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1. A trait-based ecological perspective on the soil microbial antibiotic-related genetic machinery

Author: Olesya Dulya, Vladimir Mikryukov, Daniil V. Shchepkin, Mari Pent, Heidi Tamm, Massimo Guazzini, Panos Panagos, Arwyn Jones, Alberto Orgiazzi, Fabio Marroni, Mohammad Bahram, and Leho Tedersoo
Subjects: Antibiotic resistance, Antibiotic biosynthesis, Secondary metabolites, Metagenome, Soil, Trait, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Antibiotic resistance crisis dictates the need for resistance monitoring and the search for new antibiotics. The development of monitoring protocols is hindered by the great diversity of resistance factors, while the “streetlight effect” denies the possibility of discovering novel drugs based on existing databases. In this study, we address these challenges using high-throughput environmental screening viewed from a trait-based ecological perspective. Through an in-depth analysis of the metagenomes of 658 topsoil samples spanning Europe, we explored the distribution of 241 prokaryotic and fungal genes responsible for producing metabolites with antibiotic properties and 485 antibiotic resistance genes. We analyzed the diversity of these gene collections at different levels and modeled the distribution of each gene across environmental gradients. Our analyses revealed several nonparallel distribution patterns of the genes encoding sequential steps of enzymatic pathways synthesizing large antibiotic groups, pointing to gaps in existing databases and suggesting potential for discovering new analogues of known antibiotics. We show that agricultural activity caused a continental-scale homogenization of microbial antibiotic-related machinery, emphasizing the importance of maintaining indigenous ecosystems within the landscape mosaic. Based on the relationships between the proportion of the genes in the metagenomes with the main predictors (soil pH, land cover type, climate temperature and humidity), we illustrate how the properties of chemical structures dictate the distribution of the genes responsible for their synthesis across environments. With this understanding, we propose general principles to facilitate the discovery of antibiotics, including principally new ones, establish abundance baselines for antibiotic resistance genes, and predict their dissemination.
Published: 2024
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2. Climate change and cropland management compromise soil integrity and multifunctionality

Author: Marie Sünnemann, Remy Beugnon, Claudia Breitkreuz, François Buscot, Simone Cesarz, Arwyn Jones, Anika Lehmann, Alfred Lochner, Alberto Orgiazzi, Thomas Reitz, Matthias C. Rillig, Martin Schädler, Linnea C. Smith, Anja Zeuner, Carlos A. Guerra, and Nico Eisenhauer
Subjects: Geology, QE1-996.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Abstract Soils provide essential ecosystem functions that are threatened by climate change and intensified land use. We explore how climate and land use impact multiple soil function simultaneously, employing two datasets: (1) observational – 456 samples from the European Land Use/Land Cover Area Frame Survey; and (2) experimental – 80 samples from Germany’s Global Change Experimental Facility. We aim to investigate whether manipulative field experiment results align with observable climate, land use, and soil multifunctionality trends across Europe, measuring seven ecosystem functions to calculate soil multifunctionality. The observational data showed Europe-wide declines in soil multifunctionality under rising temperatures and dry conditions, worsened by cropland management. Our experimental data confirmed these relationships, suggesting that changes in climate will reduce soil multifunctionality across croplands and grasslands. Land use changes from grasslands to croplands threaten the integrity of soil systems, and enhancing soil multifunctionality in arable systems is key to maintain multifunctionality in a changing climate.
Published: 2023
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3. Patterns in soil microbial diversity across Europe

Author: Maëva Labouyrie, Cristiano Ballabio, Ferran Romero, Panos Panagos, Arwyn Jones, Marc W. Schmid, Vladimir Mikryukov, Olesya Dulya, Leho Tedersoo, Mohammad Bahram, Emanuele Lugato, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, and Alberto Orgiazzi
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract Factors driving microbial community composition and diversity are well established but the relationship with microbial functioning is poorly understood, especially at large scales. We analysed microbial biodiversity metrics and distribution of potential functional groups along a gradient of increasing land-use perturbation, detecting over 79,000 bacterial and 25,000 fungal OTUs in 715 sites across 24 European countries. We found the lowest bacterial and fungal diversity in less-disturbed environments (woodlands) compared to grasslands and highly-disturbed environments (croplands). Highly-disturbed environments contain significantly more bacterial chemoheterotrophs, harbour a higher proportion of fungal plant pathogens and saprotrophs, and have less beneficial fungal plant symbionts compared to woodlands and extensively-managed grasslands. Spatial patterns of microbial communities and predicted functions are best explained when interactions among the major determinants (vegetation cover, climate, soil properties) are considered. We propose guidelines for environmental policy actions and argue that taxonomical and functional diversity should be considered simultaneously for monitoring purposes.
Published: 2023
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4. Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Author: Helen R. P. Phillips, Elizabeth M. Bach, Marie L. C. Bartz, Joanne M. Bennett, Rémy Beugnon, Maria J. I. Briones, George G. Brown, Olga Ferlian, Konstantin B. Gongalsky, Carlos A. Guerra, Birgitta König-Ries, Julia J. Krebs, Alberto Orgiazzi, Kelly S. Ramirez, David J. Russell, Benjamin Schwarz, Diana H. Wall, Ulrich Brose, Thibaud Decaëns, Patrick Lavelle, Michel Loreau, Jérôme Mathieu, Christian Mulder, Wim H. van der Putten, Matthias C. Rillig, Madhav P. Thakur, Franciska T. de Vries, David A. Wardle, Christian Ammer, Sabine Ammer, Miwa Arai, Fredrick O. Ayuke, Geoff H. Baker, Dilmar Baretta, Dietmar Barkusky, Robin Beauséjour, Jose C. Bedano, Klaus Birkhofer, Eric Blanchart, Bernd Blossey, Thomas Bolger, Robert L. Bradley, Michel Brossard, James C. Burtis, Yvan Capowiez, Timothy R. Cavagnaro, Amy Choi, Julia Clause, Daniel Cluzeau, Anja Coors, Felicity V. Crotty, Jasmine M. Crumsey, Andrea Dávalos, Darío J. Díaz Cosín, Annise M. Dobson, Anahí Domínguez, Andrés Esteban Duhour, Nick van Eekeren, Christoph Emmerling, Liliana B. Falco, Rosa Fernández, Steven J. Fonte, Carlos Fragoso, André L. C. Franco, Abegail Fusilero, Anna P. Geraskina, Shaieste Gholami, Grizelle González, Michael J. Gundale, Mónica Gutiérrez López, Branimir K. Hackenberger, Davorka K. Hackenberger, Luis M. Hernández, Jeff R. Hirth, Takuo Hishi, Andrew R. Holdsworth, Martin Holmstrup, Kristine N. Hopfensperger, Esperanza Huerta Lwanga, Veikko Huhta, Tunsisa T. Hurisso, Basil V. Iannone, Madalina Iordache, Ulrich Irmler, Mari Ivask, Juan B. Jesús, Jodi L. Johnson-Maynard, Monika Joschko, Nobuhiro Kaneko, Radoslava Kanianska, Aidan M. Keith, Maria L. Kernecker, Armand W. Koné, Yahya Kooch, Sanna T. Kukkonen, H. Lalthanzara, Daniel R. Lammel, Iurii M. Lebedev, Edith Le Cadre, Noa K. Lincoln, Danilo López-Hernández, Scott R. Loss, Raphael Marichal, Radim Matula, Yukio Minamiya, Jan Hendrik Moos, Gerardo Moreno, Alejandro Morón-Ríos, Hasegawa Motohiro, Bart Muys, Johan Neirynck, Lindsey Norgrove, Marta Novo, Visa Nuutinen, Victoria Nuzzo, P. Mujeeb Rahman, Johan Pansu, Shishir Paudel, Guénola Pérès, Lorenzo Pérez-Camacho, Jean-François Ponge, Jörg Prietzel, Irina B. Rapoport, Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid, Salvador Rebollo, Miguel Á. Rodríguez, Alexander M. Roth, Guillaume X. Rousseau, Anna Rozen, Ehsan Sayad, Loes van Schaik, Bryant Scharenbroch, Michael Schirrmann, Olaf Schmidt, Boris Schröder, Julia Seeber, Maxim P. Shashkov, Jaswinder Singh, Sandy M. Smith, Michael Steinwandter, Katalin Szlavecz, José Antonio Talavera, Dolores Trigo, Jiro Tsukamoto, Sheila Uribe-López, Anne W. de Valença, Iñigo Virto, Adrian A. Wackett, Matthew W. Warren, Emily R. Webster, Nathaniel H. Wehr, Joann K. Whalen, Michael B. Wironen, Volkmar Wolters, Pengfei Wu, Irina V. Zenkova, Weixin Zhang, Erin K. Cameron, and Nico Eisenhauer
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Measurement(s) earthworm communities • Abundance • organic material • Diversity • environmental properties Technology Type(s) digital curation Factor Type(s) location Sample Characteristic - Organism Lumbricina Sample Characteristic - Environment soil Sample Characteristic - Location global Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13399118
Published: 2021
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5. Publisher Correction: Patterns in soil microbial diversity across Europe

Author: Maëva Labouyrie, Cristiano Ballabio, Ferran Romero, Panos Panagos, Arwyn Jones, Marc W. Schmid, Vladimir Mikryukov, Olesya Dulya, Leho Tedersoo, Mohammad Bahram, Emanuele Lugato, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, and Alberto Orgiazzi
Subjects: Science
Published: 2023
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6. Blind spots in global soil biodiversity and ecosystem function research

Author: Carlos A. Guerra, Anna Heintz-Buschart, Johannes Sikorski, Antonis Chatzinotas, Nathaly Guerrero-Ramírez, Simone Cesarz, Léa Beaumelle, Matthias C. Rillig, Fernando T. Maestre, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, François Buscot, Jörg Overmann, Guillaume Patoine, Helen R. P. Phillips, Marten Winter, Tesfaye Wubet, Kirsten Küsel, Richard D. Bardgett, Erin K. Cameron, Don Cowan, Tine Grebenc, César Marín, Alberto Orgiazzi, Brajesh K. Singh, Diana H. Wall, and Nico Eisenhauer
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Soil organism biodiversity contributes to ecosystem function, but biodiversity and function have not been equivalently studied across the globe. Here the authors identify locations, environment types, and taxonomic groups for which there is currently a lack of biodiversity and ecosystem function data in the existing literature.
Published: 2020
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7. What is soil biodiversity?

Author: Alberto Orgiazzi
Subjects: General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Published: 2022
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8. Metabarcoding of Soil Fungal Communities Associated with Alpine Field-Grown Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Inoculated with AM Fungi

Author: Íris Marisa Maxaieie Victorino, Samuele Voyron, Matteo Caser, Alberto Orgiazzi, Sonia Demasi, Andrea Berruti, Valentina Scariot, Valeria Bianciotto, and Erica Lumini
Subjects: soil fungal metabarcoding, saffron cultivation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF inocula, alpine field environments, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Soil fungi strongly influence ecosystem structure and functioning, playing a key role in many ecological services as decomposers, plant mutualists and pathogens. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish mutualistic symbiotic associations with plant roots and act as biofertilizers by enhancing plant nutrients and water uptake. Information about the AMF association with Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and their impact on crop performances and spice quality has been increasing in recent years. Instead, there is still little data on the biodiversity of soil microbial communities associated with this crop in the Alpine environments. The aims of this study were to investigate the fungal communities of two Alpine experimental sites cultivated with saffron, and to rank the relative impact of two AMF inocula, applied to soil as single species (R = Rhizophagus intraradices, C. Walker & A. Schüßler) or a mixture of two species (M = R. intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae, C. Walker & A. Schüßler), on the resident fungal communities which might be influenced in their diversity and composition. We used Illumina MiSeq metabarcoding on nuclear ribosomal ITS2 region to characterize the fungal communities associated to Crocus sativus cultivation in two fields, located in the municipalities of Saint Christophe (SC) and Morgex (MG), (Aosta Valley, Italy), treated or not with AMF inocula and sampled for two consecutive years (Y1; Y2). Data analyses consistently indicated that Basidiomycota were particularly abundant in both sites and sampling years (Y1 and Y2). Significant differences in the distribution of fungal taxa assemblages at phylum and class levels between the two sites were also found. The main compositional differences consisted in significant abundance changes of OTUs belonging to Dothideomycetes and Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota), Agaricomycetes and Tremellomycetes (Basidiomycota), Mortierellomycetes and Mucoromycetes. Further differences concerned OTUs, of other classes, significantly represented only in the first or second year of sampling. Concerning Glomeromycota, the most represented genus was Claroideoglomus always detected in both sites and years. Other AMF genera such as Funneliformis, Septoglomus and Microdominikia, were retrieved only in MG site. Results highlighted that neither sites nor inoculation significantly impacted Alpine saffron-field fungal communities; instead, the year of sampling had the most appreciable influence on the resident communities.
Published: 2021
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9. Editorial: Optimizing the Delivery of Multiple Ecosystem Goods and Services in Agricultural Systems

Author: Maria A. Tsiafouli, Evangelia G. Drakou, Alberto Orgiazzi, Katarina Hedlund, and Karl Ritz
Subjects: soil, soil biodiversity, pollination, scale, conceptual frameworks, perennial crops, Evolution, QH359-425, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Published: 2017
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10. 454 Pyrosequencing Analysis of Fungal Assemblages from Geographically Distant, Disparate Soils Reveals Spatial Patterning and a Core Mycobiome

Author: Mariangela Girlanda, Alfredo Vizzini, Claude Murat, Simonetta Bagella, Silvia Perotto, Chiara Napoli, Antonietta Mello, Alexandra Lazzari, Erica Lumini, Stefano Ghignone, Stefania Daghino, Paola Bonfante, Valeria Bianciotto, and Alberto Orgiazzi
Subjects: fungal diversity, fungal communities, metabarcoding, microbiome, biogeography, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Identifying a soil core microbiome is crucial to appreciate the established microbial consortium, which is not usually subjected to change and, hence, possibly resistant/resilient to disturbances and a varying soil context. Fungi are a major part of soil biodiversity, yet the mechanisms driving their large-scale ecological ranges and distribution are poorly understood. The degree of fungal community overlap among 16 soil samples from distinct ecosystems and distant geographic localities (truffle grounds, a Mediterranean agro-silvo-pastoral system, serpentine substrates and a contaminated industrial area) was assessed by examining the distribution of fungal ITS1 and ITS2 sequences in a dataset of 454 libraries. ITS1 and ITS2 sequences were assigned to 1,660 and 1,393 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs; as defined by 97% sequence similarity), respectively. Fungal beta-diversity was found to be spatially autocorrelated. At the level of individual OTUs, eight ITS1 and seven ITS2 OTUs were found in all soil sample groups. These ubiquitous taxa comprised generalist fungi with oligotrophic and chitinolytic abilities, suggesting that a stable core of fungi across the complex soil fungal assemblages is either endowed with the capacity of sustained development in the nutrient-poor soil conditions or with the ability to exploit organic resources (such as chitin) universally distributed in soils.
Published: 2013
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11. Unravelling soil fungal communities from different Mediterranean land-use backgrounds.

