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O modelo de riscos competitivos envolve situações nas quais um indivíduo pode sofrer mais do que um tipo de evento de interesse. O uso de metodos padrão de análise de sobrevivência, tais como o estimador de Kaplan-Meier e modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox, para descrever os dados de riscos competitivos pode conduzir a estimativas enviesadas. Neste trabalho utilizamos a funcão de incidência acumulada para estimar a probabilidade de falha de um paciente por um evento de interesse e o modelo de riscos proporcionais de subdistribuição para investigar os efeitos das covariáveis na ocorrência deste evento, tendo em conta a presença de eventos competitivos. O modelo de risco de subdistribuição permitiu identificar fatores de prognósticos importantes na incidência dos desfechos observados em pacientes com hipertensão arterial.

Here, we synthesize a Au@Fe3O4 core@shell system with a highly uniform unprecedented star-like shell morphology with combined plasmonic and magnetic properties. An advanced electron microscopy characterization allows assessing the multifaceted nature of the Au core and its role in the growth of the peculiar epitaxial star-like shell with excellent crystallinity and homogeneity. Magnetometry and magneto-optical spectroscopy revealed a pure magnetite shell, with a superior saturation magnetization compared to similar Au@Fe3O4 heterostructures reported in the literature, which is ascribed to the star-like morphology, as well as to the large thickness of the shell. Of note, Au@Fe3O4 nanostar-loaded cancer cells displayed magneto-mechanical stress under a low frequency external alternating magnetic field (few tens of Hz). On the other hand, such a uniform, homogeneous, and thick magnetite shell enables the shift of the plasmonic resonance of the Au core to 640 nm, which is the largest red shift achievable in Au@Fe3O4 homogeneous core@shell systems, prompting application in photothermal therapy and optical imaging in the first biologically transparent window. Preliminary experiments performing irradiation of a stable water suspension of the nanostar and Au@Fe3O4-loaded cancer cell culture suspension at 658 nm confirmed their optical response and their suitability for photothermal therapy. The outstanding features of the prepared system can be thus potentially exploited as a multifunctional platform for magnetic-plasmonic applications.

Neste trabalho sob a forma de desenhos com legendas imcompletas, são apresentadas sugestões para os diversos exercícios do conto.

Resumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a diversidade de membracideos associados ao cacaueiro e determinar a sazonalidade das especies mais comuns, em duas areas sombreadas, no municipio de Linhares, Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil. Para as amostragens foram utilizadas doze armadilhas tipo bandeja amarela, instaladas aleatoriamente em cada area, espacadas entre si por 30 metros e colocadas sobre estacas de madeira a uma altura de 1 metro acima do nivel do solo. O material foi coletado semanalmente durante o periodo de agosto/2011 a julho/2012. Amostras de frutos, ramos e folhas que continham posturas, ninfas e adultos das cigarrinhas foram coletadas e mantidas em laboratorio para a eventual emergencia de parasitoides e catalogacao das especies. Por meio de armadilhas foram coletados 16.094 exemplares de membracideos pertencentes a 30 especies, sendo 58,7 % na primeira area (com 70 % de sombra) e 41,3 % na segunda area (60 % sombra). A especie mais abundante foi Horiola picta (Coquebert) compreendendo 87,2 % do total coletado. Plantas de cacaueiro sao confirmadas como hospedeiras de H . picta , Membracis tectigera Olivier, Membracis dorsata Fabricius, Membracis mimica Walker, Anobilia sp., Phormophora maura (Fabricius), Leioscyta pulchella Funkhouser e Enchenopa squamigera (Linnaeus). Parasitoides pertencentes as familias Mymaridae e Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) foram obtidos de ovos de H. picta , Anobilia sp., L . pulchella , M. tectigera e P. maura . Biodiversity and Sazonality of Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in Cocoa Abstract. The aim of this study was to identify the treehoppers diversity associated with cocoa plantation and to determine the seasonality of the most common species in two shaded areas, in the municipality of Linhares, Espirito Santo State, Brazil. For the sampling, twelve yellow-tray traps were randomly set in each area, spaced from one another in 30 m., placed on wooden stakes at a height of 1.0 m. above ground level. Weekly the collected material was taken during August/2011 to July/2012. Also samples of fruits, branches and leaves containing postures, nymphs, and adults of the treehoppers were collected and maintained in the laboratory for the eventual emergence of parasitoids and cataloging of the species. Through the traps were collected 16,094 exemplars of treehoppers belonging to 30 species, of which, 58.7 % in the first area (70 % shade) and 41.3 % in the second area (60 % shade). The most abundant species was Horiola picta (Coquebert) comprising 87.2 % of the total collection. Cocoa trees are confirmed to be the host plant of H . picta , Membracis tectigera Olivier, Membracis dorsata Fabricius, Membracis mimica Walker, Anobilia sp., Phormophora maura (Fabricius), Leioscyta pulchella Funkhouser and Enchenopa squamigera (Linnaeus). Parasitoids belonging to the families Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) were obtained from the eggs of H. picta , Anobilia sp., L . pulchella , M. tectigera and P. maura .

