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No ha sido durante este recién estrenado siglo XXI cuando la ima-gen de unos disciplinados y aguerridos soldados procedentes de la antigua ciudad griega de Esparta ha llegado hasta nosotros en forma de un rancio igualitarismo solidario en el que todos vis - ten, comen y aman de la misma manera.1 Si bien es cierto que el nacimiento de este mito igualitario espartano nació ya en la mis-ma antigüedad (Ollier, 1933; Tigerstedt, 1965; Rawson, 1969), el pensamiento moderno se convirtió en un auténtico amplificador de estos estereotipos, generando así lo que Ollier denominó como el mirage espartano (Ollier, 1933).2 Como ejemplo, podríamos citar Utopía (1516) de Tomás Moro. En ella, los utópicos de Moro, poseían propiedades iguales, co - mían en mesas comunes, desdeñaban el lujo y no hacían uso del dinero, prefiriendo el hierro al oro y la plata. Por su parte, Los hu-manistas rescataron el ordenamiento político lacedemonio para dotar de una base teórica a las nacientes repúblicas renacentistas del siglo XVI, como en el caso de Venecia. Con el cambio de siglo, la situación se mantiene en los mismos términos, alcanzando el cen-tro del debate político (Rawson, 1969, 161-167) en la Inglaterra de la época, con la obra de James Harrington, The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656) en la cual se representa a un tal Olfeo Megaletor en el papel del Licurgo espartano al frente de una Inglaterra utópi-ca y, en la cual se establecen las cantidades fijas que cada espar-tano ha de entregar de sus propios lotes de tierra (Plut. Vit. Lic. 8, 3-4).3 La entrada del siglo XVIII supondrá una búsqueda de mo-delos dispares a fin de justificar de nuevo, las circunstancias con-currentes de la época. Así mientras la burguesía se identificará con la Atenas clásica, merced a su vocación comercial, los teóricos se decantarán por el modelo espartano de austeridad. Voltaire, por ejemplo hará mención de la bondad del lujo y los placeres de su época,4 emparentándose con los atenienses, mientras que el Ber-lín de Federico el Grande se aproximará más a la Esparta humil-de y militarista (Fornis, 2012, 35). Hodkinson recoge que la circu-lación de tales ideas por la Encyclopedie tuvieron enorme difusión y ello llevó a emitir, en ocasiones, juicios o interpretaciones total-mente acríticas, como el ejemplo de Turpin que citó la prohibición del oro y la plata, y la igualitaria redistribución de la tierra sin citar una sola fuente antigua.5 Entrados ya en el siglo XX, la idea-lizada igualdad espartana vivió un pequeño repunte de esplen-dor en la Alemania Nazi, pero más adelante, la imagen de igual-dad efectivamente ha terminado quedando para los nostálgicos del celuloide, puesto que a nivel académico, los historiadores más prestigiosos han demostrado a través de sus trabajos6 como la so-ciedad espartana estuvo muy lejos de alcanzar ese ideal utópico tan pretendido por los ingenieros sociales. Pero el gran problema es que muchos de estos historiadores, aun identificando los problemas característicos propios del socialismo que ya definió el profesor Huerta de Soto (2010, 110-135), se han inclinado por interpretar los mismos como causa del colapso espartano del siglo IV sin ad-vertir que no eran causas, sino efectos provocados por una misma causa: el socialismo. Un socialismo que debemos interpretar como toda agresión institucional por parte del órgano director hacia el libre actuar humano (Huerta de Soto, 2010, 86).

En la población pediátrica, los pólipos representan la primera causa de sangrado colorrectal con una prevalencia del 1 %. De ellos, el 90 % corresponde a pólipos juveniles (PJ) .

This article must as aim qualify the sociocultural university step as a need for the change and the social transformation of the communities, and specifically of the youths that there it reside. Through the method of action-participation as a whole with other theorecians and empiric it is demonstrated that with an appropriate step the universities contribute, with efficiency and efficacy, to the cultural development of the population by means of the projected partner, community. Expose the results and impact of the socio-community project ALTA youth that MIRA, been the protagonist of per students and teachers of the university of Orient as a whole whit youths of the community of Altamira, one of the location more disfavored of Santiago province of Cuba.

In this work, the most relevant aspects of the scientific and innovative dissemination of extension, supported by information and communication technologies through content systems and virtual communities as a technological platform that allows dynamic dialogic relationship and participatory of the university community. From the epistemological study, its essential references are synthesized, considering the university extension as dynamic and integrating expression of the social order of the Cuban university and the scientific and innovative promotion. Then, content management systems and virtual communities are addressed. At the end, it is analyzed how scientific promotion can be promoted with a virtual community from the potential that things are for collaborative work.