Author: Alberto Orgiazzi, Erica Lumini, R Henrik Nilsson, Mariangela Girlanda, Alfredo Vizzini, Paola Bonfante, and Valeria Bianciotto
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Fungi strongly influence ecosystem structure and functioning, playing a key role in many ecological services as decomposers, plant mutualists and pathogens. The Mediterranean area is a biodiversity hotspot that is increasingly threatened by intense land use. Therefore, to achieve a balance between conservation and human development, a better understanding of the impact of land use on the underlying fungal communities is needed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used parallel pyrosequencing of the nuclear ribosomal its regions to characterize the fungal communities in five soils subjected to different anthropogenic impact in a typical mediterranean landscape: a natural cork-oak forest, a pasture, a managed meadow, and two vineyards. Marked differences in the distribution of taxon assemblages among the different sites and communities were found. Data analyses consistently indicated a sharp distinction of the fungal community of the cork oak forest soil from those described in the other soils. Each soil showed features of the fungal assemblages retrieved which can be easily related to the above-ground settings: ectomycorrhizal phylotypes were numerous in natural sites covered by trees, but were nearly completely missing from the anthropogenic and grass-covered sites; similarly, coprophilous fungi were common in grazed sites. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Data suggest that investigation on the below-ground fungal community may provide useful elements on the above-ground features such as vegetation coverage and agronomic procedures, allowing to assess the cost of anthropogenic land use to hidden diversity in soil. Datasets provided in this study may contribute to future searches for fungal bio-indicators as biodiversity markers of a specific site or a land-use degree.
Published: 2012
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12. Priming effects in soils across Europe

Author: José A. Siles, Marta Díaz‐López, Alfonso Vera, Nico Eisenhauer, Carlos A. Guerra, Linnea C. Smith, François Buscot, Thomas Reitz, Claudia Breitkreuz, Johan Hoogen, Thomas W. Crowther, Alberto Orgiazzi, Yakov Kuzyakov, Manuel Delgado‐Baquerizo, and Felipe Bastida
Subjects: Soil, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Microbiota, Environmental Chemistry, Biomass, Carbon, Soil Microbiology, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Land use is a key factor driving changes in soil carbon (C) cycle and contents worldwide. The priming effect (PE)-CO
Published: 2022
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13. Land-use- and climate-mediated variations in soil bacterial and fungal biomass across Europe and their driving factors

Author: José A. Siles, Alfonso Vera, Marta Díaz-López, Carlos García, Johan van den Hoogen, Thomas W. Crowther, Nico Eisenhauer, Carlos Guerra, Arwyn Jones, Alberto Orgiazzi, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, Felipe Bastida, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, German Research Foundation, European Commission, Siles Martos, José Antonio, Vera Ayala, Alfonso, Díaz-López, Marta, Hoogen, Johan van den, Crowther, Thomas Ward, Eisenhauer, Nico, Guerra, Carlos A., Jones, Arwyn, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel, and Bastida, F.
Subjects: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, Land management, Modeling, Soil Science, FAME, Soil microbial abundance, Agroecosystems, Continental scale
Abstract: 12 páginas.- 6 figuras.- referencias.- Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116474, Elucidating contents and drivers of soil bacterial and fungal biomass in contrasting land uses and climates at European scale is useful to define appropriate policies for the conservation of the ecosystem services that soil microorganisms provide. Here, we aimed to (i) quantify and compare bacterial and fungal biomass in 513 European soils collected from three different land uses (forests, grasslands, and croplands) and climates (arid, temperate, and cold) through analysis of fatty acid methyl esters; (ii) model the factors controlling soil bacterial and fungal biomass; and (iii) investigating levels of bacterial and fungal biomass in cropland soils cultivated with three important crop types in Europe: cereals, oil-producing crops, and orchards. Bacterial biomass decreased with land use in the following order: grasslands > croplands > forests and was found to be the highest in temperate environments. Similar patterns were found for biomass of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Actinobacteria. Soil fungal biomass was greater in forests than in croplands and grasslands and was favoured by colder environments. The fungi to bacteria ratio (F/B) decreased as follows: forests > croplands > grasslands, with soils in colder climates showing greater F/B ratios in croplands and forests. Soil texture, soil organic carbon, and nitrogen were shown to directly drive bacterial and fungal biomass. The biomass of the different microbial groups was not influenced by the crop type when only croplands were considered. Fungi appear to be more susceptible to agricultural soil use than bacteria. Moreover, agricultural use of soil seems to buffer the effect of harsh climatic conditions on soil bacterial biomass. The present study improves our understanding of the combined effects of land use and climate on soil bacterial and fungal biomass across Europe., This publication is part of the I + D + I project PID2020-114942RB-I00 funded by MCIN/ AEI/ /10.13039/501100011033. J.A.S. acknowledges the support of the program “Juan de la Cierva Incorporación” of the “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades” (agreement no. IJC2018-034997-I). N.E. gratefully acknowledges the support of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118, 202548816). The LUCAS Survey is coordinated by Unit E4 of the Statistical Office of the European Union (EUROSTAT). The LUCAS Soil sample collection is supported by the Directorate‐General Environment (DG‐ENV), Directorate‐General Agriculture and Rural Development (DG‐AGRI) and Directorate‐General Climate Action (DG‐CLIMA) of the European Commission.
Published: 2023
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14. <scp>LUCAS</scp> Soil Biodiversity and <scp>LUCAS</scp> Soil Pesticides, new tools for research and policy development

Author: Alberto Orgiazzi, Panos Panagos, Oihane Fernández‐Ugalde, Piotr Wojda, Maëva Labouyrie, Cristiano Ballabio, Antonio Franco, Alberto Pistocchi, Luca Montanarella, and Arwyn Jones
Subjects: Soil Science
Published: 2022
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15. Soil Eukaryotes Diversity in the EU - Environmental drivers in agricultural land, forests and grasslands

Author: Julia Köninger, Panos Panagos, Maria J.I. Briones, and Alberto Orgiazzi
Abstract: Despite that all above-ground life depends on that below-ground, the knowledge on soil biodiversity is still very limited. Conservation activities have been often postponed due to missing data. For example, this was the case in previous EU Common Agricultural Policy agreements, when environmental indicators for soil biodiversity were meant to be integrated comparable to biodiversity indicators in place. While massive sequencing of soil biodiversity contributes significantly to shredding light on below-ground life, sampling methods are not adequately harmonised, preventing the establishment of reliable quantifiable conservation targets. In addition, broad-scale studies are often biased towards microorganisms and hence, in the majority of the published literature, eukaryotes, and more specifically, animals and protists, are neglected. Therefore, in a first EU-wide study of 885 sites, we investigated the response of environmental factors (i.e., soil properties, biogeographical location and climate) and land cover (cropland, grassland and woodland) on soil eukaryotic diversity. The LUCAS survey and previously published studies provided soil, climate and land cover data. DNA metabarcoding of the 18S genes allowed us to assess the diversity of animals, protists and fungi, but due to their high variability in body size, we grouped them into micro-, meso- and macrofauna. For the bioinformatics analyses, we clustered sequence reads into amplicon sequence variants using DADA2 and thereafter, we assessed alpha and beta diversity and the relationships between eukaryotic diversity and environmental drivers using regression, ordination, and variance partitioning analyses. Our results allowed us to identify potential indicator species for EU soils, representing the effect of different drivers on eukaryotic diversity. These findings will help to understand the links between soil abiotic and biotic patterns at large scale, pathing the way for quantifiable goals to be included in conservation activities and policies.
Published: 2022
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16. Healthy soils, a fresh start

Author: Diana Vieira, Anna Muntwyler, Anne Marechal, Alberto Orgiazzi, Arwyn Jones, Calogero Schillaci, Constantin Ciupagea, Daniele Belitrandi, Daniela de Medici, Daniele de Rosa, Francis Matthews, Juan Martin Jimenez, Julia Koeninger, Leonidas Liakos, Luca Montanarella, Maeva Labouyrie, Marc Van Liedekerke, Panos Panagos, Piotr Wojda, and Simone Scarpa
Abstract: Lately, there has been a lot of discussion on soil terminology, perhaps because policymakers have recognized the need to use soil as an ally tackling future climate demands, but mostly because this recognition will likely be translated from the EU Soil Strategy into a new soil health law for the EU. Such an initiative for soil is tightly connected to the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the Climate Adaptation Strategy, the UN 15.3 Goal for Land Degradation Neutrality, and other environmentally-related policy initiatives (Figure 1) stemming from the European Green Deal and from the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Figure 1. Links between EU Soil Strategy and other EU initiatives. Source: European Commission, 2021. At the end of 2021 the European Commission launched the EU soil strategy for 2030, giving the first step towards a consolidated understanding of what a healthy soil means, “(…) when they are in good chemical, biological and physical condition, and thus able to continuously provide as many of the following ecosystem services as possible (…)”. This definition is therefore expected to be translated into a collection and combination of various soil parameters and associated dynamic thresholds (in time and space). Allowing thus the determination of the spatial extent of healthy - and unhealthy - soils, being likely used to assess the EU progress towards the objectives set.On top of the importance of such initiatives for our future, this is also a great opportunity for researchers and policymakers to understand i) where we stand in terms of major soil threats, ii) what the major current knowledge gaps for EU soils are, iii) and which are the areas at higher risk for land degradation that then require further restoration actions. The problem seems complex from a diversified European perspective, due to the policy landscape, [the lack of] harmonized data availability, as well as local and regional differences. Nevertheless, the EU needs to start building on the current environmental acquis.The aim of this work is to present the current status of the EU soils making extensive use of the latest LUCAS soil monitoring campaigns and to identify and discuss with the scientific community the identification of key-thresholds for identified parameters, which will likely determine future land and soil management actions towards a healthy soil.
Published: 2022
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17. Soil microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning assessment across Europe

Author: Maeva Labouyrie, Ferran Romero, Panos Panagos, Arwyn Jones, Leho Tedersoo, Cristiano Ballabio, Emanuele Lugato, Marcel van der Heijden, and Alberto Orgiazzi
Abstract: The global area of cultivated land has increased considerably over the past five decades. Despite the many ecosystem services provided by soil, at large-scale, it is still poorly understood whether land-use intensification influences soil life and the services that rely upon it. Here we used an extensive soil metabarcoding database, derived from the European Union’s (EU) Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey (LUCAS), to assess how vegetation (land) cover, biogeographic factors (i.e., climate) and soil properties influence the structure and potential functions of bacterial and fungal communities at a continental scale. We selected 715 LUCAS sampling locations, classified according to an increasing land-use intensification: from woodland (less disturbed), to grassland, and cropland (more disturbed). We found that croplands and grasslands had a higher microbial richness than woodlands. We observed that bacteria and fungi were not driven by the same environmental variables. While soil properties (e.g. pH, C:N ratio, potassium, phosphorus and carbonate contents) drove bacterial community composition, vegetation cover was the main driver for the fungal community. We found that vegetation cover, biogeographic factors and soil properties differently determined the distribution of main functional groups; for example, cropland soils with a higher pH and a lower C:N ratio hosted more nitrogen fixing bacteria whereas woodlands were dominated by ectomycorrhizal fungi, especially in non-compacted clay soils, with lower C:N ratio and potassium content. We observed that increasing aridity may inhibit functions beneficial for the plant communities (i.e. bacterial chemoheterotrophy and nitrogen fixation, arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis) and favour the spread of fungal pathogens. In addition, a high diversity was not always a positive aspect for ecosystem functioning, as for example, croplands were characterized by a higher presence of fungal pathogens. Maps of microbial functional groups for the EU were also generated. In conclusion, our results represent a step forward to a more comprehensive assessment of soil microbial diversity and associated functions across the European Union. Beside possible ecological implications, our findings can contribute to the development of indicators and implementation of soil management policies.
Published: 2022
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18. European soil observatory (EUSO) structure and perspectives

Author: Calogero Schillaci, Anna Muntwyler, Anne Marechal, Alberto Orgiazzi, Arwyn Jones, Constantin Ciupagea, Daniele Belitrandi, Daniela De Medici, Daniele De Rosa, Diana Vieira, Francis Matthews, Juan Martin-Jimenez, Julia Koeninger, Leonidas Liakos, Luca Montanarella, Maeva Labouyrie, Marc van Liedekerke, Panos Panagos, Simone Scarpa, and Piotr Wojda
Abstract: The European Soil Observatory (EUSO) was launched in December 2020 to generate and disseminate policy-relevant and harmonized EU–wide soil data and indicators in support of the soil perspectives of the European Green Deal, in particular the new Soil Strategy and the Mission on Soil Health and Food. Among the activities of the Observatory, paramount importance is placed on the development of an EU-wide soil monitoring system, to assess progress towards soil-related targets, to support research & innovation and provide a European Soil Forum dedicated to a broad user base (citizens, farmers, land planners, scientists). These features will be an important step in providing access to a huge range of soil-related data through dedicated data-streams, from biodiversity to heavy metal concentrations.The EUSO will establish a comprehensive dashboard containing indicators that present data on soil-related issues within and, in some cases, outside of the EU. Examples of indicators i include soil erosion, soil carbon, pollutants and soil nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium) with relevance to the new EU Soil Strategy, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), Zero Pollution Action Plan and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Indicators will be fed through models and operational soil monitoring systems ensuring seamless and harmonised data flows, where the LUCAS Soil programme will be fully integrated with national soil monitoring systems. s In addition to supporting the development of oil health indicators, an integrated monitoring system should also support the assessment of soil-related ecosystem services. .Operational policy support for the policy makers and other stakeholders will be a key issue for the development of accurate soil properties assessment and specific soil management strategies and tailored suggestion to member states targeted to their farming systems. The EUSO forum was a great debate where five working groups were launched addressing key aspects in the implementation or the underpinning knowledge base of the EUSO. These included: i) soil monitoring, ii) soil biodiversity, iii) soil data sharing, iv) soil erosion and v) soil pollution. A strong emphasis will be given to data harmonization, a specific section on data is proposed to coordinate MS efforts in providing data that need to be harmonized and out of that comprehensive statistics and maps will be delivered to the stakeholders.The EUSO will work with EU countries to identify and present relevant national soil data, possibly using advanced web service technologies. The EUSO builds on the achievements of the European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC), which has been the thematic node for soil-related data in Europe since 2006. The EUSO aims to incorporate the legacy data stemming from EU-funded soil-related projects in order not to lose valuable, useful and usable results for the future. The EUSO will contribute to collaborate with the European Soil Partnership a regional partnership of European countries under the United Nations FAO’ Global Soil Partnership (GSP). from the EUSO aims to bring a European perspective to the many activities of the GSP in the areas of sustainable soil management, raising soil awareness, soil research and soil data collection and handling.
Published: 2022
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19. Aridity and geochemical drivers of soil micronutrient and contaminant availability in European drylands

Author: César Plaza, Arwyn Jones, Sara Aceña-Heras, Eduardo Moreno-Jiménez, Hugo Saiz, Alberto Orgiazzi, UAM. Departamento de Química Agrícola, and Fundación BBVA
Subjects: business.industry, Soil organic carbon, Soil Science, Agriculture, Soil carbon, Soil pH, Química, 580 Plants (Botany), Micronutrient, Arid, Agronomy, Metals, Eficiency, Environmental science, Clay, Deficiency, business
Abstract: Dryland soils provide different societal and environmental services, such as food supply and biodiversity support. In Europe, most of the dryland areas are devoted to agriculture. In the next decades, both European and worldwide drylands are expected to suffer with increased intensity due to the expected climate change-derived rise in aridity. Many studies have focussed on aridity-induced changes in major nutrients in drylands, but little is known of the impact of environmental and biogeochemical factors on micronutrients with critical roles in life, and as inorganic contaminants with ecotoxicological implications. We analysed and explored drivers of total and available concentrations of micronutrients (Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn, Ni and Zn) and contaminants (As, Cd and Pb) in 148 soil samples collected from European drylands covering a wide range of aridity and of other geochemical parameters. The availability of micronutrients increased with their total content, decreased with pH and was enhanced by organic C content. Aridity decreased the availability of Fe, a key element in human diet. Our findings also highlight the scarcity of this micronutrient in European drylands, as well as of some other important micronutrients like Zn and Mo in agricultural soils. Total content was the main driver of the availability of Cd and Pb, and organic matter exerted synergistic effects on contaminant release. Our data show the need for precise management practices to be incentivised by agricultural and environmental policies in order to ensure micronutrient supply and avoid contamination, thus maintaining adequate levels of agricultural productivity and simultaneously preserving dryland ecosystems. Highlights: Drylands are important for food production in Europe and sensitive to climate change. The occurrence of metals in European Union dry soils and the drivers influencing them were studied. Some micronutrients (Fe, Mo and Zn) were scarce while contaminants were abundant. SOC, pH and clays were the main drivers of element availability; aridity reduced Fe. Agricultural practises are needed to ensure nutrient supply and prevent contamination., This work was funded by a 2018 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators of the Fundación BBVA (Spain).
Published: 2022
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20. Challenges of and opportunities for protecting European soil biodiversity

