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We estimate intergenerational income mobility in Italy using administrative data from tax returns. Our estimates of mobility are higher than prior work using survey data and indirect methods. The rankrank slope of parent-child income is 0.22, compared to 0.18 in Denmark and 0.34 in the United States. The probability that a child reaches the top quintile of the national income distribution starting from a family in the bottom quintile is 0.11. We uncover substantial geographical variation: upward mobility is much stronger in northern Italy, where provinces have higher measured school quality, more stable families, and more favorable labor market conditions. (JEL D31, J31, J62, R23)

La experiencia de varios años enseñando Arqueología Industrial en las aulas de ingeniería ha ofrecido la oportunidad de observar el potencial que ofrecen experiencias didácticas basadas en perspectivas de ciencia ciudadana, TIC y herramientas geoespaciales. Su uso dentro y fuera del aula universitaria promueven los procesos colaborativos y la generación de recursos educativos en abierto.

Este trabajo pretende abordar el proceso de producción de campanas durante la Edad Media en la ermita de San Nicolás, ubicada en La Sequera de Haza (Burgos), a través de los restos arqueológicos localizados en el interior de la nave principal en 2019. ENGLISH: This paper aims to address the bell production process in the Middle Ages in the San Nicolas hermitage, located at La Sequera de Haza (Burgos), through the archaeological remains found inside the main nave in 2019.

El texto evalúa el papel que juega la conectividad durante el Bronce final en la campiña madrileña a través de la relación de yacimientos de dicha cronología con las vías pecuarias y los Modelos de Acumulación de Desplazamiento Óptimo (MADO). La propuesta parte de la medición mediante sistemas de información geográfica de la distancia y la relación existente entre sitio de Cogotas I y vías de paso como un factor locacional clave dentro del área nuclear. Los resultados nos muestran un resultado de menos de 500 metros de distancia entre los yacimientos y vías óptimas. Por tanto, podemos señalar la conectividad como una decisión locacional de las comunidades del Bronce final en el espacio geográfico estudiado. The study evaluates the role played by connectivity during the Late Bronze Age in the countryside of Madrid through the relationship between the sites, the cattle trails and the LCP. The proposal is based on the measurement with geographic information systems of the distance and the existing relationship between Cogotas I sites and passageways as a key locational factor within the nuclear area. The results reveal less than 500 meters of distance from the sites to the optimal routes. Therefore, we can point to connectivity as a locational decision of the Late Bronze Age communities in the geographic space studied.

Las estelas discoideas constituyen un poderoso foco de interés dentro de la arqueología de la muerte. Ello se debe a que representan un elemento de indudable carácter decorativo, alegórico y referencial. Sin embargo, les ha venido restando valor el hecho de aparecer, en la mayor parte de los casos, fuera de su contexto originario. En este trabajo se presenta el estudio de una estela discoidea localizada «in situ» que permite relacionar el foco de procedencia de otras reinstaladas en estructuras del mismo término municipal, lo cual facilita identificar su primera ubicación y establecer una cronología fiable para ellas. ENGLISH: Discoid stelae constitute a powerful focus of interest within the Archeology of Death. This is because they represent an element of undoubted decorative, allegorical and referential character. However, the fact that they appear, in most cases, outside their original context has been detracting from them. This paper presents the study of a discoid stela located “in situ” that allows us to relate the place of origin of others reinstalled in structures of the same municipality, which permits us to identify their original location and to establish a reliable chronology for them.

Mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) are bioceramics designed to induce bone tissue regeneration and very useful materials with the ability to act as drug delivery systems. MBGs can be implanted in contact with bone tissue in different ways, as particulate material, in 3D scaffolds or as nanospheres. In this work, we assessed the effects of particles of mesoporous bioactive glass MBG-75S and mesoporous nanospheres NanoMBG-75S on RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 macrophages, which present different sensitivity and are considered as ideal models for the study of innate immune response. After evaluating several cellular parameters (morphology, size, complexity, proliferation, cell cycle and intracellular content of reactive oxygen species), the action of MBG-75S particles and NanoMBG-75S on the polarization of these macrophages towards the proinflammatory (M1) or reparative (M2) phenotype was determined by the expression of specific M1 (CD80) and M2 (CD206, CD163) markers. We previously measured the adsorption of albumin and fibrinogen on MBG-75S particles and the production of proinflammatory cytokines as TNF-{\alpha} and IL-6 by macrophages in response to these particles. This comparative study demonstrates that particles of mesoporous bioactive glass MBG-75S and mesoporous nanospheres NanoMBG-75S allow the appropriated development and function of RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 macrophages and do not induce polarization towards the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, considering that these mesoporous biomaterials offer the possibility of loading drugs into their pores, the results obtained indicate their high potential for use as drug-delivery systems in bone repair and osteoporosis treatments without triggering an adverse inflammatory response., Comment: 29 pages, 7 figures

El artículo presenta la reflexión teórica, resultado de investigación, acerca del fenómeno mediático denominado “videocolumnismo”. Se exponen algunos de los aspectos históricos de aparición de la prensa en Occidente, proposiciones acerca de la esfera de lo público y la Modernidad, el modelo clásico de periodismo de opinión y las apropiaciones tecnológicas por parte de usuarios que se mueven en el escenario de la esfera pública virtual. Al final del escrito, se muestran las continuidades y discontinuidades del columnista de opinión clásico frente al videocolumnista como figura del comentario político en línea.

Angiogenic biomaterials for bone repair are being designed to promote vascularization and optimize tissue regeneration. The use of nanoparticles of bioactive materials loaded with different drugs represents an interesting strategy to stimulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis and to inhibit bone resorption. Ipriflavone (IP) prevents osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting preosteoblast differentiation into mature osteoblasts. Since endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in the formation of blood vessels which are necessary for tissue regeneration, the isolation and characterization of porcine EPCs have been carried out in this work to evaluate the in vitro effects of unloaded (NanoMBGs) and IP-loaded nanospheres (NanoMBG-IPs) designed to stimulate osteogenesis. Because different signals between vascular and nonvascular cells are also essential to initiate angiogenic events, the potential modulating role of macrophages has been also evaluated by studying the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEFGR2) as a specific marker for EPC differentiation under different culture conditions: a) EPCs in monoculture treated with NanoMBGs or NanoMBG-IPs, b) EPCs treated with conditioned media from basal, proinflammatory M1 and reparative M2 macrophages previously treated with NanoMBGs or NanoMBG-IPs, c) EPCs cocultured with macrophages in the presence of NanoMBGs or NanoMBG-IPs, and d) EPCs cocultured with M2d angiogenic macrophages. Moreover, the endocytic mechanisms by which these nanospheres are incorporated by EPCs have been identified by using six endocytosis inhibitors (i.e. wortmannin, genistein, cytochalasin B, cytochalasin D, phenylarsine oxide and chlorpromazine) and before the addition of NanoMBGs labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The results evidence the great potential of both NanoMBGs and NanoMBG-IPs to enhance VEFGR2 expression, directly related to angiogenesis, after intracellular incorporation by EPCs through different endocytic mechanisms including clathrin-dependent endocytosis, as the main entry mechanism, but also phagocytosis and caveolae-mediated uptake. The treatment of EPCs with culture media from basal, M1 and M2 macrophages and the development of cocultures of EPCs with macrophages in the absence and presence of these nanomaterials have also confirmed the maintenance of their angiogenic effect on EPCs even in the presence of phagocytic cells.