Posterior urethral valves are the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male newborns. Initial catheter drainage alleviates the urethral obstruction before definitive management by valve ablation. Newborns with posterior urethral valves often present with hypercontractile bladders that may inhibit upper tract drainage despite bladder catheterization. Anticholinergic agents are commonly used to treat detrusor hyperactivity, with oxybutynin being the most commonly used. We report the first case of a newborn with posterior urethral valves and ureterovesical junction obstruction caused by detrusor hypertrophy who underwent urgent intravesical instillation of oxybutynin at high doses in an attempt to avoid a diversion procedure.

Case description: A 5-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with a history of foreign body ingestion. A cervico-thoracoabdominal radiograph demonstrate a foreign body in the esophagus, which seemed to show a double rim sign suspecting a button battery. After an emetic episode and expelling a coin, the child became asymptomatic. Close inspection of the X-ray demonstrated that the image was formed by superimposition of 3 circumferential objects of different sizes. Another X-ray observed the persistence of two superimposed objects. Clinical findings: The girl presented with sialorrhea, odynophagia, and nausea. Vital signs and physical examination were normal. There was no significant medical history. Treatment and Outcome: With the suspicion of multiple impacted esophageal objects, the patient was then taken to the operating room. During the flexible esophagoscopy 2 coins were found in the esophagus, both were removed without difficulty. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery and there have been no long-term complications. Clinical relevance: Unusual radiographic findings regarding esophageal foreign bodies have been reported, however, we describe the first case of a child with 3 coins impacted in the esophagus and a new radiological finding in foreign bodies ingestions that allow to avoid misdiagnosis and improve outcomes.

In the knowledge society, the great need to transmit information with the greatest possible updating and immediacy to solve the great social challenges of contemporaneity is rewarded, that is why there is a consensus in the literature on local development in Cuba where it expresses that the Municipalities have strengths that are still insufficient to achieve their potential. As necessary, the continuous improvement of knowledge management - not mere training or technical and professional qualification - in favor of a greater impact of the processes of science and technological innovation. The present work aims to systematize theoretical and conceptual considerations on the dynamics of interactive learning that enhance knowledge management, scientific-technological innovation in function of local development. Therefore, it is necessary to show a categorical system that allows us to rank the university-society interaction process.

In the literature on local development in Cuba, it has that municipalities still have untapped potential for achieving higher stages in the socio-cultural development. Among the issues that must continue in perfection is knowledge management for local actors in terms of local development. This work has allowed to give answers to some of the shortcomings, to promote the socio-cultural work, participatory achievement and dialogic, built from the needs or expectations of these actors necessary for achieving local development changes, with impact on People's Councils Sabanilla, La Perla and Jutinicú the Municipality Songo La Maya.

Introduction Oesophageal pH-monitoring allows the quantification of gastric reflux episodes in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The accuracy of the test depends on correct positioning of the pH sensor 5 cm above the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES). The most precise manner to locate the LES is through prior determination by oesophageal manometry. However, because this technique is uncomfortable, mathematical formulas tend to be used in children. Objectives To evaluate the applicability of paediatric formulas to estimate oesophageal length in adults and their effect on diagnostic accuracy. Material and methods A prospective study was carried out in adult patients, in whom the distance between the nasal orifice and the LES was determined by manometry and was compared with the estimated height-related distance calculated by four paediatric formulas (numbered 1–4). We also evaluated the relationship between the position of the probe and the percentage of reflux detected in our series of impedance measurements. Results Formula 1 (9.31 + height in cm × 0.197) was the most accurate (comparison of means −0.38 with 95% CI −0.70/−0.06, p = 0.019). With this formula, none of the patients had estimation errors of ±6 cm. With formulas 2, 3 and 4, the percentage of error was 4.4%, 1.5% and 32.0%, respectively. Conclusion Oesophageal length estimation in adults by using formula 1 is acceptable and can be used in adult patients who refuse to undergo prior manometry.

Resumen Introduccion La pHmetria esofagica permite cuantificar los episodios de reflujo acido en pacientes con enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofagico (ERGE). El posicionamiento adecuado del electrodo de pH a 5 cm por encima del esfinter esofagico inferior (EEI), determina la precision de la prueba. La manera mas exacta para localizar el EEI es mediante su determinacion previa por manometria esofagica, pero es una tecnica molesta, por lo que en ninos tendemos a utilizar formulas matematicas. Objetivos Valorar la aplicabilidad de las formulas pediatricas de estimacion de longitud esofagica en pacientes adultos y su repercusion en la precision diagnostica. Material y metodos Estudio prospectivo en pacientes adultos en el que la distancia desde el borde de la narina hasta el EEI determinada por manometria se ha comparado con la distancia estimada en relacion a la talla calculada por 4 formulas pediatricas (numeradas del 1 al 4). Tambien hemos valorado la relacion entre posicion de la sonda y porcentaje de reflujos detectados en nuestra serie de impedanciometria. Resultados La formula 1 (9,31 + talla cm × 0,197) fue la mas precisa (comparacion de medias −0,38 con IC 95% −0,70 a −0,06, p = 0,019). Con dicha formula, ningun paciente presento errores de estimacion de ± 6 cm. Con las formulas 2, 3 y 4 el porcentaje de error fue del 4,4, del 1,5 y del 32,0%, respectivamente. Conclusion La estimacion de la longitud del esofago en adultos mediante la formula 1 es aceptable y puede usarse en casos en los que el paciente rechace la realizacion de una manometria previa.