Author: Romy Zeiss, Nico Eisenhauer, Alberto Orgiazzi, Matthias Rillig, François Buscot, Arwyn Jones, Anika Lehmann, Thomas Reitz, Linnea Smith, and Carlos A. Guerra
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecology, nature conservation, soil biodiversity, Biodiversity, 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie, belowground, Europe, Soil, Germany, soil ecosystem functioning, protected areas, soil policy, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Soil biodiversity and related ecosystem functions are neglected in most biodiversity assessments and nature conservation actions. We examined how society, and particularly policy makers, have addressed these factors worldwide with a focus on Europe and explored the role of soils in nature conservation in Germany as an example. We reviewed past and current global and European policies, compared soil ecosystem functioning in- and outside protected areas, and examined the role of soils in nature conservation management via text analyses. Protection and conservation of soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem functioning have been insufficient. Soil-related policies are unenforceable and lack soil biodiversity conservation goals, focusing instead on other environmental objectives. We found no evidence of positive effects of current nature conservation measures in multiple soil ecosystem functions in Europe. In German conservation management, soils are considered only from a limited perspective (e.g., as physicochemical part of the environment and as habitat for aboveground organisms). By exploring policy, evidence, and management as it relates to soil ecosystems, we suggest an integrative perspective to move nature conservation toward targeting soil ecosystems directly (e.g., by setting baselines, monitoring soil threats, and establishing a soil indicator system).La biodiversidad del suelo y las funciones ambientales relacionadas se dejan de lado en la mayoría de las evaluaciones de la biodiversidad y de las acciones de conservación de la naturaleza. Analizamos cómo la sociedad, y particularmente los formuladores de políticas, han abordado estos factores a nivel mundial con un enfoque en Europa y exploramos como ejemplo el papel de los suelos en la conservación de la naturaleza en Alemania. Revisamos las políticas mundiales y europeas en el pasado y en la actualidad, comparamos el funcionamiento ambiental del suelo dentro y fuera de las áreas protegidas y examinamos el papel de los suelos en la gestión de la conservación por medio del análisis de textos. La protección y la conservación de la biodiversidad y el funcionamiento ambiental del suelo han sido insuficientes. Las políticas relacionadas con el suelo son inaplicables y carecen de objetivos de conservación para su biodiversidad, pues se enfocan más bien en otros objetivos ambientales. No descubrimos evidencias de los efectos positivos de las medidas actuales de conservación en múltiples funciones ambientales del suelo en Europa. En la gestión alemana de la conservación, los suelos sólo se consideran desde una perspectiva limitada (p. ej.: como una parte físico química del ambiente y como hábitat para los organismos que habitan por encima de él). Mediante la exploración de la política, evidencias y gestión conforme se relaciona con los ecosistemas del suelo, sugerimos una perspectiva integrada para dirigir a la conservación hacia el enfoque directo sobre los ecosistemas del suelo (p. ej.: al establecer líneas base, monitorear las amenazas para el suelo y establecer un sistema indicador del suelo).【摘要】大多数生物多样性评估和自然保护行动都忽视了土壤生物多样性及相关生态系统功能。我们研究了社会, 特别是政策制定者, 如何在以欧洲为重点的全世界范围内应对这些问题, 并以德国为例探讨了土壤在自然保护中的作用。本研究综述了过去与现在全球及欧洲的政策, 比较了保护区内外的土壤生态系统功能, 并通过文本分析研究了土壤在自然保护管理中的作用。我们发现, 对土壤生物多样性和土壤生态系统功能的保护仍有欠缺。与土壤有关的政策难以实施, 且缺少土壤生物多样性保护目标, 已有的保护目标更多地集中在其他环境目标上。我们没有发现欧洲目前的自然保护措施对多种土壤生态系统功能产生积极影响的证据。德国的保护管理仅从有限的角度考虑土壤因素(如作为环境的物理化学部分和地上生物的栖息地)。通过探讨与土壤生态系统有关的政策、证据和管理, 我们提出了一个综合性观点, 以促进自然保护朝着直接针对土壤生态系统的方向发展, 如通过设定基线、监测土壤威胁, 以及建立土壤指标体系。【翻译:胡怡思;审校:聂永刚】.
Published: 2022
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21. Temperature sensitivity of termites determines global wood decay rates

Author: Amy Zanne, Habacuc Flores-Moreno, Jeff Powell, William Cornwell, James Dalling, Amy Austin, Aimee Classen, Paul Eggleton, Kei-ichi Okada, Catherine Parr, E. Adair, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Md Azharul Alam, Carolina Alvarez-Garzón, Deborah Apgaua, Roxana Aragon, Marcelo Ardón, Stefan Arndt, Louise Ashton, Nicholas Barber, Jacques Beauchêne, Matty Berg, Jason Beringer, Matthias Boer, José Bonet, Katherine Bunney, Tynan Burkhardt, Dulcineia Carvalho, Dennis Castillo-Figueroa, Lucas Cernusak, Alexander Cheesman, Taina Cirne-Silva, Jamie Cleverly, J. Hans C. Cornelissen, Timothy Curran, André D'Angioli, Caroline Dallstream, Nico Eisenhauer, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Alex Fajardo, Romina Fernandez, Astrid Ferrer, Marco Fontes, Mark Galatowitsch, Grizelle González, Felix Gottschall, Peter Grace, Elena Granda, Hannah Griffiths, Mariana Guerra Lara, Motohiro Hasegawa, Mariet Hefting, Nina Hinko-Najera, Lindsay Hutley, Jennifer Jones, Anja Kahl, Mirko Karan, Joost Keuskamp, Tim Lardner, Michael Liddell, Craig Macfarlane, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Ravi Mariano, Wayne Meyer, Akira Mori, Aloysio Moura, Matthew Northwood, Romà Ogaya, Rafael Oliveira, Alberto Orgiazzi, Juliana Pardo, Guille Peguero, Josep Penuelas, Luis Perez, Juan Posada, Cecilia Prada, Tomáš Přívětivý, Suzanne Prober, Jonathan Prunier, Gabriel Quansah, Víctor Resco de Dios, Ronny Richter, Mark Robertson, Lucas Rocha, Megan Rúa, Carolina Sarmiento, Richard Silberstein, Mateus Silva, Flávia Siqueira, Matthew Stillwagon, Jacqui Stol, Melanie Taylor, Francois Teste, David Tng, David Tucker, Manfred Türke, Michael Ulyshen, Oscar Valverde-Barrantes, Eduardo van den Berg, Richard van Logtestijn, Ciska Veen, Jason Vogel, Timothy Wardlaw, Georg Wiehl, Christian Wirth, Michaela Woods, Paul-Camilo Zalamea, and Marcela Méndez
Subjects: Tròpics--Clima, Tropical Climate, Explotació forestal, Cicle del carboni, Animals, Carbon Cycle
Abstract: Animals, such as termites, have largely been overlooked as global-scale drivers of biogeochemical cycles1,2, despite site-specific findings3,4. Deadwood turnover, an important component of the carbon cycle, is driven by multiple decay agents. Studies have focused on temperate systems5,6, where microbes dominate decay7. Microbial decay is sensitive to temperature, typically doubling per 10°C increase (decay effective Q10 = ~2)8–10. Termites are important decayers in tropical systems3,11–13 and differ from microbes in their population dynamics, dispersal, and substrate discovery14–16, meaning their climate sensitivities also differ. Using a network of 133 sites spanning 6 continents, we report the first global field-based quantification of temperature and precipitation sensitivities for termites and microbes, providing novel understandings of their response to changing climates. Temperature sensitivity of microbial decay was within previous estimates. Termite discovery and consumption were both much more sensitive to temperature (decay effective Q10 = 6.53), leading to striking differences in deadwood turnover in areas with and without termites. Termite impacts were greatest in tropical seasonal forests and savannas and subtropical deserts. With tropicalization17 (i.e., warming shifts to a tropical climate), the termite contribution to global wood decay will increase as more of the earth’s surface becomes accessible to termites. Acknowledgements. For materials, field, and lab assistance, we thank the Australian Landscape Trust Team, Juan Martínez de Aragón, Eric Roy, Hugh Wilson, Kylie Brice, Bethanie Coleman, Brendan Delroy, Coline Deveautour, Suzanne Donn, Generci Assis Neves, Ricardo Marques Barreiros, Ricardo Marques Barreiros, Generci Assis Neves from Resineves Agroflorestal company, Alfred Lochner, Pousada Vale do Céu, Humberto Robles, María M. Rivera, and Grant Kirker. Steve Allison and Tom Crowther provided comments on the manuscript and Abbey Yatsko helped with figure and manuscript formatting. Funding for this work was provided by US National Science Foundation (DEB-1655759, 2149151, 1713502, 1713435, 1647502, 1546686, 1831952), George Washington University, USDA Forest Service, Centre College Faculty Development Funds, Australia Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), Royal Society-FCDO Africa Capacity Building Initiative, New Phytologist Foundation, Fondecyt grant:1160329, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES), Department of Ecology and Conservation of the Federal University of Lavras, CNPq, FAPEMIG, Australian Academy of Science 2017 Thomas Davies Research Grant, Australian Research Council (DP160103765), UK National Environment Research Council (NE/L000016/1), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil (NERC - FAPESP)19/07773-1, Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (ERTDF; JPMEERF15S11420) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency (ERCA) of Japan, COLCIENCIAS (No. FP44842-046-2017), Spanish Government (grant PID2019-110521GB-I00), Catalan Government (grant SGR 2017-1005), Fundación Ramón Areces (grant ELEMENTAL-CLIMATE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) PICT 2019- 2472, National Agency for the Promotion of Research, Technological Development and Innovation, Scientific and Technological Research Project 2018-01561 (PICT 2018- 01561), iDiv German Research Foundation (DFG– FZT 118, 202548816), European Research Council (ERC), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 677232).
Published: 2022

22. Manure management and soil biodiversity: towards more sustainable food systems in the EU

Author: Maria J. I. Briones, Mrinalini Kochupillai, Emanuele Lugato, Alberto Orgiazzi, Julia Köninger, and Panos Panagos
Subjects: Manure management, Common agricultural policy, Environmental policy, Nutrient losses, Soil organisms, Agricultural practices, Sustainability, European Union, Soil biodiversity, business.industry, 2511.08 Mecánica de Suelos (Agricultura), Manure, ddc, 2511 Ciencias del Suelo (Edafología), Sustainable management, Environmental protection, Agriculture, 2511.06 Conservación de Suelos, Sustainable agriculture, Environmental science, media_common.cataloged_instance, Animal Science and Zoology, European union, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Organic fertilizer, media_common
Abstract: CONTEXT: In the European Union (EU-27) and UK, animal farming generated annually more than 1.4 billion tonnes of manure during the period 2016–2019. Of this, more than 90% is directly re-applied to soils as organic fertiliser. Manure promotes plant growth, provides nutritious food to soil organisms, adds genetic and functional diversity to soils and improves the chemical and physical soil properties. However, it can also cause pollution by introducing toxic elements (i.e., heavy metals, antibiotics, pathogens) and contribute to nutrient losses. Soil organisms play an essential role in manure transformation into the soil and the degradation of any potential toxic constitutes; however, manure management practices often neglect soil biodiversity. OBJECTIVE: In this review, we explored the impact of manure from farmed animals on soil biodiversity by considering factors that determine the effects of manure and vice versa. By evaluating manure's potential to enhance soil biodiversity, but also its environmental risks, we assessed current and future EU policy and legislations with the ultimate aim of providing recommendations that can enable a more sustainable management of farm manures. METHODS: This review explored the relationship between manure and soil biodiversity by considering 407 published papers and relevant legislative provisions. In addition, we evaluated whether benefits and risks on soil biodiversity are considered in manure management. Thereafter, we analysed the current legislation in the European Union relevant to manure, an important driver for its treatment, application and storage. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This review found that coupling manure management with soil biodiversity can mitigate present and future environmental risks. Our analyses showed that manure quality is more important to soil biodiversity than manure quantity and therefore, agricultural practices that protect and promote soil biodiversity with the application of appropriate, high-quality manure or biostimulant preparations based on manure, could accelerate the move towards more sustainable food production systems. Soil biodiversity needs to be appropriately factored in when assessing manure amendments to provide better guidelines on the use of manure and to reduce costs and environmental risks. However, radical changes in current philosophies and practices are needed so that soil biodiversity can be enhanced by manure management. SIGNIFICANCE: Manure quality in the EU requires greater attention, calling for more targeted policies. Our proposed approach could be applied by European Union Member States to include soil protection measures in national legislation, and at the EU level, can enable the implementation of strategic goals. Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG
Published: 2021

23. Distribution of phosphorus cycling genes across land uses and microbial taxonomic groups based on metagenome and genome mining

Author: José A. Siles, Robert Starke, Tijana Martinovic, Maysa Lima Parente Fernandes, Alberto Orgiazzi, and Felipe Bastida
Subjects: Soil Science, Microbiology
Published: 2022
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24. Large-scale drivers of relationships between soil microbial properties and organic carbon across Europe

Author: Linnea C. Smith, Alberto Orgiazzi, Nico Eisenhauer, Simone Cesarz, Alfred Lochner, Arwyn Jones, Felipe Bastida, Guillaume Patoine, Thomas Reitz, François Buscot, Matthias C. Rillig, Anna Heintz‐Buschart, Anika Lehmann, Carlos A. Guerra, Bonnie G. Waring, Eurostat, European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Fundación Séneca, European Research Council, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, and German Research Foundation
Subjects: Total organic carbon, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Scale (ratio), Earth science, Climate change, Land cover, Soil carbon, soil microbial respiration, 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie, structural equation modelling, complex mixtures, croplands, soil microbial biomass, Europe, climate change, land cover, Environmental science, soil carbon, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: [Aim] Quantify direct and indirect relationships between soil microbial community properties (potential basal respiration, microbial biomass) and abiotic factors (soil, climate) in three major land-cover types., [Location] Europe., [Time period] 2018., [Major taxa studied] Microbial community (fungi and bacteria)., [Methods] We collected 881 soil samples from across Europe in the framework of the Land Use/Land Cover Area Frame Survey (LUCAS). We measured potential soil basal respiration at 20 ºC and microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration) using an O2-microcompensation apparatus. Soil and climate data were obtained from the same LUCAS survey and online databases. Structural equation models (SEMs) were used to quantify relationships between variables, and equations extracted from SEMs were used to create predictive maps. Fatty acid methyl esters were measured in a subset of samples to distinguish fungal from bacterial biomass., [Results] Soil microbial properties in croplands were more heavily affected by climate variables than those in forests. Potential soil basal respiration and microbial biomass were correlated in forests but decoupled in grasslands and croplands, where microbial biomass depended on soil carbon. Forests had a higher ratio of fungi to bacteria than grasslands or croplands., [Main conclusions] Soil microbial communities in grasslands and croplands are likely carbon-limited in comparison with those in forests, and forests have a higher dominance of fungi indicating differences in microbial community composition. Notably, the often already-degraded soils of croplands could be more vulnerable to climate change than more natural soils. The provided maps show potentially vulnerable areas that should be explicitly accounted for in future management plans to protect soil carbon and slow the increasing vulnerability of European soils to climate change., The LUCAS Soil sample collection is supported by the Directorate-General Environment (DG-ENV), Directorate-General Agriculture and Rural Development (DG-AGRI), Directorate-General Climate Action (DG-CLIMA) and Directorate-General Eurostat (DG-ESTAT) of the European Commission. F. Bastida thanks the Spanish Ministry and European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) funds for the project AGL2017–85755-R (AEI/FEDER, UE), the i-LINK+ 2018 (LINKA20069) from CSIC, and funds from ‘Fundación Séneca’ from Murcia Province (19896/GERM/15). M.C.R. acknowledges support from an European Research Commission (ERC) Advanced Grant (694368). This project was funded by the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig of the German Research Foundation (FZT 118-202548816).
Published: 2021
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25. High-Throughput DNA Sequence-Based Analysis of AMF Communities

Author: Íris Marisa Maxaieie, Victorino, Andrea, Berruti, Alberto, Orgiazzi, Samuele, Voyron, Valeria, Bianciotto, and Erica, Lumini
Subjects: Mycorrhizae, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Plant Roots, Phylogeny, Soil Microbiology, Mycobiome
Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts of most land plants. They have great ecological and economic impacts as they support plant nutrition and water supply, soil structure, and plant resistance to pathogens. Investigating AMF presence and distribution at small and large scales is critical. Therefore, research requires standard protocols to be easily implemented. In this chapter, we describe a workflow for AMF identification by high-throughput sequencing through Illumina MiSeq platform of two DNA target regions: small subunit (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The protocol can apply to both soil and root AMF communities.
Published: 2020

26. Soil biodiversity and soil erosion: It is time to get married

Author: Panos Panagos and Alberto Orgiazzi
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, Soil biodiversity, Soil biology, Biodiversity, Biota, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Universal Soil Loss Equation, Environmental protection, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Erosion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil ecology, Surface runoff, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: AIM: The relationship between erosion and biodiversity is reciprocal. Soil organisms can both reduce soil loss, by improving porosity, and increase it, by diminishing soil stability as a result of their mixing activities. Simultaneously, soil runoff has ecological impacts on belowground communities. Despite clear research into interactions, soil erosion models do not consider biodiversity in their estimates and soil ecology has poorly investigated the effects of erosion. In order to start filling in these research gaps, we present a novel biological factor and introduce it into a well‐known soil erosion model (the revised universal soil loss equation). Furthermore, we propose insights to advance soil erosion ecology. LOCATION: Pan‐European. TIME PERIOD: Simulation of present‐day conditions. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED: Earthworms. METHODS: We present three pathways to fill in current knowledge gaps in soil biodiversity and erosion studies: (a) introducing a biological factor into soil erosion models; (b) developing plot‐scale experiments to clarify and quantify the positive/negative effects of soil organisms on erosion; (c) promoting ecological studies to assess both short‐ and long‐term effects of soil erosion on soil biota. RESULTS: We develop a biological factor to be included in soil erosion modelling. Thanks to available data on earthworm diversity (richness and abundance), we generate an “earthworm factor”, incorporate it into a model of soil erosion and produce the first pan‐European maps of it. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: New estimates of soil loss can be generated by including biological factors in soil erosion models. At the same time, the effects of soil loss on belowground diversity require further investigation. Available data and technologies make both processes possible. We think that it is time to commit to fostering the fundamental, although complex, relationship between soil biodiversity and erosion.
Published: 2018
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27. LUCAS Soil, the largest expandable soil dataset for Europe: a review