Enchenopa luizae sp. nov. (holotype female from Brazil, State of São Paulo, municipality of São José dos Campos, Parque Natural Municipal Augusto Ruschi at 23°04'05°S", 45°56'22"W, 06.VIII.2011, R. La Rosa leg. deposited in DZUP) is described and diagnosed from the Atlantic Forest Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo, Brazil. The new species is very similar to Enchenopa monoceros (Germar, 1821) in overall aspects but much larger and with inconspicuous lateral secondary carinae. The fourth instar nymph is also briefly characterized.

The last-instar nymph of Alcmeone robustus (Butler, 1877) (Membracidae, Darninae, Darnini) is described and illustrated, and some biological and behavioral notes are provided. The nymphs were observed on Pera sp. (Euphorbiaceae) in the locality of Jacarei, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, until they became adults. The newly emerged adults, male and female, are also briefly re-described.

Two new species of Sundarion Kirkaldy, 1904 - Sundarion flavopiceum sp. nov. (from Brazil, state of Pará, Serra Norte) and Sundarion marmoratum sp. nov. (from French Guiana, Montagne des Chevaux) - are described. The first species differs from S. flavum (Fairmaire, 1846) in having smaller supra-humeral horns, and being dark brown with a large yellow spot on each side of the posterior process. In this aspect, it resembles Alcmeone picea (Fairmaire, 1846). The second species is similar to S. flavum except for being variegate yellowish-brown. Taxonomic comments are provided for S. notabile Souza & Rothéa, 2005, which was previously known only from males, and for S. compressicornis (Fairmaire, 1846) comb. nov., originally described in Hemiptycha Germar, 1833 and latter transferred to Hemikyptha Metcalf, 1927. New geographical distribution records are provided for both species.

The last instar nymph of Talipes appendiculatus (Fonseca) is described and illustrated, and biological data are given on the immatures and adults. The 5th instar nymph has the body covered with tuberculate chalazae; head and thorax without scoli; abdomen with terga III-VIII with single dorsal scoli, all different in size, III and VIII small, V the largest about 2x longer than wide. Descriptions of the adults (male and female) are also provided, with the addition of some new characters. The species (adults, immatures of various stages) has been collected on branches of Cassia fistula L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioidea), and is frequently attended by bees and wasps.

Some species of Membracis share a long history of misidentifications, especially the type-species M. foliata (Linnaeus, 1758). After a thorough analysis of the literature and type-specimens, taxonomic remarks are provided on these problematic species to enable their accurate identification. The following species are treated: M. foliata (Linnaeus, 1758), M. foliataarcuata (DeGeer, 1773), M. foliatafasciata (DeGeer, 1773) sp. reval. (= M. c-album Fairmaire, 1846 syn. nov., = M. flexa Walker, 1858 syn. nov., = M. suctifructus Boulard and Couturier, 1991 syn. nov., = M. lunata Fabricius, 1787 syn. nov.), M. celsa Walker, 1851 (= M. rectangula Costa, 1862 syn. nov.), M. fairmairi Goding, 1928, M. fusifera Walker, 1858 (= Phyllotropis subtecta Buckton, 1901 syn. nov.). Lectotype is designated for Cicada foliata Linnaeus, 1758. Three new species, M. latifasciata Sakakibara and Evangelista sp. nov., M. luizae Evangelista and Sakakibara sp. nov. and M. obliquifasciata Evangelista and Sakakibara sp. nov. are descri...