Se presenta la experiencia de la contribución que realiza el Observatorio Cultural “Cénit” a la formación de los estudiantes de la carrera de letras desde las prácticas pre-profesionales, como espacio de socialización académica investigativa y de promoción científico cultural desde la extensión universitaria como proceso formativo universitario. Se precisa como objetivo de la presente investigación el perfeccionamiento del proceso de la dinámica de integración del Observatorio Cultural “Cénit” en la formación del estudiante de la carrera de letras para el desarrollo de su actividad del profesional, que a través de procedimientos de integración con el currículo optativo/electivo y la práctica pre-profesional permitió la integración a los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje desde las disciplinas propias de la carrera, logrando la transformación integradora y consciente del proceso de formación de los estudiantes con la dimensión extensionista a favor de la preservación, creación y promoción de la cultura científica universitaria.

This article gives us a group of recommendations to solve some difficulties that the machine ring's professors at 1ro de mayo Polytechnic Institute have. At is related to their technical and professional fulfilling. Overcoming is the fundamental tool for the technical improvement of the machine ring specialty's.

An experience of teaching-methodological integration of cultural promotion at the university extension project is presented through the aesthetic quality that professional training from the university extension allows the development of the socio-professional sensitivity. This process allows subjects develop an ethical and aesthetic education committed to their profession and the educational context.

Ureteral stump syndrome is a medical condition caused by a refluxing distal ureteral remnant left after nephrectomy. Fungal colonization of the ureteral stump is uncommon and distant site infection is exceptional. We present a unique case of fungal peritonitis in a 13-year-old boy who had a right lower-moiety heminephro-ureterectomy at age three with a ureteral stump that served as reservoir for Candida resulting in the subsequent spontaneous fungal passage to the peritoneum.

En 424/3 a.C. el general lacedemonio Brásidas, conduce un ejército a Tracia, con el fin de tomar la ciudad de Anfípolis, base de provisiones ateniense. La intención de este estudio es analizar tanto la figura de Brásidas transmitida por Tucídides, como la incidencia que su campaña en Tracia tienen en la política exterior de Esparta a partir de ese momento. La victoria en Anfípolis supuso la recuperación de Esparta en el contexto de la guerra y el primer síntoma de cambio de tendencia dentro de la misma.In 424/3 B.C. Spartan General Brasidas, leads an army into Thrace, to take the city of Amphipolis, Athens supply base. The intention of this study is to analyze both the figure of Brasidas transmitted by Thucydides, and the impact which his campaign in Thrace have in Sparta foreign policy from that time. The victory at Amphipolis got the spartan recovery in the context of war and the first sign of trend change within it.

Transumbilical laparoscopic-assisted appendectomy (TULAA) is the technique of choice for all types of appendicitis in our Department. It combines the advantages of laparoscopy (global vision and minimally invasion) and open surgery (lower cost). The objective was to assess the results of our TULAA series and compare them to the results of standard laparoscopic appendectomies (SLA) performed during the same period. Retrospective review of total appendectomies performed since TULAA introduction (September 2003 to December 2015) with statistic analysis of the results. A total of 1309 patients underwent TULAA approach, but 126 (9.6%) needed reconversion to open appendectomy, 1 (0.08%) to SLA, and 9 (0.7%) introduction of a second port. Mean age and weight of patients was 121.5 ± 36 months and 37.6 ± 14 kg, respectively. Mean operative time was 40.9 ± 15.5 min, ranging from 11 to 110. All types of appendicitis were present, with 394 being complicated (29.9%). Postoperative complications were seen in 168 patients (14.3%), 37 being readmitted (3.2%), and only five needing reintervention (Two intestinal occlusions and three abscess debridement). When comparing TULAA and SLA, there were no significant differences in the length of hospitalization, time to tolerate soft diet, analgesic requirements, and complications depending on the type of appendicitis, but TULAA was significantly faster and cheaper (average 900€). In our hands, TULAA has shown to be effective, easy to learn, and fast to perform. Low surgical cost is probably its principal advantage, which might be encouraging in times of crisis.

