to Deois Fennah, 1948.

Deois mourei, sp.n. (= Deois picklesi; Sakakibara, 1979) is described from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Menecphora coerulea Lallemand, 1924 is transferred to Deois Fennah, 1948.

Three new species of Amastris Stal and one of Erosne Stal are described and illustrated. Amastris rotheai sp. nov. (Paraiba, Brazil), A. gibberula sp. nov. (Mato Grosso, Brazil), A. comarapa sp. nov. (Santa Cruz, Bolivia), and Erosne parvula sp. nov. (Paraiba, Brazil).

Hanstruempelia gen. nov.: H. ceresina sp. nov. (type species) (Colombia, Rio Orteguaza) and H. bitumina sp. nov. (Brazil, Rondonia) are described and illustrated. The new genus is included in Hyphinoini. Hanstruempelia gen. nov.: H. ceresina sp. nov. (espécie-tipo) (Colômbia, Rio Orteguaza) e H. bitumina sp. nov. (Brasil, Rondônia) são descritos e ilustrados.