Duas espécies são descritas da Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo: uma pertencente ao gênero Antonae Stål (Smiliinae-Ceresini), Antonae brasiliensis sp. nov. e outra a Hypheodana Metcalf (Darninae-Darnini), Hypheodana gargionei sp. nov., ambas de Campos do Jordão, São Paulo. O gênero Antonae é registrado pela primeira vez no Brasil e Hypheodana, por outro lado, para a Mata Atlântica. Two species are described: one belonging to the genus Antonae Stål (Smiliinae, Ceresini), Antonae brasiliensis sp. nov., and another to Hypheodana Metcalf (Darninae-Darnini), Hypheodana gargionei sp. nov., both from Campos do Jordão, São Paulo. The genus Antonae Stål is recorded for the first time in Brazil, and Hypheodana, on the other hand, in the Atlantic Forest.

A new genus and two new species are described from Brazil: Aurimastris new genus; Aurimastris expansa new species (type species) (Mato Grosso), and Aurimastris otina new species (Rio de Janeiro). A key to Amastrini genera and illustrations are given, including the male genitalia.

Allodrilus nitidipennis (Funkhouser, 1922) comb. nov. Figures 4, 7���9, 25, 37, 47, 56 ���58, 59��� 61 (tending ants), 70���78. Cymbomorpha nitidipennis Funkhouser, 1922 a: 14, Pl. 2 Fig. 1 [new species, illustrated]; Funkhouser, 1927 f: 120 [catalogued]; Goding, 1929 e: 220 [key], 221 [catalogued]; Metcalf & Wade, 1965 a: 629 [catalogued]; Funkhouser, 1951 a: 79 [catalogued]. Dysyncritus nitidipennis; Deitz, 1983 b: 857, Fig. 3���4 [to Heteronotini, illustrated]; McKamey, 1998 a: 162 [catalogued]. Diagnosis. Pronotum golden castaneous mottled yellow, two pre-apical yellow spots on median carina. Metopidium keeled anteriorly in frontal view, dorsum moderately elevated, arched, laterally compressed from above humeral angles; vertex weakly concave medially, lower margins straight in frontal view, apex of frontoclypeus acute; lateral plate of pygofer of males not strongly excavated medially, bearing finger-like dorsal projection, slightly curved inwards; aedeagus apophysis lacking spines. Description. Holotype female. Color: pronotum golden castaneous, mottled yellow from basal metopidium to apex of posterior process, longitudinal band on dorsum, slightly darker, widened towards the apex, with two preapical yellow spots on median carina. Head, ventral side of thorax, legs and abdomen yellow. Forewings hyaline, veins and coriaceous areas ferruginous, mottled yellow on basal third. Head: vertex pentagonal, wider than long; ocelli closer to eyes than to each other; area below ocelli weakly concave, lower margins of supra antennal ledges and frontoclypeus straight in frontal view, slightly curved forwards in fronto-lateral view; frontoclypeus exceeding approximately half its length below lower margins of supra antennal ledges, tapering to acute apex. Pronotum: median carina prominent, keeled anteriorly at metopidium; humeral angles triangular, slender; in lateral view, dorsum moderately elevated, regularly arched from metopidium to apex of posterior process, highest just before middle; posterior process laterally compressed past humeral angles, gradually tapering to triangular apex, narrow and acute, not reaching apex of fifth apical cell; postocular lobes elongate, scoop-shaped. Wings: forewings with coriaceous areas occupying approximately one-third of clavus, one-fifth of R cell, and one-third of first basal cell; discoidal cell pentagonal. Male: smaller than female. Laterotergites IV���VII distinctly lamellar, directed downwards and sideways; VIII sternite slightly wider than long, heart-shaped (upper margin with V-shaped excavation). Lateral plate swollen, not strongly excavated medially in lateral view, bearing dorsal finger-like projection, discreetly curved upwards in lateral