La universidad cubana en correspondencia con la aspiración de nuestro proyecto social y el contexto latinoamericano y universal, potencia la formación integral de las nuevas generaciones en relación con los nexos de la universidad con la sociedad. La Extensión Universitaria como eje dinamizador de los procesos culturales universitarios, contribuye a la formación cultural estético artístico como competencias profesionales, que desarrollan el valor de la sensibilidad como capacidad y potencialidad transformadora humana, que tipifican su existencia y su esencia, implícito en los seres humanos, que le permite percibir y comprender el mundo dentro de las circunstancias de los contextos históricos socioculturales, actuar correctamente en beneficio de los demás, vivir, desarrollarse y transformar a la sociedad con una postura ético-estética comprometida, designada bajo el honor y el decoro, lo bello y lo sublime de las actitudes y comportamiento de los hombres, lo que implica una contextualización de relaciones esenciales, que se revelan en la apreciación artístico cultural.

La Dirección de Extensión Universitaria de la Universidad de Oriente, despliega un conjunto de acciones desde los procesos sustantivos, para contribuir a la formación de personalidades capaces de vivir, desarrollarse y transformar a la sociedad, aprovechando las motivaciones y potencialidades artísticas que poseen los estudiantes, pero aún persisten insuficiencias en el cumplimiento de estos propósitos trazados, razones por las cuales este trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir a la formación integral del profesional universitario a través de una estrategia pedagógica interdisciplinaria asumida desde la concepción de la formación del estudiante en la apreciación artística dentro de la formación del ingeniero.

Objective One of the complications after complete section of the spermatic pedicle in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic varicocele is the formation of a scrotal lymphocele. This can be avoided by preserving lymphatic vessels using dye, but there is a risk that dissection may be complicated in patients who have previously undergone embolization. The aim of this study was to determine whether prior embolization limits spermatic dissection. Material and Method We used lymphography with dye (Patent Blue) prior to surgery in order to mark and preserve the lymph vessels during spermatic section. This was done by laparoscopy with a single umbilical port. Results We treated six patients aged 12.5–15 years (mean 13.12 years), two of whom had grade 2 varicoceles and four grade 3. Prior percutaneous embolization with metallic coils had been undertaken in all cases but had not been curative. Post-surgery controls were undertaken for a mean duration of 5 months without any lymphoceles appearing. No testicles were lost, nor did any other complication arise. Conclusion The presence of embolization material in the spermatic veins and perivascular fibrosis does not complicate surgery, enabling the single port laparoscopic technique to be undertaken.

Objective: The aim of the current study is to determine the efficiency of an external prosthesis made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene reinforced with a continuous silicone spiral to prevent postanastomotic stenosis after surgical correction of extensive tracheal defects in rabbits. Methods: Forty-five rabbits were used, divided into three groups of 15 animals each. Group A was the control group. Group B animals underwent resection of six-ring segments of the cervical trachea and primary anastomosis. The procedure used in group C was similar to that used in group B, but the tracheal anastomosis was supported by an external expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis. Results: Direct anastomosis after resection of six tracheal rings caused anastomotic stenosis in 100% of the animals. We did not observe tracheal stenosis in any rabbit when we applied an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene tube as an external stent for the tracheotracheal suture. Conclusion: We conclude that an external stent can be used to prevent tracheal stenosis resulting from the resection of six cervical tracheal rings in rabbits(J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:76-83)

When an enema in the radiology unit is unsuccessful in treating intussusception, patients must undergo surgery. A further attempt at reduction under general anaesthesia in the operating room prior to laparotomy could avoid surgical intervention. A prospective study was carried out from 2002 to 2010 on paediatric patients with intestinal intussusception who underwent a deinvagination procedure in radiology with no anaesthesia. Unresolved cases were included in either group 3a (direct surgery) or group 3b (pneumoenema under general anaesthesia in the operating room), depending if the paediatric surgeon on duty wanted or not to participate in the study. Ninety-eight patients were included in the study. Six patients (group 1) were immediately operated after diagnosis because peritonitis was clinically suspected. Sixty-seven patients were successfully treated with an anaesthesia-free procedure in the radiology department (group 2). Of the 25 cases with initial treatment failure (group 3), 11 were assigned to group 3a (immediate laparotomy) and 14 to group 3b (pneumoenema with general anaesthesia). All patients in the 3b group were successfully treated by this procedure. There were no differences between the groups in terms of age, sex or evolution time. The average length of hospital stay and the number of repeated hospitalizations were significantly higher for group 3a. Conclusion: We consider that general anaesthesia increases effective reduction pressures and could avoid many surgeries in apparently non-reducible intestinal intussusceptions.

Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum is a rare malformation, which may appear either in isolation, or with associated findings. We report a case of ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum without associated anomalies, and discuss the management, and need for careful examination to exclude other anomalies.