Background Formative and summative evaluation are widely employed in simulated-based assessment. The aims of our study were to evaluate the acquisition of nursing competencies through clinical simulation in undergraduate nursing students and to compare their satisfaction with this methodology using these two evaluation strategies. Methods Two hundred eighteen undergraduate nursing students participated in a cross-sectional study, using a mixed-method. MAES© (self-learning methodology in simulated environments) sessions were developed to assess students by formative evaluation. Objective Structured Clinical Examination sessions were conducted to assess students by summative evaluation. Simulated scenarios recreated clinical cases of critical patients. Students´ performance in all simulated scenarios were assessed using checklists. A validated questionnaire was used to evaluate satisfaction with clinical simulation. Quantitative data were analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 24.0 software, whereas qualitative data were analysed using the ATLAS-ti version 8.0 software. Results Most nursing students showed adequate clinical competence. Satisfaction with clinical simulation was higher when students were assessed using formative evaluation. The main students’ complaints with summative evaluation were related to reduced time for performing simulated scenarios and increased anxiety during their clinical performance. Conclusion The best solution to reduce students’ complaints with summative evaluation is to orient them to the simulated environment. It should be recommended to combine both evaluation strategies in simulated-based assessment, providing students feedback in summative evaluation, as well as evaluating their achievement of learning outcomes in formative evaluation.

In response to the cancellation of in-person objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) prompted by confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we designed a solution to adapt our traditional OSCEs to this new reality in nursing education. We implemented an innovative teaching proposal based on high-fidelity virtual OSCEs with standardized patients. The purposes of our study were to describe this innovative teaching proposal and compare nursing competence acquisition in final year nursing students through virtual and in-person OSCE modalities. The study included 234 undergraduate students: 123 students were assessed through high-fidelity virtual OSCEs during May 2020, whereas 111 students were assessed through in-person OSCEs during May 2019. The structure of OSCEs, including its stations, clinical simulated scenarios, and checklists, was the same in both OSCE modalities. The effect size of the differences among the competence categories of checklists, including their total scores, was small. Regarding our virtual OSCEs was similarly successful to in-person OSCEs, this online format was found to be useful, feasible, and cost-saving when in-person OSCE was not possible. Therefore, high-fidelity virtual OSCEs with standardized patients could be considered as another choice of OSCE not only in the current COVID-19 pandemic but could also be extended to normal situations, even post-pandemic.

It is not known whether the current territorial organization for acute revascularization treatments in ischemic stroke patients guarantees similar time to treatment and functional outcomes among different levels of institutional stroke care. We aimed to assess the impact of time to treatment on functional outcomes in ischemic stroke patients who received intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) alone, bridging (IVT plus thrombectomy), or primary thrombectomy in level 1 and level 2 Stroke Units (SUs) in Triveneto, a geographical macroarea in Northeast of Italy. We conducted an analysis of data prospectively collected from 512 consecutive ischemic stroke patients who received IVT and/or mechanical thrombectomy in 25 SUs from September 17th to December 9th 2018. The favorable outcome measures were mRS score 0–1 and 0–2 at 3months. The unfavorable outcome measures were mRS score 3–5 and death at 3months. We estimated separately the possible association of each variable for time to treatment (onset-to-door, door-to-needle, onset-to-needle, door-to-groin puncture, needle-to-groin puncture, and onset-to-groin puncture) with 3-month outcome measures by calculating the odds ratios (ORs) with two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjustment for pre-defined variables and variables with a probability value ≤ 0.10 in the univariate analysis for each outcome measure. Distribution of acute revascularization treatments was different between level 1 and level 2 SUs (p < 0.001). Among 182 patients admitted to level 1 SUs (n = 16), treatments were IVT alone in 164 (90.1%), bridging in 12 (6.6%), and primary thrombectomy in 6 (3.3%) patients. Among 330 patients admitted to level 2 SUs (n = 9), treatments were IVT alone in 219 (66.4%), bridging in 74 (22.4%), and primary thrombectomy in 37 (11.2%) patients. Rates of excellent outcome (51.4% vs 45.9%), favorable outcome (60.1% vs 58.7%), unfavorable outcome (33.3% vs 33.8%), and death (9.8% vs 11.3%) at 3months were similar between level 1 and 2 SUs. No significant association was found between time to IVT alone (onset-to-door, door-to-needle, and onset-to-needle) and functional outcomes. After adjustment, door-to-needle time ≤ 60min (OR 4.005, 95% CI 1.232–13.016), shorter door-to-groin time (OR 0.991, 95% CI 0.983–0.999), shorter needle-to-groin time (OR 0.986, 95% CI 0.975–0.997), and shorter onset-to-groin time (OR 0.994, 95% CI 0.988–1.000) were associated with mRS 0–1. Shorter door-to-groin time (OR 0.991, 95% CI 0.984–0.998), door-to-groin time ≤ 90min (OR 12.146, 95% CI 2.193–67.280), shorter needle-to-groin time (OR 0.983, 95% CI 0.972–0.995), and shorter onset-to-groin time (OR 0.993, 95% CI 0.987–0.999) were associated with mRS 0–2. Longer door-to-groin time (OR 1.007, 95% CI 1.001–1.014) and longer needle-to-groin time (OR 1.019, 95% CI 1.005–1.034) were associated with mRS 3–5, while door-to-groin time ≤ 90min (OR 0.229, 95% CI 0.065–0.808) was inversely associated with mRS 3–5. Longer onset-to-needle time (OR 1.025, 95% CI 1.002–1.048) was associated with death. Times to treatment influenced the 3-month outcomes in patients treated with thrombectomy (bridging or primary). A revision of the current territorial organization for acute stroke treatments in Triveneto is needed to reduce transfer time and to increase the proportion of patients transferred from a level 1 SU to a level 2 SU to perform thrombectomy.