view, and slightly curved inwards in caudal view. Subgenital plate pear-shaped: sinuate, constricted at basal third, where lobes separate; lobes elongate, slender, dorsally folded to accommodate branches of aedeagal apophysis, internal margins strongly sinuous in ventral view, tapering to rounded apex. Aedeagus U-shaped, lacking tubercles or spines; aedeagal apophysis slender, arms of apophysis curved upwards, not bifurcated, apex hairy, slightly deflected sideways. Styles comma-shaped, curved upwards to truncate apex. Late instar nymph. Light brown. Head diamond-shaped in frontal view, superior margin widely arched, vertex strongly convex. Pronotum low, metopidium curvilinear, posterior process short, not reaching abdomen in lateral view, lateral margins sinuate and strongly excavate in lateral profile, C-shaped. Surface of body densely covered with minute spines, more robust spines arranged in two parallel longitudinal rows on thorax and abdomen, most notably at each side of median carina, and along median portion of meso- and metathoracic nota and abdominal terga. Abdominal terga IV���VIII laterally expanded into spine-like projection, bearing two pre-apical small teeth. Distribution. PERU (Loreto: Iquitos), ECUADOR (Sucumbios: Shushufindi; Napo: Tena, Coca), BRAZIL (Amazonas: Itacoatiara; Par�� [unknown municipality]; Acre: M��ncio Lima). Measurements. Male/ holotype female (mm): body length: 6.17 / 6.25; pronotal length: 5.00/ 4.33; maximum height of pronotum: 1.83 / 1.75; length of tegmina: 5.33 / 5.25; pronotal width: 2.42 / 2.17; head width: 2.25 / 2.08; vertex width: 1.33 / 1.25; vertex length: 1.25 / 1.17. Examined material. Holotype female from PERU: Loreto: Iquitos, ���Iquitos, Peru \ March 16, 1920 ���, ���WD Funkhouser \ Collection \ 1962 ���, ���[red label] Cymbomorpha nitidipennis \ W.D. Funkhouser \ HOLOTYPE���. One paratype female from BRAZIL: Par�� [unknown municipality], ���Para, Brazil \ July 7, 1919 ���, ���[blue label] Cymbomorpha \ W.D. Funkhouser \ PARATYPE \ nitidipennis \ W.D. Funkhouser��� (all specimens in USNM). Additional material from ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Shushufindi, ��� ��QUATEUR / VERSANT AMAZONIEN���, ���SHUSHUFINDI \ 8.X. 1985 \ B. PERTHUIS REC [col.]��� (01 female) (MNHN); ��� Equateur \ Versant Amazonien Shushufindi \ 1.iii. 1985 \ B. Perthuis r��c.���, ���MUS��UM PARIS��� (01 male) (MNHN); Garza-cocha, ��� ECUADOR: Napo \ Garzacocha, 68 air km E Coca. 13���17 \ Mar 1986 ca. 210 ���, ���S.H. McKamey lot \ # 86 -0314- 1 ��� (03 nymphs with tending ant Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius) (USNM). Napo: Tena, ��� Ecuador \ Rio Napo, [Caba��as] Ali��ahui \ (01��04���S / 77 �� 36 ���) 450m \ 7.ii.. 1992 ���, ��� ZMH \ Eing.-Nr 3 / 1993 \ leg. R. H. Strumpel��� (01 female and 0 2 males) (ZMUH). Orellana: Puerto Francisco de Orellana, ��� ECUADOR: Napo \ Coca. 249m. \ 0 6 March 1986 \ McKamey, Coll.���, ���S.H. McKamey lot / # 86 -0306- 4 ��� (01 female and 0 1 male, 0 1 nymph with tending ant Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)) (USNM); ��� ECUADOR: Napo \ Coca. 249m. \ 0 6 March 1986 \ McKamey, Coll.���, ���S.H. McKamey lot \ # 86-214 - 17 ��� (03 females and 0 2 males) (USNM); ��� ECUADOR: Napo \ Coca. 249m. \ 0 6 March 1986 \ McKamey, Coll.���, ���S.H. McKamey lot \ # 86 -0218- 23 ��� (01 female and 0 4 males) (USNM); ��� ECUADOR: Napo \ Coca. 249m. \ 0 6 March 1986 \ McKamey, Coll.���, ���S.H. McKamey lot \ # 86 -0219- 1 ��� (01 female) (USNM); ��� Ecuador: Napo \ Coca 9���19 Feb \ 1986 249m \ McKamey, Coll.���, ���S. H. McKamey \ lot # 86 - 029- 1 ��� (01 female, 16 nymphs with tending ant Crematogaster sp.) (USNM). BRAZIL: Amazonas: Itacoatiara, ���ITACOATIARA \ Amazonas [State] BRASIL \ 25.vi. 1952 \ O. REGO [col.]