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(1) Background: There is consistent evidence of the impact of early adverse experiences on mental health in adulthood, especially as a risk factor for depression. However, their influence on positive aspects of mental health such as well-being has been less extensively studied. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of traumatic childhood experiences on the relationship between depression and psychological well-being in a sample of university students. (2) Methods: The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA), and Ryff’s psychological well-being scale were administered to 700 Chilean university students. Several regression models were used to analyze the interaction between variables, with multivariate SEM being applied to hierarchize the relationships found. (3) Results: Emotional Neglect and Abuse stand out as the types of maltreatment with the greatest impact on mental health, associated first with a decrease in the self-acceptance dimension of psychological well-being and then with depressive symptomatology in adulthood. (4) Conclusions: Results provide evidence that early trauma has an important impact on mental health, increasing the risk of depression, however, its impact is greater on positive aspects of health, such as self-acceptance, a fundamental element in the construction of psychological well-being.

The relationship between temperament as a manifestation of personality and mood disorders comes from Greek antiquity. Throughout history, the relationship between personality and depression has been conceptualized in at least four ways: (1) Personality is a predisposing or vulnerability factor for the development of depression. (2) Personality changes are a consequence of mood alteration resulting from depression. (3) Personality is a subclinical manifestation of depression (affective temperaments). And (4) personality characteristics influence the manner in which depression clinically manifests. Currently, there is a tendency to recover the concept of affective temperaments (depressive, hypertensive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious), considering them as subclinical manifestations of some disorder within the affective spectrum. These temperaments have been shown to be universal, with distinctive characteristics and without gender differences. Although in depressive illness there is important evidence regarding both functional and structural neurobiological alterations, much less is known about the biological findings of personality dysfunction in depression. One reason, in part, is that explanatory models are required that integrate various levels of analysis, including the different types of gene-environment relationships. In this chapter, we will review the relationship between personality and depression, then we will describe the main neurobiological findings underlying personality dysfunction in depression, and finally we will analyze the relationship between genes and environment in depression, taking into account the approach of differential sensitivity to environmental stimuli. We will conclude with some recommendations for future research.

ResumenEl presente estudio explora la relación entre las dimensiones de personalidad dependiente y autocrítica, con los déficits emocionales, cognitivos y sociales asociados a la sintomatología depresiva. La muestra del estudio la conformaron 91 estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile y a la Universidad de Chile, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 24 años. Para explorar el estado emocional de los participantes se utilizaron los test Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI) y Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ). Con el fin de evaluar el desempeño cognitivo, se utilizaron: una tarea tipo Stroop y la prueba de Tiempo de Reacción Serial (SSRT), y para evaluar el nivel de mentalización, la tarea de reconocimiento facial Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET) de Baron-Cohen. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las dimensiones dependencia y autocrítica, la sintomatología depresiva y el desempeño cognitivo de los participantes.AbstractThis study examines the relationship between the dependent and self-criticism dimensions of personality with emotional, cognitive and social deficits associated with depressive symptoms. The sample included 91 college students, aged 18 to 24, from Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and Universidad de Chile. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) tests were used in order to explore the emotional state of the participants. A Stroop task and a Serial Reaction Time (SSRT) test were used in order to assess cognitive performance. In turn, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET) face recognition task, by Baron-Cohen, was used to assess the mentalising capacity. Significant correlations were found between dependency and self-criticism dimensions, depressive symptoms and cognitive performance of the participants.

Background: Quality of life and psychological well-being are readily hampered by depression. The changes that students face during college life impact their psychological health and well-being, including the emergence of mental health problems like depression Aim: To determine the relationship between depressive symptoms, sociodemographic parameters and psychological well-being in undergraduate university students. Material and Methods: Five hundred eighty university students of both sexes, from the Metropolitan and IX Regions of Chile answered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) and the Ryff's psychological well-being scale. Results: Twenty eight percent of respondents had clinically significant depressive symptoms, and these were more frequent in women. There was an inverse and statistically significant relationship between psychological well-being and depressive symptoms. This fact was especially marked in dimensions of autonomy, positive relationships with others and purpose in life. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of depressive symptoms among these students. We discuss whether psychological well-being and depressive symptomatology represent two extremes within a continuum or they are two independent dimensions that can account for differential causal mechanisms linked to mental health and illness.

Background: Diverse and sustained efforts have been developed to improve the management of depression by general practitioners (GPs), but they have not improved treatment coverage and quality of services. Aim: To explore the level of knowledge and clinical skills to diagnose and treat depression by GPs in Primary Health Care (PHC) in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago de Chile (RM). Material and methods: Theoretical knowledge (TK), diagnostic skills (DS) and treatment skills (TS) were evaluated in 56 GPs of the RM with a battery of specially designed instruments. Results: In TK there were significant differences between GPs aged 31 years or less and their older counterparts and between Chilean and foreign doctors. Five percent of observed differences in TK were explained by age and nationality, respectively. Chilean GPs achieved higher scores in recognition of symptoms (RS), one of the dimensions of DS. No significant differences by age or nationality were observed for DS and TS. Conclusions: Achievement of GPs on tests measuring TK, DS, and TS was generally below 50%. This deficiency should be improved.