I document three salient features of the transmission of monetary policy shocks: imperfect pass-through to deposit rates, impact on credit spreads, and substitution between deposits and other bank liabilities. I develop a monetary model consistent with these facts, where banks have market power on deposits, a duration-mismatched balance sheet, and a dividend-smoothing motive. Deposit demand has a dynamic component, as in the literature on customer markets. A financial friction makes non-deposit funding supply imperfectly elastic. The model indicates that imperfect pass-through to deposit rates is an important source of amplification of monetary policy shocks.

Este trabajo pretende abordar el proceso de producción de campanas durante la Edad Media en la ermita de San Nicolás, ubicada en La Sequera de Haza (Burgos), a través de los restos arqueológicos localizados en el interior de la nave principal en 2019. ENGLISH: The Bell Casting Pit of the San Nicolas Hermitage (La Sequera de Haza, Burgos). This paper aims to address the bell production process in the Middle Ages in the San Nicolas hermitage, located at La Sequera de Haza (Burgos), through the archaeological remains found inside the main nave in 2019.

The archaeological site of La Mosquita or Paraje de San Miguel is located in a secondary valley on the left bank of the Ebro river, in the municipality of Villalaín (Burgos). The archaeological ensemble is articulated around the La Mosquita cave, a clearly anthropized space over time through the placement of up to 9 cists excavated in the geological site and the detailing of a head and altar, causing a change in orientation. In addition to these elements, clearly pre–Christian elements such as cave paintings have been studied, where an anthropomorph with a horned headdress stands out. Along with these elements, other tombs excavated in the walls of the rocky cliff where the entire complex is located have been located outside the cave. From the study of the same, it has been possible to grant an absolute chronology to the whole, which allows us to delve into the hermit occupation in the Ebro valley. El yacimiento arqueológico de La Mosquita o Paraje de San Miguel se ubica en un valle secundario sobre la margen izquierda del río Ebro, en el término municipal de Villalaín (Burgos). El conjunto arqueológico está articulado en torno a la cueva de La Mosquita, espacio claramente antropizado a lo largo del tiempo mediante la colocación de hasta 9 cistas excavadas en el geológico y el retallado de una cabecera y altar, que provocan un cambio de orientación. Asimismo, se han estudiado elementos claramente precristianos como pinturas rupestres, donde destaca un antropomorfo con un tocado de cuernos. Junto a estos elementos, en el exterior de la cueva se han localizado otras tumbas excavadas en las paredes del farallón rocoso donde se ubica todo el conjunto. A partir del estudio de las mismas se ha podido otorgar una cronología absoluta al conjunto, que permite ahondar en la ocupación eremítica en el valle del Ebro.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background and Purpose: We aimed to investigate the rate of hospital admissions for cerebrovascular events and of revascularization treatments for acute ischemic stroke in Italy during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Methods: The Italian Stroke Organization performed a multicenter study involving 93 Italian Stroke Units. We collected information on hospital admissions for cerebrovascular events from March 1 to March 31, 2020 (study period), and from March 1 to March 31, 2019 (control period). Results: Ischemic strokes decreased from 2399 in 2019 to 1810 in 2020, with a corresponding hospitalization rate ratio (RR) of 0.75 ([95% CI, 0.71–0.80] P