Author: Arwyn Jones, Panos Panagos, Oihane Fernández-Ugalde, Alberto Orgiazzi, and Cristiano Ballabio
Subjects: Hydrology, Topsoil, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Land use, Soil test, Soil biodiversity, Soil biology, Soil Science, Sampling (statistics), 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 01 natural sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Cation-exchange capacity, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, media_common.cataloged_instance, Environmental science, European union, Water resource management, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: Summary Soil is a non-renewable resource that requires constant monitoring to prevent its degradation and promote its sustainable management. The ‘Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey Soil’ (LUCAS Soil) is an extensive and regular topsoil survey that is carried out across the European Union to derive policy-relevant statistics on the effect of land management on soil characteristics. Approximately 45 000 soil samples have been collected from two time-periods, 2009–2012 and 2015. A new sampling series will be undertaken in 2018, with new measurements included. The organization for the 2018 sampling campaign represents an opportunity to summarize past LUCAS Soil achievements and present its future objectives. In 2009–2012 and 2015, LUCAS Soil surveys targeted physicochemical properties, including pH, organic carbon, nutrient concentrations and cation exchange capacity. Data from 2009–2012 (ca. 22 000 points) and derived output (more than 20 maps) are available freely from the European Soil Data Centre website. Analyses of samples collected during 2015 are ongoing and data will be available at the end of 2017. In the 2018 LUCAS Soil sampling campaign, additional properties, including bulk density, soil biodiversity, specific measurements for organic-rich soil and soil erosion will be measured. Here we present the current dataset (LUCAS Soil 2009–2012 and 2015), its potential for reuse and future development plans (LUCAS Soil 2018 and over). LUCAS Soil represents the largest harmonized open-access dataset of topsoil properties available for the European Union at the global scale. It was developed as an expandable resource, with the possibility to add new properties and sampling locations during successive sampling campaigns. Data are available to the scientific community and decision makers, thus contributing to both research and the development of the land-focused policy agenda. Highlights LUCAS Soil consists of soil physicochemical and biological properties data from Europe. Harmonized and open-access dataset allowing inclusion of soil in large-scale inter-disciplinary assessments. LUCAS Soil has a broad pool of users from scientists to policy makers, and applications from map validation to modelling. LUCAS Soil confirms the need for open-access and a large-scale dataset for soil properties.
Published: 2017
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28. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Methods and Protocols

Author: Andrea Genre, Stéphane Declerck, V. Bianciotto, Samuele Voyron, Ismahen Lalaymia, María Isabel Tamayo Navarrete, Martina Janoušková, Andrea Berruti, C. Sbrana, L. Lanfranco, Gennaro Carotenuto, Humberto Aponte, Íris Marisa Maxaieie Victorino, Manuela Giovannetti, Dora Trejo-Aguilar, José Manuel García-Garrido, Alberto Orgiazzi, Tania Ho-Plágaro, Jacob Banuelos, Pablo Cornejo, Erica Lumini, Nuria Ferrol González, Petra Caklová, and Redecker, Dirk
Subjects: Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, Hypha, Symbiosis, Agrobacterium, Botany, Colonization, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Mycelium, Medicago truncatula, Spore
Abstract: 1. Isolation and Culture of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi from Field Samples Dora Trejo-Aguilar and Jacob Banuelos 2. The Mycorrhizal Donor Plant (MDP) In Vitro Culture System for the Efficient Colonization of Whole Plants Ismahen Lalaymia and Stephane Declerck 3. A Whole-Plant Culture Method to Study Structural and Functional Traits of Extraradical Mycelium Cristiana Sbrana, Alessandra Pepe, Nuria Ferrol, and Manuela Giovannetti 4. Histochemical Staining and Quantification of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization Tania Ho-Plagaro, Maria Isabel Tamayo-Navarrete, and Jose Manuel Garcia-Garrido 5. Fluorescent Staining of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Structures Using Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) and Propidium Iodide Gennaro Carotenuto and Andrea Genre 6. Visualization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Extra-Radical Hyphae and Spores Vitality and Activity Pablo Cornejo and Humberto Aponte 7. Molecular Quantification of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Root Colonization Martina Janouskova and Petra Caklova 8. Single-Spore-Extraction for Genetic Analyses of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Dirk Redecker 9. High Throughput DNA Sequence-Based Analysis of AMF Communities Iris Marisa Maxaieie Victorino, Andrea Berruti, Alberto Orgiazzi, Samuele Voyron, Valeria Bianciotto, and Erica Lumini 10. Analysis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) Alvaro Lopez-Garcia 11. Bioinformatic Methods for the Analysis of High-Throughput RNA Sequencing in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Francesco Venice, Alessandra Salvioli di Fossalunga, and Paola Bonfante 12. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Gene Expression Analysis by Real-Time PCR Alessandro Silvestri, Jacob Perez-Tienda, and Juan Antonio Lopez-Raez 13. Laser Microdissection as a Useful Tool to Study Gene Expression in Plant and Fungal Partners in AM Symbiosis Raffaella Balestrini and Valentina Fiorilli 14. Detection of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Gene Expression by In Situ Hybridization Bettina Hause and Natalia Requena 15. Functional Analyses of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Genes in Yeast Elisabeth Tamayo, Tamara Gomez-Gallego, and Nuria Ferrol 16. Isotope Labelling to Study Phosphorus Uptake in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Carla Cruz-Paredes and Mayra E. Gavito 17. Recovery of Extra-Radical Fungal Peptides Amenable for Shotgun Protein Profiling in Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Ghislaine Recorbet, Pierre-Emmanuel Courty, and Daniel Wipf 18. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Genes via Agrobacterium Rhizogenes-Mediated Root Transformation in Medicago truncatula Meike Hartmann, Stefanie Voss, and Natalia Requena 19. Application of Virus-Induced Gene Silencing to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Tatsuhiro Ezawa, Hayato Maruyama, Yusuke Kikuchi, Kaede Yokoyama, and Chikara Masuta
Published: 2020

29. High-Throughput DNA Sequence-Based Analysis of AMF Communities

Author: Erica Lumini, Samuele Voyron, Alberto Orgiazzi, Íris Marisa Maxaieie Victorino, Andrea Berruti, and V. Bianciotto
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Resistance (ecology), Obligate, business.industry, Illumina miseq, Biology, 01 natural sciences, DNA sequencing, Biotechnology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Soil structure, Small subunit, Internal transcribed spacer, business, Throughput (business), 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts of most land plants. They have great ecological and economic impacts as they support plant nutrition and water supply, soil structure, and plant resistance to pathogens. Investigating AMF presence and distribution at small and large scales is critical. Therefore, research requires standard protocols to be easily implemented. In this chapter, we describe a workflow for AMF identification by high-throughput sequencing through Illumina MiSeq platform of two DNA target regions: small subunit (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The protocol can apply to both soil and root AMF communities.
Published: 2020
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30. Global distribution of earthworm diversity

Author: André L.C. Franco, Michiel Rutgers, Miguel Á. Rodríguez, Thomas W. Crowther, Helen Phillips, Tunsisa T. Hurisso, Olaf Schmidt, Matthew W. Warren, Shishir Paudel, Michael B. Wironen, Mónica Gutiérrez López, Basil V. Iannone, Aidan M. Keith, Amy Choi, Esperanza Huerta Lwanga, Boris Schröder, Olga Ferlian, Jaswinder Singh, Javier Rodeiro-Iglesias, Martin Holmstrup, Geoff H. Baker, Yahya Kooch, Rosa Fernández, Konstantin B. Gongalsky, Lindsey Norgrove, Eric Blanchart, Madhav P. Thakur, Felicity Crotty, Steven J. Vanek, Thomas Bolger, Jan Hendrik Moos, Guillaume Xavier Rousseau, Marie Luise Carolina Bartz, Iñigo Virto, Michael Steinwandter, Kelly S. Ramirez, Veikko Huhta, Ulrich Brose, Michel Loreau, Davorka K. Hackenberger, David J. Russell, Loes van Schaik, Salvador Rebollo, Jonatan Klaminder, Gerardo Moreno, Benjamin Schwarz, Julia Seeber, Yvan Capowiez, David A. Wardle, Bernd Blossey, Franciska T. de Vries, Christoph Emmerling, Robert L. Bradley, Courtland Kelly, Liliana B. Falco, Alexander M. Roth, Michael J. Gundale, Radim Matula, Andrea Dávalos, Lorenzo Pérez-Camacho, Johan Neirynck, Monika Joschko, Marta Novo, Dolores Trigo, Jérôme Mathieu, Adrian A. Wackett, Anne W. de Valença, Elizabeth M. Bach, Daniel R. Lammel, Devin Routh, Madalina Iordache, Luis M. Hernández, Johan Pansu, Juan B. Jesús Lidón, Alejandro Morón-Ríos, Maxim Shashkov, Ehsan Sayad, Martine Fugère, Nobuhiro Kaneko, Mark E. Caulfield, Klaus Birkhofer, Wim H. van der Putten, Iurii M. Lebedev, Alberto Orgiazzi, Miwa Arai, H. Lalthanzara, Raphaël Marichal, Andrew R. Holdsworth, Steven J. Fonte, Maria J. I. Briones, Raúl Piñeiro, Jean-François Ponge, Nick van Eekeren, Takuo Hishi, Julia Krebs, Joanne M. Bennett, George G. Brown, Birgitta König-Ries, Carlos Fragoso, Victoria Nuzzo, Anna Rożen, Scott R. Loss, Bart Muys, Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Michael Schirrmann, Radoslava Kanianska, Irina V. Zenkova, Maria Kernecker, Abegail T Fusilero, Sandy M. Smith, Shaieste Gholami, Robin Beauséjour, Mac A. Callaham, Nathaniel H. Wehr, Yiqing Li, Kristine N. Hopfensperger, Mujeeb Rahman P, Andrés Esteban Duhour, Erin K. Cameron, Diana H. Wall, Muhammad Rashid, José Antonio Talavera, Matthias C. Rillig, Armand W. Koné, Johan van den Hoogen, Darío J. Díaz Cosín, Anahí Domínguez, Thibaud Decaëns, Fredrick O. Ayuke, Carlos A. Guerra, Guénola Pérès, Volkmar Wolters, Jiro Tsukamoto, Nico Eisenhauer, José Camilo Bedano, Weixin Zhang, Noa Kekuewa Lincoln, Visa Nuutinen, Joann K. Whalen, Christian Mulder, Sanna T. Kukkonen, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Universidade Positivo, Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Crowther Lab, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Biology [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR210, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centro International de Agricultura Tropical, Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Fluides, automatique, systèmes thermiques (FAST), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Universidad de Extremadura (UEX), Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven] (EES), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)-Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Vigo [ Pontevedra], Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Dept Ciencias Vida, Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, DS&OR-Lab, University of Paderborn, Laboratoire d'oncogénétique moléculaire, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, University of Innsbruck, Independent, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] (UPNA), McGill University, Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Université de Leipzig, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Leipzig University, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Universidade de Vigo, Embrapa Forestry, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Department of Terrestrial Ecology [Wageningen], Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Asian School of the Environment (ASE), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural technology (LARMAT), College of 80 Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi (LARMAT), CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Département de biologie [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Faculté des sciences [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Geology Department, FCEFQyN, ICBIA-CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), National University of Río Cuarto, Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Cornell University [New York], UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Avignon Université (AU), Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Cortland, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution [Madrid], Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Louis Bolk Institute (LBI), Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Regional & Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable -INEDES, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva [Barcelona] (IBE / UPF - CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Biodiversity and Systematic Network, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Department of Biological Science and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines - Mindanao, Natural Resources Department, Razi University, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biology, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Agricultural Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Agroecology, Maranhão State University, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Agricultura Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Soil Physics and Land Management degradation, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen University, Department of Biological and Environmental Science [Jyväskylä Univ] (JYU), University of Jyväskylä (JYU), College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, School of Forest Resources and Conservation [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS|FFGS), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF)-University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Sustainable Development and Environment Engineering, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine 'King Michael the 1st of Romania', Experimental Infrastructure Platform, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Matej Bel University (UMB), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Lancaster] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC), Umeå University, UR Gestion Durable des Sols, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran], Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Soil Science, ESALQ-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes (UPR Système de pérennes), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, Forestry School - INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), Natural Area Consultants, Department of Zoology, Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College, CSIRO Ocean & Atmosphere, CSIRO, Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Computing, ESEI, Vigo, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Life Sciences, Sciences Faculty, University of Alcalá, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Friends of the Mississippi River, Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Federal University of Maranhão, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Institute of Ecology, Technical University of Berlin, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Universität Innsbruck [Innsbruck], Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Laboratory of Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Sciences, Russian Academy of Science, Laboratory of Computational Ecology, Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS – the Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Food & Agriculture, WWF-Netherlands, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, Earth Innovation Institute, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], The Nature Conservancy, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Kola Science Centre, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems, Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary’s University, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, ANR-11-IDEX-0002,UNITI,Université Fédérale de Toulouse(2011), Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Department of Soil Zoology, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Production Systems, Horticulture Technologies, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Soil Ecosystems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Departamento de Informática, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Vigo, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Department of Animal Biology (Zoology area), Science Faculty, University of La Laguna, Dpto. Ciencias, IS-FOOD, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Department of Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, University of Helsinki, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), University of Nairobi (UoN), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), National University of Río Cuarto = Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Brandenburg University of Technology [Cottbus – Senftenberg] (BTU), Department of Natural Resources & The Environment [CALS], College of Agriculture and Life Sciences [Cornell University] (CALS), Cornell University [New York]-Cornell University [New York], School of Biology and Environmental Sciences (SBES), USDA Forest Service, University of Toronto, Aberystwyth University, Universidad Nacional de Luján [Buenos Aires], Trier University of Applied Sciences, Razi University of Kermanshah, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão = State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Kyushu University, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Northern Kentucky University, Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (ADMM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft - German Research Foundation (DFG), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Department of Biology, University of Minho [Braga], University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Free University of Berlin (FU), Senckenberg Research Institute, European Project: 227161,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2008-2B,BIOBIO(2009), Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Université de Sherbrooke, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Cornell University, UMR 1114 'EMMAH', INRA, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 34 Système de pérennes), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS-Sorbonne Universite, AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MECADEV), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), European Research Council, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Irish Government, University of Hawaii, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Austrian Science Fund, Welsh Government, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Kentucky, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Grains Research and Development Corporation (Australia), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), University of Minho, Università degli Studi di Catania (UniCT), Terrestrial Ecology (TE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, LITTER, Earth, Planet, Climate, Biologie du sol, Biodiversity, Facteur climatique, 01 natural sciences, Ver de terre, Ecosystem services, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Soil, Abundance (ecology), FORESTS, 11. Sustainability, DRIVERS, Biomass, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, Earth, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, POPULATION-DENSITY, earthworm, distribution, diversity, pattern, PE&RC, MINHOCAS, Habitat, Plant Production Systems, international, L20 - Écologie animale, Biodiversité, Écosystème, Zone tropicale, Soil biology, Biocénose, Invertebrados, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecology and Environment, Zone tempérée, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Life Science, Animals, Ecosystem, PLANT, Oligochaeta, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], 030304 developmental biology, Earthworm, Tropics, P34 - Biologie du sol, Species diversity, SHIFTS, Farm Systems Ecology Group, Bodemfysica en Landbeheer, 15. Life on land, Ecología, biology.organism_classification, Soil Physics and Land Management, SOIL, Agriculture and Soil Science, 13. Climate action, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, PATTERNS, Linear Models, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, BIODIVERSITY, Species richness, Planet, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, COMMUNITIES, Zoology, Animal Distribution, Models Biological
Abstract: Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide., 677232 to N.E.). K.S.R. and W.H.v.d.P. were supported by ERC-ADV grant 323020 to W.H.v.d.P. Also supported by iDiv (DFG FZT118) Flexpool proposal 34600850 (C.A.G. and N.E.); the Academy of Finland (285882) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (postdoctoral fellowship and RGPIN-2019-05758) (E.K.C.); DOB Ecology (T.W.C., J.v.d.H., and D.R.); ERC-AdG 694368 (M.R.); and the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-41) (M.L.). In addition, data collection was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (12-04-01538-a, 12-04-01734-a, 14-44-03666-r_center_a, 15-29-02724-ofi_m, 16-04-01878-a 19-05-00245); Tarbiat Modares University; Aurora Organic Dairy; UGC(NERO) (F. 1-6/Acctt./NERO/2007-08/1485); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (RGPIN-2017-05391); Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0098-12); Science for Global Development through Wageningen University; Norman Borlaug LEAP Programme and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (12/22510-8); Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station; INIA - Spanish Agency (SUM 2006-00012-00-0); Royal Canadian Geographical Society; Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) (2005-S-LS-8); University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (HAW01127H; HAW01123M); European Union FP7 (FunDivEurope, 265171); U.S. Department of the Navy, Commander Pacific Fleet (W9126G-13-2-0047); Science and Engineering Research Board (SB/SO/AS-030/2013) Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India; Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) of the U.S. Department of Defense (RC-1542); Maranhão State Research Foundation (FAPEMA); Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (LTT17033); Colorado Wheat Research Foundation; Zone Atelier Alpes, French National Research Agency (ANR-11-BSV7-020-01, ANR-09-STRA-02-01, ANR 06 BIODIV 009-01); Austrian Science Fund (P16027, T441); Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank Frankfurt am Main; Welsh Government and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (Project Ref. A AAB 62 03 qA731606); SÉPAQ; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland; Science Foundation Ireland (EEB0061); University of Toronto (Faculty of Forestry); National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Haliburton Forest and Wildlife Reserve; NKU College of Arts and Sciences Grant; Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft (837393 and 837426); Mountain Agriculture Research Unit of the University of Innsbruck; Higher Education Commission of Pakistan; Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala; UNEP/GEF/TSBF-CIAT Project on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Belowground Biodiversity; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland; Complutense University of Madrid/European Union FP7 project BioBio (FPU UCM 613520); GRDC; AWI; LWRRDC; DRDC; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council) and FONCyT (National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion) (PICT, PAE, PIP), Universidad Nacional de Luján y FONCyT [PICT 2293 (2006)], Fonds de recherche sur la nature et les technologies du Québec (131894), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [SCHR1000/3-1, SCHR1000/6-1, 6-2 (FOR 1598), WO 670/7-1, WO 670/7-2, and SCHA 1719/1-2], CONACYT (FONDOS MIXTOS TABASCO/PROYECTO11316); NSF (DGE-0549245, DGE-0549245, DEB-BE-0909452, NSF1241932); Institute for Environmental Science and Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago; Dean’s Scholar Program at UIC; Garden Club of America Zone VI Fellowship in Urban Forestry from the Casey Tree Endowment Fund; J. E. Weaver Competitive Grant from the Nebraska Chapter of The Nature Conservancy; the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at DePaul University; Elmore Hadley Award for Research in Ecology and Evolution from the UIC Dept. of Biological Sciences; Spanish CICYT (AMB96-1161; REN2000-0783/GLO; REN2003-05553/GLO; REN2003-03989/GLO; CGL2007-60661/BOS); Yokohama National University; MEXT KAKENHI (25220104); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (25281053, 17KT0074, 25252026); ADEME (0775C0035); Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (CGL2017-86926-P); Syngenta Philippines; UPSTREAM; LTSER (Val Mazia/Matschertal); Marie Sklodowska Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship (747607); National Science and Technology Base Resource Survey Project of China (2018FY100306); McKnight Foundation (14-168); Program of Fundamental Researches of Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences (AAAA-A18-118021490070-5); Brazilian National Council of Research CNPq; and French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Author contributions: H.R.P.P. led the analysis, data curation, and writing of the original manuscript draft. C.A.G. assisted in analyses and writing of the original manuscript draft. E.K.C. and N.E. revised subsequent manuscript drafts. J.v.d.H., D.R., and T.W.C. provided additional analyses. E.K.C., N.E., and M.P.T. acquired funding for the project. J.K., K.B.G., B.S., M.L.C.B., M.J.I.B., and G.B. contributed to data curation. H.R.P.P., C.A.G., M.L.C.B., M.J.I.B., G.B., O.F., A.O., E.M.B., J.B., U.B., T.D., F.T.d.V., B.K.-R., M.L., J.M., C.M., W.H.v.d.P., K.S.R., M.C.R., D.R., M.R., M.P.T., D.H.W., D.A.W., E.K.C., and N.E. contributed to the project conceptualization. All authors reviewed and edited the final draft manuscript. The majority of the authors provided data for the analyses. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: Data and analysis code are available on the iDiv Data repository (DOI: 10.25829/idiv.1804-5-2593) and GitHub (https://github.com/helenphillips/GlobalEWDiversity; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3386456).
Published: 2019
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31. Erosion in living soil and life in eroded soil