��� (2 females and 1 male) (DZUP); ��� BRASIL \ Itacoatiara \ Amazonas [State] \ Dirings \ [reverse] MAI [May] 1963 ��� (1 male) (DZUP). Acre: M��ncio Lima, ��� BRASIL: Acre: M��ncio Lima \ P[arque]. N[acional]. S[err]a. [do] Divisor Rio Azul \ 12.v. 2006 \ R. Kawada col.���, ���MEM 136: DNA Voucher \ Allodrilus nitidipennis (Funkhouser) \ Evangelista det.��� (MZSP). Notes on type specimens. Female holotype (USNM) pinned through left side of pronotum between thorax and abdomen, in good state of preservation. Remarks. A. nitidipennis comb. nov., previously classified in Dysyncritus, is mostly recognized by the color and shape of the pronotum, moderately tectiform, dorsally arched, golden brown with two pre-apical spots on the median carina. This species is nearly identical to A. similis sp. nov., from which it can be distinguished by the shape of the lateral plate and the aedeagal apophysis in the males. In A. nitidipennis comb. nov., the tooth-like dorsal projection in the lateral plate is weakly deflected inwards (as seen in caudal view), and the branches of the aedeagal apophysis lack spines. Other specimens identified as A. nitidipennis show some variation in general pronotal coloration (from light to dark or greyish castaneous) and pronotal contour line, which can be more or less arched and elevated (Figs. 7���9). Males exhibiting such external differences show identical genitalia, except for a slight variation on the shape of the dorsal process in the lateral plate, which can be less elongate, and more triangular in shape. This process is, however, not curved inwards as in A. similis sp. nov., and the aedeagal apophysis has no ventral spines. This is the only species in Alodrillus for which data on nymphs and tending ants are available. Three species of associated ants were identified as Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804), Crematogaster sp., and Ectatomma tuberculatum (Oliver, 1792) (Figs. 59���61). Examined series including adults, nymphs and ants from the same collecting event suggest that this species may display some degree of aggregating behavior as nymphs, adults or both. In addition to the female holotype, the type-series of A. nitidipennis includes two paratypes, of which one (severely damaged, only part of the thorax and wings are conserved) was identified as a representative of A. alboferrugineus sp. nov., and therefore is listed in the description of the latter species., Published as part of Evangelista, Olivia, Fl��rez-V, Camilo & Sakakibara, Albino M., 2014, The identity of the treehopper genus Dysyncritus Fowler, with descriptions of new related taxa (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Heteronotinae), pp. 495-532 in Zootaxa 3847 (4) on pages 513-515, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3847.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/249922, {"references":["Funkhouser, W. D. (1927 f) General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. Fascicle I. Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, [xiii] + 581 pp.","Metcalf, Z. P. & Wade, V. (1965 a) General Catalogue of the Homoptera. A Supplement to Fascicle I - Membracidae of the General Catalogue of Hemiptera. Membracoidea. In Two Sections. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 1552 pp.","Funkhouser, W. D. (1951 a) Homoptera Fam. Membracidae. Genera Insectorum, 208, 1 - 383.","Deitz, L. L. (1983 b) Name changes in the Membracidae (Homoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 85 (4), 856 - 857.","McKamey, S. H. (1998 a) Taxonomic Catalogue of the Membracoidea (exclusive of leafhoppers): Second Supplement to Fascicle 1 - Membracidae of the General Catalogue of the Hemiptera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 60, 1 - 377."]}