Quality of life and psychological well-being are readily hampered by depression. The changes that students face during college life impact their psychological health and well-being, including the emergence of mental health problems like depression Aim: To determine the relationship between depressive symptoms, sociodemographic parameters and psychological well-being in undergraduate university students.Five hundred eighty university students of both sexes, from the Metropolitan and IX Regions of Chile answered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-IA) and the Ryff's psychological well-being scale.Twenty eight percent of respondents had clinically significant depressive symptoms, and these were more frequent in women. There was an inverse and statistically significant relationship between psychological well-being and depressive symptoms. This fact was especially marked in dimensions of autonomy, positive relationships with others and purpose in life.There is a high frequency of depressive symptoms among these students. We discuss whether psychological well-being and depressive symptomatology represent two extremes within a continuum or they are two independent dimensions that can account for differential causal mechanisms linked to mental health and illness.

Background: There are suggestions that, despite training efforts for Primary Health Care physicians, difficulties in making accurate diagnoses and timely treatments persist. Aim: To evaluate the impact of a new training model in Depressive disorders integrated with Mindful Practice, on the diagnostic and therapeutic skills of primary care general physicians. Material and Methods: A voluntary sample of 56 general physicians was studied. The design of this study was experimental and randomized, with two groups attending theoretical sessions followed by differing workshops that were carried out in a parallel fashion. The Quantitative phase of this study considered measuring the impact of training in physician's skills. The Qualitative phase included nine semi-structured interviews and Qualitative Content Analysis. This paper reports the results of the interviews. Results: As a consequence of training sessions, physicians learned that above the mental health problems, other issues such as self-efficacy and self-confidence are important for the management of depressive patients. Conclusions: This qualitative study shows that physicians are obtaining significant benefits from their training sessions.

Depression has a high impact on mental health. However its diagnosis is a challenge even for specialists. This problem derives from a failure in an adequate description and differentiation of the disease. This inadequate conceptualization generates these difficulties. Our thesis is that depression should be understood as a complex phenomenon that can be analyzed from multiple perspectives, from genes to behavior, including personality and interaction with the sociocultural environment. The aim of this paper is to review the psychopathological construct of depression from a multidimensional point of view, considering clinical, sociocultural, characterological and pathogenic variables. Finally we provide a proposal for an adequate diagnostic approach.

Diverse and sustained efforts have been developed to improve the management of depression by general practitioners (GPs), but they have not improved treatment coverage and quality of services.To explore the level of knowledge and clinical skills to diagnose and treat depression by GPs in Primary Health Care (PHC) in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago de Chile (RM).Theoretical knowledge (TK), diagnostic skills (DS) and treatment skills (TS) were evaluated in 56 GPs of the RM with a battery of specially designed instruments.In TK there were significant differences between GPs aged 31 years or less and their older counterparts and between Chilean and foreign doctors. Five percent of observed differences in TK were explained by age and nationality, respectively. Chilean GPs achieved higher scores in recognition of symptoms (RS), one of the dimensions of DS. No significant differences by age or nationality were observed for DS and TS.Achievement of GPs on tests measuring TK, DS, and TS was generally below 50%. This deficiency should be improved.

A random sample of homeless individuals (106 men and 106 women) residing in a shelter were interviewed using an interview schedule developed for this study. The main objectives were to study the sociodemographic characteristics and childhood history in an urban homeless population in a developing country (Santiago Chile). The most salient finding is the high frequency of parent-child separation and placement with substitute parents during the early lives of the homeless we interviewed. 16% of men and 26.4% of women. A significant proportion of the study participants reported incarceration before age 17 13.2% of men and 9.4% of women. Seventeen point nine percent of men and 20.8% of the women never knew their father: 7.5% of men and 5.7% of the women never knew their mother. The childhood backgrounds of the homeless in Santiago Chile are in some aspects similar to those described by researchers in the United States. (authors)

There are suggestions that, despite training efforts for Primary Health Care physicians, difficulties in making accurate diagnoses and timely treatments persist.To evaluate the impact of a new training model in Depressive disorders integrated with Mindful Practice, on the diagnostic and therapeutic skills of primary care general physicians.A voluntary sample of 56 general physicians was studied. The design of this study was experimental and randomized, with two groups attending theoretical sessions followed by differing workshops that were carried out in a parallel fashion. The Quantitative phase of this study considered measuring the impact of training in physician's skills. The Qualitative phase included nine semi-structured interviews and Qualitative Content Analysis. This paper reports the results of the interviews.As a consequence of training sessions, physicians learned that above the mental health problems, other issues such as self-efficacy and self-confidence are important for the management of depressive patients.This qualitative study shows that physicians are obtaining significant benefits from their training sessions.

Subglottic stenosis is among the most common causes of airway obstruction in children, 90% of which resulting from endotracheal intubation. The diagnosis is based on the patient's clinical, radiologic evaluation, flexible laryngoscopy and rigid airway endoscopy under general anesthesia. It must be suspected in children with respiratory distress after extubation. The therapeutic approach depends on the severity of the subglottic stenosis and the patient's symptoms. We describe our experience with the subglottic stenosis etiologies, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of patients with this condition.

Depression has a high impact on mental health. However its diagnosis is a challenge even for specialists. This problem derives from a failure in an adequate description and differentiation of the disease. This inadequate conceptualization generates these difficulties. Our thesis is that depression should be understood as a complex phenomenon that can be analyzed from multiple perspectives, from genes to behavior, including personality and interaction with the sociocultural environment. The aim of this paper is to review the psychopathological construct of depression from a multidimensional point of view, considering clinical, sociocultural, characterological and pathogenic variables. Finally we provide a proposal for an adequate diagnostic approach.