Las estelas discoideas constituyen un poderoso foco de interés dentro de la arqueología de la muerte. Ello se debe a que representan un elemento de indudable carácter decorativo, alegórico y referencial. Sin embargo, les ha venido restando valor el hecho de aparecer, en la mayor parte de los casos, fuera de su contexto originario. En este trabajo se presenta el estudio de una estela discoidea localizada «in situ» que permite relacionar el foco de procedencia de otras reinstaladas en estructuras del mismo término municipal, lo cual facilita identificar su primera ubicación y establecer una cronología fiable para ellas. ENGLISH: Notes on the Discovery of a New Discoid Stela in La Sequera de Haza (Burgos, Spain). Discoid stelae constitute a powerful focus of interest within the Archeology of Death. This is because they represent an element of undoubted decorative, allegorical and referential character. However, the fact that they appear, in most cases, outside their original context has been detracting from them. This paper presents the study of a discoid stela located “in situ” that allows us to relate the place of origin of others reinstalled in structures of the same municipality, which permits us to identify their original location and to establish a reliable chronology for them.

Due to their specific mesoporous structure and large surface area, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) possess both drug-delivery ability and effective ionic release to promote bone regeneration by stimulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Macrophages secrete mediators that can affect both processes, depending on their phenotype. In this work, the action of ion release from MBG-75S, with a molar composition of 75SiO2-20CaO-5P2O5, on osteogenesis and angiogenesis and the modulatory role of macrophages have been assessed in vitro with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in monoculture and in coculture with RAW 264.7 macrophages. Ca2+, phosphorous, and silicon ions released from MBG-75S were measured in the culture medium during both differentiation processes. Alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization were quantified as the key markers of osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. The expression of CD31, CD34, VEGFR2, eNOS, and vWF was evaluated to characterize the EPC differentiation into mature endothelial cells. Other cellular parameters analyzed included the cell size and complexity, intracellular calcium, and intracellular content of the reactive oxygen species. The results obtained indicate that the ions released by MBG-75S promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro, evidencing a macrophage inhibitory role in these processes and demonstrating the high potential of MBG-75S for the preparation of implants for bone regeneration.

Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-Ab) recently emerged as a potential biomarker in patients with inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. We here compare the clinical and laboratory findings observed in a cohort of MOG-Ab seropositive and seronegative cases and describe IgG subclass analysis results. Consecutive serum samples referred to Verona University Neuropathology Laboratory for aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-Ab and/or MOG-Ab testing were analysed between March 2014 and May 2017. The presence of AQP4-Ab was determined using a cell-based assay. A live cell immunofluorescence assay was used for the detection of MOG-IgG and IgG subclass analysis. Among 454 analysed samples, 29 were excluded due to AQP4-Ab positivity or to the final demonstration of a disorder not compatible with MOG-Ab. We obtained clinical data in 154 out of 425 cases. Of these, 22 subjects resulted MOG-Ab positive. MOG-Ab positive patients were mainly characterised by the involvement of the optic nerve and/or spinal cord. Half of the cases presented relapses and the recovery was usually partial. Brain MRI was heterogeneous while short lesions were the prevalent observation on spinal cord MRI. MOG-Ab titre usually decreased in non-relapsing cases. In all MOG-IgG positive cases, we observed IgG1 antibodies, which were predominant in most subjects. IgG2 (5/22), IgG3 (9/22) and IgG4 (3/22) antibodies were also detectable. We confirm that MOG-Ab-related syndromes have distinct features in the spectrum of demyelinating conditions, and we describe the possible role of the different IgG subclasses in this condition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00415-017-8635-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We link tax returns across two generations to provide the first estimate of intergenerational mobility in Italy based on administrative income data. Italy emerges as less immobile than previously depicted by studies using proxies for economic status or survey data with imputation procedures. This conclusion is robust with respect to a number of concerns, both standard when using administrative data and specific to our sample. A 10 percentile increase in parental income is associated with a percentile increase in child income between 2.5 and 3. The expected rank of children born from parents with income below the median is around 0.43. Upward mobility is higher for sons, first-born children, children of self-employed parents, and for those who migrate once adults. We uncover substantial geographical variation in the degree of upward mobility. Provinces in Northern Italy, the richest area of the country, display levels three times as large as those in the South. This regional variation is strongly correlated with local labor market conditions, indicators of family instability, and school quality.