Author: Panos Panagos and Alberto Orgiazzi
Subjects: Soil loss, fungi, Erosion, Biodiversity, food and beverages, Environmental science, Soil science, Porosity, complex mixtures
Abstract: The relationship between erosion and biodiversity is reciprocal. Soil organisms can both reduce soil loss, by improving porosity, and increase it, by diminishing soil stability as a result of their...
Published: 2019
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32. A knowledge-based approach to estimating the magnitude and spatial patterns of potential threats to soil biodiversity

Author: Martha B. Dunbar, Cristiano Ballabio, Alberto Orgiazzi, Ciro Gardi, Panos Panagos, Luca Montanarella, and Yusuf Yigini
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Engineering, Soil biodiversity, Soil biology, Climate Change, Biodiversity, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Soil functions, Environmental monitoring, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, Land-use planning, Waste Management and Disposal, Soil Microbiology, Risk assessment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Ecology, Environmental resource management, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Biota, Pollution, Soil biota conservation, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Spatial ecology, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, business, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: Because of the increasing pressures exerted on soil, below-ground life is under threat. Knowledge-based rankings of potential threats to different components of soil biodiversity were developed in order to assess the spatial distribution of threats on a European scale. A list of 13 potential threats to soil biodiversity was proposed to experts with different backgrounds in order to assess the potential for three major components of soil biodiversity: soil microorganisms, fauna, and biological functions. This approach allowed us to obtain knowledge-based rankings of threats. These classifications formed the basis for the development of indices through an additive aggregation model that, along with ad-hoc proxies for each pressure, allowed us to preliminarily assess the spatial patterns of potential threats. Intensive exploitation was identified as the highest pressure. In contrast, the use of genetically modified organisms in agriculture was considered as the threat with least potential. The potential impact of climate change showed the highest uncertainty. Fourteen out of the 27 considered countries have more than 40% of their soils with moderate-high to high potential risk for all three components of soil biodiversity. Arable soils are the most exposed to pressures. Soils within the boreal biogeographic region showed the lowest risk potential. The majority of soils at risk are outside the boundaries of protected areas. First maps of risks to three components of soil biodiversity based on the current scientific knowledge were developed. Despite the intrinsic limits of knowledge-based assessments, a remarkable potential risk to soil biodiversity was observed. Guidelines to preliminarily identify and circumscribe soils potentially at risk are provided. This approach may be used in future research to assess threat at both local and global scale and identify areas of possible risk and, subsequently, design appropriate strategies for monitoring and protection of soil biota.
Published: 2016
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33. Mapping LUCAS topsoil chemical properties at European scale using Gaussian process regression

Author: Panos Panagos, Alberto Orgiazzi, Arwyn Jones, Cristiano Ballabio, Oihane Fernández-Ugalde, Emanuele Lugato, Pasquale Borrelli, Luca Montanarella, Ballabio, C., Lugato, E., Fernandez-Ugalde, O., Orgiazzi, A., Jones, A., Borrelli, P., Montanarella, L., and Panagos, P.
Subjects: Soil test, Nitrogen, Soil Science, Soil science, Land cover, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Article, N ratio [C], Cation Exchange Capacity, C:N ratio, Kriging, Cation-exchange capacity, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Topsoil, Land use, pH, Phosphoru, Phosphorus, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Soil quality, Mapping, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Potassium, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Gaussian process regression
Abstract: This paper presents the second part of the mapping of topsoil properties based on the Land Use and Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS). The first part described the physical properties (Ballabio et al., 2016) while this second part includes the following chemical properties: pH, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), calcium carbonates (CaCO3), C:N ratio, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The LUCAS survey collected harmonised data on changes in land cover and the state of land use for the European Union (EU). Among the 270,000 land use and cover observations selected for field visit, approximately 20,000 soil samples were collected in 24 EU Member States in 2009 together with more than 2000 samples from Bulgaria and Romania in 2012. The chemical properties maps for the European Union were produced using Gaussian process regression (GPR) models. GPR was selected for its capacity to assess model uncertainty and the possibility of adding prior knowledge in the form of covariance functions to the model. The derived maps will establish baselines that will help monitor soil quality and provide guidance to agro-environmental research and policy developments in the European Union., Highlights • The LUCAS harmonised soil survey comprising 20,000 observations was used in this study. • Soil chemical properties were mapped over the extent of Europe using Gaussian process regression (GPR). • GPR with Matérn kernel modelled soil properties with high accuracy. • GPR allows the production of uncertainty maps as it allows the estimation of prediction variance. • These maps complete the series of topsoil properties for Europe based on LUCAS.
Published: 2019

34. Towards an integrative understanding of soil biodiversity

Author: Birgitta König-Ries, David A. Wardle, Matthias C. Rillig, Patrick Lavelle, Olga Ferlian, Michel Loreau, Joanne M. Bennett, George G. Brown, Madhav P. Thakur, Wim H. van der Putten, Helen Phillips, Marie Luise Carolina Bartz, Michiel Rutgers, Kelly S. Ramirez, Thibaud Decaëns, Alberto Orgiazzi, David J. Russell, Christian Mulder, Franciska T. de Vries, Diana H. Wall, Erin K. Cameron, Jérôme Mathieu, Ulrich Brose, Elizabeth M. Bach, Maria J. I. Briones, Nico Eisenhauer, Carlos A. Guerra, Asian School of the Environment, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Equipe Image - Laboratoire GREYC - UMR6072, Groupe de Recherche en Informatique, Image, Automatique et Instrumentation de Caen (GREYC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Department of Forest Ecology [Umeå], Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Universidade Positivo, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Commission, Health Protection Agency, ANR: 10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), Department of Terrestrial Ecology [Wageningen], Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Halle Jena Leipzig, University of Manchester [Manchester], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Groupe de Recherche en Informatique, Image et Instrumentation de Caen (GREYC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU), Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Department of Biology [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Embrapa Forestry, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], University of Helsinki, Saint Mary's University [Halifax], ANR-11-IDEX-0002,UNITI,Université Fédérale de Toulouse(2011), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Vigo, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Terrestrial Ecology (TE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, neutral theory, Soil biodiversity, Insular biogeography, Beta diversity, Biodiversity, MACROECOLOGICAL PATTERNS, niche theory, 01 natural sciences, Soil, UNIFIED-NEUTRAL-THEORY, species–energy relationship, MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, species-energy relationship, Soil Microbiology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, Alpha Diversity, Plan_S-Compliant_NO, PE&RC, biodiversity theory, Geography, Biodiversity Theory, international, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Original Article, BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES, beta diversity, BELOW-GROUND BIODIVERSITY, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Metacommunity, theory of island biogeography, ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS, Geology [Science], 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Ecosystem engineer, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Laboratorium voor Nematologie, 030304 developmental biology, PLANT DIVERSITY, spatial scale, Original Articles, alpha diversity, metacommunity theory, 15. Life on land, PRODUCTIVITY GRADIENT, 13. Climate action, Spatial ecology, Alpha diversity, DISPERSAL LIMITATION, Laboratory of Nematology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Soil is one of the most biodiverse terrestrial habitats. Yet, we lack an integrative conceptual framework for understanding the patterns and mechanisms driving soil biodiversity. One of the underlying reasons for our poor understanding of soil biodiversity patterns relates to whether key biodiversity theories (historically developed for aboveground and aquatic organisms) are applicable to patterns of soil biodiversity. Here, we present a systematic literature review to investigate whether and how key biodiversity theories (species-energy relationship, theory of island biogeography, metacommunity theory, niche theory and neutral theory) can explain observed patterns of soil biodiversity. We then discuss two spatial compartments nested within soil at which biodiversity theories can be applied to acknowledge the scale-dependent nature of soil biodiversity. Published version M.P.T. acknowledges funding from the GermanResearch Foundation (DFG, TH 2307/1-1). H.R.P.P.was supported by the sDiv (DFG FZT 118). M.L.was supported by the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence(ANR-10-LABX-41). M.C.R. and W.H.V.d.P. acknowledgesupport from ERC Advanced Grants [grant number:ERC-ADV 694368 and ERC-ADV 323020 (SPECIALS),respectively]. F.T.D.V. is supported by a BBSRC DavidPhillips Fellowship (BB/L02456X/1). N.E. and O.F.acknowledge funding by the European Research Council(ERC Starting Grant 677232, ECOWORM). C.A.G. issupported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 researchand innovation programme under grant agreement No641762-ECOPOTENTIAL. E.K.C. acknowledges fundingfrom the Academy of Finland (285882) and the NaturalSciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(postdoctoral fellowship 471903 and RGPIN-2019-05758).
Published: 2019
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35. Global mismatches in aboveground and belowground biodiversity

Author: Thomas E. Lovejoy, Jes Hines, Helen Phillips, Julia Siebert, Leho Tedersoo, Luca Montanarella, Diana H. Wall, Erin K. Cameron, Felix Gottschall, Henrique M. Pereira, Carlos A. Guerra, Olga Ferlian, Patrick Lavelle, Jérôme Mathieu, Nico Eisenhauer, Inês S. Martins, Guillaume Patoine, Simone Cesarz, Holger Kreft, Alberto Orgiazzi, Marten Winter, Josef Settele, Mohammad Bahram, Helsinki University of Technology, Partenaires INRAE, Saint Mary's University, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical, Centre IRD d’île de France, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Tartu, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Laboratoire LTEE, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, George Mason University, European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UP Los Baños), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [FZT 118], Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Suomen AkatemiaAcademy of Finland [285882], H2020 European Research Council [677232, 641762-ECOPOTENTIAL], Vetenskapsradet [2017-05019], German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Universidade do Porto, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Soil biodiversity, aboveground-belowground, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biome, (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), Biodiversity, Forests, 01 natural sciences, patrones mundiales, Ecosystem services, Soil, bacteria, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), hongos, macrofauna, sobre suelo - bajo suelo, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, mismatch, (sic)(sic), policy, Conservation of Natural Resources, bacterias, (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), Soil biology, disparidad, soil biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, Animals, Humans, global patterns, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 1172 Environmental sciences, Ecosystem, Nature and Landscape Conservation, biodiversidad del suelo, aboveground-belowground, bacteria, fungi, global patterns, macrofauna, mismatch, policy, soilbiodiversity, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, (sic)(sic)-(sic)(sic), 15. Life on land, (sic), Tundra, politicas, 13. Climate action, Threatened species, PATTERNS, Environmental science, fungi, Global biodiversity
Abstract: Human activities are accelerating global biodiversity change and have resulted in severely threatened ecosystem services. A large proportion of terrestrial biodiversity is harbored by soil, but soil biodiversity has been omitted from many global biodiversity assessments and conservation actions, and understanding of global patterns of soil biodiversity remains limited. In particular, the extent to which hotspots and coldspots of aboveground and soil biodiversity overlap is not clear. We examined global patterns of these overlaps by mapping indices of aboveground (mammals, birds, amphibians, vascular plants) and soil (bacteria, fungi, macrofauna) biodiversity that we created using previously published data on species richness. Areas of mismatch between aboveground and soil biodiversity covered 27% of Earth's terrestrial surface. The temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome had the highest proportion of grid cells with high aboveground biodiversity but low soil biodiversity, whereas the boreal and tundra biomes had intermediate soil biodiversity but low aboveground biodiversity. While more data on soil biodiversity are needed, both to cover geographic gaps and to include additional taxa, our results suggest that protecting aboveground biodiversity may not sufficiently reduce threats to soil biodiversity. Given the functional importance of soil biodiversity and the role of soils in human well-being, soil biodiversity should be considered further in policy agendas and conservation actions by adapting management practices to sustain soil biodiversity and considering soil biodiversity when designing protected areas.Disparidades Mundiales entre la Biodiversidad Sobre y Bajo el Suelo Resumen Las actividades humanas están acelerando el cambio en la biodiversidad mundial y han tenido como resultado unos servicios ambientales severamente amenazados. Una gran proporción de la biodiversidad terrestre está albergada en el suelo, pero la biodiversidad de este ha sido omitida de varias evaluaciones mundiales de biodiversidad y de las acciones de conservación, además de que el entendimiento de los patrones mundiales de la biodiversidad del suelo permanece limitado; particularmente, la extensión del traslape entre los puntos fríos y calientes de biodiversidad sobre y bajo suelo no está clara. Examinamos los patrones mundiales de estos traslapes mapeando los índices de biodiversidad sobre el suelo (mamíferos, aves, anfibios y plantas vasculares) y bajo el suelo (bacterias, hongos y macrofauna) que creamos con datos previamente publicados de la riqueza de especies. Las áreas de disparidad entre la biodiversidad sobre y bajo el suelo cubrieron el 27% de la superficie terrestre del planeta. El bioma de los bosques templados de plantas frondosas y mixtas tuvo la proporción más alta de celdas de cuadrícula con una biodiversidad alta sobre el suelo, pero baja para en el subsuelo, mientras que los biomas boreales y de la tundra tuvieron una biodiversidad intermedia bajo el suelo, pero baja para el sobre suelo. Aunque se requieren más datos sobre la biodiversidad del suelo, tanto para cubrir los vacíos geográficos como para incluir a taxones adiciones, nuestros resultados sugieren que la protección a la biodiversidad sobre el suelo puede no reducir suficientemente las amenazas para la biodiversidad del suelo. Dada la importancia funcional de la biodiversidad del suelo y el papel de los suelos en el bienestar humano, se debería considerar a la biodiversidad del suelo mucho más en las agendas políticas y en las acciones de conservación, adaptando a las prácticas de manejo para que mantengan a la biodiversidad del suelo y la consideren cuando designen áreas protegidas.人类活动正在导致全球生物多样性的快速变化, 并已严重影响到生态系统服务功能。陆地生物多样性中很大一部分存在于土壤之中, 然而, 许多全球生物多样性评估和保护行动都没有考虑土壤生物多样性, 人们对全球土壤生物多样性格局的认识也十分有限, 特别是对地表生物多样性和土壤生物多样性的热点地区及贫瘠地区的重叠程度知之甚少。为了研究全球地表生物多样性和土壤生物多样性的重叠情况, 我们利用已发表的物种丰富度数据设计了地表生物多样性 (哺乳动物、鸟类、两栖类、维管植物) 及土壤生物多样性 (细菌、真菌、大型动物群) 指标, 用于绘制相应的地图。结果显示, 地表和土壤生物多样性不匹配的地区占地球陆地面积的 27% 。在温带阔叶林和混交林生物群中, 地表生物多样性高而土壤生物多样性低的栅格占比最高, 而寒带和苔原生物群则是土壤生物多样性中等而地表生物多样性低。虽然还有待增加土壤生物多样性的数据以囊括更多地理区域和生物类群, 但我们的结果已经表明, 保护地表生物多样性可能不足以减少对土壤生物多样性的威胁。鉴于土壤生物多样性的重要功能以及土壤对人类福祉的作用, 应在政策议程和保护行动中更多地考虑土壤生物多样性, 如调整管理实践以保护土壤生物多样性、在保护区设计中纳入土壤生物多样性等等。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】.
Published: 2019
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36. Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils

Author: Arwyn Jones, Simone Scarpa, Alberto Orgiazzi, Emanuele Lugato, Cristiano Ballabio, Pasquale Borrelli, Panos Panagos, Luca Montanarella, Panagos, P., Ballabio, C., Lugato, E., Jones, A., Borrelli, P., Scarpa, S., Orgiazzi, A., and Montanarella, L.
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Slurry, Fungicide, Geography, Planning and Development, lcsh:TJ807-830, Liquid manure, lcsh:Renewable energy sources, Sewage, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, fungicides, vineyards, Soil contamination, Environmental protection, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, Sewage sludge, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, lcsh:GE1-350, sewage sludge, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, lcsh:Environmental effects of industries and plants, LUCAS, Vineyards, lcsh:TD194-195, Agriculture, Soil water, engineering, Fertilizer, slurry, business, Sludge, soil contamination
Abstract: In the European Union (EU), copper concentration in agricultural soil stems from anthropogenic activities and natural sources (soil and geology). This manuscript reports a statistical comparison of copper concentrations at different levels of administrative units, with a focus on agricultural areas. Anthropogenic sources of diffuse copper contamination include fungicidal treatments, liquid manure (mainly from pigs), sewage sludge, atmospheric deposition, mining activities, local industrial contamination and particles from car brakes. Sales of fungicides in the EU are around 158,000 tonnes annually, a large proportion of which are copper based and used extensively in vineyards and orchards. Around 10 million tonnes of sewage sludge is treated annually in the EU, and 40% of this (which has a high copper content) is used as fertilizer in agriculture. In the EU, 150 million pigs consume more than 6.2 million tonnes of copper through additives in their feed, and most of their liquid manure ends up in agricultural soil. These three sources (sales of fungicides, sewage sludge and copper consumption for pigs feed) depend much on local traditional farming practices. Recent research towards replacing copper spraying in vineyards and policy developments on applying sewage and controlling the feed given to pigs are expected to reduce copper accumulation in agricultural soil.
Published: 2018

37. Selection of biological indicators appropriate for European soil monitoring

Author: Alberto Orgiazzi, Rachel Creamer, B.G. Griffiths, D. Stone, and Karl Ritz
Subjects: Monitoring, Soil biodiversity, Logical sieve, Biodiversity, Soil Science, Functional genes, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil ecosystem function, Indicators, Profiling (information science), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Functional ecology, Ecology, business.industry, Environmental resource management, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Soil quality, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, business
Abstract: The selection of biological indicators for monitoring progress towards policy goals for soil quality should be without bias and in line with individual scenarios of need. Here we describe the prescription of a suite of appropriate indicators for potential application in such monitoring schemes across Europe. We applied a structured framework of assessment and ranking (viz. a ‘logical sieve’), building upon published data and a new survey taken from a wide section of the global soil biodiversity research and policy community. The top ten indicators included four indicators of biodiversity (three microbial and one meso-faunal) by various methods of measurement, and three indicators of ecological function (Multiple enzyme assay, Multiple substrate-induced respiration profiling, and ‘Functional genes by molecular biological means’). Within the techniques assessed, seven out of the top ten indicators made use of molecular methods.
Published: 2016
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38. Copper distribution in European topsoils: An assessment based on LUCAS soil survey

Author: Panos Panagos, Emanuele Lugato, Pasquale Borrelli, Cristiano Ballabio, Arwyn Jones, Luca Montanarella, Jen-How Huang, Alberto Orgiazzi, Oihane Fernández-Ugalde, Ballabio, C., Panagos, P., Lugato, E., Huang, J. -H., Orgiazzi, A., Jones, A., Fernandez-Ugalde, O., Borrelli, P., and Montanarella, L.
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Soil test, chemistry.chemical_element, Gaussian Process Regression, Soil science, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil survey, Soil contamination, Environmental Chemistry, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Topsoil, LUCAS, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, Vineyards, Pollution, Copper, Regression kriging, Heavy metal, chemistry, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science
Abstract: Copper (Cu) distribution in soil is influenced by climatic, geological and pedological factors. Apart from geological sources and industrial pollution, other anthropogenic sources, related to the agricultural activity, may increase copper levels in soils, especially in permanent crops such as olive groves and vineyards. This study uses 21,682 soil samples from the LUCAS topsoil survey to investigate copper distribution in the soils of 25 European Union (EU) Member States. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were used to investigate the factors driving copper distribution in EU soils. Regression analysis shows the importance of topsoil properties, land cover and climate in estimating Cu concentration. Meanwhile, a copper regression model confirms our hypothesis that different agricultural management practices have a relevant influence on Cu concentration. Besides the traditional use of copper as a fungicide for treatments in several permanent crops, the combined effect of soil properties such as high pH, soil organic carbon and clay, with humid and wet climatic conditions favours copper accumulation in soils of vineyards and tree crops. Compared to the overall average Cu concentration of 16.85 mg kg−1, vineyards have the highest mean soil Cu concentration (49.26 mg kg−1) of all land use categories, followed by olive groves and orchards. Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) combined with kriging were used to map copper concentration in topsoils and to evidence the presence of outliers. GPR proved to be performant in predicting Cu concentration, especially in combination with kriging, accounting for 66% of Cu deviance. The derived maps are novel as they include information about the importance of topsoil properties in the copper mapping process, thus improving its accuracy. Both models highlight the influence of land management practices in copper concentration and the strong correlation between topsoil copper and vineyards.
Published: 2018

39. Soil erosion is unlikely to drive a future carbon sink in Europe

Author: Pete Smith, Cristiano Ballabio, Pasquale Borrelli, Panos Panagos, Alberto Orgiazzi, Emanuele Lugato, Luca Montanarella, Oihane Fernández-Ugalde, Arwyn Jones, Lugato, E., Smith, P., Borrelli, P., Panagos, P., Ballabio, C., Orgiazzi, A., Fernandez-Ugalde, O., Montanarella, L., and Jones, A.
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental Studies, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, Sink (geography), parasitic diseases, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, skin and connective tissue diseases, Research Articles, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Heterotrophic respiration, Carbon sink, SciAdv r-articles, Agriculture, Soil carbon, Soil water, Erosion, Environmental science, sense organs, geographic locations, Research Article
Abstract: Will the rain wash away our soil organic carbon under future climate change?, Understanding of the processes governing soil organic carbon turnover is confounded by the fact that C feedbacks driven by soil erosion have not yet been fully explored at large scale. However, in a changing climate, variation in rainfall erosivity (and hence soil erosion) may change the amount of C displacement, hence inducing feedbacks onto the land C cycle. Using a consistent biogeochemistry-erosion model framework to quantify the impact of future climate on the C cycle, we show that C input increases were offset by higher heterotrophic respiration under climate change. Taking into account all the additional feedbacks and C fluxes due to displacement by erosion, we estimated a net source of 0.92 to 10.1 Tg C year−1 from agricultural soils in the European Union to the atmosphere over the period 2016–2100. These ranges represented a weaker and stronger C source compared to a simulation without erosion (1.8 Tg C year−1), respectively, and were dependent on the erosion-driven C loss parameterization, which is still very uncertain. However, when setting a baseline with current erosion rates, the accelerated erosion scenario resulted in 35% more eroded C, but its feedback on the C cycle was marginal. Our results challenge the idea that higher erosion driven by climate will lead to a C sink in the near future.
Published: 2018

40. A method of establishing a transect for biodiversity and ecosystem function monitoring across Europe

Author: Stefan Geisen, Anne Winding, Sara Mendes, Martha B. Dunbar, Rüdiger M. Schmelz, Alberto Orgiazzi, Hjalmar Laudon, Dorothy Stone, Michiel Rutgers, Filipe Carvalho, Jörg Römbke, A.S. Hug, Paula V. Morais, Marjetka Suhadolc, M. Zupan, Robert I. Griffiths, H.Bracht Jørgensen, Rachel Creamer, N.Bohse Hendriksen, Pierre Plassart, John Jensen, E. Steenbergen, José Paulo Sousa, Ciro Gardi, Michael Bonkowski, Philippe Lemanceau, P. Blomkvist, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Teagasc Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), Aarhus University [Aarhus], University of Cologne, Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Universidade de Coimbra, Institute for Environment and Sustainability of the JRC, Partenaires INRAE, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies [Potsdam] (IASS), Department of Bioscience [Roskilde], Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Centre for Sustainability Environment and Health, National Insitute for Public Health and the Environment, University of A Coruña (UDC), ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, University of Ljubljana, European Project: 264465,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,ECOFINDERS(2011), and ECT Oekotoxikol GmbH, Florsheim, Germany
Subjects: INDICATORS, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Monitoring, Soil biodiversity, Soil biology, SOIL QUALITY, Biodiversity, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Ecosystem, Transect, Bodembiologie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Range of soil biodiversity, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, Land use, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Soil classification, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil Biology, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Standard operating procedures, Europe, Boreal, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Ecosystem function, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, MATTER
Abstract: The establishment of the range of soil biodiversity found within European soils is needed to guide EU policy development regarding the protection of soil. Such a base-line should be collated from a wide-ranging sampling campaign to ensure that soil biodiversity from the majority of soil types, land-use or management systems, and European climatic (bio-geographical zones) were included. This paper reports the design and testing of a method to achieve the large scale sampling associated with the establishment of such a baseline, carried out within the remit of the EcoFINDERS project, and outlines points to consider when such a task is undertaken.Applying a GIS spatial selection process, a sampling campaign was undertaken by 13 EcoFINDERS partners across 11 countries providing data on the range of indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem functions including; micro and meso fauna biodiversity, extracellular enzyme activity, PLEA and community level physiological profiling (MicroResp (TM) and Biolog (TM)). Physical, chemical and bio-geographical parameters of the 81 sites sampled were used to determine whether the model predicted a wide enough range of sites to allow assessment of the biodiversity indicators tested.Discrimination between the major bio-geographical zones of Atlantic and Continental was possible for all land-use types. Boreal and Alpine zones only allowed discrimination in the most common land-use type for that area e.g. forestry and grassland sites, respectively, while the Mediterranean zone did not have enough sites sampled to draw conclusions across all land-use types. The method used allowed the inclusion of a range of land-uses in both the model prediction stage and the final sites sampled. The establishment of the range of soil biodiversity across Europe is possible, though a larger targeted campaign is recommended. The techniques applied within the EcoFINDERS sampling would be applicable to a larger campaign. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2016
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41. Mapping earthworm communities in Europe

Author: Christian Mulder, Michiel Rutgers, J.J. Bogte, Muriel Guernion, Ivan Kos, Briand Boag, Olaf Schmidt, Raúl Piñeiro, Maria J. I. Briones, Marjetka Suhadolc, Paul-Henning Krogh, Aidan M. Keith, Daniel Cluzeau, A.J. Schouten, J. Paulo Sousa, Rod P. Blackshaw, Darío J. Díaz Cosín, Roy Neilson, Stephan Jänsch, Guénola Pérès, Harm J. van Wijnen, Dick de Zwart, Archie K. Murchie, Jack H. Faber, Alberto Orgiazzi, Ciro Gardi, Jörg Römbke, Javier Rodeiro, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie], ECT, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Bangor] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), The James Hutton Institute, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Agri Food and Biosciences Institute, Blackshaw Research & Consultancy, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Station Biologique de Paimpont CNRS UMR 6653 (OSUR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), University of Vigo [ Pontevedra], Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), Center for Soil and Environmental Science, University of Ljubljana, Soil Fauna and Ecotoxicology Research Unit , Department of Terrestrial Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Alterra Wageningen University & Research Centre (ALTERRA), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), RIVM projects QESAP (S/607022) and BEO (M/607406), European Project: 264465,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,ECOFINDERS(2011), University of Parma, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Università degli studi di Parma = University of Parma (UNIPR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Soil biodiversity, Invertebrados, Soil Science, soil biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Digital Soil Mapping, Soil atlas, Earthworm community, Soil map, biology, Land use, Ecology, Digital Soil Mapping Earthworm community EcoFINDERS Soil Atlas Soil biodiversity, Earthworm, Species diversity, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, Soil Atlas, 15. Life on land, EcoFINDERS, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), biology.organism_classification, Geography, Digital soil mapping, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Spatial ecology, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Dierecologie, Animal Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Existing data sets on earthworm communities in Europe were collected, harmonized, modelled and depicted on a soil biodiversity map of Europe. Digital Soil Mapping was applied using multiple regressions relating relatively low density earthworm community data to soil characteristics, land use, vegetation and climate factors (covariables) with a greater spatial resolution. Statistically significant relationships were used to build habitat-response models for constructing earthworm maps with abundance, species richness, and diversity data. While a good number of environmental predictors were significant in our multiple regressions, geographical factors alone seem to be less relevant than climatic factors. Despite differing sampling protocols, land use and geological history were the most relevant factors determining the demography and diversity of the earthworms across Europe. Case studies from country-specific data sets (France, Germany, Ireland and The Netherlands) demonstrated the importance and efficiency of large databases for the detection of large spatial patterns that could be subsequently applied at smaller (local) scales. After the first set of maps, additional datasets were used to improve the regressions and maps and to extent the area depicting earthworm predictions (e.g. Portugal, Italy, England, Finland, Austria and some countries from Eastern Europe). The improved maps will be submitted for publication in the Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas.
Published: 2016
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42. Soil biodiversity and DNA barcodes: opportunities and challenges

Author: Philippe Lemanceau, Panos Panagos, Martha B. Dunbar, Gerard Arjen de Groot, Alberto Orgiazzi, Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Agroécologie [Dijon], and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement
Subjects: Soil biodiversity, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil biology, Biodiversity, Soil Science, soil biodiversity, Biology, assemblages, Microbiology, Ecosystem services, diversity, 03 medical and health sciences, Standard Operating Procedures, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, patterns, Resilience (network), License, Environmental planning, resilience, Organism, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, DNA, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, bacterial communities, molecular microbial ecology, fungal, metabarcoding, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, extraction, Dierecologie, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, identification, Identification (biology), Animal Ecology, ecosystem services
Abstract: Soils encompass a huge diversity of organisms which mostly remains to be characterized due to a number of methodological and logistical issues. Nonetheless, remarkable progress has been made in recent years toward developing strategies to characterize and describe soil biodiversity, especially thanks to the development of molecular approaches relying on direct DNA extraction from the soil matrix. Metabarcoding can be applied to DNA from any environment or organism, and is gaining increasing prominence in biodiversity studies. This approach is already commonly used to characterize soil microbial communities and its application is now being extended to other soil organisms, i.e. meso- and macro-fauna. These developments offer unprecedented scientific and operational opportunities in order to better understand soil biodiversity distribution and dynamics, and to propose tools and strategies for biodiversity diagnosis. However, these opportunities also come with challenges that the scientific community must face. Such challenges are related to i) clarification of terminology, (ii) standardisation of methods and further methodological development for additional taxonomic groups, (iii) development of a common database, and (iv) ways to avoid waste of information and data derived from metabarcoding. In order to facilitate common application of metabarcoding in soil biodiversity assessment, we discuss these opportunities and challenges and propose solutions towards a more homogeneous framework., JRC.H.5-Land Resources Management
Published: 2015
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43. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and their Value for Ecosystem Management