El presente documento da cuenta de sentidos construidos sobre las consultas populares anti-mineras y anti-petroleras en los medios colombianos durante el 2017. La investigación decide situarse desde las industrias mediáticas, porque las asume como agentes culturales protagónicos en la elaboración de visiones de mundo. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, el proyecto analiza las concepciones, valores, prescripciones y prospectivas generadas en la representación informática de uno de los mecanismos de participación ciudadana contemplados en la Constitución Política de Colombia. Desde el análisis de contenido cualitativo, establece las relaciones de causalidad, necesidad, proximidad y certeza, generadas en apuestas mediáticas nacionales, regionales y alternativas. El documento devela la coexistencia de universos simbólicos disímiles al momento de enunciar explícita o implícitamente el término Consulta Popular y, al final, aporta una mirada sociocultural de la visibilidad dada la figura política por los medios.

Circulating and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels represent a reliable indicator of disease activity and axonal damage in different neuroinflammatory conditions. Recently, high CSF NfL levels have been detected in active autoimmune encephalitis, as opposed to significant lower levels after clinical improvement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum and CSF NfL concentration in patients with autoimmune encephalitis and to analyse the association between NfL levels and clinical, MRI, and CSF data. We retrospectively included 25 patients with neurological syndromes associated with autoantibodies to neuronal cell surface antigens and we collected clinical, MRI, CSF, and follow-up data. Using an ultrasensitive method (Simoa, Quanterix), we measured NfL levels in serum and CSF samples of all patients and in 25 sera of healthy controls. Serum NfL levels were higher in all cases, including 20 patients with inflammatory MRI/CSF features and 5 non-inflammatory cases (median 16.9 pg/ml, range 4.5–90) than in controls (median 6.9 pg/ml, range 2.7–12.8; p

Background It is essential to determine and treat the reversible causes of cardiac arrest, so emergency nurses must acquire the competencies needed for its adequate management. Method 106 undergraduate nursing students participated in a cross-sectional study, using a mixed-method. Simulated scenarios recreated critically ill patients with diagnoses of potentially reversible causes of cardiac arrest in an emergency room. An internally validated questionnaire was used to analyse students’ satisfaction and perceptions about clinical simulation sessions. Nursing competencies were assessed using a verification list. Data were analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 24.0 (quantitative data) and ATLAS-ti version 8.0 (qualitative data) software. Results Nursing students expressed a high level of satisfaction (most of the scores obtained were higher than 90%) and positive perceptions about clinical simulation sessions. Most of the students (85.6%) acquired the necessary nursing competencies for adequate management of the reversible causes of cardiac arrest. Conclusion Clinical simulation methodology is a useful tool for the learning process and acquisition of nursing competencies related to emergency situations management. This methodology prepares nursing students for their clinical placements and future careers in emergency care. Therefore, it is recommended to extend clinical simulation training to emergency qualified nursing staff and advanced practitioners.