Author: Andrea Berruti, Erica Lumini, Valeria Bianciotto, Roberto Borriello, Alberto Orgiazzi, and Antonio C. Barbera
Subjects: Obligate, biology, Phosphorus, Ecosystem Management, chemistry.chemical_element, Forestry, Fungus, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, agriculture, Photosynthesis, biology.organism_classification, Nutrient, Symbiosis, chemistry, Botany, Environmental science, Mycorrhiza, Mycelium
Abstract: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are a group of obligate biotrophs, to the extent that they must develop a close symbiotic association with the roots of a living host plant in order to grow and complete their life cycle [1]. The term “mycorrhiza” literally derives from the Greek mykes and rhiza, meaning fungus and root, respectively. AMF can symbiotically interact with almost all the plants that live on the Earth. They are found in the roots of about 80-90% of plant species (mainly grasses, agricultural crops and herbs) and exchange benefits with their partners, as is typical of all mutual symbiotic relationships [2]. They represent an interface between plants and soil, growing their mycelia both inside and outside the plant roots. AMF provide the plant with water, soil mineral nutrients (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen) and pathogen protection. In exchange, photosynthetic compounds are transferred to the fungus [3].
Published: 2014

44. Sequencing and comparison of the mitochondrial COI gene from isolates of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi belonging to Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae families

Author: Erica Lumini, Roberto Borriello, Alberto Orgiazzi, Valeria Bianciotto, and Roberta Bergero
Subjects: Mitochondrial DNA, Glomeromycota, Polymorphisms, Divergence, COI, Marker gene, DNA, Mitochondrial, Electron Transport Complex IV, Glomeraceae, Phylogenetics, Mycorrhizae, Genetics, Clade, DNA, Fungal, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogeny, DNA Primers, Likelihood Functions, Polymorphism, Genetic, Phylogenetic tree, biology, Phylum, fungi, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, Gigasporaceae
Abstract: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are well known for their ecological importance and their positive influence on plants. The genetics and phylogeny of this group of fungi have long been debated. Nuclear markers are the main tools used for phylogenetic analyses, but they have sometimes proved difficult to use because of their extreme variability. Therefore, the attention of researchers has been moving towards other genomic markers, in particular those from the mitochondrial DNA. In this study, 46 sequences of different AMF isolates belonging to two main clades Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae have been obtained from the mitochondrial gene coding for the Cytochrome c Oxidase I (COI), representing the largest dataset to date of AMF COI sequences. A very low level of divergence was recorded in the COI sequences from the Gigasporaceae, which could reflect either a slow rate of evolution or a more recent evolutionary divergence of this group. On the other hand, the COI sequence divergence between Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae was high, with synonymous divergence reaching saturated levels. This work also showed the difficulty in developing valuable mitochondrial markers able to effectively distinguish all Glomeromycota species, especially those belonging to Gigasporaceae, yet it represents a first step towards the development of a full mtDNA-based dataset which can be used for further phylogenetic investigations of this fungal phylum.
Published: 2013
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45. Disclosing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biodiversity in soil through a land-use gradient using a pyrosequencing approach

Author: Erica Lumini, Alberto Orgiazzi, Roberto Borriello, Valeria Bianciotto, and Paola Bonfante
Subjects: Molecular Sequence Data, Biodiversity, Microbiology, Vineyard, Glomeromycota, Glomeraceae, Mycorrhizae, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S, Cluster Analysis, DNA, Fungal, Soil Microbiology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Diversisporales, Base Sequence, biology, Ecology, Fungal genetics, Agriculture, Soil classification, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, Italy, Agronomy, Glomerales, Sequence Alignment
Abstract: The biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities present in five Sardinian soils (Italy) subjected to different land-use (tilled vineyard, covered vineyard, pasture, managed meadow and cork-oak formation) was analysed using a pyrosequencing-based approach for the first time. Two regions of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene were considered as molecular target. The pyrosequencing produced a total of 10924 sequences: 6799 from the first and 4125 from the second target region. Among these sequences, 3189 and 1003 were selected to generate operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and to evaluate the AMF community richness and similarity: 117 (37 of which were singletons) and 28 (nine of which were singletons) unique AMF OTUs were detected respectively. Within the Glomeromycota OTUs, those belonging to the Glomerales order were dominant in all the soils. Diversisporales OTUs were always detected, even though less frequently, while Archaeosporales and Paraglomerales OTUs were exclusive of the pasture soil. Eleven OTUs were shared by all the soils, but each of the five AMF communities showed particular features, suggesting a meaningful dissimilarity among the Glomeromycota populations. The environments with low inputs (pasture and covered vineyard) showed a higher AMF biodiversity than those subjected to human input (managed meadow and tilled vineyard). A reduction in AMF was found in the cork-oak formation because other mycorrhizal fungal species, more likely associated to trees and shrubs, were detected. These findings reinforce the view that AMF biodiversity is influenced by both human input and ecological traits, illustrating a gradient of AMF communities which mirror the land-use gradient. The high number of sequences obtained by the pyrosequencing strategy has provided detailed information on the soil AMF assemblages, thus offering a source of light to shine on this crucial soil microbial group.
Published: 2009
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46. Tracking, targeting, and conserving soil biodiversity

Author: Lucrezia Caon, Franciska T. de Vries, Simone Cesarz, Diana H. Wall, Maria J. I. Briones, Thomas W. Crowther, Antonis Chatzinotas, Leho Tedersoo, Matthias C. Rillig, Johan van den Hoogen, César Marín, François Buscot, Anika Lehmann, Erin K. Cameron, Thomas Reitz, Alexandra Weigelt, Luca Montanarella, Brajesh K. Singh, Carlos A. Guerra, Nico Eisenhauer, Linnea C. Smith, Ronald Vargas-Rojas, Alberto Orgiazzi, Don A. Cowan, Ika Djukic, Laetitia M. Navarro, Fernando T. Maestre, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, Richard D. Bardgett, Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics (IBED, FNWI), Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Ecología, and Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio 'Ramón Margalef'
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, Soil biodiversity, Policy making, Biodiversity, Conservation, 03 medical and health sciences, Soil, Animals, Policy targets, Environmental policy, Policy Making, Arthropods, Soil Microbiology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Tracking, Environmental resource management, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Ecología, 15. Life on land, Environmental Policy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Tracking (education), business, Soil microbiology, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: A monitoring and indicator system can inform policy
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47. Europa Biodiversity Observation Network: integrating data streams to support policy

Author: Henrique M. Pereira, Jessi Junker, Néstor Fernández, Joachim Maes, Pedro Beja, Aletta Bonn, Tom Breeze, Lluís Brotons, Helge Bruehlheide, Marcel Buchhorn, César Capinha, Cher Chow, Karolin Dietrich, Maria Dornelas, Grégoire Dubois, Miguel Fernandez, Mark Frenzel, Nikolai Friberg, Steffen Fritz, Ivelina Georgieva, Anne Gobin, Carlos Guerra, Sigrid Haande, Sergi Herrando, Ute Jandt, W. Daniel Kissling, Ingolf Kühn, Christian Langer, Camino Liquete, Anne Lyche Solheim, David Martí, Juliette G. C. Martin, Annett Masur, Ian McCallum, Marit Mjelde, Jannicke Moe, Hannah Moersberger, Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez, Francisco Moreira, Martin Musche, Laetitia M. Navarro, Alberto Orgiazzi, Robert Patchett, Lyubomir Penev, Joan Pino, Gabriela Popova, Simon Potts, Anna Ramon, Leonard Sandin, Joana Santana, Anna Sapundzhieva, Linda See, Judy Shamoun-Baranes, Bruno Smets, Pavel Stoev, Leho Tedersoo, Liis Tiimann, Jose Valdez, Sara Vallecillo, Roy H. A. Van Grunsven, Ruben Van De Kerchove, Dani Villero, Piero Visconti, Claudia Weinhold, and Annika M. Zuleger
Abstract: Observations are key to understand the drivers of biodiversity loss, and the impacts on ecosystem services and ultimately on people. Many EU policies and initiatives demand unbiased, integrated and regularly updated biodiversity and ecosystem service data. However, efforts to monitor biodiversity are spatially and temporally fragmented, taxonomically biased, and lack integration in Europe. EuropaBON aims to bridge this gap by designing an EU-wide framework for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem services. EuropaBON harnesses the power of modelling essential variables to integrate different reporting streams, data sources, and monitoring schemes. These essential variables provide consistent knowledge about multiple dimensions of biodiversity change across space and time. They can then be analyzed and synthesized to support decision-making at different spatial scales, from the sub-national to the European scale, through the production of indicators and scenarios. To develop essential biodiversity and ecosystem variables workflows that are policy relevant, EuropaBON is built around stakeholder engagement and knowledge exchange (WP2). EuropaBON will work with stakeholders to identify user and policy needs for biodiversity monitoring and investigate the feasibility of setting up a center to coordinate monitoring activities across Europe (WP2). Together with stakeholders, EuropaBON will assess current monitoring efforts to identify gaps, data and workflow bottlenecks, and analyse cost-effectiveness of different schemes (WP3). This will be used to co-design improved monitoring schemes using novel technologies to become more representative temporally, spatially and taxonomically, delivering multiple benefits to users and society (WP4). Finally, EuropaBON will demonstrate in a set of showcases how workflows tailored to the Birds Directive, Habitats Directive, Water Framework Directive, Climate and Restoration Policy, and the Bioeconomy Strategy, can be implemented (WP5).
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48. Global gaps in soil biodiversity data

Author: Leho Tedersoo, Carlos A. Guerra, Guillaume Patoine, Helen Phillips, Inês S. Martins, Luca Montanarella, Jes Hines, Erin K. Cameron, Josef Settele, Henrique M. Pereira, Patrick Lavelle, Nico Eisenhauer, Jérôme Mathieu, Simone Cesarz, Olga Ferlian, Alberto Orgiazzi, Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo, Noah Fierer, Diana H. Wall, Felix Gottschall, Holger Kreft, Marten Winter, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Julia Siebert, IMAR - Centro da Universidade dos Açores- Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inst Ecol & Earth Sci., Nat Hist Museum, University of Tartu, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Environmental Science and Policy Department and the Department of Public and International Affairs, George Mason University [Fairfax], European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Department Community Ecology [UFZ Leipzig], Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (German Research Foundation) [FZT 118], European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant) [677232], Academy of Finland [285882], Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and European Project: 641762,H2020,H2020-SC5-2014-two-stage,ECOPOTENTIAL(2015)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Soil biodiversity, aboveground-belowground, Biodiversity, soil biodiversity, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, Soil, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, global patterns, bacteria, Soil Microbiology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecology, Agroforestry, Invertebrates, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, macrofauna, fungi, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, mismatch, Soil microbiology, policy
Abstract: International audience
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49. Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties

Author: Phillips, Helen R. P., Bach, Elizabeth M., Bartz, Marie L. C., Bennett, Joanne M., Beugnon, Rémy, Briones, Maria J. I., Brown, George G., Ferlian, Olga, Gongalsky, Konstantin B., Guerra, Carlos A., König-Ries, Birgitta, Krebs, Julia J., Orgiazzi, Alberto, Ramirez, Kelly S., Russell, David J., Schwarz, Benjamin, Wall, Diana H., Brose, Ulrich, Decaëns, Thibaud, Lavelle, Patrick, Loreau, Michel, Mathieu, Jérôme, Mulder, Christian, van der Putten, Wim H., Rillig, Matthias C., Thakur, Madhav P., de Vries, Franciska T., Wardle, David A., Ammer, Christian, Ammer, Sabine, Arai, Miwa, Ayuke, Fredrick O., Baker, Geoff H., Baretta, Dilmar, Barkusky, Dietmar, Beauséjour, Robin, Bedano, Jose C., Birkhofer, Klaus, Blanchart, Eric, Blossey, Bernd, Bolger, Thomas, Bradley, Robert L., Brossard, Michel, Burtis, James C., Capowiez, Yvan, Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Choi, Amy, Clause, Julia, Cluzeau, Daniel, Coors, Anja, Crotty, Felicity V., Crumsey, Jasmine M., Dávalos, Andrea, Cosín, Darío J. Díaz, Dobson, Annise M., Domínguez, Anahí, Duhour, Andrés Esteban, van Eekeren, Nick, Emmerling, Christoph, Falco, Liliana B., Fernández, Rosa, Fonte, Steven J., Fragoso, Carlos, Franco, André L. C., Fusilero, Abegail, Geraskina, Anna P., Gholami, Shaieste, González, Grizelle, Gundale, Michael J., López, Mónica Gutiérrez, Hackenberger, Branimir K., Hackenberger, Davorka K., Hernández, Luis M., Hirth, Jeff R., Hishi, Takuo, Holdsworth, Andrew R., Holmstrup, Martin, Hopfensperger, Kristine N., Lwanga, Esperanza Huerta, Huhta, Veikko, Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Iannone III, Basil V., Iordache, Madalina, Irmler, Ulrich, Ivask, Mari, Jesús, Juan B., Johnson-Maynard, Jodi L., Joschko, Monika, Kaneko, Nobuhiro, Kanianska, Radoslava, Keith, Aidan M., Kernecker, Maria L., Koné, Armand W., Kooch, Yahya, Kukkonen, Sanna T., Lalthanzara, H., Lammel, Daniel R., Lebedev, Iurii M., Le Cadre, Edith, Lincoln, Noa K., López-Hernández, Danilo, Loss, Scott R., Marichal, Raphael, Matula, Radim, Minamiya, Yukio, Moos, Jan Hendrik, Moreno, Gerardo, Morón-Ríos, Alejandro, Motohiro, Hasegawa, Muys, Bart, Neirynck, Johan, Norgrove, Lindsey, Novo, Marta, Nuutinen, Visa, Nuzzo, Victoria, Mujeeb Rahman, P., Pansu, Johan, Paudel, Shishir, Pérès, Guénola, Pérez-Camacho, Lorenzo, Ponge, Jean-François, Prietzel, Jörg, Rapoport, Irina B., Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz, Rebollo, Salvador, Rodríguez, Miguel Á., Roth, Alexander M., Rousseau, Guillaume X., Rozen, Anna, Sayad, Ehsan, van Schaik, Loes, Scharenbroch, Bryant, Schirrmann, Michael, Schmidt, Olaf, Schröder, Boris, Seeber, Julia, Shashkov, Maxim P., Singh, Jaswinder, Smith, Sandy M., Steinwandter, Michael, Szlavecz, Katalin, Talavera, José Antonio, Trigo, Dolores, Tsukamoto, Jiro, Uribe-López, Sheila, de Valença, Anne W., Virto, Iñigo, Wackett, Adrian A., Warren, Matthew W., Webster, Emily R., Wehr, Nathaniel H., Whalen, Joann K., Wironen, Michael B., Wolters, Volkmar, Wu, Pengfei, Zenkova, Irina V., Zhang, Weixin, Cameron, Erin K., Eisenhauer, Nico, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig University, Saint Mary's University [Halifax], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, University of Canberra, Universidade de Vigo, Embrapa Forestry, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Catania [Italy], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Asian School of the Environment (ASE), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), University of Nairobi (UoN), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), National University of Río Cuarto = Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Brandenburg University of Technology [Cottbus – Senftenberg] (BTU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Cornell University [New York], University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Adelaide, University of Toronto, Ecologie et biologie des interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Aberystwyth University, Royal Agricultural University (RAU), University of Georgia [USA], State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution [Madrid], Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Yale University [New Haven], Universidad Nacional de Luján [Buenos Aires], Louis Bolk Institute (LBI), Trier University, Animal Biodiversity and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences [Fort Collins], Biodiversity and Systematic Network, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Department of Biology [Fort Collins], Department of Biological Science and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines - Mindanao, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering - Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity (RAS), Razi University of Kermanshah, USDA Forest Service, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Agriculture engineering, Agroecology Postgraduate Program, Maranhão State University, Agriculture Victoria (AgriBio), Kyushu University [Fukuoka], Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Department of Bioscience [Aarhus], Northern Kentucky University, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, EI Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT)-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), Soil Physics and Land Management Group, University of Jyväskylä (JYU), College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, School of Forest Resources and Conservation [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS|FFGS), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF)-University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (USAMVBT), Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ), University of Idaho [Moscow, USA], Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Matej Bel University (UMB), UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA), Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences [Tarbiat], Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran], Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology [Moscow] (Skoltech), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical (IZET), Oklahoma State University [Stillwater] (OSU), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Tochigi Prefectural Museum, Thuenen-Institute of Biodiversity, Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, University of Extremadura, INDEHESA, Forestry School, Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Doshisha University [Kyoto], Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven-Heverlee], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), Natural Area Consultants, Department of Zoology, PSMO College, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens (PHIPPS), Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Geobotany, Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories, Russian Academy of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Groupp (GloCEE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Federal University of Maranhão, Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, The Morton Arboretum, Department Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD School of Geography, UCD Earth Institute, University College, Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Institute of Geoecology, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano (EURAC), Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, RAS, Institute of Mathematical Problems in Biology (IMPB RAS), Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Kochi University, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Nanotechnology Engineering, Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Food & Agriculture, WWF-Netherlands, Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Earth Innovation Institute, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Natural resource sciences, The Nature Conservancy, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Southwest Minzu University [Chengdu], Institute of Industrial Ecology Problems of the North of the Kola Science Center of RAS, Henan Agricultural University, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, H.R.P.P., B.K-R., and the sWorm workshops were supported by the sDiv [Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (DFG FZT 118)]. H.R.P.P., O.F. and N.E. acknowledge funding by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 677232 to NE). K.S.R. and W.H.v.d.P. were supported by ERC-ADV grant 323020 to W.H.v.d.P. Also supported by iDiv (DFG FZT118) Flexpool proposal 34600850 (C.A.G. and N.E.), the Academy of Finland (285882) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (postdoctoral fellowship and RGPIN-2019-05758) (E.K.C.), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01LO0901A) (D.J.R.), ERC-AdG 694368 (M.R.), the TULIP Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-41) (M.L), and the BBSRC David Phillips Fellowship to F.T.d.V. (BB/L02456X/1). In addition, data collection was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (12-04-01538-a, 12-04-01734-a, 14-44-03666-r_center_a, 15-29-02724-ofi_m, 16-04-01878-a 19-05-00245, 19-04-00-609-a), Tarbiat Modares University, Aurora Organic Dairy, UGC(NERO) (F. 1-6/Acctt./NERO/2007-08/1485), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (RGPIN-2017-05391), Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0098-12), Science for Global Development through Wageningen University, Norman Borlaug LEAP Programme and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Sao Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (12/22510-8), Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, INIA - Spanish Agency (SUM 2006-00012-00-0), Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) (2005-S-LS-8), University of Hawai'i at Manoa (HAW01127H, HAW01123M), European Union FP7 (FunDivEurope, 265171, ROUTES 265156), U.S. Department of the Navy, Commander Pacific Fleet (W9126G-13-2-0047), Science and Engineering Research Board (SB/SO/AS-030/2013) Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) of the U.S. Department of Defense (RC-1542), Maranhao State Research Foundation (FAPEMA 03135/13, 02471/17), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES 3281/2013), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (LTT17033), Colorado Wheat Research Foundation, Zone Atelier Alpes, French National Research Agency (ANR-11-BSV7-0020, ANR-09-STRA-0002, ANR 06 BIODIV 0009), Austrian Science Fund (P16027, T441), Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank Frankfurt am Main, Welsh Government and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (Project Ref. A AAB 62 03 qA731606), SEPAQ, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland, Science Foundation Ireland (EEB0061), University of Toronto (Faculty of Forestry), National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve, NKU College of Arts & Sciences Grant, osterreichische Forschungsforderungsgesellschaft (837393 and 837426), Mountain Agriculture Research Unit of the University of Innsbruck, Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, UNEP/GEF/TSBF-CIAT Project on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Belowground Biodiversity, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland, Complutense University of Madrid/European Union FP7 project BioBio (FPU UCM 613520), GRDC, AWI, LWRRDC, DRDC, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council) and FONCyT (National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion) (PICT, PAE, PIP), Universidad Nacional de Lujan y FONCyT (PICT 2293 (2006)), Fonds de recherche sur la nature et les technologies du Quebec (131894), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHR1000/3-1, SCHR1000/6-1, 6-2 (FOR 1598), WO 670/7-1, WO 670/7-2, & SCHA 1719/1-2), CONACYT (FONDOS MIXTOS TABASCO/PROYECTO11316), NSF (DGE-0549245, DGE-0549245, DEB-BE-0909452, NSF1241932, LTER Program DEB-97-14835), Institute for Environmental Science and Policy at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Dean's Scholar Program at UIC, Garden Club of America Zone VI Fellowship in Urban Forestry from the Casey Tree Endowment Fund, J.E. Weaver Competitive Grant from the Nebraska Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Depaul University, Elmore Hadley Award for Research in Ecology and Evolution from the UIC Dept. of Biological Sciences, Spanish CICYT (AMB96-1161, REN2000-0783/GLO, REN2003-05553/GLO, REN2003-03989/GLO, CGL2007-60661/BOS), Yokohama National University, MEXT KAKENHI (25220104), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (25281053, 17KT0074, 25252026), ADEME (0775C0035), Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (CGL2017-86926-P), Syngenta Philippines, UPSTREAM, LTSER (Val Mazia/Matschertal), Marie Sklodowska Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship (747607), National Science & Technology Base Resource Survey Project of China (2018FY100306), McKnight Foundation (14-168), Program of Fundamental Researches of Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences (AAAA-A18-118021490070-5), Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq 310690/2017-0, 404191/2019-3, 307486/2013-3), French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry (Project No B62), INRA AIDY project, MIUR PRIN 2008, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Estonian Science Foundation, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Canada, Russian Science Foundation (16-17-10284), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41371270), Australian Research Council (FT120100463), USDA Forest Service-IITF. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL., ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), ANR-11-BSV7-0020,METABAR,Metacode-barre ADN pour une nouvelle génération de suivi de la biodiversité(2011), ANR-09-STRA-0002,FORGECO,Du diagnostic à l'action: créer les conditions d'une gestion integrée et viable des écosystèmes forestiers sur les territoires(2009), ANR-06-BDIV-0009,AMAZ_BD,Biodiversité des paysages amazoniens. Déterminants socio-économiques et productio de biens et services écosystèmiques(2006), European Project: 677232,H2020,ERC-2015-STG,ECOWORM(2016), European Project: 323020,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2012-ADG_20120314,SPECIALS(2013), European Project: 265171,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,FUNDIVEUROPE(2010), European Project: 265156,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,ROUTES(2011), European Project: ERC-2015-AdG 694368, European Project: 227161,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2008-2B,BIOBIO(2009), Terrestrial Ecology (TE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Natural Resources & The Environment [CALS], College of Agriculture and Life Sciences [Cornell University] (CALS), Cornell University [New York]-Cornell University [New York], Department of Entomology [CALS], Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Kyushu University, Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura (UEX), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (ADMM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. ISFOOD - Institute for Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain, Universidad Pública de Navarra. Departamento de Ciencias, Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. Zientziak Saila, Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Universidade Positivo, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Department of Soil Zoology, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture (RICA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), UCD School of Biology & Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aberystwyth University, Odum School of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Cortland, Yale School Forestry & Environment Studies, Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable -INEDES, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Tarbiat Modaras University, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Oklahoma State University [Stillwater], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Animal Biology (Zoology area), Science Faculty, University of La Laguna, University of California, Justus-Liebig-University [Gießen, Germany], University of Helsinki, HELEN R. P. PHILLIPS, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, ERIN K. CAMERON, Saint Mary’s University, NICO EISENHAUER, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig University., Wageningen University, JOSÉ ANTONIO TALAVERA, University of La Laguna, DOLORES TRIGO, University Complutense of Madrid, JIRO TSUKAMOTO, Kochi University, SHEILA URIBE-LÓPEZ, Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, ANNE W. DE VALENÇA, Unit Food & Agriculture, WWF-Netherlands, IÑIGO VIRTO, Universidad Pública de Navarra, ADRIAN A. WACKETT, University of Minnesota, MATTHEW W. WARREN, Earth Innovation Institute, WEIXIN ZHANG, Henan University, DANIEL CLUZEAU, Université de Rennes, ANJA COORS, ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, FELICITY V. CROTTY, Aberystwyth Universtiy, Royal Agricultural University, JASMINE M. CRUMSEY, University of Georgia, Saint Marys University, ELIZABETH M. BACH, Colorado State University, MARIE L. C. BARTZ, Universidade Positivo, University of Coimbra, JOANNE M. BENNETT, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, RÉMY BEUGNON, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, MARIA J. I. BRIONES, Universidad de Vigo, GEORGE GARDNER BROWN, CNPF, OLGA FERLIAN, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, KONSTANTIN B. GONGALSKY, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, CARLOS A. GUERRA, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, BIRGITTA KÖNIG-RIES, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Friedrich Schiller University, JULIA J. KREBS, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, ALBERTO ORGIAZZI, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, KELLY S. RAMIREZ, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, DAVID J. RUSSELL, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, BENJAMIN SCHWARZ, University of Freiburg, DIANA H. WALL, Colorado State University, ULRICH BROSE, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, THIBAUD DECAËNS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier, PATRICK LAVELLE, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement, MICHEL LOREAU, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, JÉRÔME MATHIEU, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, CHRISTIAN MULDER, University of Catania, WIM H. VAN DER PUTTEN, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, MATTHIAS C. RILLIG, Freie Universität Berlin, MADHAV P. THAKUR, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, FRANCISKA T. DE VRIES, University of Amsterdam, DAVID A. WARDLE, Nanyang Technological University, CHRISTIAN AMMER, University of Göttingen, SABINE AMMER, University of Göttingen, MIWA ARAI, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, FREDRICK O. AYUKE, University of Nairobi, Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture, GEOFF H. BAKER, Health & Biosecurity, DILMAR BARETTA, Santa Catarina State University, DIETMAR BARKUSKY, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, ROBIN BEAUSÉJOUR, Université de Sherbrooke, JOSE C. BEDANO, National University of Rio Cuarto, KLAUS BIRKHOFER, Brandenburg University of Technology, ERIC BLANCHART, Institut Agro, BERND BLOSSEY, Cornell University, THOMAS BOLGER, University College Dublin, ROBERT L. BRADLEY, Université de Sherbrooke, MICHEL BROSSARD, Institut Agro, JAMES C. BURTIS, Cornell University, YVAN CAPOWIEZ, Site Agroparc, TIMOTHY R. CAVAGNARO, The University of Adelaide, AMY CHOI, University of Toronto, JULIA CLAUSE, Université de Poitiers, ANDREA DÁVALOS, SUNY Cortland, DARÍO J. DÍAZ COSÍN, University Complutense of Madrid, ANNISE M. DOBSON, Yale University, ANAHÍ DOMÍNGUEZ, National University of Rio Cuarto, ANDRÉS ESTEBAN DUHOUR, Universidad Nacional de Luján, NICK VAN EEKEREN, Louis Bolk Institute, CHRISTOPH EMMERLING, University of Trier, LILIANA B. FALCO, Universidad Nacional de Luján, ROSA FERNÁNDEZ, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, STEVEN J. FONTE, Colorado State University, CARLOS FRAGOSO, Institute of Ecology A.C., ANDRÉ L. C. FRANCO, Colorado State University, ABEGAIL FUSILERO, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Ghent University, ANNA P. GERASKINA, Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS, SHAIESTE GHOLAMI, Razi University, GRIZELLE GONZÁLEZ, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, MICHAEL J. GUNDALE, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, MÓNICA GUTIÉRREZ LÓPEZ, University Complutense of Madrid, BRANIMIR K. HACKENBERGER, University of Osijek, DAVORKA K. HACKENBERGER, University of Osijek, LUIS M. HERNÁNDEZ, Maranhão State University, JEFF R. HIRTH, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria, TAKUO HISHI, Kyushu University, ANDREW R. HOLDSWORTH, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, MARTIN HOLMSTRUP, Aarhus University, KRISTINE N. HOPFENSPERGER, Northern Kentucky University, ESPERANZA HUERTA LWANGA, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Wageningen University & Research, VEIKKO HUHTA, University of Jyväskylä, TUNSISA T. HURISSO, Colorado State University, Lincoln University of Missouri, BASIL V. IANNONE III, University of Florida, MADALINA IORDACHE, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat 'King Michael the 1st of Romania', ULRICH IRMLER, University of Kiel, MARI IVASK, Tallinn University of Technology, JUAN B. JESÚS, University Complutense of Madrid, JODI L. JOHNSON-MAYNARD, University of Idaho, MONIKA JOSCHKO, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, NOBUHIRO KANEKO, Fukushima University, RADOSLAVA KANIANSKA, Matej Bel University, AIDAN M. KEITH, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, MARIA L. KERNECKER, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, ARMAND W. KONÉ, Université Nangui Abrogoua, YAHYA KOOCH, Tarbiat Modares University, SANNA T. KUKKONEN, Natural Resources Institute Finland, H. LALTHANZARA, Pachhunga University College, DANIEL R. LAMMEL, Freie Universität Berlin, IURII M. LEBEDEV, Russian Academy of Sciences, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, EDITH LE CADRE, Institut Agro, NOA K. LINCOLN, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, DANILO LÓPEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, Universidad Central de Venezuela, SCOTT R. LOSS, Oklahoma State University, RAPHAEL MARICHAL, Univ Montpellier, RADIM MATULA, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, YUKIO MINAMIYA, Tochigi Prefectural Museum, JAN HENDRIK MOOS, Thuenen-Institute of Biodiversity, GERARDO MORENO, University of Extremadura, ALEJANDRO MORÓN-RÍOS, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, HASEGAWA MOTOHIRO, Doshisha University, BART MUYS, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, JOHAN NEIRYNCK, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, LINDSEY NORGROVE, Bern University of Applied Sciences, MARTA NOVO, University Complutense of Madrid, VISA NUUTINEN, Natural Resources Institute Finland, VICTORIA NUZZO, Natural Area Consultants, P. MUJEEB RAHMAN, PSMO College, JOHAN PANSU, CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Sorbonne Université, SHISHIR PAUDEL, Oklahoma State University, Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, GUÉNOLA PÉRÈS, CNRS-Université de Rennes, Institut Agro, LORENZO PÉREZ CAMACHO, University of Alcalá, JEAN-FRANÇOIS PONGE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, JÖRG PRIETZEL, Technical University of Munich, IRINA B. RAPOPORT, Russian Academy of Sciences, MUHAMMAD IMTIAZ RASHID, King Abdulaziz University, SALVADOR REBOLLO, University of Alcalá, MIGUEL Á. RODRÍGUEZ, University of Alcalá, ALEXANDER M. ROTH, University of Minnesot, Friends of the Mississippi River, GUILLAUME X. ROUSSEAU, Maranhão State University, Federal University of Maranhão, ANNA ROZEN, University of Wisconsin, EHSAN SAYAD, Razi University, LOES VAN SCHAIK, Wageningen University & Research, BRYANT SCHARENBROCH, University of Wisconsin, MICHAEL SCHIRRMANN, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, OLAF SCHMIDT, University College Dublin, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, BORIS SCHRÖDER, Technische Universität Braunschweig, JULIA SEEBER, University of Innsbruck, MAXIM P. SHASHKOV, Russian Academy of Sciences, JASWINDER SINGH, Khalsa College Amritsar, SANDY M. SMITH, University of Toronto, MICHAEL STEINWANDTER, Institute for Alpine Environment, KATALIN SZLAVECZ, Johns Hopkins University, EMILY R. WEBSTER, University of California, NATHANIEL H. WEHR, University of Hawaii, JOANN K. WHALEN, Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, MICHAEL B. WIRONEN, The Nature Conservancy, VOLKMAR WOLTERS, Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, PENGFEI WU, Southwest Minzu University, IRINA V. ZENKOVA, Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), and Technical University of Munich (TUM)
Subjects: Data Descriptor, Distribuição Geográfica, Plan_S-Compliant-OA, Soil, Biomass, biodiversity, Diversity, Ecology, Biodiversidade, Biodiversity, eliöyhteisöt, maaperäeliöstö, PE&RC, Computer Science Applications, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Biogeography, international, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, Ecosystem engineers, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Information Systems, Statistics and Probability, lierot, Science, Invertebrados, Library and Information Sciences, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Ecology and Environment, Education, eliömaantiede, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Minhoca, Serviço ambiental, BIODIVERSITY CHANGE, Life Science, Ecosystem services, Earthworms, Datasets, Animals, Spatial distribution, Community ecology, Oligochaeta, Laboratorium voor Nematologie, Ecosystem, 1172 Environmental sciences, biogeography, Science & Technology, LAND-USE, Biology and Life Sciences, PLATFORM, Bodemfysica en Landbeheer, Ecología, Ecossistema, biodiversiteetti, Soil Physics and Land Management, Solo, Biologia do Solo, maaperäeläimistö, 570 Life sciences, biology, eartworm, abundance, biomass, diversity, Laboratory of Nematology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, COMMUNITIES, community ecology
Abstract: Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change., Measurement(s) earthworm communities • Abundance • organic material • Diversity • environmental properties Technology Type(s) digital curation Factor Type(s) location Sample Characteristic - Organism Lumbricina Sample Characteristic - Environment soil Sample Characteristic - Location global Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13399118
Published: 2021
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